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Academic literature on the topic 'GBSAR'

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Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "GBSAR"

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Crosetto, M., O. Monserrat, G. Luzi, N. Devanthéry, M. Cuevas-González, and A. Barra. "DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS TOOLS BASED ON GROUND-BASED SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR IMAGERY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W7 (September 13, 2017): 593–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w7-593-2017.

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The Ground-Based SAR (GBSAR) is a terrestrial remote sensing technique used to measure and monitor deformation. In this paper we describe two complementary approaches to derive deformation measurements using GBSAR data. The first approach is based on radar interferometry, while the second one exploits the GBSAR amplitude. In this paper we consider the so-called discontinuous GBSAR acquisition mode. The interferometric process is not always straightforward: it requires appropriate data processing and analysis tools. One of the main critical steps is phase unwrapping, which can critically affect the deformation measurements. In this paper we describe the procedure used at the CTTC to process and analyse discontinuous GBSAR data. In the second part of the paper we describe the approach based on GBSAR amplitude images and an image-matching method.
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Wang, Zheng, Zhenhong Li, Yanxiong Liu, Junhuan Peng, Sichun Long, and Jon Mills. "A New Processing Chain for Real-Time Ground-Based SAR (RT-GBSAR) Deformation Monitoring." Remote Sensing 11, no. 20 (October 20, 2019): 2437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11202437.

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Due to the high temporal resolution (e.g., 10 s) required, and large data volumes (e.g., 360 images per hour) that result, there remain significant issues in processing continuous ground-based synthetic aperture radar (GBSAR) data. This includes the delay in creating displacement maps, the cost of computational memory, and the loss of temporal evolution in the simultaneous processing of all data together. In this paper, a new processing chain for real-time GBSAR (RT-GBSAR) is proposed on the basis of the interferometric SAR small baseline subset concept, whereby GBSAR images are processed unit by unit. The outstanding issues have been resolved by the proposed RT-GBSAR chain with three notable features: (i) low requirement of computational memory; (ii) insights into the temporal evolution of surface movements through temporarily-coherent pixels; and (iii) real-time capability of processing a theoretically infinite number of images. The feasibility of the proposed RT-GBSAR chain is demonstrated through its application to both a fast-changing sand dune and a coastal cliff with submillimeter precision.
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Lim, Chee Siong, Voon Chet Koo, and Yee Kit Chan. "The Integrated Simulation and Processing Tool for Ground Based Synthetic Aperture Radar (GBSAR)." Journal of Engineering Technology and Applied Physics 1, no. 2 (December 17, 2019): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33093/jetap.2019.1.2.5.

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Ground-based Synthetic Aperture Radar (GBSAR) is a tremendous example of the extended applications of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). GBSAR is extremely useful in human-made structure observations, terrain mapping, landslide monitoring and many more. However, the process of designing and developing the GBSAR system is rather costly and time-consuming. It would be of a great advantage for system designers to have a realistic simulation and designing tool to anticipate the results before the implementation of the final design. In this paper, we are going to present the integrated simulation and designing tool that we have developed for a generic GBSAR system. We named it iSIM v2.0.
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Siong Lim, Chee, Voon Chet Koo, and Yee Kit Chan. "The Integrated Simulation and Processing Tool for Ground Based Synthetic Aperture Radar (GBSAR)." Journal of Engineering Technology and Applied Physics 1, no. 2 (December 17, 2019): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33093/jetap.2019.1.2.50.

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Ground-based Synthetic Aperture Radar (GBSAR) is a tremendous example of the extended applications of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). GBSAR is extremely useful in human-made structure observations, terrain mapping, landslide monitoring and many more. However, the process of designing and developing the GBSAR system is rather costly and time-consuming. It would be of a great advantage for system designers to have a realistic simulation and designing tool to anticipate the results before the implementation of the final design. In this paper, we are going to present the integrated simulation and designing tool that we have developed for a generic GBSAR system. We named it iSIM v2.0
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Crosetto, Michele, Oriol Monserrat, Guido Luzi, María Cuevas-González, and Núria Devanthéry. "Discontinuous GBSAR deformation monitoring." ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 93 (July 2014): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.04.002.

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Hosseiny, B., J. Amini, and H. Aghababaei. "INTERFEROMETRIC PROCESSING OF A DEVELOPED MIMO GBSAR FOR DISPLACEMENT MONITORING." ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences X-4/W1-2022 (January 13, 2023): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-x-4-w1-2022-301-2023.

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Abstract. This study demonstrates the interferometric processing experiments of our developed multiple-input multiple-output ground-based synthetic aperture radar (MIMO GBSAR) system. GBSAR systems are known as precise noncontact instruments for monitoring earth dynamics. In recent years W band MIMO radars have shown interesting potential in this field due to their low cost, compact size, and high phase sensitivity. MIMO capability enables the angular discrimination of multiple targets in the same range as the radar sensor. In our previous works, we developed a high-resolution MIMO GBSAR system based on the combination of MIMO radar and mechanical rail. Accordingly, this study investigates the developed system’s displacement monitoring capability by presenting a controlled experiment, using fixed and moving corner reflectors and gathering 36 time series of data. We compare and discuss the results obtained from MIMO GBSAR and MIMO radar configurations. The results show that our developed system highly agrees with MIMO radar’s interferometric measurements while providing a better target discrimination capability and higher signal noise ratio.
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Beni, Alessandra, Lapo Miccinesi, Alberto Michelini, and Massimiliano Pieraccini. "Temporal Coherence Estimators for GBSAR." Remote Sensing 14, no. 13 (June 24, 2022): 3039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14133039.

