Journal articles on the topic 'GDRs'
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Mühlenbruch, Kristin, Rebecca Paprott, Hans-Georg Joost, Heiner Boeing, Christin Heidemann, and Matthias B. Schulze. "Derivation and external validation of a clinical version of the German Diabetes Risk Score (GDRS) including measures of HbA1c." BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 6, no. 1 (July 2018): e000524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2018-000524.
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ObjectiveThe German Diabetes Risk Score (GDRS) is a diabetes prediction model which only includes non-invasively measured risk factors. The aim of this study was to extend the original GDRS by hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and validate this clinical GDRS in the nationwide German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998 (GNHIES98) cohort.Research design and methodsExtension of the GDRS was based on the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam study with baseline assessment conducted between 1994 and 1998 (N=27 548, main age range 35–65 years). Cox regression was applied with the original GDRS and HbA1c as independent variables. The extended model was evaluated by discrimination (C-index (95% CI)), calibration (calibration plots and expected to observed (E:O) ratios (95% CI)), and reclassification (net reclassification improvement, NRI (95% CI)). For validation, data from the GNHIES98 cohort with baseline assessment conducted between 1997 and 1999 were used (N=3717, age range 18–79 years). Missing data were handled with multiple imputation.ResultsAfter 5 years of follow-up 593 incident cases of type 2 diabetes occurred in EPIC-Potsdam and 86 in the GNHIES98 cohort. In EPIC-Potsdam, the C-index for the clinical GDRS was 0.87 (0.81 to 0.92) and the overall NRI was 0.26 (0.21 to 0.30), with a stronger improvement among cases compared with non-cases (NRIcases: 0.24 (0.19 to 0.28); NRInon-cases: 0.02 (0.01 to 0.02)). Almost perfect calibration was observed with a slight tendency toward overestimation, which was also reflected by an E:O ratio of 1.07 (0.99 to 1.16). In the GNHIES98 cohort, discrimination was excellent with a C-index of 0.91 (0.88 to 0.94). After recalibration, the calibration plot showed underestimation of diabetes risk in the highest risk group, while the E:O ratio indicated overall perfect calibration (1.02 (0.83 to 1.26)).ConclusionsThe clinical GDRS provides the opportunity to apply the original GDRS as a first step in risk assessment, which can then be extended in clinical practice with HbA1c whenever it was measured.
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Chau, Jun Ting, Karen Peebles, Yvonne Belessis, Adam Jaffe, and Michael Doumit. "Distress during airway sampling in children with cystic fibrosis." Archives of Disease in Childhood 104, no. 8 (May 25, 2018): 806–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-314241.
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BackgroundOropharyngeal suction and oropharyngeal swab are two methods of obtaining airway samples with similar diagnostic accuracy in children with cystic fibrosis (CF). The primary aim was comparing distress between suctioning and swabbing. A secondary aim was establishing the reliability of the Groningen Distress Rating Scale (GDRS).MethodsRandomised oropharyngeal suction or swab occurred over two visits. Two physiotherapists and the child’s parent rated distress using the GDRS. Heart rate (HR) was also measured.Results24 children with CF, mean age of 3 years, participated. Both physiotherapist and parent rating showed significantly higher distress levels during suction than swab. Inter-rater reliability for the GDRS was very good between physiotherapists, and good between physiotherapist and parents.ConclusionThe study found that oropharyngeal swab is less distressing in obtaining samples than oropharyngeal suction and that the GDRS was reliable and valid.
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Wappett, Mark, Adam Harris, Alexander L. R. Lubbock, Ian Lobb, Simon McDade, and Ian M. Overton. "SynLeGG: analysis and visualization of multiomics data for discovery of cancer ‘Achilles Heels’ and gene function relationships." Nucleic Acids Research 49, W1 (May 17, 2021): W613—W618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab338.
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Abstract Achilles’ heel relationships arise when the status of one gene exposes a cell's vulnerability to perturbation of a second gene, such as chemical inhibition, providing therapeutic opportunities for precision oncology. SynLeGG (www.overton-lab.uk/synlegg) identifies and visualizes mutually exclusive loss signatures in ‘omics data to enable discovery of genetic dependency relationships (GDRs) across 783 cancer cell lines and 30 tissues. While there is significant focus on genetic approaches, transcriptome data has advantages for investigation of GDRs and remains relatively underexplored. SynLeGG depends upon the MultiSEp algorithm for unsupervised assignment of cell lines into gene expression clusters, which provide the basis for analysis of CRISPR scores and mutational status in order to propose candidate GDRs. Benchmarking against SynLethDB demonstrates favourable performance for MultiSEp against competing approaches, finding significantly higher area under the Receiver Operator Characteristic curve and between 2.8-fold to 8.5-fold greater coverage. In addition to pan-cancer analysis, SynLeGG offers investigation of tissue-specific GDRs and recovers established relationships, including synthetic lethality for SMARCA2 with SMARCA4. Proteomics, Gene Ontology, protein-protein interactions and paralogue information are provided to assist interpretation and candidate drug target prioritization. SynLeGG predictions are significantly enriched in dependencies validated by a recently published CRISPR screen.
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Khakase, S. S., B. S. Ronald, and T. M. Rathi. "Global Depository Receipts in India: boon or bane." Finance: Theory and Practice 25, no. 5 (October 28, 2021): 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2587-5671-2020-25-5-117-132.
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The Global Depository Receipt (“GDR” or “DR”) is a structured financial instrument denominated in foreign currency and Indian companies issue equity shares/securities underlying the GDR to international investors. Many companies have used GDRs for manipulative and fraudulent practices and the Indian regulator, SEBI has penalised them. This paper aims to evaluate the legitimacy of the GDRs and malpractices associated with them and to find if there is any need for reform in the GDR Scheme, to see if the GDRs are beneficial to the economy or are inherently manipulative instruments and looks at the need to reform the laws governing GDR. The authors have employed the methods, literature review and empirical research. The authors have conducted empirical research of the participants in the Indian GDR industry in April and May of 2021 by way of an online Questionnaire and unstructured telephonic interviews. The study results in the author’s conclusion that the GDRs are legitimate instruments but the participants abused the Scheme and led to malpractices. The authors failed to conclude about the need for reforms in the GDR laws. The paper recommends the suitable amendment of the DR scheme with an intention to plug its loopholes and allow it in foreign jurisdictions with the highest compliance requirements while keeping in mind the cost of such compliance.
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Mühlenbruch, Kristin, Xiaohui Zhuo, Barbara Bardenheier, Hui Shao, Michael Laxy, Andrea Icks, Ping Zhang, Edward W. Gregg, and Matthias B. Schulze. "Selecting the optimal risk threshold of diabetes risk scores to identify high-risk individuals for diabetes prevention: a cost-effectiveness analysis." Acta Diabetologica 57, no. 4 (November 19, 2019): 447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00592-019-01451-1.
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Abstract Aims Although risk scores to predict type 2 diabetes exist, cost-effectiveness of risk thresholds to target prevention interventions are unknown. We applied cost-effectiveness analysis to identify optimal thresholds of predicted risk to target a low-cost community-based intervention in the USA. Methods We used a validated Markov-based type 2 diabetes simulation model to evaluate the lifetime cost-effectiveness of alternative thresholds of diabetes risk. Population characteristics for the model were obtained from NHANES 2001–2004 and incidence rates and performance of two noninvasive diabetes risk scores (German diabetes risk score, GDRS, and ARIC 2009 score) were determined in the ARIC and Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS). Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated for increasing risk score thresholds. Two scenarios were assumed: 1-stage (risk score only) and 2-stage (risk score plus fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test (threshold 100 mg/dl) in the high-risk group). Results In ARIC and CHS combined, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the GDRS and the ARIC 2009 score were 0.691 (0.677–0.704) and 0.720 (0.707–0.732), respectively. The optimal threshold of predicted diabetes risk (ICER < $50,000/QALY gained in case of intervention in those above the threshold) was 7% for the GDRS and 9% for the ARIC 2009 score. In the 2-stage scenario, ICERs for all cutoffs ≥ 5% were below $50,000/QALY gained. Conclusions Intervening in those with ≥ 7% diabetes risk based on the GDRS or ≥ 9% on the ARIC 2009 score would be cost-effective. A risk score threshold ≥ 5% together with elevated FPG would also allow targeting interventions cost-effectively.
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Jamison, Christine, and Forrest Scogin. "Development of an Interview-Based Geriatric Depression Rating Scale." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 35, no. 3 (October 1992): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/0803-3fbc-6eb0-ach4.
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The geriatric depression rating scale (GDRS) is a new interview-based depression rating scale designed for use with adults 60 years of age or older. The scale was developed to fill a need for an instrument that would be sensitive to the problems encountered in assessing depression among older adults. The GDRS was designed by using items from the self-report Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) as topic areas in a structured clinical interview similar to that of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). The 35-item rating scale was administered to 68 older individuals with a range of affective disturbance. The scale was found to have internal consistency and split-half reliability comparable to the HRSD and GDS. Concurrent validity, construct validity, external criterion validity, sensitivity, and specificity were all found to be acceptable.
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Liou, Je-Liang, and Pei-Ing Wu. "Equity criterion for initial rights CO2 emissions allocations under emissions trading: cooperation or conflict among nations?" Environment and Development Economics 20, no. 5 (September 5, 2014): 587–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x14000618.
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AbstractThis study constructs comprehensive operational equitable initial rights of emissions allocation models by estimating the total abatement cost based on the criteria of egalitarianism, sovereignty, the ability to pay, polluter pays and various scenarios of the Greenhouse Development Rights (GDRs) framework among groups of countries or individual nations. The analyses provide the potential crux regarding the agreements, cooperation and/or conflict among nations for joining the trading. The results show that the polluter pays principle generates the greatest total abatement cost saving for upper-middle and low-middle income nations, but not for others. Full capacity GDRs apply to China, egalitarianism to India and sovereignty to the United States on an individual basis. The results show that the disagreement and gaps with regard to an equitable initial allocation of rights among groups or individual nations is one of the possible obstructions and hindrances to the promotion and formation of a world trading scheme.
