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Journal articles on the topic 'Gear case'

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Published: 28 June 2021
Last updated: 28 May 2022

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1

Bao, Pei De, Jun Xie, Xiao Qin Yin, Qi Zhi Yang, and Lu Zhong Ma. "Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Design of Planetary Gear Transmission." Advanced Materials Research 228-229 (April 2011): 681–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.228-229.681.

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Based on elastic hydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) theory, an EHL model of the meshing between the sun gear and planet gear in planetary gear transmission was established. The EHL oil film thicknesses at meshing areas and those distributions for two operation cases were calculated: one case with the sun gear as the driving gear and another case with the ring gear as the driving gear. The Lubrication with second case was worse. Through the many comparing calculations the lubrication film thickness can be significantly increased by right parameter design. Reasonable raise of lubricant viscosity can get better gear lubrication. Increased gear pressure angle can greatly increase the oil film thickness. The increase of oil film thickness can improve the lubrication of gears and prevent wearing and reduce the production cost of gears, which have great practical value.
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2

Liu, Dezheng, Yan Li, Zhongren Wang, You Wang, and Yu Wang. "Modeling and Analysis of Effective Case Depth on Meshing Strength of Internal Gear Transmissions." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (December 30, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5153292.

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The effective case depth (ECD) plays an important role in the meshing strength of internal gear transmissions. Carburizing quenching heat treatment is commonly used to enhance gear strength and wear resistance. However, the different ECDs in internal and external gears caused by heat treatment significantly affect the meshing strength, causing vibration, reducing gear service life, and hastening malfunction in internal gear transmission. In this study, we conducted an investigation of different ECDs by the heat treatment of carburized gear pairs by numerical simulation with the finite element method (FEM) and experiment tests. We analyzed three different carburized layer models, with the ECD in the internal gear being greater than, less than, and equal to the ECD in the external gear. In addition, we investigated the ability to distinguish between hardness gradients in gear teeth by dividing the carburized depth into seven layers to improve modeling accuracy. Results revealed that the meshing strength of internal gear transmission could be significantly enhanced by adopting the model with the ECD in the internal gear being less than the ECD in the external gear, and moreover, the shear stress of carburized gears initially increased and then decreased along with depth direction, and the maximum value appeared in the middle of the lower surface.
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3

Budzik, Grzegorz, Tadeusz Markowski, Michał Batsch, Jadwiga Pisula, Jacek Pacana, and Bogdan Kozik. "Stress Assessment of Gear Teeth in Epicyclic Gear Train for Radial Sedimentation Tank." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 14, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ama-2020-0018.

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Abstract The paper presents the strength evaluation of planetary gear teeth designed for a radial sedimentation tank drive. A novel type of gear drive, composed of a closed epicyclic gear train and an open gear train with internal cycloidal gear mesh is proposed. Contact stress and root stress in the planetary gear train were determined by the finite element method and according to ISO 6336. The influence of the mesh load factor at planet gears on stress values was also established. A comparison of the results followed. It was observed that the mesh load factor on satellites depends mainly on the way the satellites and central wheels are mounted, the positioning accuracy in the carrier and the accuracy of teeth. Subsequently, a material was selected for the particular design of planetary gear and the assumed load. The analysis of the obtained results allowed assuming that in case of gears in class 7 and the rigid mounting of satellites and central wheels, gears should be made of steel for carburizing and hardening. In case of flexible satellites or flexible couplings in the central wheels and gears in class 4, gears can be made of nitriding steel.
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4

Khodaee, Alireza, and Arne Melander. "Finite Element Simulation as a Tool to Evaluate Gear Quality after Gear Rolling." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 300–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.300.

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Gear rolling is a manufacturing technique for gears with many advantages like reduced material consumption, reduced scrap generation, fast cycle times, good surface quality and improved final properties of the gear wheels compared to conventional production technology based on machining. In order to make use of all these advantages it is desired to reach the final shape of the gear wheel already after rolling. This means that post treatments like grinding should be avoided. This puts high requirements on the shape accuracy after gear rolling. In this paper it was studied if finite element simulation could be used to evaluate the shape accuracy after gear rolling. The measurement of shape accuracy of gear wheels is specified in standards like ISO1328-1. The allowed deviations from nominal shape are often of the order of 10-30 μm for very good qualities. So if such evaluation shall be possible from a finite element simulation the accuracy must be of the same order. In order to have sufficient accuracy of the finite element simulation 2D simulations were performed on a spur gear. The FE code DEFORM was utilized. The shape accuracy was evaluated for gear rolling of two cases. One case had gears with the module of 1 mm. The other case involved gears with a significantly larger module of 4 mm. This was an interesting case since it is known that it is more difficult to roll the gear with good accuracy in large modules.
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5

Fan, Qin Man, and Yong Hai Wu. "Nonlinear Vibration Characteristics Analysis of Transmission Gears." Advanced Materials Research 282-283 (July 2011): 633–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.282-283.633.

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In allusion to a truck transmission gears, a nonlinear vibration model of transmission gears was constructed based on the theory of gear system dynamics and nonlinear dynamics. Basing on the computing platform Matlab and using the Runge-Kutta method to calculate the time history response of gear vibration when the gap exists, and the case of non-resonant and load gear backlash vibration frequency of gear changes were studied. The results of this paper have an important significance to improve the movement of transmission gears to pass accuracy, reduce noise, reduce failures and increase gear life.
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6

Kampka, Marco, Christoph Löpenhaus, and Fritz Klocke. "Development of a Methodology for Analyzation of the Influence of Pitch Diameter Shift on the Generating Gear Grinding Process." Advanced Materials Research 1140 (August 2016): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1140.149.

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In order to improve load carrying capacity and noise behaviour, case hardened gears are usually hard finished. One possible process for hard finishing of gears is generating gear grinding, which has replaced other grinding processes in batch production of small and middle sized gears due to high process efficiency. Especially generating gear grinding of large module gears with a module higher than mn > 8 mm can be challenging due to high process forces and the resulting excitation, which can influence gear quality negatively. TÜRICH suggested applying a pitch diameter shift during generating gear grinding to equal out the number of contact points between the left and right flanks of the gear with the grinding tool [1]. This qualitative approach is not sufficient to predict the process behaviour because it does not take the changing radii of the curvature of the involute into account and, therefore, the changing contact conditions along the gear profile. In this paper a methodology to quantify the influence of pitch diameter shift on the generating gear grinding process using a manufacturing simulation is introduced. Additionally this methodology is validated for one manufacturing test case.
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7

Kahraman, A. "Dynamic Analysis of a Multi-Mesh Helical Gear Train." Journal of Mechanical Design 116, no. 3 (September 1, 1994): 706–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919440.