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Many Ground-Based Synthetic Aperture Radar (GBSAR) applications demand preliminary analysis to select areas with high-quality signal. That is, areas in which the phase can be processed to extract the desired information. The interferometric coherence and the amplitude dispersion index are important tools widely used in the literature to assess the quality of GBSAR images. So far, no direct relation has been found between the two. Indeed, they are parameters of different natures: amplitude dispersion index is calculated with only amplitude values, while coherence provides information also on the signal phase. The purpose of this article is to find a relation between the two parameters. Indeed, the amplitude dispersion index provides some practical advantages if compared to coherence estimators, especially to perform fast preliminary analysis. In this article, a theoretical relation between amplitude dispersion index and coherence is retrieved. GBSAR measurements acquired in different scenarios, at different working frequencies are presented and used to validate such a relation.
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Amézaga, Adrià, Carlos López-Martínez, and Roger Jové. "A Multi-Frequency SDR-Based GBSAR: System Overview and First Results." Remote Sensing 13, no. 9 (April 21, 2021): 1613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091613.

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This work describes a system-level overview of a multi-frequency GBSAR built around a high performance software defined radio (SDR). The main goal of the instrument is to be employed as a demonstrator and experimental platform for multi-frequency GBSAR campaigns. The system is capable of operating in P, L, C and X-bands, and signal generation and digital signal processing are customizable and reconfigurable through software. An overview of the software and hardware and implementations of the system are presented. The operation of the system is demonstrated with two measuring campaigns showing focused amplitude images at different frequencies. It is shown how the usage of SDR for GBSAR systems is a viable design option.
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Kačan, Marin, Filip Turčinović, Dario Bojanjac, and Marko Bosiljevac. "Deep Learning Approach for Object Classification on Raw and Reconstructed GBSAR Data." Remote Sensing 14, no. 22 (November 10, 2022): 5673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14225673.

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The availability of low-cost microwave components today enables the development of various high-frequency sensors and radars, including Ground-based Synthetic Aperture Radar (GBSAR) systems. Similar to optical images, radar images generated by applying a reconstruction algorithm on raw GBSAR data can also be used in object classification. The reconstruction algorithm provides an interpretable representation of the observed scene, but may also negatively influence the integrity of obtained raw data due to applied approximations. In order to quantify this effect, we compare the results of a conventional computer vision architecture, ResNet18, trained on reconstructed images versus one trained on raw data. In this process, we focus on the task of multi-label classification and describe the crucial architectural modifications that are necessary to process raw data successfully. The experiments are performed on a novel multi-object dataset RealSAR obtained using a newly developed 24 GHz (GBSAR) system where the radar images in the dataset are reconstructed using the Omega-k algorithm applied to raw data. Experimental results show that the model trained on raw data consistently outperforms the image-based model. We provide a thorough analysis of both approaches across hyperparameters related to model pretraining and the size of the training dataset. This, in conclusion, shows how processing raw data provides overall better classification accuracy, it is inherently faster since there is no need for image reconstruction and it is therefore useful tool in industrial GBSAR applications where processing speed is critical.
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Martínez, Arturo, Albert Aguasca, Marc Lort, and Antoni Broquetas. "Micrometric deformation imaging at W-Band with GBSAR." European Journal of Remote Sensing 49, no. 1 (January 2016): 719–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5721/eujrs20164937.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "GBSAR"

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Bratus, Antonio. "MONITORAGGIO DI DISSESTI FRANOSI CON METODOLOGIA INTEGRATA BASATA SULL'USO DI SISTEMA RADAR INTERFEROMETRICO TERRESTRE (GBSAR)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/10925.

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2013/2014
L’analisi critica del monitoraggio di frane con l’utilizzo dell’interferometria radar da terra è stata lo scopo di questa tesi di dottorato di ricerca in geoscienze. Il progetto prende lo spunto dalla possibilità di poter coniugare le esigenze di una struttura preposta al monitoraggio di dissesti franosi, la disponibilità di tecnologie innovative non invasive e la loro fattibilità nel contesto regionale. L’idea di poter utilizzare ed analizzare criticamente i risultati di una serie di monitoraggi è stata quindi presa come linea guida per questo ciclo di dottorato di ricerca in geoscienze. Nell’ambito delle opere di prevenzione da calamità naturali, il Servizio geologico della Regione Autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia, di cui l’autore è un componente, ha ritenuto di attivare il monitoraggio di tre frane ubicate nel territorio di competenza con l’utilizzo di misure di superficie eseguite con tecnologie basate sull’uso del sistema radar interferometrico con lo scopo di identificare delle zone caratterizzate da movimenti di versante, così da: • integrare le conoscenze pregresse sulla determinazione della forma ed estensione della massa in movimento nonché della distribuzione di pressioni e sforzi; • determinare gli spostamenti differenziali dell’area di frana; • stimare il campo di velocità e la sua interrelazione con fattori esterni quali piogge o temperatura; I siti individuati per questo piano di monitoraggio sono caratterizzati da diverse tipologie di dissesto e di condizioni al contorno. La loro designazione è stata fatta seguendo questo criterio guida. Considerando l’eterogeneità del territorio regionale sono stati scelti: • Ligosullo (UD): il sito in oggetto è rappresentato dal centro urbano di Ligosullo, caratterizzato da un fenomeno di instabilità generalizzato con tassi di deformazione dell’ordine di alcuni cm/anno; • Cimolais (PN): Il sito in oggetto è rappresentato una parete rocciosa, caratterizzata da fenomeni localizzati di crollo; • Erto e Casso, località La Pineda (PN): il sito in oggetto è rappresentato da una parte dell’accumulo di una paleo frana del monte Salta. Caratterizzato da una zona calanchiva in evoluzione, caratterizzata da frane superficiali diffuse. I motivi che hanno individuato il radar interferometrico terrestre come principale metodo di monitoraggio sono legati alle principali caratteristiche della tecnica, ovvero: • sistema remoto che consente di misurare spostamenti del fronte instabile senza la necessità teorica di installare riflettori artificiali e quindi di accedere direttamente alla zona instabile; • capacità di fornire mappe di spostamento dell’intero versante; • misure in near real time: è possibile elaborare i dati acquisiti in maniera automatica e fornire i risultati in tempo quasi reali (con pochi minuti di ritardo rispetto all’acquisizione); • misure in qualsiasi condizione meteorologica, sia di giorno che di notte grazie all’uso di un sistema radar; • misure ad elevata accuratezza (tra il decimo di millimetro ed il millimetro in funzione della distanza) nate dall’applicazione della ricerca spaziale, che consente di determinare l’entità dello spostamento di un oggetto confrontando le informazioni di fase delle onde elettromagnetiche riflesse dall’oggetto in diversi istanti di tempo.
XXVI Ciclo
1970
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Latacz, Barbara Maria. "Study of the antihydrogen atom and ion production via charge exchange reaction on positronium." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS266/document.

