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Academic literature on the topic 'GC'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "GC"

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Davies, Ilona L., Mark W. Raynor, Jacob P. Kithinji, Keith D. Bartle, Paul T. Williams, and Gordon E. Andrews. "LC/GC, SFC/GC, and SFE/GC." Analytical Chemistry 60, no. 11 (June 1988): 683A—702A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00162a001.

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Dimandja, Jean-Marie D. "Peer Reviewed: GC X GC." Analytical Chemistry 76, no. 9 (May 2004): 167 A—174 A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac041549+.

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Wang, Jing, Zichen Liu, Shuai Ma, Nikos Ntarmos, and Peter Triantafillou. "GC." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 11, no. 12 (August 2018): 2022–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3229863.3236250.

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Aubry, Pascal, and Thierry Gautier. "GC." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 30, no. 3 (March 1995): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/202530.202538.

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Kim, Eun-Jeung, Chae-Kyu Hong, Su-Jeong Choi, Yun-Jeong Lee, In-Sook Hwang, Moo-Sang Kim, and Young-Zoo Chae. "Monitoring of Uniconazole by Using GC-ECD and GC-MSD." Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology 45, no. 3 (June 30, 2013): 382–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.9721/kjfst.2013.45.3.382.

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Pedroso, Marcio Pozzobon, Luiz Antonio Fonseca de Godoy, Carlos Henrique de Vasconcellos Fidélis, Ernesto Correa Ferreira, Ronei Jesus Poppi, and Fabio Augusto. "Cromatografia gasosa bidimensional abrangente (GC × GC)." Química Nova 32, no. 2 (2009): 422–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-40422009000200029.

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Migliorini, Marcelo Vieira, Maria Silvana Aranda Moraes, Maria Elisabete Machado, and Elina Bastos Caramão. "Caracterizaçãodefenóisnobio-óleodapirólisedecaroço de pêssego por GC/MS e GC×GC/TOFMS." Scientia Chromatographica 5, no. 1 (2013): 47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/sc.2013.006.

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Blumberg, Leonid M. "Accumulating resampling (modulation) in comprehensive two-dimensional capillary GC (GC×GC)." Journal of Separation Science 31, no. 19 (September 16, 2008): 3358–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200800424.

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Ha, Jaeho, Dongwon Seo, and Dongbin Shin. "Determination of elaidic and vaccenic acids in foods using GC×GC-FID and GC×GC-TOFMS." Talanta 85, no. 1 (July 2011): 252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2011.03.053.

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Harynuk, James, and Philip J. Marriott. "Fast GC×GC with Short Primary Columns." Analytical Chemistry 78, no. 6 (March 2006): 2028–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac0519413.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "GC"

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Ferreira, Ernesto Correa. "Softwares para cromatografia gasosa bidimensional abrangente (GC x GC)." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/250202.