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Schuster, Eugene F., Pascal Gellert, Corrinne V. Segal, Elena López-Knowles, Richard Buus, Maggie Chon U. Cheang, James Morden, et al. "Genomic Instability and TP53 Genomic Alterations Associate With Poor Antiproliferative Response and Intrinsic Resistance to Aromatase Inhibitor Treatment." JCO Precision Oncology, no. 3 (December 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/po.18.00286.
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PURPOSE Although aromatase inhibitor (AI) treatment is effective in estrogen receptor–positive postmenopausal breast cancer, resistance is common and incompletely explained. Genomic instability, as measured by somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs), is important in breast cancer development and prognosis. SCNAs to specific genes may drive intrinsic resistance, or high genomic instability may drive tumor heterogeneity, which allows differential response across tumors and surviving cells to evolve resistance to treatment rapidly. We therefore evaluated the relationship between SCNAs and intrinsic resistance to treatment as measured by a poor antiproliferative response. PATIENTS AND METHODS SCNAs were determined by single nucleotide polymorphism array in baseline and surgery core-cuts from 73 postmenopausal patients randomly assigned to receive 2 weeks of preoperative AI or no AI in the Perioperative Endocrine Therapy—Individualizing Care (POETIC) trial. Fifty-six samples from the AI group included 28 poor responders (PrRs, less than 60% reduction in protein encoded by the MKI67 gene [Ki-67]) and 28 good responders (GdRs, greater than 75% reduction in Ki-67). Exome sequencing was available for 72 pairs of samples. RESULTS Genomic instability correlated with Ki-67 expression at both baseline ( P < .001) and surgery ( P < .001) and was higher in PrRs ( P = .048). The SCNA with the largest difference between GdRs and PrRs was loss of heterozygosity observed at 17p (false discovery rate, 0.08), which includes TP53. Nine of 28 PrRs had loss of wild-type TP53 as a result of mutations and loss of heterozygosity compared with three of 28 GdRs. In PrRs, somatic alterations of TP53 were associated with higher genomic instability, higher baseline Ki-67, and greater resistance to AI treatment compared with wild-type TP53. CONCLUSION We observed that primary tumors with high genomic instability have an intrinsic resistance to AI treatment and do not require additional evolution to develop resistance to estrogen deprivation therapy.
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Kim, Oksana. "Market Efficiency and Arbitrage Opportunities for Russian Depositary Receipts Cross-Listed on the London Stock Exchange." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 19, no. 02 (June 2016): 1650007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091516500077.
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This study examines the Russian stock market efficiency from two perspectives. First, we document that for the sample of Russian firms cross-listed on the Main Market of the London Stock Exchange (LSE) as Global Depositary Receipts (GDRs), the return series obtained from both the local market and the LSE are time-invariant and hence, predictable. This suggests that the market is inefficient with respect to pricing Russian GDRs and that investors are likely to make systematic nonzero profits. Second, we document profitable arbitrage opportunity surrounding the announcement to adopt IFRS, which is an additional evidence of market inefficiency. The significant pricing spread observed on this key date was due to the differential market reaction to IFRS adoption — neutral on the local MICEX exchange dominated by individual traders and significantly negative on the LSE dominated by institutional investors. This finding can be explained by (i) informational advantages of the local investors due to geographic proximity, (ii) differential expectations with respect to governance norms and listing requirements, and (iii) difference in portfolio composition of the two investor groups.
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Bacha, Obiyathulla Ismath, Norhazlina Ibrahim, and Mansor H. Ibrahim. "International Financial Integration through Depositary Receipts (DRs)." Journal of Accounting and Finance in Emerging Economies 6, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 301–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/jafee.v6i1.1085.
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The issue of liquidity and underdevelopment of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) stock markets has caused problems to companies in those countries that seek higher equity capital. One way out of this problem is to employ international markets more intensively by seeking cheaper cost of capital through Depositary Receipts (DRs). Many studies on DRs focused on emerging and developed countries, leaving many OIC countries behind. Thus, this study investigates the financial implication by examining the integration of returns of local and foreign stock markets via American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) and Global Depositary Receipts (GDRs) of OIC countries. Techniques employed in this study are cointegration and the speed of adjustments to examine the existence of integration between the local and foreign stock markets. The study covers a sample of 146 firms from 17 OIC countries that are cross-listed as ADRs or GDRs from 1992 to 2011. The findings show mixed results when some markets provide evidence of integration while others show evidence of segmentation. The study on the integration between DR and home equity markets has practical implications for both the international as well as domestic investors especially on portfolio selection, asset pricing and risk management
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Madhavan, Vinodh, and Partha Ray. "Price and Volatility Linkages Between Indian Stocks and Their European GDRs." Journal of Emerging Market Finance 18, no. 2_suppl (June 21, 2019): S213—S237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972652719846353.
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This article tests for price and volatility linkages between Indian global depositary receipts (GDRs) traded in Luxembourg/London and their underlying shares traded in Mumbai. The relationship is studied between the GDR price and the domestic share price along with the appropriate exchange rates, the foreign stock index and the domestic stock index using the vector autoregression (VAR) and dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) specification of multivariate generalised autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) models. VAR results indicate a similarity between the two prices of scrips: one trading in Mumbai and the other trading in Luxembourg (London). Further, DCC-GARCH model outcomes point to, by and large, a high-dynamic correlation between Indian GDRs traded in Luxembourg/London and their underlying stocks listed in Mumbai. Thus, the price and volatility linkages between the Indian stock and its European counterpart are invariant with respect to the choice of the foreign stock exchange. Such a similarity in findings, notwithstanding the difference in degree of information disclosure as well as listing requirements at London and Luxembourg, is perhaps indicative of the stock-exchange-invariant nature of law of one price. JEL Classification: G15, C22
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Kumar, Manoj, L. M. Bhole, and Shahrokh M. Saudagaran. "The Impact of International Listings on Liquidity: Evidence from the Indian Stock Market." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 26, no. 4 (October 2001): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920010404.
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Between May 1992 and June 2001, 72 Indian companies tapped the international capital markets with their equity offerings in form of Depositary Receipts (DRs). Initially, most of these programmes were in the form of Global Depositary Receipts (GDRs) and were traded on London and Luxembourg stock exchanges. Since 1999, many Indian companies have been listing their American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) on the US stock exchanges. Home market responses to issuance of DRs are of interest to the policy makers, investors, market intermediaries, CFOs, and finance scholars. Policy makers m emerging markets are increasingly concerned about the consequences for the domestic equity market when companies list stocks abroad. The present paper assesses the impact of listing of ADRs/GDRs on the liquidity of the firm's underlying domestic shares by using a sample of 30 Indian DR programmes that listed on the foreign markets between 1st January, 1996 and 30th June, 2001. Consistent with the theoretical assertions and results of Domowitz, Glen and Madhavan (1998), the authors record mixed results — while ADR listings in most cases reduce the liquidity of the domestic underlying shares, GDR listings in most cases increase the liquidity of the domestic underlying shares.
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Adhikary, Basudev, and Rajendranath Panda. "Group Divisible Response Surface (GDRS) Designs of Third Order." Calcutta Statistical Association Bulletin 34, no. 1-2 (March 1985): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008068319850107.
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Kalimipalli, Madhu, and Latha Ramchand. "Does the method of entry matter? Evidence from Indian ADRs and GDRs." Pacific-Basin Finance Journal 14, no. 4 (September 2006): 349–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2006.01.001.
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Tönnies, Thaddäus, Christin Heidemann, Rebecca Paprott, Esther Seidel-Jacobs, Christa Scheidt-Nave, Ralph Brinks, and Annika Hoyer. "Estimating the impact of tax policy interventions on the projected number and prevalence of adults with type 2 diabetes in Germany between 2020 and 2040." BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 9, no. 1 (January 2021): e001813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001813.
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IntroductionAs a population-wide intervention, it has been proposed to raise taxes on unhealthy products to prevent diseases such as type 2 diabetes. In this study, we aimed to estimate the effect of tax policy interventions in 2020 on the projected prevalence and number of people with type 2 diabetes in the German adult population in 2040.Research design and methodsWe applied an illness-death model and the German Diabetes Risk Score (GDRS) to project the prevalence and number of adults with type 2 diabetes in Germany under a base case scenario and under a tax policy intervention scenario. For the base case scenario, we assumed constant age-specific incidence rates between 2020 and 2040. For the intervention scenario, we assumed a 50% price increase for sugar-sweetened beverages, tobacco and red meat products in the year 2020. Based on price elasticities, we estimated the impact on these risk factors alone and in combination, and calculated subsequent reductions in the age-specific and sex-specific GDRS. These reductions were used to determine reductions in the incidence rate and prevalence using a partial differential equation.ResultsCompared with the base case scenario, combined tax interventions in 2020 resulted in a 0.95 percentage point decrease in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (16.2% vs 17.1%), which corresponds to 640 000 fewer prevalent cases of type 2 diabetes and a relative reduction by 6%.ConclusionsTaxation of sugar-sweetened beverages, tobacco products and red meat by 50% modestly lowered the projected number and prevalence of adults with type 2 diabetes in Germany in 2040. Raising taxes on unhealthy products as a stand-alone measure may not be enough to attenuate the future rise of type 2 diabetes.
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Foroushani, Mansour A., Christian Opp, Michael Groll, and Amirhossein Nikfal. "Evaluation of WRF-Chem Predictions for Dust Deposition in Southwestern Iran." Atmosphere 11, no. 7 (July 17, 2020): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11070757.