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Le but principal de la collaboration GBAR est de mesurer le comportement d'atomes d'antihydrogène sous l'effet de la gravité terrestre. Ceci est fait en mesurant la chute libre classique d'atomes d'antihydrogène, qui est un test direct du principe d'équivalence faible pour l'antimatière. La première étape de l'expérience est de produire des ions d'antihydrogène et de les amener dans un piège de Paul, où ils peuvent être refroidis à une température de l'ordre du μK en utilisant la technique du refroidissement sympathique avec des ions Be⁺ eux-mêmes mis dans leur état fondamental par la technique Raman à bande latérale. Une température de l'ordre du μK correspond à une vitesse de la particule de l'ordre de 1 m/s. Une fois cette vitesse atteinte, l'ion antihydrogène peut être neutralisé et commence sa chute. Ceci permet une précision de 1 % sur la mesure de l’accélération gravitationnelle g pour l’antimatière avec environ 1500 événements. Cependant, pour mesurer la chute libre, il faut d'abord produire l'ion antihydrogène. Celui-ci est formé dans les réactions d'échange de charge entre des antiprotons et des antihydrogènes avec du positronium. Positronium et atomes d'antihydrogène peut se trouver soit à l’état fondamental, soit dans un état excité. Une étude expérimentale de la mesure de la section efficace de ces deux réactions est décrite dans cette thèse. La production de l'atome d'antihydrogène ainsi que de l'ion se passe à l’intérieur d'une cavité. La formation d'un antihydrogène ion lors d'une interaction entre faisceaux requiert environ 5x10⁶ antiprotons/paquet et quelques 10¹¹ Ps/cm⁻³ de densité de positronium à l’intérieur d'une cavité. Celle-ci est produite par un faisceau contenant 5x10¹⁰ positrons par paquet. La production de faisceaux aussi intenses avec les propriétés requises est en soi un challenge. Le développement de la source de positrons de GBAR est décrite. Celle-ci est basée sur un accélérateur linéaire à électrons de 9 MeV. Le faisceau d’électrons est incident sur une cible de tungstène où les positrons sont créés par rayonnement de freinage (gammas) et création de paires. Une partie des positrons ainsi créés diffusent à nouveau dans un modérateur de tungstène en réduisant leur énergie à environ 3 eV. Ces particules sont re-accélérées à une énergie d'environ 53 eV. Aujourd'hui, le flux mesuré de positrons est au niveau de 6x10⁷ e⁺/s, soit quelques fois. Puis la thèse comporte une courte description des préparatifs pour les faisceaux d'antiprotons ou de protons, terminée par un chapitre sur le taux de production attendu d'atomes et d'ions d'antihydrogène. En aval de la réaction, les faisceaux d'antiprotons, d'atomes et d'ions d'antihydrogène sont guidés vers leur système de détection. Ceux-ci ont été conçus de façon à permettre la détection d'un à plusieurs milliers d'atomes d'antihydrogène, un seul ion antihydrogène et tous les 5x10⁶ antiprotons. Ceci est particulièrement difficile parce que l'annihilation des antiprotons crée beaucoup de particules secondaires qui peuvent perturber la mesure d'un atome ou ion. La majeure partie de la thèse consiste en la description des bruits de fond attendus pour la détection des atomes et ions d'antihydrogène. De plus, le système de détection permet de mesurer les sections efficaces pour les réactions symétriques de production d'atomes et d'ions hydrogèene par échange de charge entre protons et positronium. La partie production d’antihydrogène ions de l’expérience a été complètement installée au CERN en 2018. Les premiers tests avec des antiprotons provenant du décélérateur ELENA ont été effectués. Actuellement, l’expérience est testée avec des positrons et des protons, de façon à former des atomes et ions hydrogène. Une optimisation de la production de ces ions de matière aidera à se préparer pour la prochaine période de faisceau d'antiprotons en 2021
The main goal of the GBAR collaboration is to measure the Gravitational Behaviour of Antihydrogen at Rest. It is done by measuring the classical free fall of neutral antihydrogen, which is a direct test of the weak equivalence principle for antimatter. The first step of the experiment is to produce the antihydrogen ion and catch it in a Paul trap, where it can be cooled to μK temperature using ground state Raman sideband sympathetic cooling. The μK temperature corresponds to particle velocity in the order of 1 m/s. Once such velocity is reached, the antihydrogen ion can be neutralised and starts to fall. This allows reaching 1 % precision on the measurement of the gravitational acceleration g for antimatter with about 1500 events. Later, it would be possible to reach 10⁻⁵ - 10⁻⁶ precision by measuring the gravitational quantum states of cold antihydrogen. However, in order to measure the free fall, firstly the antihydrogen ion has to be produced. It is formed in the charge exchange reactions between antiproton/antihydrogen and positronium. Positronium and antihydrogen atoms can be either in a ground state or in an excited state. An experimental study of the cross section measurement for these two reactions is described in the presented thesis. The antihydrogen atom and ion production takes place in a cavity. The formation of one antihydrogen ion in one beam crossing requires about 5x10⁶ antiprotons/bunch and a few 10¹¹ Ps/cm⁻³ positronium density inside the cavity, which is produced with a beam containing 5x10¹⁰ positrons per bunch. The production of such intense beams with required properties is a challenging task. First, the development of the positron source is described. The GBAR positron source is based on a 9 MeV linear electron accelerator. The relatively low energy was chosen to avoid activation of the environment. The electron beam is incident on a tungsten target where positrons are created from Bremsstrahlung radiation (gammas) through the pair creation process. Some of the created positrons undergo a further diffusion in the tungsten moderator reducing their energy to about 3 eV. The particles are re-accelerated to about 53 eV energy and are adiabatically transported to the next stage of the experiment. Presently, the measured positron flux is at the level of 6x10⁷ e⁺/s, which is a few times higher than intensities reached with radioactive sources. Then, the thesis features a short description of the antiproton/proton beam preparations, finalised with a chapter about the expected antihydrogen atom and ion production yield. After the reaction, antiproton, antihydrogen atom, and ion beams are guided to the detection system. It is made to allow for detection from 1 to a few thousand antihydrogen atoms, a single antihydrogen ion and all 5x10⁶ antiprotons. It is especially challenging because antiproton annihilation creates a lot of secondary particles which may disturb measurements of single antihydrogen atoms and ions. The main part of the Thesis is the description of the expected background for the antihydrogen atom and ion detection. Additionally, the detection system allows measuring the cross sections for the symmetric reactions of a hydrogen atom and ion production through charge exchange between protons and positronium. The antihydrogen ion production part of the experiment was fully installed at CERN in 2018. The first tests with antiprotons from the ELENA decelerator were done. Currently, the experiment is being commissioned with positrons and protons, in order to perform the hydrogen atom and ion formation. The optimisation of the ion production with matter will help to be fully prepared for the next antiproton beam time in 2021
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Niang, Samuel. "Optimisation of positron accumulation in the GBAR experiment and study of space propulsion based on antimatter." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASP075.