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In this paper, the dynamic behavior of a multi-mesh helical gear train has been studied. The gear train consists of three helical gears, with one of the gears in mesh with the other two. A three dimensional dynamic model which includes transverse, torsional, axial and rotational (rocking) motions of the flexibility mounted gears has been developed. Two different loading conditions have been identified. In case-I, the system is driven by the gear in the middle, and in case-II, the system is driven by one of the gears at either end of the gear train. The phase difference between the two gear meshes has been determined under each loading condition. The natural modes have been predicted, and their sensitivity to the helix angle and different loading conditions has been quantified. The forced response, which includes dynamic mesh and bearing forces, due to the static transmission error excitation has been obtained. Effects of loading conditions and asymmetric positioning on the response have also been explored.
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8

Winkler, KJ, S. Schurer, T. Tobie, and K. Stahl. "Investigations on the tooth root bending strength and the fatigue fracture characteristics of case-carburized and shot-peened gears of different sizes." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 21-22 (April 16, 2019): 7338–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406219841650.

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This paper contains data of the research project FVA 293 III by Schurer et al. and investigates the tooth root bending strength and the fatigue fracture characteristics of case-carburized and shot-peened gears of different sizes. The investigated carburized and shot-peened gears are made out of high-purity steel batches of the materials 20MnCr5 and 18CrNiMo7-6. Three different gear sizes with the normal modules mn = 1.5, 5, and 10 mm are examined in pulsator test rigs. Additionally, gear running tests in the FZG back-to-back gear test rigs for the gear size mn = 1.5 are performed.
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9

Zhao, Yue, and Zheng Hua Huang. "Exploration and Discuss for Calculation of Efficiency Transmission of JG150 Type Gear Trial Set." Applied Mechanics and Materials 155-156 (February 2012): 701–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.155-156.701.

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The analyses aim at JG150 type gear trial set and its load device. the analysising and demonstrating aim at the applicability of the transmission efficiency formula of gear case for a closed mechanical system in Mr. Zhu Xiaolu’s book “Trial Technique and Equipments of Gears” (2)in JG150 type gear trial set. According to the analysis and demonstrating, it gives the formula of gear transmission efficiency .
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10

Krantz, T. L., M. P. Alanou, H. P. Evans, and R. W. Snidle. "Surface Fatigue Lives of Case-Carburized Gears With an Improved Surface Finish." Journal of Tribology 123, no. 4 (January 18, 2001): 709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1387036.

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Previous research provides qualitative evidence that an improved surface finish can increase the surface fatigue lives of gears. To quantify the influence of surface roughness on life, a set of AISI 9310 steel gears was provided with a near-mirror finish by superfinishing. The effects of the superfinishing on the quality of the gear tooth surfaces were determined using data from metrology, profilometry, and interferometric microscope inspections. The superfinishing reduced the roughness average by about a factor of 5. The superfinished gears were subjected to surface fatigue testing at 1.71 GPa (248-ksi) Hertz contact stress, and the data were compared with the NASA Glenn gear fatigue data base. The lives of gears with superfinished teeth were about four times greater compared with the lives of gears with ground teeth but with otherwise similar quality.
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11

Dankov, A. M. "PLANETARY CONTINUOUSLY ADJUSTABLE GEAR TRAIN WITH FORCE CLOSURE OF PLANET GEAR AND CENTRAL GEAR: FROM IDEA TO DESIGN." Science & Technique 17, no. 3 (May 31, 2018): 228–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2018-17-3-228-237.

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One of the reasons constraining use of a continuously adjustable gear train with compound poly-sector gear wheels in general and its most perspective version that is a planetary continuously adjustable gear train in particular is its design complexity. For example, a complex design of the mechanism for regulation of transmission gear ratio is specified by the use of involute gearing that requires a presence of backlash and bottom clearances for normal functioning and, therefore, autonomous but synchronous movement of a planet gear, as well as sectors of a central gear. In order to simplify the design of especially this mechanism for continuously adjustable gear train the paper justifies a transition to a backlash-free gearing and during this process either a planet gear or sectors of central gear are forcibly moving for regulation of the transmission ratio without losing contact with the mating element. Contact constancy of interacting elements under load is ensured by their force closure which is meant to overcome an action of gearing forces. The paper describes options for implementation of backlash-free gearing as a result of planet gear and central gear force closure, each variant is characterized by selection of active (controlled) and passive (execution of force closure) gear element. In the case of gear transmission with planet pinion coaxial tooth rims it is appropriate to implement a version with involute gearing, passive planet gear and active gear sectors of central gears. In the case of gear transmission with planet pinion opposite tooth rims the most acceptable option is with the cycloidal pin wheel gear, active planet gear and passive gear sectors of central gears. The paper proposes to carry out the force closure for teeth of gear components by means of an elastic element (a spring). A method for determination of parameters for an elastic element has been described depending on a planet gear design and the paper also shows simplification level in the gear design.
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12

Li, Feng, Xinyu Pang, and Zhaojian Yang. "Joint Amplitude and Frequency Demodulation Analysis Based on Variational Mode Decomposition for Multifault Diagnosis of a Multistage Reducer." Shock and Vibration 2018 (October 9, 2018): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9869561.