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The relationships between monthly recorded ground deposition rates (GDRs) and the spatiotemporal characteristics of dust concentrations in southwest Iran were investigated. A simulation by the Weather Research and Forecasting Model coupled with the Chemistry modeling system (WRF-Chem) was conducted for dust deposition during 2014–2015. The monthly dust deposition values observed at 10 different gauge sites (G01–G10) were mapped to show the seasonal and spatial variations in dust episodes at each location. An analysis of the dust deposition samples, however, confirmed that the region along the deposition sites is exposed to the highest monthly dust load, which has a mean value of 2.4 mg cm−2. In addition, the study area is subjected to seasonally varying deposition, which follows the trend: spring > summer > winter > fall. The modeling results further demonstrate that the increase in dust emissions is followed by a windward convergence over the region (particularly in the spring and summer). Based on the maximum likelihood classification of land use land cover, the modeling results are consistent with observation data at gauge sites for three scenarios [S.I, S.II, and S.III]. The WRF model, in contrast with the corresponding observation data, reveals that the rate factor decreases from the southern [S.III—G08, G09, and G10] through [S.II—G04, G05, G06, and G07] to the northern points [S.I—G01, G02, and G03]. A narrower gap between the modeling results and GDRs is indicated if there is an increase in the number of dust particles moving to lower altitudes or an increase in the dust resident time at high altitudes. The quality of the model forecast is altered by the deposition rate and is sensitive to land surface properties and interactions among land and climate patterns.
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Shockley, Kenneth. "Divergent principles, development rights, and individualism in the Greenhouse Development Rights framework." Regions and Cohesion 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/reco.2012.020101.
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The likelihood that the poor will suffer disproportionately from the effects of climate change makes it necessary that any just scheme for addressing the costs and burdens of climate change integrate those disproportionate effects. The Greenhouse Development Rights (GDRs) framework a empts to do just this. The GDRs framework is a burden-sharing approach to climate change that assigns national obligations on the basis of historical emissions and current capacity to provide assistance. It does so by including only those emissions that correspond to income exceeding a development threshold. According to the GDRs framework, this development threshold considers the right to develop to be held by individuals rather than the nations in which those individuals find themselves. The article provides a critique of this framework, focusing on three concerns: First, in generating national obligations the GDRs framework collapses significantly different moral considerations into a single index, presenting both theoretical and practical problems. Second, the framework relies on a contentious and underdeveloped conception of the right to develop. Third, the framework's exclusive focus on individual concerns systematically overlooks irreducibly social concerns. The article concludes by pointing to an alternative approach to balancing development against the burdens of climate change. Spanish La alta probabilidad de que los pobres sufran de manera desproporcionada los efectos del cambio climático requiere que cualquier sistema que se supone de hacer frente a los costos y las responsabilidades del cambio climático incorpore precisamente estos efectos desproporcionados. Esto es precisamente lo que el modelo de Derechos al Desarrollo con Emisiones Responsables de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GDR por sus siglas en inglés) está tratando de hacer. El modelo promueve un enfoque para compartir la carga relacionada con los efectos del cambio climático asignando obligaciones nacionales sobre la base de las emisiones históricas y la capacidad actual de prestar asistencia. Lo hace mediante la inclusión de sólo aquellas emisiones que corresponden a un ingreso superior a un 'umbral de desarrollo' de finido. De acuerdo con el modelo GDR, este umbral implica el derecho al desarrollo que tienen las personas individuales, no los países en que viven. En este artículo presento una evaluación crítica del modelo propuesto con base en tres puntos principales. Primero, cuando el GDR genera obligaciones nacionales, colapsa significativamente diferentes consideraciones morales en un solo índice, presentando problemas teóricos y metodológicos. Segundo, el modelo se basa en una polémica y poco desarrollada concepción del derecho al desarrollo. Tercero, el enfoque exclusivo en las cuestiones individuales ignora sistemáticamente las irreductibles preocupaciones sociales. Concluyo esbozando un enfoque alternativo para equilibrar el desarrollo contra de las cargas del cambio climático. French La très forte probabilité que les pauvres souffrent de façon disproportionnée des effets du changement climatique exige qu'un système qui aborde les coûts et les responsabilités du changement climatique intègre justement ces effets disproportionnés. C'est précisément ce que le système des Droits au Développement dans un Monde sous Contrainte Carbone (DDMCC - anglais GDR, Greenhouse Development Rights) essaie de faire. Ce modèle propose la répartition entre les pays des responsabilités/contraintes associés aux effets du changement climatique en assignant des obligations nationales sur la base de leurs émissions cumulées et de leur capacité actuelle à apporter une aide. Ce e approche inclut uniquement les émissions de gaz correspondant aux revenus dépassant un certain seuil de développement. D'après le modèle DDMCC, le seuil de développement considère un droit au développement qui revient aux personnes individuellement, et non aux pays dans lesquels elles vivent. Dans cet article, je dresse un bilan critique du modèle proposé sur la base de trois points principaux. Premièrement, le modèle DDMCC confond différentes considérations morales en un seul index quand il génère des obligations nationales, ce qui pose des problèmes à la fois théoriques et pratiques. Deuxièmement, il se base sur une conception du droit au développement suje e à polémique et trop peu développée. Troisièmement, l'accent mis exclusivement sur les préoccupations individuelles néglige systématiquement les préoccupations sociales pourtant incontournables. Je conclus en esquissant une approche alternative perme ant d'équilibrer les exigences du développement et les contraintes du changement climatique.
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Tobimatsu, Takamasa, Hideki Kajiura, Michio Yunoki, Muneaki Azuma, and Tetsuo Toraya. "Identification and Expression of the Genes Encoding a Reactivating Factor for Adenosylcobalamin-Dependent Glycerol Dehydratase." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 13 (July 1, 1999): 4110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.13.4110-4113.1999.
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ABSTRACT Adenosylcobalamin-dependent glycerol dehydratase undergoes inactivation by glycerol, the physiological substrate, during catalysis. In permeabilized cells of Klebsiella pneumoniae, the inactivated enzyme is reactivated in the presence of ATP, Mg2+, and adenosylcobalamin. We identified the two open reading frames as the genes for a reactivating factor for glycerol dehydratase and designated them gdrA and gdrB. The reactivation of the inactivated glycerol dehydratase by the gene products was confirmed in permeabilized recombinant Escherichia coli cells coexpressing GdrA and GdrB proteins with glycerol dehydratase.
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Kadriu, Flora. "Conditions for an Effective Democracy in Multicultural Societies and Countries." International Journal of Business & Technology 6, no. 1 (November 1, 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33107/ijbte.2017.6.1.08.
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The motive behind this paper is exploration of the conditions for effective democracy in multicultural societies and countries. The two principles of social setting in the context of classical parliamentary democracy ensue from a special set of civil and political rights, as basis for cultural identity, which further underlies the collective cultural rights (CCRs) or group-differentiated rights (GDRs). Such setting is initiation into a serious process of changes in classical democracy. The cultural diversity accommodation in the political system of a given democracy is an intricate process that shifts the liberal justice concept and requires a new political system dubbed by some authors as multicultural democracy, instead of merely democracy in multicultural societies. This theory is chiefly known as “consociational theory of democracy”. In this paper, efforts are made to establish the new theoretic and experiential institutions and relations we are to call conditions for an effective multicultural democracy.
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Widyamantara, Putu Yogi, and Khoirunnurofik Khoirunnurofik. "Pengaruh Elektrifikasi Terhadap Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Per Kapita: Studi Empiris Tahun 2014 – 2019." Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi Undiksha 13, no. 1 (June 23, 2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jjpe.v13i1.33833.
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This study aims the effect of electrification on productivity. We used data panel on kabupaten dan kota level with 2014-2019 period. The method in this research is descriptive quantitative with the data used is secondary data in the form of GDRB panel data throughout Indonesia In this study, productivity defined as GDRB per capita. Estimation result shows that the electrification ratio has a positive and significant effect to GDRP per capita on 2014-2019 nationally, in Sumatera island, and Kalimantan island. The presence of electrification can support productivity, such as lightning, use of mahines more efficiently, home appliance, and ICT or communication. Therefore, electrification should be fulfilled in Indonesia to increase GDRP per capita growth.
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Michael Pinegar, J., and R. Ravichandran. "Global and local information asymmetries, illiquidity and SEC Rule 144A/Regulation S: The case of Indian GDRs." Journal of Banking & Finance 26, no. 8 (August 2002): 1645–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4266(01)00177-7.
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Almaliotis, Diamantis, Georgios P. Athanasopoulos, Stavroula Almpanidou, Eleni P. Papadopoulou, and Vasileios Karampatakis. "Design and Validation of a New Smartphone-Based Reading Speed App (GDRS-Test) for the Greek Speaking Population." Clinical Optometry Volume 14 (August 2022): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/opto.s370215.
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Lyard, Florent H., Damien J. Allain, Mathilde Cancet, Loren Carrère, and Nicolas Picot. "FES2014 global ocean tide atlas: design and performance." Ocean Science 17, no. 3 (May 5, 2021): 615–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-17-615-2021.