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Orientador: Fabio Augusto
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Resumo: A Cromatografia Gasosa Bidimensional Abrangente (GCxGC) é uma técnica analítica capaz de separar e detectar centenas de picos, sendo aplicada a diferentes amostras petroquímicas, ambientais e biológicas. Esta técnica se diferencia da Cromatografia Gasosa (GC) pela utilização de duas colunas cromatográficas de composições e dimensões diferentes conectadas em série e de uma interface para a coleta das frações da primeira coluna e para a reinjeção na segunda em períodos regulares, denominada modulador. Além disso, por apresentar picos mais estreitos (wb 500ms), a frequência de aquisição utilizada é maior ( 100Hz), gerando arquivos que ultrapassam a capacidade de aplicativos comerciais. Assim, no desenvolvimento de sistemas próprios GcxGC, tem-se a necessidade de criar programas ou softwares para controle e tratamento de dados. Neste trabalho, foram desenvolvidos dois sistemas de controle distintos para sistemas GCxGC montados neste laboratório. O primeiro, denominado CROMATOGRAFIA, foi criado baseando-se no conceito de desenvolvimento de software da Fundação do Software Livre, ou seja, utilizou-se recursos de programação e de rede do sistema operacional Linux para realizar o controle e tratamento dos dados cromatográficos em um microcomputador e conversor A/D. Por outro lado, o segundo sistema, denominado LABVIEW, foi criado baseando-se no conceito de otimização de hardware, ou seja, utilizou-se um microcomputador e conversor A/D de médio desempenho em conjunto com uma linguagem de programação de alto nível específica para a automação de instrumentos. Ambos os sistemas de controle foram aplicados e validados em relação ao sinal monitorado, exatidão temporal e controle do modulador, verificando-se que o sistema LABVIEW apresentou resultados mais exatos para as análises qualitativa e quantitativa. Apesar de suas limitações iniciais, o sistema CROMATOGRAFIA com kernel soft real-time também foi aplicado com precisão e exatidão para controle dos sistemas GCxGC, salientando-se que seus módulos de tratamento e representação gráficas apresentaram melhor desempenho que aplicativos comerciais utilizados
Abstract: Comprehensive Two-dimensional Gas Chromatography (GCxGC) is an analytical technique used to separate hundreads of peaks and applied on different samples, like petrochemical products, enviromental and biological materials. This technique differs from convencional Gas Chromatography (GC) by use of two serial connected cappilary columns with different stationary phases and dimensions and a modulator, an interface that collects first column eluate fractions and reinjects them on second at regular time. Futhermore, data acquisition frequency must be higher ( 100Hz), because peak width acquired on GCxGC systems (wb 500ms), is narrow than conventional GC, resulting large data files to process with commercial softwares. On GCxGC system developments is necessary to create softwares for controlling and evaluating chromatographic data parameters. At this research two different control system were developed and applied to automate two home-made GCxGC systems. First control system, called CROMATOGRAFIA, was developed based on Free Software Foudation concept, i.e., it was developped on low level programming language and TCP/IP protocols within Linux O.S to control microcomputer and A/D conversor. On the other hand, second system, called LABVIEW, was developed on hardware optimize, i.e., it was developped with medium performance microcomputer and A/D conversor, using a commercial high-level visual programming language which is specific for automating instrument (NI Labview). Both control systems were checked performance by signal and real-time studies and applied for qualitative and quantitative analysis. LABVIEW system had better accuracy and precise results and, although its initial limits, CROMATOGRAFIA system with soft real-time kernel could be applied to accuracy and precise control GCxGC system with better 3D graphic representation and chromatographic data treatment than used commercial graphic softwares
Doutorado
Quimica Analitica
Doutor em Ciências
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Шемедюк, Н. П. "Регуляція клітинного циклу GC-1 spg і GC-2 spd." Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2020. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/15585.

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Nakovich, Laura. "Analysis of Biogenic Amines by GC/FID and GC/MS." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35027.

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Low levels of biogenic amines occur naturally, but high levels (FDA sets 50 ppm of histamine in fish as the maximum allowable level) can lead to scombroid poisoning. Amines in general are difficult to analyze by Gas Chromatography (GC) due to their lack of volatility and their interaction with the GC column, often leading to significant tailing and poor reproducibility. Biogenic amines need to be derivatized before both GC and HPLC analyses. The objective of this research was to develop a relatively fast, reproducible method to derivatize and quantitate biogenic amines in fish at trace levels using GC/FID. The derivatizing reagent used in the experiments was propyl chloroformate, useful for aqueous samples. To confirm the identity of six derivatized biogenic amines GC/MS was used. To our knowledge no reference spectra for these derivatives has been published. It was concluded that best results are obtained using a Cold-On-Column (C.O.C.) inlet with a short column (15 meters), thick film stationary phase (ZB-5, 1.00μm df), and with recommendations to cut 40 cm from the inlet end of the column every 25 injections when using C.O.C. Duplicate samples of Atlantic Salmon were analyzed on days 0, 3, and 5. Levels of histamine were below 50 ppm for days 0 and 3, but day 5 showed average levels of 160 pm (cadaverine), 1000 ppm (histamine), and 350 ppm (tyramine). Good precision of six amine stardards at 50 ppm was shown: heptylamine 5.2%, putrescine 5.6%, cadaverine 5.0%, histamine 9.9%, tyramine 5.1%, and spermidine 6.2% RSD.
Master of Science
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Zhang, Penghan. "Application of GC×GC-MS in VOC analysis of fermented beverages." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/323992.