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Multistage reducer vibration signals have complicated spectral structures owing to the amplitude and frequency modulations of gear damage-induced vibrations and the multiplicative amplitude modulation effect caused by time-varying vibration transfer paths (in the case of local gear damage) when the multistage reducer contains both planetary and spur gears. Moreover, the difference between the vibration energies of these gears increases the difficulty of fault feature extraction when multiple failures occur in the reducer. As the meshing frequency of each gear group often varies significantly, variational mode decomposition can be performed to decompose the vibration signal according to frequency, enabling separation of the vibration signals of the spur and planetary gears. The common fault features of these gears can be extracted from the spectrum of the amplitude demodulation envelope. To verify the effectiveness of this method, we first analyzed a simulation signal, and then utilized the experimental signals from a laboratory multistage reducer for verification. In the multistage reducer simulation, we considered the amplitude and frequency modulation of the gear damage and transfer paths. In the experimental verification, we processed local faults (broken teeth) and uniform faults (uniform wear) on the sun gear and the spur gear of the planetary gear separately.
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13

Liu, Huaiju, Heli Liu, Caichao Zhu, and Ye Zhou. "A Review on Micropitting Studies of Steel Gears." Coatings 9, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9010042.

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With the mounting application of carburized or case-hardening gears and higher requirements of heavy-load, high-speed in mechanical systems such as wind turbines, helicopters, ships, etc., contact fatigue issues of gears are becoming more preponderant. Recently, significant improvements have been made on the gear manufacturing process to control subsurface-initiated failures, hence, gear surface-initiated damages, such as micropitting, should be given more attention. The diversity of the influence factors, including gear materials, surface topographies, lubrication properties, working conditions, etc., are necessary to be taken into account when analyzing gear micropitting behaviors. Although remarkable developments in micropitting studies have been achieved recently by many researchers and engineers on both theoretical and experimental fields, large amounts of investigations are yet to be further launched to thoroughly understand the micropitting mechanism. This work reviews recent relevant studies on the micropitting of steel gears, especially the competitive phenomenon that occurs among several contact fatigue failure modes when considering gear tooth surface wear evolution. Meanwhile, the corresponding recent research results about gear micropitting issues obtained by the authors are also displayed for more detailed explanations.
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14

Güven, Fatih. "Effect of design parameters on stresses occurring at the tooth root in a spur gear pressed on a shaft." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 235, no. 4 (February 14, 2021): 1164–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408921995292.

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Gears are commonly used in transmission systems to adjust velocity and torque. An integral gear or an interference fit could be used in a gearbox. Integral gears are mostly preferred as driving gear for a compact design to reduce the weight of the system. Interference fit makes the replacement of damaged gear possible and re-use of the shaft compared to the integral shaft. However, internal pressure occurs between mating surfaces of the components mated. This internal pressure affects the stress distribution at the root and bottom land of the gear. In this case, gear parameters should be re-considered to assure gear life while reducing the size of the gear. In this study, interference fitted gear-shaft assembly was examined numerically. The effects of rim thickness, profile shifting, module and fit tolerance on bending stress occurring at the root of the gear were investigated to optimize gear design parameters. Finite element models were in good agreement with analytical solutions. Results showed that the rim thickness of the gear is the main parameter in terms of tangential stress occurring at the bottom land of the gear. Positive profile shifting reduces the tangential stress while the pitch diameter of the gear remains constant. Also, lower tolerance class could be selected to moderate stress for small rim thickness.
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15

Ismail, Mansoor Ali, and Mohammad Qasim Abdullah. "Generation and Experimental Stress Analysis of Elliptical Gears with Combined Teeth." Journal of Engineering 25, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): 154–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2019.10.11.

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In this study, generation of elliptical gears with different teeth profiles of crowned involute, double circular arc (DCA), and combined (crowned involute with DCA) has been developed. The resulting mathematical equations have been computerized and feed to CNC end mill machine to manufacture elliptical gear models with different profiles. These models are investigated in plane polariscope to show the resulting stresses under certain load. Comparison of photo-elastic stress results shows that combined elliptical gears with DCA side as a loaded side have a minimum resulting contact stress with a reduction percentage of 40% compare with contact stresses in counterpart elliptical gear of involute profile (which is commonly used in several applications). In this case, bending tooth stress reduction is 47.05% compare with involute elliptical gear. While the reduction in bending stresses of combined elliptical gear becomes higher (52.94% lower than involute gear) when crowned involute side is the loaded side, but the contact stress reduction in this case becomes lower (20% relative to involute gear). Maximum reduction in bending stress can be obtained when single profile of DCA type is used with a reduction of 64.7% relative to involute gear. Therefore; when the application requires a high contact stress resistance, combined profile can be used with DCA side as a loaded side. While in the applications that require high bending stress resistance, DCA profile can be used.
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16

Shen, Yun De, Guang Ma, Tai Hong Cheng, and Yong Li. "Modal Analyses of Rotating Gears for Compound Oscillatory Roller Transmission Gearbox." Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (July 2013): 1663–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.1663.

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The pre-stressed modal properties of planetary gears of compound oscillatory roller transmission gear reducer considering the external torque and rotating angular velocity were calculated in this work. For the boundary conditions, the large torque was considered to output gear and angular velocity for applying to middle gear. The resonant frequencies of output gear under external torque were a little higher than the case of no external loads, because the stiffness of gear will be changed with external loads. But the resonant frequencies of middle gear show the no changes under rotating angular velocity, because the low angular velocity and no stiffness change with structure of gear. Finally from the cambell diagram, the calculated resonant frequencies were in the range of safety.
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17

Wang, Ya Zhou, Bo Chen, Chi Bing Hu, Shuo Tao Zhang, Te Li, and Yong Ping Liu. "Design of Third-Order Non-Circular Planetary Gear." Advanced Materials Research 482-484 (February 2012): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.482-484.305.

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The design of the third-order non-circular planetary gear is presented. In order to design the third-order non-circular planetary gear, the pitch of those gears is needed. Firstly theory and composition of the third-order non-circular planetary gear mechanism is introduced. Then according to the two conditions that the pitch should meet, the non-circular pitch formulas of the third-order non-circular planetary gear mechanism is given. Finally an application case of the center distance 3-4 type planetary gear mechanism was calculated by using the designed MATLAB program and created high-order elliptic curve. The design of the third-order non-circular planetary gear is achieved.
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18

Zhang, Jian, Hong Cai Wu, and Hong Jie Wang. "A Method to Determine the Basic Value of Gear Root Stress Based on FEM." Applied Mechanics and Materials 86 (August 2011): 842–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.86.842.

