Academic literature on the topic 'GBS infection'
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Journal articles on the topic "GBS infection"
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Logsdon, Beth A., and Daniel T. Casto. "Prevention of Group B Streptococcus Infection in Neonates." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 31, no. 7-8 (July 1997): 897–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809703100718.
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OBJECTIVE: To review the epidemiology of group B Streptococcus (GBS) infection, risk factors for infection, and clinical manifestations of disease in the neonate, as well as the role of chemoprophylaxis and immunoprophylaxis in prevention of GBS disease and current recommendations for prevention. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION: MEDLINE searches (1976–1997) of the English-language literature. DATA SYNTHESIS: Despite clinical advances in health care in the past two decades, GBS remains a leading cause of serious neonatal infection. Most early-onset GBS infections can be prevented through the use of intrapartum antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis. Preventing GBS infection in neonates is more cost-effective than treating GBS infections, and implementing prevention programs can reduce morbidity and mortality resulting from GBS disease. Many proposals have been made regarding prevention strategies; however, they have not been implemented widely and consistently in the US. To coordinate both pediatric and obstetric supported strategies, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently published recommendations for prevention of neonatal GBS disease through two possible strategies. In the first strategy, intrapartum antibiotic chemoprophylaxis should be offered to all women identified by prenatal culture as colonized and those who develop premature membrane rupture or onset of labor at less than 37 weeks gestation. The second strategy involves administration of intrapartum antibiotics to all women who develop one or more risk factors at the time of membrane rupture or onset of labor. CONCLUSIONS: GBS is difficult to eradicate, causing many women to be colonized with the organism during pregnancy and labor, thereby infecting their infant. Prevention strategies have been published for more than 10 years without successful implementation. Although optimal prevention management has not been defined, following one of two strategies recommended by the CDC can prevent the majority of GBS infections in neonates.
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Zappernick, Taissa, Brigid Wilson, Richard Banks, Daniel Baechle, Sunah Song, Janet Briggs, Robin L. Jump, and Federico Perez. "220. Characteristics and Outcomes of Veterans with Invasive Group B Streptococcal Infection Vary with the Type of Syndrome." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S128—S129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.295.
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Abstract Background Surveillance from the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has detected an increase in the prevalence of invasive Group B streptococcus (GBS) infections between 2008 and 2016 among non-pregnant adults. Here, we use data from the US Veterans Health Administration (VHA) to assess the underlying clinical characteristics and outcomes associated with specific types of invasive GBS infection among veterans. Methods We used the VA Corporate Data Warehouse to identify patients with invasive GBS infection diagnosed between 2008–2017 using CDC’s surveillance definitions. Data on the microbiological source of infection (e.g., GBS in cultures from blood, bone or sterile fluids) and associated International Classification of Disease (ICD) codes were used to classify the type of invasive infection. We determined associated co-morbid conditions and 30-day all-cause mortality for incident cases. Results Between 2008 and 2017, there were 4780 incident cases of invasive GBS infection in veterans with a mean age of 66.6 years (±11.7) and30-day all-cause mortality of 8%. The most common syndrome was osteomyelitis (23%, N = 1078) with 30-day mortality of 1%. Other common infections, such as bacteremia (20%; N = 972), skin and soft-tissue infections (18%, 853), and pneumonia (14%, N = 664), had higher mortality (13%, 4% and 17%, respectively; Figure). In patients with GBS peritonitis, present in 3% (N = 138) incidence cases, 46% had chronic liver disease with a 30-day mortality of 28%. Diabetes mellitus (DM) occurred in 66% of patients with any invasive GBS infection and in 86% of patients with GBS osteomyelitis. Chronic heart, kidney, or lung disease affected >25% of patients (table). Conclusion Invasive GBS infection is a burden for veterans with DM and other high-risk conditions, with some types of infections associated with substantial mortality. Osteomyelitis, the most common type of infection, was associated with lower mortality compared with other invasive GBS infections. DM and chronic lung, kidney and heart disease are common among veterans with invasive GBS infection. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Briggs, Janet, Brigid Wilson, Taissa Zappernick, Richard Banks, Daniel Baechle2; Sunah Song, Robin L. Jump, and Federico Perez. "206. Variations in the frequency and impact of polymicrobial cultures in adults with invasive Group B Streptococcal (GBS) infection at the US Veterans Health Administration." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.281.