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Le but de l'expérience GBAR est de déterminer l'effet de la gravité sur des atomes d'anti-hydrogène. Les atomes d'anti-hydrogène sont créés en neutralisant des ions anti-hydrogène grâce à un faisceau laser. Un ion d'anti-hydrogène étant produit par la capture de deux positons par un antiproton volant dans un nuage de positronium. Pour cela, 10 x 10¹⁰ positons doivent être envoyés sur une cible de silicate nanoporeuse de laquelle va ressortir le nuage de positronium. Les positons sont produits par un LINAC (accélérateur linéaire), accélérant des électrons à 9 MeV sur une cible de tungsten. Ce processus fournissant 3 x 10⁷ positons par seconde, les positons doivent être accumulés. Ils sont dans un premier temps accumulés et refroidis dans un Piège à Gas Tampon. Il s'agit d'un piège de Penning divisé en 3 étages, dans lequel de faibles pressions de gas (N₂ et CO₂) on été insérés, permettant la perte d'énergie des positons incidents par collisions inélastiques. Ils sont d'abord accumulés, dans le second étage pendant 100 ms avec un taux de piégeage d'environ 1,7 x 10⁶ positons par seconde. Après quoi, ils sont transférés dans le troisième étage du piège. Cette opération de piégeage-transfert est répétée 10 fois ce qui fournit en sortie de ce premier piège 1.5 x 10⁶ positon chaque 1.1 s (il y a une perte de positons pendant cette opération de stockage et 100 ms sont ajoutées pour une compression radiale en fin de processus). Ce nouveau paquet de positons est donc prêt à être transféré dans le second piège de l'expérience.Ce second piège est un piège de Penning munit d'un électro-aimant de 5 T, permettant de piéger de grande quantités de particules chargées sur une période de plusieurs heures. Ce piège a d'abord été testé avec des électrons, en confinant des plasmas allant jusqu'à 5 x 10⁹ particules. Ces expériences nous ont amenés à comprendre qu'il y avait un problème quant à l'alignement des électrodes avec le champ magnétique. Problème qui n'a pas pu être résolu jusqu'à présent. Cependant, une situation acceptable a été trouvée, permettant ainsi de re-piéger les positons venant du premier piège avec une efficacité de 66%. Ainsi, 1 x 10⁹ positons ont pu être piégés en 1100 s. Il s'agit un résultat très prometteur pour l'expérience GBAR. A présent, il s'agit de faire 10 fois plus et 10 fois plus vite, pour accumuler assez de positons chaque fois que le décélérateur ELENA fournit un paquet d'antiprotons (chaque 100 s).Nous avons aussi étudiés la possibilité de propulser une fusée en utilisant de l'antimatière. En effet, la réaction d'annihilation matière-antimatière fournit une quantité d'énergie par unité de masse défiant toute concurrence. Nous avons particulièrement étudié le cas de la réaction proton-antiprotons en présence d'un fort champ magnétique. Le champ magnétique ayant pour but de diriger les particules chargées pour créer une force de poussée, fournissant alors un carburant quittant la fusée à une vitesse proche de celle de la lumière. Pour cette étude, un simulateur se basant sur la bibliothèque GEANT4 a été développé. D'après nos simulation, il est alors possible d'obtenir un moteur donnant une impulsion spécifique d'environ 0.5 c/g, c'est-à-dire, 1.5 x 10⁷ (avec c la vitesse de lumière et g l'accélération de pesanteur terrestre), ce qui est démesuré comparé à l'impulsion spécifique des moteurs propulsant les fusées les plus récentes (434 s pour Vulcain, propulsant Ariane 5). Cependant, ce modèle suppose la possibilité de produire et stocker des quantités macroscopiques d'antiproton, ce qui demeure une limite qui se pourrait être infranchissable. Également, ce modèle engendre une grande quantité de rayon gamma et il reste à trouver une solution pour évacuer leur énergie
The goal of the GBAR experiment is to determine the effect of gravity on antihydrogen atoms. The antihydrogen atoms are created by neutralising antihydrogen ions using laser pulses. The antihydrogen ions are produced after two positrons captures by antiprotons flying through a positronium cloud. In this scheme to produce one single antihydrogen atom 10 x 10¹⁰ positrons have to be beamed on a nanoporous silica to yield the positronium cloud. The positrons are produced by a 9 MeV LINAC accelerating electrons into a tungsten target equipped with a mesh moderator. In this thesis we have studied and optimised the accumulation and trapping of positrons in two subsequent trapping devices.The LINAC based source providing 3 x 10⁷ positrons per second, the particles have to be accumulated. They are first accumulated into a Buffer Gas Trap (BGT), a Penning trap, divided in 3 stages, with N₂ and CO₂, leading to inelastic collisions which insure the trapping and the cooling of the positrons. The positrons are then slowed in the first stage and accumulated in the second stage for 100 ms with a trapping rate of about 1,7 x 10⁶ positrons per second, then they are transferred into the BGT's third stage. This accumulation and transfer procedure is repeated 10 times to finally provide a bunch of 1.5 x 10⁷ positrons every 1.1s (a loss happens during this stacking operation and 100 ms are added for a final radial compression using the Rotating Wall technique, the trapping efficiency is then 5%). This new bunch is then ready to be sent and re-trapped into the High Field Trap.The High Field Trap is a 5 T multi-ring Penning trap allowing to trap large amounts of charged particle for hours. We first tested this trap with electrons by trapping about 5 x 10⁹ of them. The experiments on the electrons lead to the conclusion that a better alignment of the electrodes with respect to the magnetic field still needs to be performed. However, an acceptable situation has been found allowing to re-trap the positrons with 66% efficiency. Then, accumulating the positrons bunches coming from the BGT, it was possible to accumulate 1 x 10⁹ positrons in 1100. This is a really promising result for the GBAR experiment. For the future, it is about to do 10 times more, 10 times faster to collect the desired amount of positrons each time the ELENA decelerator provides a bunch of antiprotons (every 100 s).We also studied how it could be possible to use antimatter to propel a rocket. Indeed, the energy resulting from the antimatter-matter annihilation reaction has properties defying any other propellant. In our study, we focused on the proton-antiproton annihilation reaction in a high magnetic field in order to have the annihilation products aligned with the direction of the thrust. The theoretical model is named the beam cored engine. A simulator has been developed using GEANT4 to evaluate some parameters such the intensity of the field. According to our simulation, it is then possible to get a rocket with a specific impulse of about 0.5 c/g i.e., 1.5 x 10⁷ s (with c the speed of light and g the earth's gravitational acceleration), which is outsized if it is compared to the most modern rocket (434 s for Vulcain, propelling Ariane 5). However, this model assumes the capability to produce and store a macroscopic number of antiprotons, which might be an insurmountable showstopper. Also, with this model, a large amount of gamma rays are produced and a solution to evacuate their energy has to be found
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Warmbold, Bianca [Verfasser], and Erhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Bremer. "Regulation der Aufnahme und Synthese des kompatiblen Soluts Glycinbetain durch GbsR-Typ Regulatoren / Bianca Warmbold ; Betreuer: Erhard Bremer." Marburg : Philipps-Universität Marburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1189315548/34.