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In order to improve the case that the safety margin is a little higher using GB3480 to determine the gear root stress, a method which combines the GB3480 and FEM to determine the basic value of gear root stress is proposed. Using FEM, the comprehensive gear root stress can be figured out firstly based on the accurate tooth profile model. Then the gear root stress can be determined more accurately according to the key coefficients. Using the proposed method, the basic value of the gear root stress for the gears given in this paper is decreased by 11%. The proposed method can provide the useful guide to lightweight design for the gear transmission system.
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19

Bodzás, Sándor. "Analysis of the Effect of the Addendum Modification Coefficient for Contact Surfaces of Spur Gear." Strojnícky casopis – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 69, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scjme-2019-0001.

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AbstractThe spur gear is widely used in many types of machines and appliances that is why the research of the connection analysis of them (Tooth Contact Analysis, TCA) is very important because of the development of these gears. The TCA analysis is a complex task because the mathematical description, the CAD modelling process, the overall designing process, the manufacturing process of the gears and the definition of the mechanical parameters have to be known. After the gear designing process the gear pairs have to be analysed by TCA method to determine the typical dimension of the mechanical parameters in case of given load. Knowing of the result we can reason for the appropriate gear geometry of the given construction and working conditions.
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20

Abadjiev, Valentin, and Emilia Abadjieva. "One Approach to the Synthesis, Design and Manufacture of Hyperboloid Gear Sets With Face Mating Gears. Part 1: Basic Theoretical and Cad Experience." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics 46, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jtam-2016-0007.

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Abstract Hyperboloid gear drives with face mating gears are used to transform rotations between shafts with non-parallel and non-intersecting axes. A special case of these transmissions are Spiroid and Helicon gear drives. The classical gear drives of this type are the Archimedean ones. The objective of this study are hyperboloid gear drives with face meshing, when the pinion possesses threads of conic convolute, Archimedean and involute types, or the pinion has threads of cylindrical convolute, Archimedean and involute types. For simplicity, all three types transmis- sions with face mating gears and a conic pinion are titled Spiroid and all three types transmissions with face mating gears and a cylindrical pinion are titled Helicon. Principles of the mathematical modelling of tooth contact synthesis are discussed in this study. The presented research shows that the synthesis is realized by application of two mathematical models: pitch contact point and mesh region models. Two approaches for synthesis of the gear drives in accordance with Olivier’s principles are illustrated. The algorithms and computer programs for optimization synthesis and design of the studied hyperboloid gear drives are presented.
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21

Li, Yan Zhi, Li Huan Gao, and Xiao Yang Tang. "The Flow Pulsation Analysis of an External Gear Pump." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 2327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.2327.

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In this paper, the theoretical flow ripple of an external gear pump is studied for pumps of similar size using different numbers of teeth on the driving and driven gears. External gear pumps with three different types of tooth profiles are studied. Nondimensional flowrates and fluctuation coefficients of gear pumps are discussed. By using the formula, flowrates can be calculated accurately and efficiently. Results indicate that: in the case of the same displacement (except teeth number and tooth width, other parameters of the gear pump are the same) the gear pump flow pulsation decreases with the increasing of the teeth number. We also concluded that changing tooth profiles on the driving and driven gear can get different pulse amplitude of the flow ripple.
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22

Lyu, Yueling, Yangzhi Chen, and Yifan Lin. "The design formulae for skew line gear wheel structures oriented to the additive manufacturing technology based on strength analysis." Mechanical Sciences 8, no. 2 (December 14, 2017): 369–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ms-8-369-2017.

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Abstract. In this paper, the design methodology for a skew line gear pair oriented to additive manufacturing technology, with an one-tooth driving line gear and its coupled driven line gear, used for the conventional powered transmission, is researched based on strength analysis. First, the expressions of meshing forces on the line tooth of line gears are deduced; the deformations and stresses of existing structures of a line gear pair are analyzed by using ANSYS Workbench. Then, the reliable structure and the parameters standardization formulae of a line gear pair are deduced by stiffness and strength analyses. Finally, a design case shows that the proposed design methods provide a convenient and reasonable design tool for designing a skew line gear pair in conventional powered transmission field.
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23

MIYACHIKA, Kouitsu, Satoshi ODA, Wei-Dong XUE, Yoshinori MITSUI, Hiroshige FUJIO, and Chiaki NAMBA. "Effects of Gear-Side Case-Hardening on Residual Stress of Case-Hardened Gears." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 67, no. 658 (2001): 1980–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.67.1980.

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MIYACHIKA, Kouitsu, Kazuaki ANDO, Takao KOIDE, Hidefumi MADA, Hideaki KATANUMA, Kengo NOJIMA, and Satoshi ODA. "GSD-07 EFFECTS OF CARBURIZED PART, CASE DEPTH AND HELIX ANGLE ON BENDING FATIGUE STRENGTH OF CASE-CARBURIZED HELICAL GEARS(GEAR STRENGTH AND DURABILITY, INCLUDING GEAR MATERIALS AND HEAT TREATMENT TECHNIQUES)." Proceedings of the JSME international conference on motion and power transmissions 2009 (2009): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeimpt.2009.338.

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25

Sachidananda, H. K., K. Raghunandana, and B. Shivamurthy. "Power loss analysis in altered tooth-sum spur gearing." MATEC Web of Conferences 144 (2018): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814401015.

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The main cause of power loss or dissipation of heat in case of meshed gears is due to friction existing between gear tooth mesh and is a major concern in low rotational speed gears, whereas in case of high operating speed the power loss taking place due to compression of air-lubricant mixture (churning losses) and windage losses due to aerodynamic trial of air lubricant mixture which controls the total efficiency needs to be considered. Therefore, in order to improve mechanical efficiency it is necessary for gear designer during gear tooth optimization to consider these energy losses. In this research paper the power loss analysis for a tooth-sum of 100 altered by ±4% operating between a specified center distance is considered. The results show that negative altered tooth-sum gearing performs better as compared to standard and positive altered tooth-sum gearing.
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Meneghetti, Giovanni, Carlo Dengo, and Fulvio Lo Conte. "Bending fatigue design of case-hardened gears based on test specimens." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 232, no. 11 (May 30, 2017): 1953–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406217712278.