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Abstract. Since the mid-1990s, a series of FES (finite element solution) global ocean tidal atlases has been produced and released with the primary objective to provide altimetry missions with tidal de-aliasing correction at the best possible accuracy. We describe the underlying hydrodynamic and data assimilation design and accuracy assessments for the latest FES2014 release (finalized in early 2016), especially for the altimetry de-aliasing purposes. The FES2014 atlas shows extremely significant improvements compared to the standard FES2004 and (intermediary) FES2012 atlases, in all ocean compartments, especially in shelf and coastal seas, thanks to the unstructured grid flexible resolution, recent progress in the (prior to assimilation) hydrodynamic tidal solutions, and use of ensemble data assimilation technique. Compared to earlier releases, the available tidal constituent's spectrum has been significantly extended, the overall resolution has been augmented, and additional scientific byproducts such as loading and self-attraction, energy diagnostics, or lowest astronomical tides have been derived from the atlas and are available. Compared to the other available global ocean tidal atlases, FES2014 clearly shows improved de-aliasing performance in most of the global ocean areas and has consequently been integrated in satellite altimetry geophysical data records (GDRs) and gravimetric data processing and adopted in recently renewed ITRF standards (International Terrestrial Reference System, 2020). It also provides very accurate open-boundary tidal conditions for regional and coastal modelling.
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Gasset, Nicolas, Vincent Fortin, Milena Dimitrijevic, Marco Carrera, Bernard Bilodeau, Ryan Muncaster, Étienne Gaborit, et al. "A 10 km North American precipitation and land-surface reanalysis based on the GEM atmospheric model." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 9 (September 7, 2021): 4917–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4917-2021.
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Abstract. Environment and Climate Change Canada has initiated the production of a 1980–2018, 10 km, North American precipitation and surface reanalysis. ERA-Interim is used to initialize the Global Deterministic Reforecast System (GDRS) at a 39 km resolution. Its output is then dynamically downscaled to 10 km by the Regional Deterministic Reforecast System (RDRS). Coupled with the RDRS, the Canadian Land Data Assimilation System (CaLDAS) and Precipitation Analysis (CaPA) are used to produce surface and precipitation analyses. All systems used are close to operational model versions and configurations. In this study, a 7-year sample of the reanalysis (2011–2017) is evaluated. Verification results show that the skill of the RDRS is stable over time and equivalent to that of the current operational system. The impact of the coupling between RDRS and CaLDAS is explored using an early version of the reanalysis system which was run at 15 km resolution for the period 2010–2014, with and without the use of CaLDAS. Significant improvements are observed with CaLDAS in the lower troposphere and surface layer, especially for the 850 hPa dew point and absolute temperatures in summer. Precipitation is further improved through an offline precipitation analysis which allows the assimilation of additional observations of 24 h precipitation totals. The final dataset should be of particular interest for hydrological applications focusing on transboundary and northern watersheds, where existing products often show discontinuities at the border and assimilate very few – if any – precipitation observations.
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Jia, Yongjun, Jungang Yang, Mingsen Lin, Youguang Zhang, Chaofei Ma, and Chenqing Fan. "Global Assessments of the HY-2B Measurements and Cross-Calibrations with Jason-3." Remote Sensing 12, no. 15 (August 1, 2020): 2470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12152470.
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The HY-2B satellite was successfully launched on 25 October 2018. One of the main payloads of the HY-2B was a radar altimeter. In the present study, the quality of the HY-2B along-track sea surface heights (SSH), significant wave heights (SWH), and sea surface wind speeds (SSWS) were assessed, including their precision and accuracy. In order to achieve this goal, the mono-mission metrics of the HY-2B were analyzed and compared with those of the Jason-2 and Jason-3 over the same periods of time. The results of both direct comparison and cross comparison methods were presented in this study. The comparison results indicated that the quality of the HY-2B satellite’s geophysical data records (GDRs) data was excellent, with 95% of the sea surfaces effectively observed between 82 degrees north and south latitudes. In addition, the standard deviation of the sea level anomalies (SLA) at the single mission crossovers was 4.6 cm to 5.8 cm, and at the dual-crossovers with Jason-3, the standard deviation was determined to be 5.1 cm to 5.8 cm. The accuracy levels of the significant wave heights and products of the HY-2B satellite radar altimeter were observed to be greater than 0.3 m and 1.4 m/s (STD), respectively. Therefore, it was concluded in this study that the data quality and system performance of the HY-2B satellite were excellent and stable, and could be widely utilized in such fields as global sea-level change monitoring, wave numerical assimilation predictions etc.
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Kim, Oksana. "The joint role of the bonding mechanisms and the reduction in market segmentation in valuation of firms cross-listed as Global Depositary Receipts (GDRs)." Journal of Multinational Financial Management 39 (March 2017): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mulfin.2016.12.003.
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Singal, Pooja, Ranganath Muniyappa, Robin Chisholm, Gail Hall, Hui Chen, Michael J. Quon, and Kieren J. Mather. "Simple modeling allows prediction of steady-state glucose disposal rate from early data in hyperinsulinemic glucose clamps." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 298, no. 2 (February 2010): E229—E236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00603.2009.
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After a constant insulin infusion is initiated, determination of steady-state conditions for glucose infusion rates (GIR) typically requires ≥3 h. The glucose infusion follows a simple time-dependent rise, reaching a plateau at steady state. We hypothesized that nonlinear fitting of abbreviated data sets consisting of only the early portion of the clamp study can provide accurate estimates of steady-state GIR. Data sets from two independent laboratories were used to develop and validate this approach. Accuracy of the predicted steady-state GDR was assessed using regression analysis and Altman-Bland plots, and precision was compared by applying a calibration model. In the development data set ( n = 88 glucose clamp studies), fitting the full data set with a simple monoexponential model predicted reference GDR values with good accuracy (difference between the 2 methods −0.37 mg·kg−1·min−1) and precision [root mean square error (RMSE) = 1.11], validating the modeling procedure. Fitting data from the first 180 or 120 min predicted final GDRs with comparable accuracy but with progressively reduced precision [fitGDR-180 RMSE = 1.27 ( P = NS vs. fitGDR-full); fitGDR-120 RMSE = 1.56 ( P < 0.001)]. Similar results were obtained with the validation data set ( n = 183 glucose clamp studies), confirming the generalizability of this approach. The modeling approach also derives kinetic parameters that are not available from standard approaches to clamp data analysis. We conclude that fitting a monoexponential curve to abbreviated clamp data produces steady-state GDR values that accurately predict the GDR values obtained from the full data sets, albeit with reduced precision. This approach may help reduce the resources required for undertaking clamp studies.
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Tourangeau, Roger, Ting Yan, and Hanyu Sun. "Who Can You Count On? Understanding The Determinants of Reliability." Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology 8, no. 5 (October 3, 2019): 903–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jssam/smz034.
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Abstract Using reinterview data from the PATH Reliability and Validity (PATH-RV) study, we examine the characteristics of questions and respondents that predict the reliability of the answers. In the PATH-RV study, 524 respondents completed an interview twice, five to twenty-four days apart. We coded a number of question characteristics and used them to predict the gross discrepancy rates (GDRs) and kappas for each question. We also investigated respondent characteristics associated with reliability. Finally, we fitted cross-classified models that simultaneously examined a range of respondent and question characteristics. Although the different models yielded somewhat different conclusions, in general factual questions (especially demographic questions), shorter questions, questions that did not use scales, those with fewer response options, and those that asked about a noncentral topic produced more reliable answers than attitudinal questions, longer questions, questions using ordinal scales, those with more response options, and those asking about a central topic. One surprising finding was that items raising potential social desirability concerns yielded more reliable answers than items that did not raise such concerns. The respondent-level models and cross-classified models indicated that five adult respondent characteristics were associated with giving the same answer in both interviews—education, the Big Five trait of conscientiousness, tobacco use, sex, and income. Hispanic youths and non-Hispanic black youths were less likely to give the same answer in both interviews. The cross-classified model also found that more words were associated with less reliable answers. The results are mostly consistent with earlier findings but are nonetheless important because they are much less model-dependent than the earlier work. In addition, this study is the first to incorporate such personality traits as needed for cognition and the Big Five personality factors and to examine the relationships among reliability, item nonresponse, and response latency.
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Di Bitetti, Mario S. "THE DISTRIBUTION OF GROOMING AMONG FEMALE PRIMATES: TESTING HYPOTHESES WITH THE SHANNON-WIENER DIVERSITY INDEX." Behaviour 137, no. 11 (2000): 1517–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853900502709.
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AbstractThe Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) has been used to characterize grooming relationships among adult female primates. To make comparisons among different groups, the value of H has been divided by the maximum value it can reach for a particular group size. This ratio, the grooming diversity ratio (GDR), has been used to test predictions from hypotheses that may explain the distribution of social relationships among adult female primates. Using grooming data from different primate populations and random computer simulations I show that the mean value of H and GDR are positively affected by the ln of the mean number of grooming bouts recorded per dyad (LnMNBD) and negatively by the coefficient of variation in the frequency of grooming bouts recorded for the females within a group (CV). These two variables reflect the combined effect of sampling effort and the rate of interactions among individuals (and their variance) and should be statistically controlled to make sensible use of H or GDR. After controlling for LnMNBD and CV, I found no significant effect of female group size, the degree of female involvement in inter-group encounters and the patterns of female dispersal on the mean value of GDR. The socioecological model of female social relationships (Sterck et al., 1997) predicts that groups categorized as resident-egalitarian should have higher GDRs than resident-nepotistic ones. I find some support for this prediction when using a data set where some species contributed more than one data point but not when using mean values per species as in the previous analyses. This result may be confounded by a phylogenetic effect: langurs seem to have more diverse relationships than other primates. Data from more species are necessary to corroborate these results and to disentangle the effect of phylogeny from that of the social categories since most monkey groups characterized as resident-egalitarian were langurs.
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Pei, Yu, David P. Wilkinson, and Elod L. Gyenge. "Investigation of Activation Protocols and Carbon Components for Core-Shell Mn@Mn3O4/Carbon Gas Diffusion Electrodes for Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactions." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 26 (July 7, 2022): 1228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01261228mtgabs.