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Ronzheimer, Stefanie [Verfasser], and Erhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Bremer. "GbsR Typ Regulatoren: Charakterisierung einer neuen MarR-Typ Regulator Familie von transkriptionellen Repressoren / Stefanie Ronzheimer. Betreuer: Erhard Bremer." Marburg : Philipps-Universität Marburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1108765734/34.

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Maia, Leite Amélia Mafalda. "Development of a buffer gas trap for the confinement of positrons and study of positronium production in the GBAR experiment." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS380/document.

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L’expérience GBAR repose sur la production d’ions antihydrogène positifs dans le but de mesurer l’accélération gravitationnelle à laquelle est soumise l’antimatière au repos. Le projet ANTION, sous-projet de GBAR, a pour but la production de ces ions d’antimatière. Il vise également à mesurer la section efficace de production d’antihydrogène dans les collisions d’antiprotons sur des atomes de positronium, ainsi que les sections efficaces correspondantes avec la matière, de production d’hydrogène et de l’ion hydrogène négatif. Ces expériences reposent sur la formation d’un nuage très dense de positronium, et nécessitent donc une grande quantité de positons qui seront implantés sur un matériau convertisseur de positons en positronium. Cette thèse décrit la construction d’un piège à “buffer gas” à trois étages, destiné à piéger et accumuler des positons pour le projet ANTION. L’association d’un piège de Penning avec une source basée sur un Linac constitue un montage expérimental unique. Le piège a été construit et optimisé, et est maintenant pleinement opérationnel. Les protocoles de piégeage ont été étudiés et les effets du gaz tampon et du gaz de refroidissement sur le taux de piégeage et la durée de vie des positons ont été quantifiés. Afin de faciliter la mesure de la section efficace de production de l’hydrogène, une simulation avec GEANT4 a été mise au point. Elle décrit l’évolution temporelle et spatiale des atomes d’ortho-positronium dans la cavité où aura lieu la production d’hydrogène. On estime que 2.7 atomes d’hydrogène sont produits pour des proton de 6 keV d’énergie incidente, en utilisant les sections efficaces calculées avec le modèle “Coulomb-Born Approximation”, et 1.6 atomes d’hydrogène pour des protons de 10 keV, si l’on utilise la méthode “two-center convergent close-coupling”. Les simulations permettent également d’estimer le bruit de fond associé aux positons et à l’annihilation du para-positronium. Cette étude amène à proposer une modification permettant d’augmenter le nombre d’atomes de positronium dans la cavité. En parallèle, une étude a porté sur l’efficacité de modération de positons d’une couche épitaxiale de carbure de silicium 4H-SiC. Une efficacité de modération de 65% a été mesurée pour des positons implantés avec une énergie de l’ordre du kilo- électronvolt. Ce résultat intéresse les expériences de physique utilisant des positons lents, car il permet d’améliorer la luminosité de faisceaux de positons; dans le cas de GBAR cela permettrait d’augmenter l’efficacité de piégeage des positons
The GBAR experiment relies on the production of antihydrogen positive ions to achieve its goal of measuring the gravitational acceleration of antimatter at rest. The ANTION project, included in the GBAR enterprise, is responsible for the production of these antimatter ions. Moreover, it also aims to measure the cross section of antihydrogen production throughout the collision of antiprotons and positronium atoms, as well as the matter cross sections of hydrogen and the hydrogen negative ion. These experiments imply the formation of a very dense positronium cloud, thus a large amount of positrons will be implanted on a positron/positronium converter material. This thesis reports the construction of a three stage buffer gas trap with the goal of trapping and accumulating positrons for the ANTION project. The combination of the Penning-type trap with a LINAC source constitutes a unique experimental setup. The trap was commissioned and optimized and is now fully operational. Trapping protocols were studied and the effect of the buffer and cooling gases on the positron trapping rate and lifetime was assessed. In order to assist the cross section measurement of hydrogen, a GEANT4 simulation was developed. It evaluates the time and spatial evolution of the ortho-positronium atoms in a cavity, where hydrogen production will take place. It was estimated that 2.7 hydrogen atoms are produced for proton impact energy of ∼ 6 keV, according to the cross sections computed with the Coulomb-Born Approximation model, and 1.6 hydrogen atoms for a proton impact energy of ∼ 10 keV, according to the two-center convergent close-coupling method. The simulations also allow the estimation of the background associated with the positron and para-positronium decay. In addition, a suggestion is proposed to increase the number of positronium atoms in the cavity. In parallel, the positron moderation efficiency of a commercially available 4H-SiC epitaxial layer was studied. A 65% moderation efficiency was observed for kiloelectronvolt implanted positrons. This result can be of interest to slow positron physics experiments by improving the brightness of positron beams, and in particular to GBAR as it can potentially increase the efficiency of positron trapping
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Valdes, Mateo. "Calcul de sections efficaces du système à trois corps (e − , e + , p̄) avec les équations de Faddeev-Merkuriev." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAE031/document.