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Different design methods against bending fatigue are reported in ISO 6336 standard. The standard suggests primarily the method based on reference test gears and provides the relevant fatigue curves. Additionally, the standard suggests the use of specimens (instead of gears) to generate the reference fatigue curves, but it also advices that specimen-based methods can be used when gears are not available and that specimens are particularly useful for comparing fatigue performances of gear materials relative to one another. The purpose of the present paper is to evaluate the accuracy of the specimen-based methods mentioned in the ISO standard when applied to design gears against bending fatigue. Experimental data were generated by means of pulsator fatigue tests on case-hardened gears used in off-highway vehicles. Afterwards, experimental results were compared with theoretical estimations according to the approaches based on reference test gears (as suggested by the ISO standard) and test specimens. Concerning the latter approach, the relevant fatigue design curves were generated by testing smooth as well as notched specimens made of the same case-hardened gear steel. It was found that the specimens-based methods are as accurate as the reference gears-based method, provided that the material notch sensitivity factor is properly calibrated on the experimental results obtained from specimens.
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Hedrih, Katica (Stevanović), and Vera Nikolić-Stanojević. "A Model of Gear Transmission: Fractional Order System Dynamics." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2010 (2010): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/972873.

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A theoretical model of multistep gear transmission dynamics is presented. This model is based on the assumption that the connection between the teeth of the gears is with properties within the range from ideal clasic to viscoelastic so that a new model of connection between the teeth was expressed by means of derivative of fractional order. For this model a two-step gear transmision with three degrees of freedom of motion has been used. The obtained solutions are in the analytic form of the expansion according to time. As boundary cases this model gives results for the case of ideally elastic connection of the gear teeth and for the case of viscoelastic connection of the gear teeth, as well. Eigen fractional modes are obtained and a vizualization is done.
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Bai, Bo, Yuhua Kuang, Wenchao Guo, and Shimin Mao. "Influence of Misalignment on Beveloid Gear Tooth Contact and Dynamic Characteristics in Transfer Case Transmission of AWD Vehicle." Shock and Vibration 2022 (March 7, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7565845.

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Beveloid gears are usually employed to transfer motion of small shaft angle, but the assembly errors or misalignment can affect the gear tooth contact and dynamic performance. A dynamic model and tooth contact analysis model of the intersecting beveloid gear pair are established, the defects of the theoretical tooth surface in the meshing are analyzed, and a microgeometry modification method to improve the meshing performance is proposed. At the same time, the effects of system misalignment and manufacturing errors on its meshing characteristics are considered. By studying the sensitivity of the static and dynamic characteristics of beveloid gear on different misalignment components, the influence laws of misalignment on the contact pattern, transmission error, mesh stiffness, and dynamic excitation force are obtained, which give suggestions for tooth surface modification and support structural stiffness design of beveloid gear with a good NVH performance.
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29

Dong, Peng, Yongfei Wang, Shengdun Zhao, Zhuoneng Gao, Yongqiang Zhao, Yangfeng Cao, and Peng Zhang. "Design and experimental study of novel multi-stage gearbox." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 235, no. 1 (August 6, 2020): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020945823.

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Automatic transmission has been widely used in the automotive industry, and novel automatic transmissions with simple structure and reliable operation are a research hotspot. This paper proposes an automatic transmission with multi-stage gears to simplify its working process. The automatic transmission comprises a case and a driving transmission shaft and driven shaft which are mounted on the case. The transmission gear pairs are superimposed on the driving and driven shafts similar to a tower. The gear pairs on the driving and driven shafts are always engaged. All the driving gears are connected to the driven shaft via a flat key, and the driven gear and the driven shaft are connected by a join key, which is used to connect or disconnect the gear and the driven shaft, and are controlled by a hydraulic shifting mechanism and have been designed in detail. Numerical simulation is adopted to verify the strength of the core components. In addition, the transmission performance of the gearbox is experimentally tested. The results indicate that the novel gearbox can achieve variable speed and work smoothly. The gearbox has a novel structure, the driving and driven shafts are simple and installed friendly, and the transmission gear meshes are reliable.
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30

Abadjiev, Valentin, and Emilia Abadjieva. "One Approach to the Synthesis, Design and Manufacture of Hyperboloid Gear Sets with Face Mating Gears. Part 2: Review of Practical Realization." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics 46, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jtam-2016-0013.

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Abstract Hyperboloid gear drives with face mating gears are used to transform rotations between shafts with non-parallel and non-intersecting axes. A special case of these transmissions are Spiroid1 and Helicon gear drives. The classical gear drives of this type are Archimedean ones. The objective of this study are hyperboloid gear drives with face meshing, when the pinion has threads of conic convolute, Archimedean and involute types, or the pinion has threads of cylindrical convolute, Archimedean and involute types. For simplicity, all three type transmissions with face mating gears and a conic pinion are titled Spiroid and all three type trans- missions with face mating gears and a cylindrical pinion are titled Helicon. Principles of the mathematical modelling of tooth contact synthesis are discussed in Part 1: Basic theoretical and CAD experience of this study. The second part of this article is a brief overview of the innovations and inventions created in this field at the Institute of Mechanics – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in the last three decades. This study is also dedicated on elaboration of the specialized face gear sets for implementation into bio-robot hand. It is based on the application of 3D software technology, using 3D print for the realization of the physical models of the gear drives.
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31

Zhou, Chi, Qi Wang, Liangjin Gui, and Zijie Fan. "A numerical method for calculating the misalignments of planetary gears." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 10 (October 5, 2018): 2624–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018804114.

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Because misalignments derived from the deflections of transmission systems have significant effects on the load capacity of planetary gears, these misalignments should be accurately considered in the analysis of planetary gears. Here, we develop a new approach for misalignment calculations of cylindrical planetary gears. A nonlinear model of a planetary gear transmission system is built based on the finite element method and nonlinear bearing theory for misalignment calculations that can precisely simulate the structural characteristics and mechanical properties of a planetary gear system. The nonlinear static equation of a planetary system is solved efficiently using the Newton–Raphson method. Gear misalignments of all the planet branches are determined by the results of the system static analysis. The reliability and advantages of the proposed method are discussed via case studies. The effects of including the variation of the planet positions and the nonlinearity of the bearing stiffness on the planetary gear misalignments under different load conditions are studied. The misalignments can be reliably determined using the proposed method for calculating the load capacity of planetary gears.
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32

Meuleman, P. Klein, D. Walton, K. D. Dearn, D. J. Weale, and I. Driessen. "Minimization of transmission errors in highly loaded plastic gear trains." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 221, no. 9 (September 1, 2007): 1117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes439.