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For the wide application of reversible fuel cells and metal-air batteries, highly efficient and cost-effective oxygen electrodes for both the oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR/OER) are highly desired. Manganese oxides are considered to be one of the most promising bifunctional electrocatalyst candidates to replace the precious Pt/C (for ORR) and IrO2 (for OER) catalysts. Although a tremendous effort has been made to develop advanced materials, the impact of experimental protocols on electrode performance has not been well studied. The objective of this work is to optimize the ORR/OER performance of core-shell Mn@Mn3O4/C gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) with a focus on designing an effective electrode activation protocol and exploring suitable carbon components, including both carbon additives and wet proofed carbon paper gas diffusion layers (GDLs). To adjust the electrode wetting, two approaches were adopted: i) controlling the weight ratio of Teflon on carbon paper, and ii) pre-treatment with warm HNO3 acid. The HNO3 pre-treatment on Teflon-coated GDLs can slightly increase hydrophilicity (introduces C-O bonds) resulting in enhancement of the ORR/OER activities of Mn@Mn3O4/Vulcan carbon GDEs and the polarization curves are identical regardless of Teflon loading. In order to improve the catalytic activity and durability of Mn@Mn3O4/C GDEs, we explored a set of different carbon additive combinations. Among the different combinations, graphene/Vulcan (1:1) reached the longest lifespan and the ORR/OER overpotentials of Mn@Mn3O4/Vulcan/graphene (before degradation) were as low as that of the Pt/C-IrO2-Vulcan-graphene benchmark. Since MnOx can be irreversibly activated or passivated, it is necessary to exercise caution when polarizing a pristine Mn@Mn3O4/Vulcan/graphene GDE in the first few cycles. For the design of activation protocols, different polarization methods were used, i.e., fast/slow cyclic voltammetry (CV) in different potential ranges or cycling under constant currents (CC) or constant potentials (CP). The highest catalytic activity was achieved by a CV-activated GDE that was obtained by cycling between the ORR and OER-related potentials at a slow scan rate of 1 mV s-1. This better performance might be due to the potential-driven MnOx phase transitions that develop R/α/γ type structures. Figure 1 shows the effect of different electrochemical protocols on the GDE. In comparison to the CC and CP-activated GDEs, it has a lower Mn site average oxidation state (AOS) of 3.1 and a larger contact angle, which suggests a higher population of Mn(III) active sites and OER-improved electrode wetting properties. By systematically tuning the carbon components and activation protocols, we found the ORR/OER performance of Mn@Mn3O4/C GDEs can be much improved when using Vulcan/graphene (1:1) additives, HNO3-treated wetproofed GDL, and applying cyclic voltammetry between ORR and OER-related potentials at a slow scan rate. Although this work focuses on improving MnOx/C GDEs, the developed approaches can also help establish protocols for reaching the full scope of other transition-metal-based electrodes. Figure 1
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Bailer-Jones, Coryn A. L., Morgan Fouesneau, and Rene Andrae. "Quasar and galaxy classification in Gaia Data Release 2." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 490, no. 4 (October 21, 2019): 5615–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2947.
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ABSTRACT We construct a supervised classifier based on Gaussian Mixture Models to probabilistically classify objects in Gaia data release 2 (GDR2) using only photometric and astrometric data in that release. The model is trained empirically to classify objects into three classes – star, quasar, galaxy – for G ≥ 14.5 mag down to the Gaia magnitude limit of G = 21.0 mag. Galaxies and quasars are identified for the training set by a cross-match to objects with spectroscopic classifications from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Stars are defined directly from GDR2. When allowing for the expectation that quasars are 500 times rarer than stars, and galaxies 7500 times rarer than stars (the class imbalance problem), samples classified with a threshold probability of 0.5 are predicted to have purities of 0.43 for quasars and 0.28 for galaxies, and completenesses of 0.58 and 0.72, respectively. The purities can be increased up to 0.60 by adopting a higher threshold. Not accounting for this expected low frequency of extragalactic objects (the class prior) would give both erroneously optimistic performance predictions and severely impure samples. Applying our model to all 1.20 billion objects in GDR2 with the required features, we classify 2.3 million objects as quasars and 0.37 million objects as galaxies (with individual probabilities above 0.5). The small number of galaxies is due to the strong bias of the satellite detection algorithm and on-ground data selection against extended objects. We infer the true number of quasars and galaxies – as these classes are defined by our training set – to be 690 000 and 110 000, respectively (±50 per cent). The aim of this work is to see how well extragalactic objects can be classified using only GDR2 data. Better classifications should be possible with the low resolution spectroscopy (BP/RP) planned for GDR3.
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Ramadhanty, Rifka Putri, and Ilmiawan Auwalin. "PENGARUH PEMBIAYAAN PERBANKAN BANK UMUM SYARIAH TERHADAP PDRB PROVINSI DI INDONESIA TAHUN 2010-2019." Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori dan Terapan 8, no. 1 (January 26, 2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/vol8iss20211pp8-17.
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ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pembiayaan perbankan umum syariah terhadap PDRB provinsi di Indonesia pada tahun 2010-2019. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif berjenis eksplanatori dan teknik yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi berganda dengan menggunakan regresi data panel. Data pada penelitian ini adalah berjenis data sekunder yang didapatkan melalui Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia (BPS), Bank Indonesia (BI), dan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK). Data dalam penelitian mencakup data tingkat provinsi pada 33 provinsi di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian secara simultan menunjukkan bahwa pembiayaan bank umum syariah, kredit bank umum konvensional, inflasi, dan jumlah populasi secara statistik berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap PDRB provinsi di Indonesia pada tahun 2010-2019. Sedangkan secara parsial, pembiayaan bank umum syariah secara statistik berpengaruh negatif namun tidak signifikan terhadap PDRB hal ini dikarenakan nominal pembiayaan yang dilakukan bank syariah masih kecil dan cenderung bersifat untuk kegiatan konsumsi sehingga kurang memberikan pengaruh yang optimal pada PDRB. Dapat disimpulkan peran dari bank syariah masih belum optimal pada PDRB. Variabel kredit bank umum kovensional secara statistik berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap PDRB. Sedangkan variabel inflasi secara statistik berpengaruh negatif namun tidak signifikan terhadap PDRB dan luas wilayah secara statistik beperngaruh positif namun tidak signifikan. Kata Kunci: Pembiayaan bank umum syariah, Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, PDRB. ABSTRACTThis study aims to determine the effect of finance of finance of islamic banks and gross domestic regional product in Indonesia 2010-2019. This study used quantitative approach which is explanatory research with data panel regression method. Data used in this study as secondary data which collacted from Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), Bank Indonesia (BI), and Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK). This study uses data from 33 provinces. The result from this study are simultaneously, finance of islamic banks, credit of conventional banks, inflation, and population have a significant effect on GDRP. Partially, finance of islamic banks has a negetive effect on GDRB but it’s not sigficantly. It because less financing from Islamic bank is distributted for production activity than consumption activity. Other hand, less nominal of financing from Islamic than conventional bank. The credit of conventional banks has a positif and significant effect on GDRP. The inflation has a negative but not significant effect on GDRP, while population has positive effect but it’s not significant on GDRP. Keywords: Finance of Islamic Banks, Economic Growth, GDRP.
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Latorrata, Saverio, Marco Mariani, Andrea Basso Peressut, Riccardo Balzarotti, and Giovanni Dotelli. "Non-Conventional Hybrid Microporous Layers for Enhanced Performance and Durability of PEM Fuel Cells." Physchem 3, no. 1 (January 22, 2023): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/physchem3010007.
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In this work, novel microporous layers (MPLs) were developed based on fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), as a hydrophobic agent, and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), as a wettability modulator and rheology controller for the inks, which were deposited onto pre-hydrophobized macroporous gas diffusion layers (GDLs). Higher CMC amounts led to higher dynamic viscosities of the inks, which induced the formation of a more compact and less cracked MPL surface. Different concentrations of CMC were tested and the experimental measurements showed a threshold limit pointing out an optimal composition that positively affected the electrochemical performances at medium-low relative humidity (RH), which is important to mitigate the need of saturating inlet gases. Durability of the best performing samples was assessed by means of an ad hoc developed accelerated stress test (AST) and compared to one of the conventional FEP-based GDMs. It was found that a lower decrement of both the output power density and the overall cell efficiency can be obtained upon the ASTs with the novel samples.
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Yoon, Young Ok, Hyung Ho Jo, Hoon Cho, Shae K. Kim, and Young Jig Kim. "Effect of Distribution Coefficient on Copper Purification by Zone Refining Process." Materials Science Forum 449-452 (March 2004): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.449-452.173.
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It has been generally known that the refining efficiency in zone refining process depends on travel rate, number of pass and distribution coefficient of impurity. In the present study, the effect of distribution coefficient on copper purification was investigated by zone refining process. A numerical model capable of predicting the solute redistribution at any stage of zone refining was proposed. The composition profiles of each segment at the given condition were compared with the results of micro hardness profiles. After zone refining, metallic elements were analyzed by GDOS (Glow Discharge Optical Spectroscopy) and GDMS (Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry). The impurities Ag, Pb, S and Ti, whose distribution coefficients are below 0.5, were concentrated at the finishing position. Cr, Mn, Si and Zn, whose distribution coefficients are between 0.5 and 1, were distributed irregularly. Fe and Ni, whose distribution coefficients are greater than 1, moved to the starting position. It was found that zone refining process was actually effective to remove impurities whose distribution coefficients are below 0.5. The experimental results agreed well with the simulation result.
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Pendlebury, M. "Enthusiastic welcome for the pilot peer review scheme for GDPs working in the GDS." British Dental Journal 184, no. 4 (February 1998): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4809571.