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Cette thèse est consacrée au calcul de sections efficaces de réactions impliquant le système à trois corps (e − , e + , p̄) à des énergies représentatives de l’expérience GBAR. Deux approches théoriques ont été utilisées. La première, appelée méthode des canaux couplés, permet de traiter le système dans un cadre théorique plus simple. La deuxième, basée sur le formalisme rigoureux des équations de Faddeev-Merkuriev, a permis le calcul explicite des sections efficaces. Une des difficultés majeures provient de la dégénérescence accidentelle du premier état excité des atomes d’antihydrogène et de positronium. Le traitement de cette dégénérescence a été réalisé dans un premier temps dans le formalisme de canaux couplés avant d’être adapté au code des équations de Faddeev-Merkuriev. Dans ce document, nous discutons les sections efficaces dans le contexte de l’expérience GBAR et interprétons les phénomènes résonnants mis en évidence, les résonances de Feshbach et les oscillations de Gailitis-Damburg
This thesis is dedicated to cross section calculations involving the three body system (e − , e + , p̄) at representative energies for the GBAR experiment. Two different theoretical formalisms have been used. The first one, the close coupling method, allows to study the system in a more simple and schematic theoretical frame. The second, based on the mathematically rigorous formalism of the Faddeev-Merkuriev equations, is used to compute the explicit cross sections. One of the major difficulties comes from the accidental degeneracy of the antihydrogen and positronium atoms first excited states. The treatment of this degeneracy has been realised, in a first time, with the close-coupling formalism before being adapted to the Faddeev-Merquriev equations code. In this document, we discuss the cross sections in the GBAR experiment frame and we construe the highlighted resonant phenomena, the Feshbach resonances and the Gailitis-Damburg oscillations
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Sillitoe, Nicolas. "Production of state-selected H2+ ions and numerical simulations of sympathetic cooling in RF traps." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066546/document.

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La spectroscopie ro-vibrationelle de haute résolution de l’ion moleculaire H2+ par REMPD requiert une source sélective en état interne. Dans cette thèse nous présentons notre travail de conception et de réalisation d’une telle source utilisant la photo-ionisation multiphotonique résonante (REMPI) de H2 à l’aide d’un laser pulsé à 303 nm.Dans un deuxième temps nous présentons nos simulations numériques de refroidissement sympathique dans un piège de Paul linéaire, avec pour application principale le projet GBAR qui implique le refroidissement sympathique d’un ion d’antimatière H̄+ par des ions Be+ refroidis par laser. Nous avons dévelopé un code GPU utilisant un pas de temps variable permettant de décrire les interactions coulombiennes de façon efficace. Nous discutons de l’influence du chauffage RF et de lois d’échelles entre le temps de capture, l’énergie initiale et le nombre d’ions dans le cristal. Nous montrons que le refroidissement sympathique de H̄ requis pour GBAR pourrait fonctionner avec un cristal dissymétrique de Be+/HD+ qui semble plus efficace que le Be+ seul. Nous montrons qu’avec un tel cristal la capture du H̄+ pourrait être détectée expérimentalement par analyse de Fourier des données de fluorescence
The high-resolution ro-vibrational spectroscopy of the H2+ molecular ion by resonance-enhanced multiphoton dissociation (REMPD) requires a state-selective source of H2+. In this thesis we present work on a functional state selective H2+ ion source using resonance enhanced multiphoton ionisation (REMPI) with a 303 nm pulsed laser.The second part of the thesis presents numerical simulations of sympathetic cooling in linear RF traps, whose main application is the GBAR project (Gravitational Behaviour of Antihydrogen at Rest) which involves sympathetic cooling of an antimatter H̄+ ion by laser-cooled Be+ ions. We developed a GPU code using a variable timestep technique enabling a fast description of Coulomb interactions. We discuss the influence of RF heating and scaling laws between cooling times, initial energy and ion numbers in the cooling crystal. We show that the H̄ sympathetic cooling step of GBAR could be feasible using a rotationally asymmetric two-component Be+/HD+ crystal which appears more effective than a single-component Be+ crystal. We find that the H̄+ ion’s capture by this crystal could be detected experimentally by Fourier analysis of the fluorescence data
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Lévêque-Simon, Kévin. "Collisions assistées par laser pour la formation d'antimatière." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020STRAE015.