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Transmission errors (TEs) are an important source of unwanted noise and vibration in gear drives. Errors can result from geometrical inaccuracies and from elastic deformations. Plastic drives are often loaded in a way that produces high deflections relative to steel gears, and the elastic component of TE is relatively more important. Furthermore, plastic gears are often run in mesh with gears made from steel or other metals. In this case there is a large difference in tooth stiffness, which leads to unusual TE problems. The current paper discusses the origins of elastic TEs and means of their calculation. A simple beam model is used to demonstrate the stiffness of a pair of meshing gear teeth. A finite-element analysis is used to refine this model and to run iterative tooth meshing enabling TEs to be accurately characterized. A number of TE traces from gear pairs running under high loads are included and compared with the theoretical predictions. Several different scenarios are proposed including balancing gear tooth stiffness for dissimilar materials and the adjustment of pressure angle to account for tooth deflection. A set of design guidelines are presented in the conclusions. A case study of a precision printer drive is used to illustrate some of the techniques for the minimization of TEs.
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TUSZYŃSKI, Waldemar, Michał GIBAŁA, Marek KALBARCZYK, Eugeniusz MATRAS, Remigiusz MICHALCZEWSKI, Witold PIEKOSZEWSKI, Zbigniew SOTOWSKI, Marian SZCZEREK, Jan WULCZYŃSKI, and Andrzej WIECZOREK. "CHARACTERISTICS OF A NEW TEST RIG AND METHODOLOGY FOR CYCLIC TESTING OF GEAR TOOTH BENDING FATIGUE STRENGTH." Tribologia 283, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1438.

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Tooth fracture is the most dangerous form of gear wear that excludes the gear from further use. In order to counteract the occurrence of this type of damage, it is very important to properly design the toothed gear. To calculate the gear tooth bending strength, a strength parameter called the nominal stress number σFlim is necessary. ISO 6336-5:2003(E) and available material databases provide σFlim values for the most popular engineering materials used for gears, including those for case-hardened steels. There is, however, no data for a new generation of nanostructured engineering materials, which are the subject of research conducted at the Tribology Department of ITeE – PIB. The σFlim parameter is most often determined in cyclic fatigue tests on toothed gears with specially selected tooth geometry. In order to determine the above strength parameter, a pulsator (symbol T-32) was developed and manufactured at ITeE-PIB in Radom. The article presents a new device, research methodology, and the results of verification tests for case-hardened steel 18CrNiMo7-6, confirming the correctness of the adopted design assumptions and the developed research methodology. The results of tooth bending fatigue tests are the basis for the selection of a new engineering material dedicated to gears, which later undergoes tribological testing.
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Liu, Genshen, Peitang Wei, Kerui Chen, Huaiju Liu, and Zehua Lu. "Polymer gear contact fatigue reliability evaluation with small data set based on machine learning." Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 9, no. 2 (March 21, 2022): 583–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwac020.

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Abstract Polymer gears have shown potential in power transmission by their comprehensive mechanical properties. One of the significant concerns with expanding their applications is the deficiency of reliability evaluation methods considering small data set circumstances. This work conducts a fair number of polyoxymethylene (POM) gear durability tests with adjustable loading and lubrication conditions via a gear durability test rig. A novel machine learning-based reliability model is developed to evaluate contact fatigue reliability for the POM gears with such a data set. Results reveal that the model predicts reasonable POM gear contact fatigue curves of reliability–stress–number of cycles with 2.0% relative error and 18.8% reduction of test specimens compared with the large sample data case. In contrast to grease lubrication, the oil-lubricated POM gear contact fatigue strength improves by 10.4% from 52.1 to 57.6 MPa.
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35

Zhang, Li Yong, Chang Lu Wang, Zhong Ming Liu, Ming Lu, Ling Xian Meng, Yuan Guo Zhang, and He Ping Zhang. "Study on UV-LIGA Technology Fabrication of Micro Gear Transmission Device." Applied Mechanics and Materials 86 (August 2011): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.86.273.

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With advantages of high efficiency and stable quality, UV-LIGA technology is regarded as an important developmental direction of micro forming technology. In the paper, the UV-LIGA production procedure and the processing parameters on fabrication of micro gear were determined through manufacturing experiments. The involute profile micro gear samples and the cases were fabricated based on UV-LIGA technology. The micro gears with parameters of modular m=0.04mm, tooth number z =18 were made of Nickel. The size, elastic modulus and the indentation hardness of the micro gear were measured. The results indicate that the structure of the micro gear is clear, the surface and the curve of tooth profile are smooth, and the sidewall is vertical. Micro gear transmission device was assembled by micro gear and micro case, and it can transmit continuously. The work provided some reference for the fabrication of micro gear transmission device.
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36

Selvaganapathy, M., and N. Nishavithri. "SMART WHEELCHAIR/VEHICLE FOR PHYSICALLY CHALLENGED PEOPLE WITH REVERSE GEAR OPERATION." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 1031–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13836.

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This paper aims to design the vehicle for the physically challenged person with reverse gear system. This proposed vehicle helps them not to believe any third persons to require a reverse gear. Here we used \"tumbler gear” mechanism for our prototype where the gear is accustomed by changing the direction of gear. It contains two gears which place in parallel by changing their position with motor direction; that are often changed but in real time application we\'d wish to use ideal gear system with gear box. Also the bike contains ultrasonic sensor which supports echo signals to supply alert on taking reverse to avoid collision between other object. this technique also contains \"GPS\" which help their family to locate the position of the physically challenged person just easily. in case of any emergency, an ultrasonic sensor, GPS module and relay circuits are employed to drive the motor in our prototype.
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37

Glodež, Srečko, and Marko Šori. "Bending Fatigue Analysis of PM Gears." Key Engineering Materials 754 (September 2017): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.754.299.