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Macauley, Natalia, Sichen Zhong, Yachao Zeng, Bingzhang Zhang, Gang Wu, and Hui Xu. "Fabrication and Scale-up of Highly Durable Heavy Duty Fuel Cell MEAs." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 35 (July 7, 2022): 1426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01351426mtgabs.
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Medium and heavy-duty PEM fuel cells operate under much harsher conditions than light duty fuel cells and are expected to last 25,000 hours in the field. These systems must therefore operate successfully in the presence of impurities, starting and stopping, freezing and thawing, humidity and load cycling. Therefore, materials, components, and interfaces used in such systems need to be highly resistant to severe mechanical and chemical stress. Novel, highly active stable Pt and ordered PtCo intermetallic nanoparticles with well-controlled particle size and composition have been synthesized on a highly efficient PGM-free single metal active site rich carbon, to maximize their synergistic effects for enhanced performance and durability. These catalysts were integrated with a variety of ionomers (Aquivion, Nafion, HOPI and high O2 permeability ionomer (HOPI)) to further improve fuel cell performance and to achieve >600 mA/mgPt at 0.9 VIR-free with a mass activity loss less than 30% after 150k square wave accelerated durability cycles; and > 600 mA/cm2 (~65% efficiency) at 0.8 V, with a performance loss < 40 mV after 150K cycles (0.6 to 0.95 V). In a PEM fuel cell, the catalyst ink formulation and mixing processes control catalyst layer coating quality, electrode morphology, and the resulting fuel cell performance and durability. Catalyst ink properties are a result of complex solvent-catalyst-ionomer interactions that depend on the mixing method employed. Here, we will compare the performance and durability of electrodes made from bath sonicated inks for ultrasonic spray coating vs. ball milled inks for Meyer rod coating. Ink rheology and catalyst particle size will be used to correlate ink properties to electrode morphology and structure and ensure consistency from batch to batch, and from small lab scale to subsequent scale-up. We will evaluate and discuss the challenges that arise when transitioning from spray coating catalyst ink on a small scale, directly on a membrane, to coating more viscous inks on gas diffusion layers (GDLs), and finally developing a roll-to-roll (R2R) fabrication process. The MEA performance and durability of the novel catalyst will be evaluated under heavy duty operating conditions. Finally, the electrode performance and durability of R2R fabricated GDEs will be tested, and compared to small scale GDEs made at Giner. This work provides a comprehensive understanding of interactions between Pt, PtCo, carbon, ionomer, membrane, and GDLs and their impact on electrode structure, fuel cell performance and durability, as well as considerations for scale up to a R2R fabrication process. The attained information will be used to improve fuel cell electrode design, fabrication and scale-up. Acknowledgement: The project is financially supported by the Department of Energy’s Fuel Cell Technology Office under the Grant DE-FOA-0002360.
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Holland, Linda M., Sinéad T. O'Donnell, Dmitri A. Ryjenkov, Larissa Gomelsky, Shawn R. Slater, Paul D. Fey, Mark Gomelsky, and James P. O'Gara. "A Staphylococcal GGDEF Domain Protein Regulates Biofilm Formation Independently of Cyclic Dimeric GMP." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 15 (May 23, 2008): 5178–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00375-08.
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ABSTRACT Cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) is an important biofilm regulator that allosterically activates enzymes of exopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Proteobacterial genomes usually encode multiple GGDEF domain-containing diguanylate cyclases responsible for c-di-GMP synthesis. In contrast, only one conserved GGDEF domain protein, GdpS (for GGDEF domain protein from Staphylococcus), and a second protein with a highly modified GGDEF domain, GdpP, are present in the sequenced staphylococcal genomes. Here, we investigated the role of GdpS in biofilm formation in Staphylococcus epidermidis. Inactivation of gdpS impaired biofilm formation in medium supplemented with NaCl under static and flow-cell conditions, whereas gdpS overexpression complemented the mutation and enhanced wild-type biofilm development. GdpS increased production of the icaADBC-encoded exopolysaccharide, poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine, by elevating icaADBC mRNA levels. Unexpectedly, c-di-GMP synthesis was found to be irrelevant for the ability of GdpS to elevate icaADBC expression. Mutagenesis of the GGEEF motif essential for diguanylate cyclase activity did not impair GdpS, and the N-terminal fragment of GdpS lacking the GGDEF domain partially complemented the gdpS mutation. Furthermore, heterologous diguanylate cyclases expressed in trans failed to complement the gdpS mutation, and the purified GGDEF domain from GdpS possessed no diguanylate cyclase activity in vitro. The gdpS gene from Staphylococcus aureus exhibited similar characteristics to its S. epidermidis ortholog, suggesting that the GdpS-mediated signal transduction is conserved in staphylococci. Therefore, GdpS affects biofilm formation through a novel c-di-GMP-independent mechanism involving increased icaADBC mRNA levels and exopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Our data raise the possibility that staphylococci cannot synthesize c-di-GMP and have only remnants of a c-di-GMP signaling pathway.
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Rumita, Mega, and Muhammad Anshar Nur. "PERHITUNGAN PDRB HIJAU SEKTOR KEHUTANAN DARI DEPRESIASI HUTAN DI KABUPATEN TANAH BUMBU." JIEP: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 3, no. 1 (May 28, 2020): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jiep.v3i1.2216.
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This research was conducted to know : (1) to identify the value of depletion, degradation, and forest depreciation in Tanah Bumbu District. (2) can see the value of forestry sector Green GDRP in Tanah Bumbu District.This type of research according to explantive in the form of descriptive research, using survey methods, and type of data in the form of quantitative data which includes some calculations using the concept of Green GDRP. The data used is secondary data.The results showed that the value of the Green GDRP is smaller than Conventional GDRP. The results of the 2016 forestry sector Green GDRP calculation amounted to Rp. 99.327,82 Million, in 2017 amounting Rp. 93.046,67 Million, and in 2018 amounting Rp. 97.211,59 Million.Keywords : Forest. Forestry Sector Green GDRP. Tanah Bumbu Regency. Green GDRP Calculation Method
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Murayama, Yuichi, Fernando Viñuela, Satoshi Tateshima, Joon K. Song, Nestor R. Gonzalez, and Michael P. Wallace. "Bioabsorbable polymeric material coils for embolization of intracranial aneurysms: a preliminary experimental study." Journal of Neurosurgery 94, no. 3 (March 2001): 454–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2001.94.3.0454.
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Object. A new embolic agent, bioabsorbable polymeric material (BPM), was incorporated into Guglielmi detachable coils (GDCs) to improve long-term anatomical results in the endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms. The authors investigated whether BPM-mounted GDCs (BPM/GDCs) accelerated the histopathological transformation of unorganized blood clot into fibrous connective tissue in experimental aneurysms created in swine. Methods. Twenty-four experimental aneurysms were created in 12 swine. In each animal, one aneurysm was embolized using BPM/GDCs and the other aneurysm was embolized using standard GDCs. Comparative angiographic and histopathological data were analyzed at 2 weeks and 3 months postembolization. At 14 days postembolization, angiograms revealed evidence of neck neointima in six of eight aneurysms treated with BPM/GDCs compared with zero of eight aneurysms treated with standard GDCs (p < 0.05). At 3 months postembolization, angiograms demonstrated that four of four aneurysms treated with BPM/GDC were smaller and had neck neointima compared with zero of four aneurysms treated with standard GDCs (p = 0.05). At 14 days, histological analysis of aneurysm healing favored BPM/GDC treatment (all p < 0.05): the grade of cellular reaction around the coils was 3 ± 0.9 (mean ± standard deviation) for aneurysms treated using BPM/GDCs compared with 1.6 ± 0.7 for aneurysms treated using GDCs alone; the percentage of unorganized thrombus was 16 ± 12% compared with 37 ± 15%, and the neck neointima thickness was 0.65 ±0.26 mm compared with 0.24 ±0.21 mm, respectively. At 3 months postembolization, only neck neointima thickness was significantly different (p < 0.05): 0.73 ± 0.37 mm in aneurysms filled with BPM/GDCs compared with 0.16 ± 0.14 mm in aneurysms filled with standard GDCs. Conclusions. In experimental aneurysms in swine, BPM/GDCs accelerated aneurysm fibrosis and intensified neck neointima formation without causing parent artery stenosis or thrombosis. The use of BPM/GDCs may improve long-term anatomical outcomes by decreasing aneurysm recanalization due to stronger in situ anchoring of coils by organized fibrous tissue. The retraction of this scar tissue may also decrease the size of aneurysms and clinical manifestations of mass effect observed in large or giant aneurysms.
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Murayama, Y., F. Viñuela, Y. Suzuki, T. F. Massoud, G. Guglielmi, M. Iwaki, M. Kamio, and T. Abe. "Ion Implantation Modifies the Surface of GDCs: An Experimental Study in Swine Aneurysms." Interventional Neuroradiology 3, no. 2_suppl (November 1997): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15910199970030s233.
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Ion implantation and protein-coatings were utilized to alter the surface properties (endothelial cellular adhesion) and enhance the thrombogenicity of Guglielmi detachable coils (GDCs) for endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms. These modified GDCs were compared with standard GDCs in the treatment of experimental swine aneurysms. Standard GDCs and ion-implanted protein coated GDCs were used to treat 32 aneurysms in 16 swine. GDCs were coated with either proteins, collagen (n = 5), vitronectin (n = 4), fibrinogen (Fn = 3), laminin (n = 2), or fibronectin (n = 2) and underwent Ne+ or He+ implantation with a fluence of 1 × 1014– 1015 ions/cm2 at an energy of 150 keV. Bilateral experimental swine aneurysms were embolized with standard GDCs (n = 16) on one side and with ion-implanted protein-coated GDCs (n = 16; total) on the other side. The necks of aneurysms were evaluated macroscopically and histopathologically at autopsy using day 14 post-treatment specimens. Greater fibrous coverage of the necks of aneurysms were observed in the ion-implanted coil group. The results of this experimental study indicate that Ion implantation combined with protein coating of GDCs improved cellular adhesion and proliferation. Future application of this technology may provide early wound healing at the necks of embolized wide-necked cerebral aneurysms.