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GC×GC is an efficient tool for the analysis of volatile compound. However, improvements are still required on VOC extraction, GC×GC setup and data processing. Different sample preparation techniques and GC×GC setup were compared based on the literature study and experimental results. Each VOC extraction technology has its own drawbacks and needs new developments. There wasn’t an ideal sample preparation technique to recover all the VOCs from the beverage sample. Furthermore, the VOCs recovered by different techniques were very different. The discussion of the pros and cons of the different techniques in our study can serve as a guide for the further development and improvement of these techniques. Combining the results from different sample preparation techniques is necessary to achieve a higher coverage of global VOC profiling. For the known fermentative aromatic compounds, the best coverage can be reached by using SPME together with SPE for beer, and VALLME for wine and cider. A fine GC×GC method development involves modulator selection, column combination and parameter optimization. Thermal modulator provides high detection sensitivity and allow exceptional trace analysis. Since the analytes coverage is the most important factor of in beverage VOC profiling, thermal modulation is a better choice. In fermented beverages, there are more polar compounds than non-polar compounds. The most suitable column combination is polar-semipolar. Same column diameters shall be used to minimize the column overloading. GC×GC parameters must be optimized. These parameters interact with each other therefore statistical prediction model is required. Response surface model is capable of doing this job while using a small number of experimental tests. The nearest neighbor distance was a suitable measurement for peak dispersion. Column and detector saturations are unavoidable if the metabolic sample is measured at one dilution level, incorrect peak deconvolution and mass spectrum construction may happen. Data processing results can be improved by a two-stage data processing strategy that will incorporate a targeted data processing and cleaning approach upstream of the “standard” untargeted analysis. Our experiments show a significant improvement in annotation and quantification results for targeted compounds causing instrumental saturation. After subtracting the saturate signal of targeted compounds, the MS construction was improved for co-eluted compounds. Incomplete signal subtraction may occur. It leads to the detection of false positive peaks or to interferences with the construction of mass spectra of co-diluted peaks. High-resolution MS libraries and more accurate peak area detection methods should be tested for further improvement.
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ZHANG, PENGHAN. "Application of GC×GC-MS in VOC analysis of fermented beverages." Doctoral thesis, country:IT, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10449/72495.

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GC×GC is an efficient tool for the analysis of volatile compound. However, improvements are still required on VOC extraction, GC×GC setup and data processing. Different sample preparation techniques and GC×GC setup were compared based on the literature study and experimental results. Each VOC extraction technology has its own drawbacks and needs new developments. There wasn’t an ideal sample preparation technique to recover all the VOCs from the beverage sample. Furthermore, the VOCs recovered by different techniques were very different. The discussion of the pros and cons of the different techniques in our study can serve as a guide for the further development and improvement of these techniques. Combining the results from different sample preparation techniques is necessary to achieve a higher coverage of global VOC profiling. For the known fermentative aromatic compounds, the best coverage can be reached by using SPME together with SPE for beer, and VALLME for wine and cider. A fine GC×GC method development involves modulator selection, column combination and parameter optimization. Thermal modulator provides high detection sensitivity and allow exceptional trace analysis. Since the analytes coverage is the most important factor of in beverage VOC profiling, thermal modulation is a better choice. In fermented beverages, there are more polar compounds than non-polar compounds. The most suitable column combination is polar-semipolar. Same column diameters shall be used to minimize the column overloading. GC×GC parameters must be optimized. These parameters interact with each other therefore statistical prediction model is required. Response surface model is capable of doing this job while using a small number of experimental tests. The nearest neighbor distance was a suitable measurement for peak dispersion. Column and detector saturations are unavoidable if the metabolic sample is measured at one dilution level, incorrect peak deconvolution and mass spectrum construction may happen. Data processing results can be improved by a two-stage data processing strategy that will incorporate a targeted data processing and cleaning approach upstream of the “standard” untargeted analysis. Our experiments show a significant improvement in annotation and quantification results for targeted compounds causing instrumental saturation. After subtracting the saturate signal of targeted compounds, the MS construction was improved for co-eluted compounds. Incomplete signal subtraction may occur. It leads to the detection of false positive peaks or to interferences with the construction of mass spectra of co-diluted peaks. Highresolution MS libraries and more accurate peak area detection methods should be tested for further improvement.
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6