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L’expérience GBAR vise à mesurer la chute libre d’atomes d’antihydrogène ultra-froids (neV). Cela implique de produire des ions d’antihydrogène, obtenus à l’issue de deux réactions d’échange de charge faisant intervenir des antiprotons et des atomes de positronium. Le but de ce travail est d’étudier la possibilité d’augmenter les taux de production d’atomes et d’ions antihydrogène produits, en assistant les deux réactions par laser. Les sections efficaces sont obtenues aux énergies d’antiproton de GBAR (1 - 10keV), en utilisant une approche semi-perturbative proposée par Byron et Joachain. Celle-ci permet de décrire simultanément l’interaction électron-atome (Coulomb Born Approximation ou Continuum Distorted Waves - Final State), l’interaction électron-laser (états de Volkov),et les interactions laser-atomes (premier ordre de la théorie des perturbations dépendantes du temps). L’excitation depuis l’état 1s du positronium par le processus de transition virtuel à un photon est étudiée, en considérant des lasers dont les longueurs d’onde sont proches de 243 nm (raie Lyman-α). Une adaptation de ces lasers est ensuite proposée afin d’exciter les états 3s et 3d (Paschen-β). Les décalages Doppler résultants de la distribution de vitesse du nuage de positronium sont également pris en compte, aux énergies de confinement de 25 meV et 48 meV. Finalement, le nombre d’antiatomes produits est estimé. Comparativement à la situation où les collisions ne sont pas assistées par un laser, les pertes induites par les processus de photo-ionisation et de photo-détachement sont évaluées
The GBAR experiment aims at measuring the free fall of ultra-cold antihydrogens (neV).This implies the production of antihydrogen ions, which are obtained by two charge exchange reactions involving antiprotons and positronium atoms. The goal of this study is to analyse the possibility to increase the production rates of the antihydrogens and the antihydrogen ions produced, by assisting the two reactions with a laser. The cross sections are obtained in the antiproton energy range of the GBAR experiment (1 - 10 keV), by using a semi-perturbative approach proposed by Byron and Joachain. This method,simultaneously, allows the description of electron-atom interaction (Coulomb Born Approximation or Continuum Distorted Waves - Final State), the electron-laser interaction (Volkov states), and the laser-atom interactions (first order time dependent perturbation theory). The positronium excitation from the 1s state by one-photon virtual transition process is studied, by considering lasers whose wavelengths are around 243 nm (Lyman-αline). It is then proposed to adapt these laser sources in order to excitate 3s and 3d states (Paschen-β). The Doppler shifts resulting from the positronium cloud velocity distribution are taken into account as well, at the confinement energies of 25 meV and 48 meV. Finally,the number of antiparticules produced is estimated. Compared to the case of non-assisted collisions, the losses induced by the photo-ionization and photo-detachment processes are evaluated
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Rojhani, Neda. "Advanced 2D/3D Imaging Techniques for ISAR and GBSAR." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1150612.

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In chapter 1: The concept of the radar system has been introduced based on the radar block diagram. Moreover, there are some discussions about the radar equation, radar classification, and frequency of radar. In chapter 2: The fundamentals of radar cross-section are presented. Afterward, the RCS of two quadcopters is estimated by Electromagnetic Simulation Software (FEKO). In order to confirm the simulation, real measurement results are performed. Inverse synthetic radar (ISAR) processing are provided. In chapter 3: 2D And 3D inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) image processing has been carried out for imaging small UAVs. The two-dimensional (2D) ISAR image is made by collecting scattered fields from different angles, while a 3D image can be obtained by integrating backscatter data in two spatial coordinates of the 2D aperture (cross-range in azimuth and elevation). Another topic that has been introduced is windowing in ISAR. In Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) processing the windowing in range and cross-range is a standard and its aim is to reduce the side-lobes of the Point Spread Function. In ISAR, when the rotation is smaller than 180°, the aperture windowing does not cause any estimation problems; it works exactly like a standard SAR. Problems occur when the rotation angle exceeds than 180° and especially when the rotation is complete. Therefore, for improving cross-range resolution in ISAR a new technique has been proposed. The rotation circle should be divided into four arcs of 180° before the focusing process, and a Kaiser window is applied on the chords of each of the arcs separately. Finally, the four resulting images are combined into one image as a radar image. In chapter 4: A new GBSAR system has been presented capable of generating both monostatic and bistatic images. Whereas the bistatic images need several hours to prepare the 3D information, the monostatic images are acquired in a few minutes by providing only 2D information about the targets in its field of view. Accordingly, the 3D measurement in conventional SAR radars is a computationally complex and time-consuming process but they can be interesting when the radar is used to image in a complex scenario. Due to this structure, it is able to create two images taken from different points of view with respect to the antenna system along an x-axis and the second channel along the z-axis. An advantage of proposed radar is that it can be operated as 2D interferometric radar for each horizontal scan, moreover, by varying the second channel height the 3D images are produced. It is worth mentioning that as a 3D image is obtained in bistatic condition, the angular resolution is worse with respect to a monostatic radar that scans a plan. In chapter 5: All concepts of compressive sensing have been discussed. The main bases and recovery methods are presented. Finally, the use of the CS algorithm in scenarios is carried out based on three different data. The first test is carried out with a corner reflector (CR) in front of the radar, the second one is performed with a seven-story building like the target, and the last one is accomplished in a natural scenario which was conducted with the "Belvedere Glacier" located on Italian Alpine.
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Books on the topic "GBSAR"

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Engelhardt, E. F. Das inoffizielle FRITZ!Box-Experimente Buch ; [Kein DSL verfu gbar? UMTS-Gateway mit der Fritz!Box bauen ; Fritz!Box-Haustu rklingeladapter im Eigenbau ; Tu ro ffner, Freisprechanlage und Treppenhauslicht per Fritz!Box steuern ; Sendeleistung erho hen ; zwei Fritz!Boxen verbinden ; VDSL oder ADSL2+? ; Speedport zur Fritz!Box umbauen ; Mediaserver der Fritz!Box nutzen ; IPTV im Einsatz]. Poing: Franzis, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "GBSAR"

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Paffenholz, Jens-André, Ulrich Stenz, Ingo Neumann, Isabelle Dikhoff, and Björn Riedel. "Belastungsversuche an einer Mauerwerksbrücke: Lasertracking und GBSAR zur Verformungsmessung." In Mauerwerk Kalender 2018, 205–19. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783433608050.ch9.