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Bromage, Sabri, Yiwen Zhang, Michelle Holmes, Wafaie Fawzi, Sonia Sachs, Jessica Fanzo, Roseline Remans, et al. "A Novel Food-Based Diet Quality Score Is Associated with Nutrient Adequacy and Reduced Anemia Among Rural Adults in Ten African Countries." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa061_009.
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Abstract Objectives We aimed to develop and evaluate an easily-tabulated metric that is sensitive to diet quality in diverse settings. In this analysis, we examined associations between a novel food-based metric – the Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS) - and diet quality using data from rural Africa. Methods The GDQS gives points for higher intake of 16 healthy food groups and lower intake of 9 unhealthy groups, based on 3 intake ranges for each group. We scored the GDQS using food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) data from 1613 men and 1710 nonpregnant nonlactating women ages 15–49 (median: 30) in 12 rural African villages participating in the Millennium Villages Project in 2006 to 2009. We evaluated associations between the GDQS and nutrient intakes calculated from the same FFQ, body mass index (BMI), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), hemoglobin, and an overall nutrient adequacy score ranging from 0 to 7 (1 point given for each of 7 nutrients meeting average requirements). Associations were also derived for GDQS submetrics (GDQS+ and GDQS−) computed using only healthy or unhealthy food groups, respectively, and simplified versions of the GDQS and submetrics (scored using 2 intake ranges for each food group). Results Moderate rank correlations were observed between the GDQS+ and energy-adjusted intakes of fiber (women: 0.43, men: 0.33), folate (0.40, 0.30), vitamin A (0.40, 0.34), and zinc (0.38, 0.30), exceeding correlations with the Minimum Dietary Diversity Score for Women (p for difference between metrics <0.05 for fiber and folate in both sexes). The simplified GDQS- correlated moderately with energy-adjusted saturated fat intake (women: 0.35, men: 0.29). Rank correlations between the GDQS+ and overall nutrient adequacy score differed notably by country (range: 0.34–0.75), but not by age or season. Adjusting for age, interview month, and household size, the GDQS and GDQS+ were associated with hemoglobin and anemia (p for difference between metrics >0.05): women and men in the highest GDQS+ quintile had an OR of anemia of 0.25 (95% CI 0.09, 0.68) and 0.16 (95% CI 0.04, 0.46), respectively, relative to those in the lowest. Metrics were not associated with BMI or MUAC in adjusted analyses. Conclusions The GDQS and submetrics were associated with nutrient intakes, hemoglobin, and reduced anemia in rural African adults. Funding Sources Intake - Center for Dietary Assessment at FHI Solutions.
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Alacreu-Crespo, Adrián, María C. Fuentes, Diana Abad-Tortosa, Irene Cano-Lopez, Esperanza González, and Miguel Ángel Serrano. "Spanish validation of General Decision-Making Style scale: Sex invariance, sex differences and relationships with personality and coping styles." Judgment and Decision Making 14, no. 6 (November 2019): 739–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500005453.
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AbstractThe General Decision-Making Styles (GDMS) scale measures five decision-making styles: rational, intuitive, dependent, avoidant and spontaneous. GDMS has been related to coping and some personality factors and sex-differences has been described. In spite of its usefulness, there is not a validated Spanish translation. The aim of this study is to translate to Spanish and provide psychometric evidence considering sex differences and the relationships between GDMS, personality and coping variables. Two samples were used for this study; the first sample composed by 300 participants who completed the GDMS and the Rational-Experiential Inventory (REI), and the second sample of 361 participants who completed the GDMS, the Ten Item Personality Trait Inventory and the brief COPE scales. Participants from second sample filled in GDMS a second time (137 participants) after eight weeks from the first data collection. Confirmatory factor analyses showed a five-factor composition of GDMS with equivalence across sex using invariance analyses. Moreover, GDMS showed acceptable internal consistency and temporal stability. Finally, rational and intuitive styles were related to healthier coping patterns and emotional stability, while dependent, avoidant and spontaneous styles were associated with unhealthy coping patterns and emotional instability.
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Murray, Brad R., Grant C. Hose, Derek Eamus, and Damian Licari. "Valuation of groundwater-dependent ecosystems: a functional methodology incorporating ecosystem services." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 2 (2006): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05018.
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Groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) are ecosystems that must have access to groundwater to maintain their ecological structure and function. Rapidly expanding numbers of humans are placing increased demands on groundwater for consumption, industry and agriculture. These demands alter groundwater regimes of GDEs that have evolved over millennia, resulting in the degradation of ecosystem health. As a consequence, the goods and services (ecosystem services) that GDEs provide for humans, which include food production and water purification, are at serious risk of being lost. Effective management of GDEs and their ecosystem services requires prioritisation of the most valuable ecosystems, given that increasing human demands and limited time and money preclude complete protection of all GDEs. Here, we provide an eight-step method for the valuation and initial prioritisation of GDEs. The proposed methodology improves on previous, primarily subjective methods for the valuation of GDEs by employing both economic valuation of the ecosystem services provided by GDEs, and ecological valuation of significant environmental attributes of GDEs. We apply the eight-step method to a hypothetical case study in order to demonstrate its applicability to a catchment containing a range of GDEs of different sizes, each possessing its own suite of threatened taxa. The major benefit of the valuation methodology presented here is that it can be used at three levels of complexity: (1) a full-desktop study, (2) a semi-desktop study requiring stakeholder consultation, and (3) a full field-based study, according to the time and money available for initial prioritisation efforts.
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Eamus, D., S. Zolfaghar, R. Villalobos-Vega, J. Cleverly, and A. Huete. "Groundwater-dependent ecosystems: recent insights, new techniques and an ecosystem-scale threshold response." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 5 (May 4, 2015): 4677–754. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-4677-2015.
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Abstract. Groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) are at risk globally due to unsustainable levels of groundwater extraction, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In this review, we examine recent developments in the ecohydrology of GDEs with a focus on three knowledge gaps: (1) how do we locate GDEs, (2) how much water is transpired from shallow aquifers by GDEs; and (3) what are the responses of GDEs to excessive groundwater extraction? The answers to these questions will determine water allocations that are required to sustain functioning of GDEs and to guide regulations on groundwater extraction to avoid negative impacts on GDEs. We discuss three methods for identifying GDEs: (1) fluctuations in depth-to-groundwater that are associated with diurnal variations in transpiration, (2) stable isotope analysis of water sources in the transpiration stream; and (3) remote sensing methods. We then discuss several methods for estimating rates of GW use, including direct measurement using sapflux or eddy covariance technologies, estimation of a climate wetness index within a Budyko framework, spatial distribution of ET using remote sensing, groundwater modelling and stable isotopes. Remote sensing methods often rely on direct measurements to calibrate the relationship between vegetation indices and ET. ET from GDEs is also determined using hydrologic models of varying complexity, from the "White method" to fully coupled, variable saturation models. Combinations of methods are typically employed to obtain clearer insight into the components of groundwater discharge in GDEs, such as the proportional importance of transpiration vs. evaporation (e.g., using stable isotopes) or from groundwater vs. rainwater sources. Groundwater extraction can have severe consequences on structure and function of GDEs. In the most extreme cases, phreatophytes experience crown dieback and death following groundwater drawdown. We provide a brief review of two case studies of the impacts of GW extraction and discuss the use of C isotope ratios in xylem to reveal past influences of GW extraction. We conclude with a discussion of a depth-to-groundwater threshold in mesic and semi-arid GDEs. Across this threshold, significant changes occur in ecosystem structure and function.
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Kumar, Manoj, L. M. Bhole, and Shahrokh M. Saudagaran. "Investment-Cash Flow Sensitivity and Access to Foreign Capital of Overseas Listed Indian Firms." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 28, no. 1 (January 2003): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920030104.
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Between May 1992 and June 2001, 72 Indian firms listed their 85 Depositary Receipt (DR) programmes on the foreign capital markets. Most Indian DR programmes are listed on the European exchanges rather than on the US exchanges. This paper studies firm-level financial data of foreign listed Indian firms to see whether the ‘improved access to external capital markets’ is an important consideration for Indian firms listing on the foreign markets. The results of the study can be interpreted in terms of informational disclosure requirements of the foreign markets (in our case the Global Depositary Receipts– GDR markets) where sample Indian firms have listed their securities. The firms listed on the US exchanges have to necessarily follow US GAAP in casting of their accounts and disclose more. Hence, US listing acts as a signal about the firm's level of transparency and disclosures which, in turn, reduces informational asymmetry between managers and external investors. Thus, listing of emerging markets' firms on the US exchanges improves their access to the external capital markets and hence reduces their investment-to-cash flow sensitivity. Also, till recently, two-way fungibility in the Indian DRs was not allowed. Foreign institutional investors (FIIs), investing in the Indian GDRs, are restricted from owning and trading in Indian shares listed on the Indian stock exchanges. Besides, Indian citizens were prohibited from owning and trading in Indian DRs listed on the foreign markets. These factors impede the free flow of information between the GDR markets and Indian markets. Thus, GDR listings by the Indian firms are rendered ineffective in removing the information asymmetry about the listing firms and in improving Indian firms' access to the external markets. The results of the study have the following implications: The policy makers should adopt a regulatory framework so that firms are encouraged to disclose more and thus become transparent. Managers should prefer listing firms' securities only on stringent and transparent foreign markets with listing requirements. The measures proposed will reduce the informational asymmetry for the Indian firms and hence improve their access to the external capital markets. But if these markets do not improve their transparency and disclosure levels, they will lose out to the US markets. Naturally, firms contemplating fresh listing on foreign markets will list their securities on the more transparent US markets to improve their access to the external capital markets. Corporate decision makers should realize that the listings on the US markets send strong signals about the firms' level of transparency and disclosures to the investing community. This signalling effect is rather less in case of listing on the GDR markets. This could be the reason for US exchanges becoming more successful in attracting foreign listings by the Indian firms compared to the London and the Luxembourg exchanges in recent years.