Silva, Rosselei Caiél da. "Comparação entre métodos cromatográficos, empregando GC-ECD, GC-FPD E GC-MS, e espectrofotométrico para determinação de ditiocarbamatos em alface." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2005. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10469.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Brazil is the third largest market for pesticide sales in the world, with almost 400 active ingredients registered in the country, including five dithiocarbamates. This pesticide class consists of very important protective nonsystemic fungicides with broad-spectrum activity registered for the control of fungal deseases on a large variety of crops. Due to its low acute toxicity, combined with strong action, low-cost production and low environmental persistence, the total amount used of these compounds used is still increasing world-wide. Many methods to determine dithiocarbamates are based on acid hydrolysis in the presence of stannous chloride and analysis of the evolved CS2 by different techniques. In the present work, three chromatographic methods were validated for the quantification of dithiocarbamates residues in lettuce using Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture Detection (GC-ECD), Flame Photometric Detection (GC-FPD) and Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and these three methods were compared with a spectrophotometric method.The experimental conditions for the chromatographic analysis were: capillary column CP-Sil 8 CB (50 m x 0.32 mm i.d. x 1.2 μm film thickness); temperature program column oven: 45 oC (1 min) - 10 oC min-1 to 250 oC (0 min); flow-rate of the carrier gas (Helium) 2 mL min-1; volume of injection 4 μL, with split 1:10 for GC-ECD and GC-MS and 1:15 for GC-FPD; temperature of the detector was 300 oC for ECD and 250 °C for FPD. The transferline and trap were heated to 230 °C and the manifold to 120 °C. The spectrophotometric analysis was done in 435 nm, after complexation of the CS2 with diethanolamine and copper. In the validation study of the methods, the following parameters were assessed: detection limit (LOD), quantification limit (LOQ), precision (under repeatability and reproducibility conditions) and recovery. Method LODs in the sample were 0.01 mg CS2 kg-1 and 0.28 mg CS2 kg-1 and LOQs were 0.02 mg CS2 kg-1 and 0.4 mg CS2 kg-1 for chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods respectively. The calibration curves were linear with correlation coefficients r2> 0.99. Acceptable precision with RDS% between 2.8 and 15.9 was obtained. The recoveries ranged from 87.7 to 107.4%. The results obtained in the validation step allow us to conclude that the methods are quite appropriate to determine residues of dithiocarbamates in lettuce. However, the chromatographic methods have shown a lot of advantages such as to be more sensitive, simple and faster than the spectrophotometric method. Beside, the sample preparation can be done simultaneously for a great number of samples and in a simplified way.
O Brasil é o terceiro maior mercado mundial de pesticidas, com aproximadamente 400 ingredientes ativos registrados no país, incluindo cinco ditiocarbamatos. Esta classe de pesticidas é composta por importantes fungicidas de ação não sistêmica e de amplo espectro de atividade empregados para controle de fungos em uma grande variedade de culturas. Devido a baixa toxicidade, combinado com forte atividade, baixo custo de produção e baixa persistência ambiental, a quantidade destes compostos tem aumentado no mundo inteiro. Muitos métodos para determinar ditiocarbamatos estão baseados na hidrólise ácida, em presença de cloreto de estanho II, e análise do CS2 gerado por diferentes técnicas. Neste trabalho, foram validados três métodos cromatográficos para a quantificação dos resíduos de ditiocarbamatos em alface empregando Cromatografia Gasosa com Detecção por Captura de Elétrons (GC-ECD), Detecção Fotométrica de Chama (GC-FPD) e Detecção Espectrométrica de Massas (GC-MS), e comparou-se com o método espectofotométrico. As condições para as análises cromatográficas foram: coluna capilar CP-Sil 8 CB (50 m x 0,32 d.i x 1,2 μm de espessura do filme); programa de temperatura do forno da coluna: 45 °C (1 min) com incremento de 10 °C min-1 à 250 ° C (0 min); vazão do gás de arraste em 2 mL min-1; volume de injeção de 4 μL com split 1:10 para GC-ECD e GC-MS, e 1:15 para GC-FPD; temperatura do ECD foi 300 °C e do FPD de 250 °C. O transferline e o trap foram aquecidos a 230 °C, e o manifold a 120 °C. A análise espectrofotométrica foi realizada a 435 nm, após a complexação do CS2 com dietanolamina e cobre. Para a validação dos métodos seguiram-se os seguintes parâmetros: limite de detecção (LOD), limite de quantificação (LOQ), linearidade, precisão (repetitividade e precisão intermediária) e recuperação. Os LODs na amostra foram 0,01 e 0,28 mg CS2 kg-1, e os LOQs foram 0,02 e 0,4 mg CS2 kg-1 para os métodos cromatográficos e espectrofotométrico, respectivamente. As curvas analíticas apresentaram r2> 0,99. Os estudos de precisão apresentaram resultados aceitáveis, com valores de RSD% entre 2,8 e 15,9. As recuperações foram de 87,7 a 107,4%. Através dos resultados obtidos na validação, pode-se concluir que os métodos são apropriados para determinar resíduos de ditiocarbamatos em alface. Entretanto, os métodos cromatográficos têm apresentado várias vantagens como elevada sensibilidade, simplicidade, além de serem mais rápidos que o método spectrofotométrico, pois é possível realizar o preparo de um grande número de amostras simultaneamente.
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MacGillivray, Tanya Frances. "Analysis of lichens under environmental stress using pyrolysis-GC-MS and pyrolysis-GC-FID." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0018/MQ54933.pdf.