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Nico, Giovanni, Luigi Borrelli, Andrea Di Pasquale, Loredana Antronico, and Giovanni Gullà. "Monitoring of an Ancient Landslide Phenomenon by GBSAR Technique in the Maierato Town (Calabria, Italy)." In Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 2, 129–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09057-3_12.

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Debu, Pascal. "GBAR." In LEAP 2011, 51–59. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5530-7_6.

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Pérez, P., D. Banerjee, F. Biraben, D. Brook-Roberge, M. Charlton, P. Cladé, P. Comini, et al. "The GBAR antimatter gravity experiment." In EXA 2014, 21–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45018-6_3.

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Bouras, Taha, Di He, Fei Wen, Peilin Liu, and Wenxian Yu. "A Novel Accurate Source Number Estimation Method Based on GBSA-MDL Algorithm." In Communications and Networking, 383–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78139-6_39.

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Zhang, Xiaohua, Horacio Péréz-Sánchez, and Felice C. Lightstone. "Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Ligand Recognition upon Binding Antithrombin: A MM/GBSA Approach." In Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, 584–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16480-9_56.

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Koucheryavy, Yevgeni, Dmitri Moltchanov, and Jarmo Harju. "A Novel Two-Step MPEG Traffic Modeling Algorithm Based on a GBAR Process." In IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 293–304. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35620-4_26.

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Bar, N., M. Arrieta, A. Espino, C. Diaz, L. A. Mosquea, B. Mojica, A. McQuillan, G. Baldeon, and G. Falorni. "Back-analysis of ductile slope failure mechanisms and validation with aerial photogrammetry, InSAR and GbRAR to proactively manage economic risks to protect the mine plan." In The Evolution of Geotech - 25 Years of Innovation, 512–26. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003188339-65.

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Faryna, Aliaksandr, and Elena Kalinichenko. "N1-(3-(Trifluoromethyl)Phenyl) Isophthalamide Derivatives as Promising Inhibitors of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor: Pharmacophore-Based Design, Docking, and MM-PBSA/MM-GBSA Binding Energy Estimation." In Biomedical Engineering. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107236.

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Targeting protein kinases is a common approach for cancer treatment. In this study, a series of novel terephthalic and isophthalic derivatives were constructed as potential type 2 protein kinase inhibitors adapting pharmacophore features of approved anticancer drugs of this class. Inhibitory activity of designed structures was studied in silico against various cancer-related protein kinases and compared with that of known inhibitors. Obtained docking scores, MM-PBSA/MM-GBSA binding energy, and RF-Score-VS affinities suggest that N1-(3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl) isophthalamide could be considered as promising scaffold for the development of novel protein kinase inhibitors which are able to target the inactive conformation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.
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"Tuning the Solvation Term in the MM-PBSA/GBSA Binding Affinity Predictions." In Frontiers in Computational Chemistry, edited by Irene Maffucci and Alessandro Contini, 82–120. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9781608058648115010005.

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Conference papers on the topic "GBSAR"

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Pieraccini, Massimiliano, and Lapo Miccinesi. "Bistatic GBSAR for detecting target elevation." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Antennas, Communications and Electronic Systems (COMCAS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/comcas.2017.8244728.

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Zhu Mao, Zhu Mao, Hu Cheng Hu Cheng, Zeng Tao Zeng Tao, Deng YunKai Deng YunKai, Tian WeiMing Tian WeiMing, and Mao Cong Mao Cong. "Experimental results and analysis for GBSAR deformation measurement." In IET International Radar Conference 2015. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2015.1332.

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Lim, Chee-Siong, Voon-Chet Koo, Yee-Kit Chan, Cheng-Yen Chiang, Chih-Tien Wang, and Chih-Yuen Chu. "Experimental study on the phase statistics of GBSAR imagery." In 2016 Progress in Electromagnetic Research Symposium (PIERS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/piers.2016.7735530.

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Lin, Yun, Qiming Zhang, Yanping Wang, Yang Li, Yang Song, and Yutong Liu. "3D imaging performance analysis of multi-baseline Circular GBSAR." In 2019 6th Asia-Pacific Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (APSAR). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apsar46974.2019.9048514.

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Pipia, L., X. Fabregas, C. Lopez-Martinez, A. Aguasca, and J. Mallorqui. "Polarimetric Temporal Decorrelation Studies by Means of GBSAR Sensor Data." In 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2006.25.

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Amezaga, Adria, Carlos Lopez-Martinez, and Roger Jove. "A Multi-Frequency FMCW GBSAR: System Description and First Results." In IGARSS 2021 - 2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9554489.

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Wang, Yanping, Sen Lv, Zechao Bai, and Hongquan Qu. "Research on GBSAR Deformation Extraction Method Based on Three-Threshold." In 2018 11th International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, BioMedical Engineering and Informatics (CISP-BMEI). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cisp-bmei.2018.8633265.

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Wang, Shuo, Wenjie Shen, Yang Li, Yun Lin, and Yanping Wang. "GBSAR Moving Target Detection Capability Evaluation and Refocus based Detection Algorithm." In SSPS 2022: 2022 4th International Symposium on Signal Processing Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3532342.3532347.

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Pipia, L., X. Fabregas, A. Aguasca, and J. Mallorqui. "A Comparison of Different Techniques for Atmospheric Artefact Compensation in GBSAR Differential Acquisitions." In 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2006.958.

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Pieraccini, Massimiliano, Linhsia Noferini, Daniele Mecatti, Giovanni Macaluso, Guido Luzi, and Carlo Atzeni. "Digital elevation models by a GBSAR interferometer for monitoring glaciers: the case study of Belvedere Glacier." In IGARSS 2008 - 2008 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2008.4779909.

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