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The paper discusses the computational and experimental approach for determination of the PM gears service life concerning bending fatigue in a gear tooth root. A proposed computational model is based on the stress-life approach where the stress field in a gear tooth root is determined numerically using FEM. The experimental procedure was done on a custom made back-to-back gear testing rig. The comparison between computational and experimental results has shown that the proposed computational approach is appropriate calculation method for service life estimation of sintered gears regarding tooth root strength. Namely, it was shown that in the case of proper heat treatment of tested gears, the tooth breakage occurred inside the interval with 95 % probability of failure, which has been determined using proposed computational model.
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38

Pacana, Jacek. "Development of Bevel Gear Motion Transmission Graphs with FEM." Key Engineering Materials 490 (September 2011): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.490.83.

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The article presents the course of the calculations and conclusions from the analysis of a bevel gear motion transmission using FEM. The motion transmission graphs show the angular variation of the driven gear in the case of a driving pinion that rotates with a constant angular velocity. In contrary to the classical Tooth Contact Analysis, which is carried out on stiff bodies, FEM analysis includes deformations of mating gears. Thus, it brings more realistic information on dynamic behavior and noise characteristic of analyzed gear drive.
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39

Kodeeswaran, M., R. Suresh, and S. Senthilvelan. "Effect of strain rate on bending and transmission characteristics of injection molded polyamide 66 spur gears." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 233, no. 6 (August 13, 2017): 1145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420717724484.

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Polymer material exhibits time-dependent mechanical behavior due to its viscoelastic characteristics. Thus, unlike steel gears, polymer gears exhibit complex behavior when transmitting loads at various rotational speeds. In general, gear tooth surfaces exhibit complex stress due to their nonconformal geometry. Hence, the nonlinear material and nonlinear geometric aspects of polymer gear mesh prompted an investigation of the bending and transmission characteristics of injection molded polyamide 66 gears at various strain rate conditions. The injection molded tensile specimens made from the gear material were subjected to various rates of loading. The stress–strain performance at various rates of loading was evaluated and used to model linear and nonlinear gear materials for the numerical analysis. The numerical investigation was carried out on the steel–polyamide gear pair with the commercial finite element analysis tool ABAQUS® to predict the bending stress and static transmission error. The predicted static transmission error of the gear pair was compared with the experimental results obtained using an in-house developed gear test rig. The bending stress with the linear material models was higher than that of the nonlinear material models. An increase in bending stress with the strain rate was observed in the case of the nonlinear material models. The static transmission error predicted with the nonlinear material model at a higher strain rate was lower for both the single tooth contact and the double teeth contacts.
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40

HOEHN, Bernd-Robert, Thomas TOBIE, Alessandro STENICO, and Simone LOMBARDO. "GSD-06 INFLUENCE OF RESIDUAL STRESSES ON TOOTH ROOT BENDING STRENGTH OF CASE HARDENED GEARS(GEAR STRENGTH AND DURABILITY, INCLUDING GEAR MATERIALS AND HEAT TREATMENT TECHNIQUES)." Proceedings of the JSME international conference on motion and power transmissions 2009 (2009): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeimpt.2009.333.

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41

Shi, Zhaoyao, Jihua Ren, Zhipeng Feng, and Jing Li. "Key Technology and Experimental Study of Unequal Pitches Meshing between Metal Worm and Plastic Helical Gears." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010333.

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In traditional gear design, the design theory is based on a rigid hypothesis and is popularly adopted in the preparation of metal gear. Plastic gear designing lacks a mature design theory. Hence, scholars still follow the traditional gear design theory. There is a marked difference in the rigidity and stiffness between the conventional gear design and plastic gear features. In traditional design theory, the deformation is 0.2% (Note: To assess the material yield, conditional yield strength is calculated). Designing deformation can exceed 2% for plastic gears, and the difference can sometimes be more than tenfold. The traditional design theory cannot match the gear strength and precision in the design of plastic gear. In the case of plastic gear, due to numerous meshing teeth, the 2% deformation seen cannot be neglected and should be taken into account in the presence and absence of loading to improve the meshing condition. Improvement in the gear loading ability and reduction in the meshing noise can thus be achieved. Herein, we propose an unequal pitch design theory. The results of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and experimental verification showed that the strength could be increased by 24% for unequal pitch design theory.
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42

Wu, Qing, Colin Cole, Maksym Spiryagin, and Tim McSweeney. "Parallel multiobjective optimisations of draft gear designs." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 232, no. 3 (January 31, 2017): 744–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409717690981.

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This paper presents the methodology and results of the parallel multiobjective optimisations of draft gear designs. The methodology used white-box draft gear models, whose parameters were used as the optimisation variables. Two optimisation algorithms were used: genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimisation. All the optimised draft gear designs were constrained by impact tests to ensure that the optimised designs also comply with the current acceptance standards for draft gears. The performance of draft gears was assessed using whole-trip longitudinal train dynamics simulations and coupler fatigue damage calculations. Each simulation covered a round trip (loaded one way, empty on return) over a total of 640 km of track, which involved about 10 h of operational time. Three optimisation objectives were considered: minimal fatigue damage for wagon connection systems of loaded trains, minimal in-train forces for loaded trains, and minimal longitudinal wagon accelerations for empty trains. Two case studies were presented, which optimised two types of draft gears (single-stage and double-stage draft gears) using genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimisation, respectively.
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43

Shi, Kan, Shuai Lin, and Yan'an Yao. "The method for synthesis of the contact ratio of noncircular bevel gears." Mechanical Sciences 12, no. 1 (February 16, 2021): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ms-12-165-2021.

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Abstract. As a type of spatial transmission mechanism, noncircular bevel gears can be used to transfer the power and motion with a variable transmission ratio between intersecting axes. In this paper, utilizing the spherical triangle theorem and meshing principle, the parametric equations of the contact ratio are established in the space polar coordinate system. Two innovative methods are proposed to analyze the contact ratio by using the rotation angle of the driving (driven) gears and the arc length of pitch curve as pure rolling. In the case of modified gear and X-zero gear, whether the noncircular bevel gear is continuously driven is deduced. The simulation transmission ratio curve and theoretical transmission ratio curve are compared to verify the rationality of the design.
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44

He, J., X. Wu, and Y. Cui. "Gearing principle and geometric design of conical involute gear pairs with crossed axes." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 218, no. 12 (December 1, 2004): 1517–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406042690461.