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Pedroso, Marcio Pozzobon. "Projeto e avaliação de um modulador criogenico para cromatografia gasosa bidimensional abrangente (GC x GC)." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/250200.

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Orientador: Fabio Augusto
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi projetar e avaliar um modulador criogênico para cromatografia gasosa bidimensional abrangente (GC×GC). O modulador projetado foi baseado no modulador de quatro jatos (dois jatos quentes e dois jatos frios); N2 (g) resfriado em N2 (l) foi utilizado como fluido criogênico e N2 (g) aquecido foi utilizado como gás quente. O modulador foi instalado em um cromatógrafo a gás com detector por ionização em chama (GC-FID). O controle das válvulas solenóides e a digitalização do sinal analógico do FID foram realizados por software escrito em ambiente LabVIEW. Os resultados obtidos com o protótipo GC×GC-FID foram comparados com dados obtidos em um GC×GC-FID comercial. O desempenho de ambos os sistemas pode ser considerado equivalente, levando em consideração eficiência cromatográfica e repetibilidade. O protótipo GC×GC-FID foi empregado na análise de diversas amostras, em especial a fração volátil de polpa de abacaxi fresco e desidratado. Os voláteis foram extraídos por microextração em fase sólida através da extração dinâmica do headspace (DHS-SPME). A identificação dos compostos foi feita por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (GC-MS) e avaliação dos índices de retenção. A identificação dos picos no cromatograma GC×GC foi feita através da comparação dos índices de retenção e dos perfis cromatográficos previamente obtidos por GC-MS. Como esperado, a análise por GC×GC-FID apresentou maior detectabilidade e poder de separação quando comparada com GC-FID. Por fim, alguns compostos não identificados por GC-MS foram identificados através de informação obtida pela estruturação cromatográfica da GC×GC.
Abstract: The aim of this project was to develop and evaluate a cryogenic modulator for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC). The design of the modulator was based on a cryogenic quad jet modulator; N2 (g) cooled with N2 (l) was used as the cryogenic fluid and heated N2 (g) was used as the hot gas. The modulator was fitted into a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The control of the solenoid valves and digitalization of the analogic FID signal were performed by software written in the LabVIEW platform. Results obtained with the GC×GC-FID prototype were compared with data from a commercial GC×GC-FID system. The performance of both systems was similar regarding chromatographic efficiency and repeatibility. The GC×GC-FID was employed for analysis of several samples, specially volatile organic compounds of fresh and dried pineapple pulp. The analytes were isolated by dynamic headspace solid phase microextraction (D-HSSPME); identification of the compounds was performed by conventional gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and evaluation of retention indexes. The identification of the peaks on the GC×GC chromatograms was carried out by comparison of retention indexes and chromatographic profiles previously obtained by GC-MS. As expected, the detectivity and separation power of the GC×GC-FID analysis was significantly better than that of GC-FID. Moreover, the identity of some compounds not identified by GC-MS was assigned after information obtained from GC×GC chromatographic structure.
Doutorado
Quimica Analitica
Doutor em Ciências
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Lundgren, Erik. "Utredning om GC-bro över Bodån." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-61381.