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KAKABOUKI, Ioanna, Dimitrios BESLEMES, Evangelia L. TIGKA, Ioannis ROUSSIS, Antonios MAVROEIDIS, Varvara KOUNELI, Nikolaos KATSENIOS, et al. "Performance of fourteen genotypes of durum wheat under Eastern Mediterranean conditions." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 50, no. 1 (March 24, 2022): 12682. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha50112682.
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Durum wheat is used as raw material for many foods. Climate change might be responsible for larger or smaller changes in crop yields. For the combined assessment of climate and crop, growing degree days (GDDs) have a crucial role. Two experimental lines and twelve commercial wheat (Triticum durum) varieties from diverse backgrounds were cultivated to compare their crop properties, yield, and protein content in terms of GDDs. The experiment was established in typical Mediterranean environment, using a randomized complete block design with blocks of varieties and lines for two growing seasons. For all varieties, GDDs to head emergence was affected by factor year, whereas GDDs from head emergence to harvest were influenced by both varieties and year. Protein content (%) was not affected by genotypes. Factor of variety and interaction variety × year had an impact on vitreousness; it was ranged from 79.75 % (‘Makaras’ variety) to 44.00 % (‘Levante’ variety). Yield had no statistically significant difference among varieties/lines. In durum wheat cultivation, up to head emergence, when GDDs increased, yield would be declined in contrast to GDDs from emergence to harvest; with the increasing of GDDs to harvest, yield was climbed. Nowadays, the integrations of and interpretation of GDDs in the evaluation of crop performance seem vital.
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Riener, M., C. M. Faesi, J. Forbrich, and C. J. Lada. "Gathering dust: A galaxy-wide study of dust emission from cloud complexes in NGC 300." Astronomy & Astrophysics 612 (April 2018): A81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201730738.
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Aims. We use multi-band observations by the Herschel Space Observatory to study the dust emission properties of the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 300. We compile a first catalogue of the population of giant dust clouds (GDCs) in NGC 300, including temperature and mass estimates, and give an estimate of the total dust mass of the galaxy. Methods. We carried out source detection with the multiwavelength source extraction algorithm getsources. We calculated physical properties, including mass and temperature, of the GDCs from five-band Herschel PACS and SPIRE observations from 100 to 500 μm; the final size and mass estimates are based on the observations at 250 μm that have an effective spatial resolution of ~170 pc. We correlated our final catalogue of GDCs to pre-existing catalogues of HII regions to infer the number of GDCs associated with high-mass star formation and determined the Hα emission of the GDCs. Results. Our final catalogue of GDCs includes 146 sources, 90 of which are associated with known HII regions. We find that the dust masses of the GDCs are completely dominated by the cold dust component and range from ~1.1 × 103 to 1.4 × 104 M⊙. The GDCs have effective temperatures of ~13–23 K and show a distinct cold dust effective temperature gradient from the centre towards the outer parts of the stellar disk. We find that the population of GDCs in our catalogue constitutes ~16% of the total dust mass of NGC 300, which we estimate to be about 5.4 × 106 M⊙. At least about 87% of our GDCs have a high enough average dust mass surface density to provide sufficient shielding to harbour molecular clouds. We compare our results to previous pointed molecular gas observations in NGC 300 and results from other nearby galaxies and also conclude that it is very likely that most of our GDCs are associated with complexes of giant molecular clouds.
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Kijima, Noriyuki, Daisuke kanematsu, Tomoko Shofuda, Ema Yoshioka, Atsuyo Yamamoto, Yukako Handa, Hayato Fukusumi, et al. "TMOD-05. GENETIC AND MOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF LONG-TERM PROLIFERATING TUMORSPHERE -FORMING GLIOMA DERIVED CELLS." Neuro-Oncology 23, Supplement_6 (November 2, 2021): vi216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noab196.867.
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Abstract Long-term proliferating tumorsphere (LTP-TS)-forming glioma derived cells (GDCs) and patient derived xenografts (PDXs) are essential tools for translational research for glioma. However, only small subsets of glioma samples are established as LTP-TS and/or PDXs and little is known about the genetics and molecular properties of LTP-TS -forming GDCs and PDX. In this study, we aim to analyze the characteristics of LTP-TS -forming GDCs and PDXs. We tried primary sphere cultures from 56 glioma patient-derived samples and established 14 LTP-TS -forming GDCs out of 48 glioblastoma samples and no long-term sphere culture was isolated from grade3 and grade 2 gliomas. LTP-TS -forming GDCs had self-renewal ability and possessed certain multipotency. However, they significantly less expressed SOX1 FOXG1 and TUBB3, whereas they expressed LGALS1 significantly higher than normal neural stem/progenitor cells. In addition, we found that LTP-TS -forming GDCs shared the same genetic profiles with original patients’ tumors. Furthermore, we investigated the genetic differences between the glioma tissues which were successfully established as LTP-TS -forming GDCs and those which were not. We found that glioma tissues with TERT promotor mutations and triple CNA (EGFR, CDKN2A, and PTEN loci) are significantly established as LTP-TS -forming GDCs. Lastly, we next investigated in vivo characteristics of glioma PDXs. We have injected glioma PDXs lines into immunodeficient mice and histopathologically analyzed the characteristics of xenografts. Each xenograft well recapitulated histological features of original patients’ tumors and tumor cells remarkably invade through subventricular zone. In conclusion, each LTP-TS -forming GDCs and PDXs had various gene expression profiles, reflecting intratumoral and interpatient heterogeneities of glioma. In addition, TERT promotor mutations and triple CNA significantly correlated with success rate of LTP-TS -forming GDCs. These findings will be of use and advance the preclinical and translational researches of glioma.
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Kijima, Noriyuki, Daisuke Kanematsu, Tomoko Shofuda, Ema Yoshioka, Atsuyo Yamamoto, Yukako Handa, Hayato Fukusumi, et al. "TB-8 Genetic and molecular properties of long-term proliferating tumorsphere -forming glioma derived cells." Neuro-Oncology Advances 3, Supplement_6 (December 1, 2021): vi6—vi7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/noajnl/vdab159.024.
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Abstract Long-term proliferating tumorsphere-forming glioma derived cells (LTP-TS-GDCs) and patient derived xenografts (PDXs) are essential tools for translational research for glioma. However, only small subsets of glioma samples are established as LTP-TS and/or PDXs and little is known about the genetics and molecular properties of LTP-TS -forming GDCs and PDX. In this study, we aim to analyze the characteristics of LTP-TS -forming GDCs and PDXs. We tried primary sphere cultures from 56 glioma patient-derived samples and established 11 LTP-TS-GDCs out of 45 glioblastoma samples and no long-term sphere culture was isolated from grade3 and grade 2 gliomas. LTP-TS-GDCs had self-renewal ability and possessed certain multipotency. However, they significantly less expressed SOX1 FOXG1 and TUBB3, whereas they expressed LGALS1 and EN1 significantly higher than normal neural stem/progenitor cells. In addition, we found that LTP-TS-GDCs shared the same genetic profiles with original patients’ tumors. Furthermore, we investigated the genetic differences between the glioma tissues which were successfully established as LTP-TS-GDCs and those which were not. We found that glioma tissues with TERT promotor mutations and triple copy number alteration (CNA) [EGFR, CDKN2A, and PTEN loci] are significantly established as LTP-TS-GDCs. Lastly, we next investigated in vivo characteristics of glioma PDXs. We have injected glioma PDXs lines into immunodeficient mice brains and histopathologically analyzed the characteristics of xenografts. Each xenograft well recapitulated histological features of original patients’ tumors and tumor cells remarkably invade through subventricular zone. In conclusion, each LTP-TS-GDCs and PDXs had various gene expression profiles, reflecting intratumoral and interpatient heterogeneities of glioma. In addition, TERT promotor mutations and triple CNA significantly correlated with success rate of LTP-TS-GDCs. These findings will be of use and advance the preclinical and translational researches of glioma.
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Waring, David T., and Jayne E. Harrison. "Reply Letters following Orthodontic Consultations: An Audit of Merseyside General Dental Practitioners’ Satisfaction." Primary Dental Care os14, no. 2 (April 2007): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/135576107780556789.
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Objectives To assess the opinions of general dental practitioners (GDPs) working within the National Health Service (NHS) in Merseyside regarding the length, format and appropriateness of consultant orthodontists’ letters sent in reply to referral letters. Main outcome measures These were GDPs’ satisfaction with the length, format and content of the reply letters; GDPs’ preferences for the information deemed necessary in such letters; GDPs’ awareness of the status of their patients and the actions they were requested to undertake. Method After piloting, questionnaires were mailed to 330 participating GDPs between August and October 2004. Results Two hundred and fifty-one (76%) questionnaires were returned. With one exception, the length of consultants’ letters was thought to be adequate. Of the responding GDPs 82% stated a preference for summaries of the diagnosis and treatment plan to be presented in a list format rather than as free text. Aspects of the treatment plan were thought to be more important than the information about the examination. Following receipt of the reply letter only 71% of GDPs were aware of what was happening to their patients and 75% knew what actions they were to undertake. Conclusions This audit provides evidence that GDPs consider that a significant portion of the information in consultants’ reply letters is not needed. Relevant information may be poorly communicated.