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A group of formulae for the geometric parameters, such as the gear mounting distance, crossed-axes angle, centre distance and helix angle of the tooth projection on the reference plane of a reference rack, of a crossed-axes gear drive of different arrangements are derived based on the analysis of the spatial mesh relationship between conjugate gears and their reference rack. A set of geometrical design methods for conical involute gear pairs with crossed axes (non-intersecting and non-parallel axes) is presented. The formulae can be applied not only to all of the possible independent forms of crossed-axes gear drives but also to the case of gearing with parallel axes and intersecting axes. The design methods consist of two parts, the sequential and the reverse methods. The former is used to determine the mounting dimensions when the basic dimensions of a pair of conical involute gears are given, while the latter is used to determine basic dimensions of a pair of gears when the mounting dimensions are known. The formulae and the methods are verified through the design and manufacture of a set of testing gears.
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45

Abboud, D., M. Elbadaoui, S. Becquerelle, and M. Lalmi. "The application of the cyclic coherence for distributed planet fault detection in planetary gears." International Journal of Condition Monitoring 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1784/204764218823029075.

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The vibration-based condition monitoring of planetary gears is a highly active and challenging field of research. Many signal processing techniques have been proposed, with the aim of promoting the fault component in the signal and, consequently, highlighting the fault signature (ie the damage symptom). Most of these techniques consider the fault contribution as being deterministic, which is true in the case of an advanced and localised fault. Such techniques may fail in other scenarios in which, for instance, the fault is of a distributed nature and its vibrational component is weak. In such a case, the fault component is likely to be randomised and turns cyclostationary. The present paper suggests the presence of an additional cyclostationary component in planetary gear vibrations. The presence of this component is explained by the presence of load fluctuations at the meshing points and the random micro-irregularity in the stiffness of gear components, as well as the presence of distributed faults. A simplified signal model is proposed to explain the vibration signal structure of healthy and faulty planetary gears (with a planet fault in the case of the faulty gear). Also, a cyclostationary-based condition monitoring approach is proposed, based on the cyclic coherence. The proposed approach is validated on real-world vibration signals acquired from a planetary gear benchmark.
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46

Zhang, J., and B. A. Shaw. "The Effect of Superfinishing on the Contact Fatigue of Case Carburised Gears." Applied Mechanics and Materials 86 (August 2011): 348–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.86.348.

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The contact fatigue performance of two pairs of case carburised gears with either an as-ground or superfinished surface finish was studied. This comparison test was carried out using a back-to-back gear test rig. Test results showed that superfinished gears provided an enhanced contact fatigue resistance with only the development of minor scratches and light micropitting after running, while as-ground gears failed through a sequence of initial micropitting, progressive micropitting, macropitting and scuffing.
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47

Antoine, F., and J.-M. Besson. "Simplified modellization of gear micropitting." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 216, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095441002321029035.

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This document gives a simplified method of calculating gear micropitting. The method has been developed by EUROCOPTER. The objective was to provide a model that took into consideration the maximum number of parameters in order to model the different physical phenomena, particularly: an oil-film thickness calculation taking the influence of pressure into consideration a simplified modellization of roughness an estimation of the plastification effect on the roughness overpressure at the contact surface taking into account the combined effects of roughness and oil-film thickness. The elaborated model is presented in an Excel file form. The application program is called APICS (approche du pitting par calculs simplifiés). In order to validate this model, this program has been applied to: An epicyclic gear train of a helicopter. Tests on discs as part of the ASETT European program. Discs are in hardened M50NiL Duplex (surface treatment: carburized and nitrided). Different kinds of surface finishing were proposed. The reference case of discs in 16NCD13 without thermochemical treatment has been also treated. FZG gear benchtests, also as part of the ASETT program. Gears have been manufactured in hardened M50NiL Duplex, with different kinds of surface finishing proposed. The results of the calculations express quite exactly the experimental facts observed on discs and gears for a wide range of studied cases, covering different materials, different kinds of case hardening and different kinds of surface finishing.
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48

Czinege, Imre. "Mass Optimization of Gears." Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 63, no. 2 (February 21, 2019): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.11648.

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The paper deals with the mass optimization of gear pairs. The proposed material science based selection strategy uses an extended version of Ashby model, where the minimum value of mass as function of material parameters and density can be calculated. Comparative analyses have proved that applying the method proposed, various gear materials can be classified and ranked. It could be concluded that case or induction hardened steels and titanium alloys with appropriate surface treatment are the best solutions for high quality gear materials. The presented relationships for material parameters and geometry of gears help empirical or heuristic selection of proper materials.
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49

Fuchs, D., S. Rommel, T. Tobie, K. Stahl, and T. Blum. "Influence of Heating Rate and Soaking Temperature during Case-Hardening on the Hardness and Grain Size of Ultra-Clean Gear Steels." HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials 76, no. 5 (October 1, 2021): 321–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htm-2021-0011.

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Abstract In the framework of a research project, the tooth root bending strength of high-strength gears is investigated. The most common type of failure encountered with these shot-peened, case-hardened gears is tooth root breakage caused by a crack initiation below the surface at a non-metallic inclusion (fisheye failure). However, it is well known that case-hardening depth and quenching grain size can have a great influence on a gear’s load carrying capacity. To ensure that this research project solely investigates the influence of non-metallic inclusions, any cross-influences must be excluded or minimized, or at least known. However, in the case of such ultra-clean gear steels, no recommendations or investigations of the influence of case-hardening on material properties are currently available. Therefore, in the framework of this paper, extended investigations are conducted into the effects of different process steps during case-hardening on the resulting material properties of ultra-clean gear steels.
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50

Malashchenko, Volodymyr, Oleh Strilets, and Volodymyr Strilets. "Method and Device for Speed Change by the Epicyclic Gear Train with Stepped-Planet Gear Set." Research Works of Air Force Institute of Technology 38, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afit-2016-0002.

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Abstract The article describes new method and device for continuously variable speed change management via compound epicyclic gearing with composite planet gears and closed circuit hydrosystem, when the speed control element is either outer ring gear (annulus) or the carrier or sun gear. In each case, the control element connected to closed circuit hydrosystem and can be in motion or immovable depending on the bandwidth of hydrosystem’s regulating throttle. We had held theoretical research and received graphic dependences between velocities of driving, control and driven elements by means of computer programing.
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