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Målet med detta examensarbete har varit att undersöka och ge förslag på lämpliga lösningar för att gångtrafikanter ska slippa korsa riksväg 97. I ett inskickat medborgarförslag föreslås en konstruktion av en GC-bro över Bodån i syfte att uppnå en säkrare miljö för gångtrafikanter. I detta examensarbete har jag undersökt olika alternativ och tre förslag har presenterats. Dessa har kostnadsuppskattats med hjälp av ett antal företag. Även en grov översiktsplan har tagits fram för de olika alternativen. Alternativen jämfördes utifrån kostnad, trafiksäkerhet, estetik, rekreation och hur väl alternativen tillgodoser medbrogarförslaget. Utifrån de uppsatta kriterierna blev slutsatsen att den mest lämpliga lösningen är att konstruera en limträbro över Bodån samt en stålbro under järnvägsbron. Denna lösning uppfyller behovet av en mer trafiksäker övergång enligt medborgarförslaget och bedöms även som det mest tilltalande ur ett estetiskt perpektiv.
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Reed, Gail L. "Fast GC: Applications and Theoretical Studies." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29085.

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Experimental data are presented for the first time in support of a theoretical model of band broadening proposed by Blumberg (1997). This model addresses the effects of the compressibility of the mobile phase in gas chromatography and presents an equation derived from only two mutually independent variables. Solutions of decane and tridecane in hexane were analyzed at pressures ranging from 15 to 150 psi. Six different columns were used that varied in length, internal diameter and film thickness. Theoretical plate heights were obtained from this data and plotted versus the average linear carrier gas velocity (Golay type plots). These plots showed that at high pressures the Blumberg model fit the experimental data statistically significantly better than the earlier model proposed by Golay. The Blumberg model also accurately predicts the relationship between the optimum linear carrier gas velocity and the temperature. The second part of this work explores the scope and limitations of fast temperature programming in the fast GC analyses of various sample types. These samples included polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hydrocarbons and food samples. Programming rates of up to 1200° C/min were used. These fast programming rates were obtained by using "flash"⠢ temperature programming, controlled by resistive heating of a metal tube that enclosed a capillary column. The precision of peak data was found to be good, less than 5% for peak areas and 4% for retention times. However, a slight, but statistically significant decrease in peak areas was seen above programming rates of 240° C/min. Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) was used to extract 2,6-di-(tert-butyl)-4-methylphenol, BHT, from chewing gum and breakfast cereal. The extraction was followed by a fast GC analysis (less than 4 minutes) using "flash"⠢ temperature programming. MAE reduced the sample preparation time, from hours to minutes, and consequently reduced, the total analysis time. Extraction times longer than 5 minutes gave decreased recoveries of BHT.
Ph. D.
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Books on the topic "GC"

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Wennrich, Peter, ed. Gc – Iz. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110975659.

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2

McMaster, Marvin. GC/MS. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2008.

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Stahel, Thomas H. Toward General Congregation 34: A history "from below" of GC 31, GC 32, and GC 33. St. Louis, MO: Seminar on Jesuit Spirituality, 1993.

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Hübschmann, Hans-Joachim. Handbook of GC-MS. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527674305.

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Property Advisers to the Civil Estate., ed. GC/works contracts (1999). London: Stationery Office, 1999.

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Property Advisers to the Civil Estate. Central Advice Unit. and Great Britain. Office of Government Commerce., eds. GC/works/11 (2000). London: Stationery Office, 2000.

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Griffiths, Peter R. GC/FT-IR and GC/FT-IR/MS techniques for routine environmental analysis. Las Vegas, Nev: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research and Development, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, 1986.

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Griffiths, Peter R. GC/FT-IR and GC/FT-IR/MS techniques for routine environmental analysis. Las Vegas, Nev: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, 1986.

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Griffiths, Peter R. GC/FT-IR and GC/FT-IR/MS techniques for routine environmental analysis. Las Vegas, Nev: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, 1986.

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Griffiths, Peter R. GC/FT-IR and GC/FT-IR/MS techniques for routine environmental analysis. Las Vegas, Nev: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "GC"

1

Gooch, Jan W. "gc." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 337. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_5456.

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Hübel, M., V. Definti, M. Büchli, R. Müller, Chr Dandois, and J. Saner. "Gaschromatographie (GC)." In Laborpraxis 3 Trennungsmethoden, 285–309. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7556-1_20.

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Geckeler, Kurt E., and Heiner Eckstein. "Gaschromatographie (GC)." In Analytische und Präparative Labormethoden, 230–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-93588-6_11.

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Skoog, Douglas A., and James J. Leary. "Gaschromatographie (GC)." In Springer-Lehrbuch, 650–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07916-4_25.

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Arnemann, J. "GC-Gehalt." In Springer Reference Medizin, 937. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48986-4_3486.

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Cleaves, Henderson James. "GC/MS." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_624-4.

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Cleaves, Henderson James. "GC/MS." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 924. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_624.

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Gressner, A. M., and O. A. Gressner. "Gc-Globulin." In Lexikon der Medizinischen Laboratoriumsdiagnostik, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49054-9_1209-1.

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Güssregen, B. "GC-MS." In Lexikon der Medizinischen Laboratoriumsdiagnostik, 1–2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49054-9_1210-1.

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Arnemann, J. "GC-Gehalt." In Lexikon der Medizinischen Laboratoriumsdiagnostik, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49054-9_3486-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "GC"

1

Aubry, Pascal, and Thierry Gautier. "GC." In Papers from the 1995 ACM SIGPLAN workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/202529.202538.

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Aftandilian, Edward E., and Samuel Z. Guyer. "GC assertions." In the 2009 ACM SIGPLAN conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1542476.1542503.

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Aslam, Faisal, Luminous Fennell, Christian Schindelhauer, Peter Thiemann, and Zartash Afzal Uzmi. "Offline GC." In the 9th ACM Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2070942.2070973.

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Cher, Chen-Yong, and Michael Gschwind. "Cell GC." In the fourth ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOPS international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1346256.1346276.

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Aftandilian, Edward, and Samuel Z. Guyer. "GC assertions." In the 2008 ACM SIGPLAN workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1353522.1353533.

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Taillade, Frédéric, and Jean-Louis Perrin. "END GC." In En avant toute ! La filière nucléaire innove pour exploiter le parc dans la durée. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jtsfen/2019ena08.

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Jung, Sanghyuk, and Yong Ho Song. "LINK-GC." In the 28th Annual ACM Symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2480362.2480639.

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Sun, Diansen, Yunlong Song, Yunpeng Chai, Baoling Peng, Fangzhou Lu, and Xiang Deng. "Light-GC." In Proceedings of the 23rd ACM/IFIP International Middleware Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3528535.3565246.

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"Invitation from GC." In 2017 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcnc.2017.7925432.

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"Invitation from GC." In 2017 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcncw.2017.7919051.

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Reports on the topic "GC"

1

Idar, Deanne J. UWBG GC EAB Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1562214.

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Alcaraz, A., and A. Dougan. Evaluating GC/MS Performance. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1036861.

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Mulcahy, H., and C. Koester. Experiments with the LECO Pegasus Gas Chromatograph/ Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer Phase 1: Fast GC Separations and Comparison of the GC/TOF-MS with Conventional Quadrupole GC/MS and Fast Quadrupole GC/MS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1056608.

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Flemings, Peter, Stephen Phillips, Timothy Collett, Ann Cook, and Ray Boswell. UT-GOM2-1 Hole GC 955 H005. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1648318.

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Bannochie, C., and K. Imrich. DWPF GC FILTER ASSEMBLY SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/969039.

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Chambers, D. M. PBX 9501 Outgas Analysis by SPME/GC/MS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/792331.

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Thomson, J. S., J. B. Green, T. B. McWilliams, and S. K. T. Yu. GC/MS determination of amines following exhaustive trifluoroacetylation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10180988.

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Roskamp, Melissa. Characterization of Secondary Organic Aerosol Precursors Using Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography with Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (GC×GC/TOFMS). Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1411.

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van Leeuwen, S. P. J., and J. de Jong. Method validation study on determination of OC-pesticides and PCBs by GC-ECD and GC-MS(/MS) in animal feeding stuffs. Wageningen: Wageningen Food Safety Research, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/568478.

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Brevett, Carol A., Kenneth B. Sumpter, and George W. Wagner. Degradation of Mustard on Concrete: GC/MSD and SSMAS. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada450967.

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