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Abstract Background GBS, a colonizer of human skin, genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts, is responsible for increasing rates of invasive infection among non-pregnant adults in the United States. GBS is often isolated with other bacteria; however, the clinical significance of polymicrobial cultures in patients with invasive GBS infection is unknown. Our aim was to characterize polymicrobial cultures in patients with invasive GBS infection and explore their impact on mortality at 30 days. Methods Within the VHA Corporate Data Warehouse, we identified veterans active in VHA between 2008–2017 with invasive GBS infection according to CDC’s surveillance definitions. Reports of cultures from blood, bone and sterile fluid with GBS were assessed for the presence of other bacteria.We used International Classification of Disease (ICD) codes to define the type of invasive GBS infection. We compared 30-day all-cause mortality between patients with cultures that identified only GBS (monomicrobial cases) and patients with cultures that identified GBS and other bacteria (polymicrobial cases). Results Of 4780 incident cases of invasive GBS infection identified between 2008–2017, 1204 (25%) were polymicrobial. The proportion of polymicrobial cases varied by type of invasive GBS infection, ranging from 58% in osteomyelitis to 10–15%in meningitis, endocarditis, skin and soft-tissue infections, and septic arthritis (table). Staphylococcus aureuswas found in 516 (43%) of polymicrobial cases;there were variations in the bacteria isolated by type of infection (figure). Overall, there was no difference in 30-day mortality between polymicrobial and monomicrobial cases of invasive GBS infection (both 8%). However, when compared with monomicrobial cases, 30-day mortality was doubled in polymicrobial cases of pneumonia and bacteremia (15% vs. 31% and 11% vs. 22%, respectively). Conclusion The frequency, composition and mortality of polymicrobial cases vary according to the type of invasive GBS infection. Polymicrobial infection could be an important determinant of outcome in certain invasive GBS infections. The effect of polymicrobial infection involving GBS, relative to age, severity of illness and underlying comorbidities, needs further exploration. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Halpin, A. Laufer, W. Gu, M. E. Wise, J. J. Sejvar, R. M. Hoekstra, and B. E. Mahon. "Post-Campylobacter Guillain Barré Syndrome in the USA: secondary analysis of surveillance data collected during the 2009–2010 novel Influenza A (H1N1) vaccination campaign." Epidemiology and Infection 146, no. 13 (July 10, 2018): 1740–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268818001802.
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AbstractGuillain Barré syndrome (GBS), which is triggered by autoantibodies produced in response to antigenic stimuli such as certain infections and vaccinations, is the most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis worldwide. Campylobacter, the most common bacterial enteric infection in the USA, is reported to be the most commonly diagnosed antecedent of GBS, yet little information is available about the risk of post-Campylobacter GBS. Data collected through active, population-based surveillance in the Emerging Infections Program during the 2009–2010 novel Influenza A (H1N1) vaccination campaign allowed us to compare confirmed and probable GBS cases to non-cases to determine whether antecedent Campylobacter infection (or a diarrhoeal illness consistent with campylobacteriosis) was more common among cases and to assess the risk of GBS following Campylobacter infection. We estimate that 8–12% of GBS cases in the USA are attributable to Campylobacter infection (or a diarrhoeal illness consistent with campylobacteriosis), with 434–650 cases of post-diarrhoeal GBS annually and about 49 cases of GBS per 100 000 Campylobacter infections. These results provide updated estimates for post-Campylobacter GBS incidence in the USA and highlight an important benefit of effective measures to prevent Campylobacter infections.
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Gendrin, Claire, Jay Vornhagen, Lisa Ngo, Christopher Whidbey, Erica Boldenow, Veronica Santana-Ufret, Morgan Clauson, et al. "Mast cell degranulation by a hemolytic lipid toxin decreases GBS colonization and infection." Science Advances 1, no. 6 (July 2015): e1400225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400225.
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Ascending infection of microbes from the lower genital tract into the amniotic cavity increases the risk of preterm birth, stillbirth, and newborn infections. Host defenses that are critical for preventing ascending microbial infection are not completely understood. Group BStreptococcus(GBS) are Gram-positive bacteria that frequently colonize the lower genital tract of healthy women but cause severe infections during pregnancy, leading to preterm birth, stillbirth, or early-onset newborn infections. We recently described that the GBS pigment is hemolytic, and increased pigment expression promotes GBS penetration of human placenta. Here, we show that the GBS hemolytic pigment/lipid toxin and hyperpigmented GBS strains induce mast cell degranulation, leading to the release of preformed and proinflammatory mediators. Mast cell–deficient mice exhibit enhanced bacterial burden, decreased neutrophil mobilization, and decreased immune responses during systemic GBS infection. In a vaginal colonization model, hyperpigmented GBS strains showed increased persistence in mast cell–deficient mice compared to mast cell–proficient mice. Consistent with these observations, fewer rectovaginal GBS isolates from women in their third trimester of pregnancy were hyperpigmented/hyperhemolytic. Our work represents the first example of a bacterial hemolytic lipid that induces mast cell degranulation and emphasizes the role of mast cells in limiting genital colonization by hyperpigmented GBS.
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Wu, Dongning, Kenneth Bromberg, and Roberto Jodorkovsky. "Invasive Group B Streptococcal Disease in Two Pediatric Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus." Case Reports in Pediatrics 2013 (2013): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/896014.
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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease associated with high morbidity and mortality, often caused by infection. We report two patients with SLE who were treated with steroids and immunosuppressive medication and then developed invasive Group BStreptococcus(GBS) infections. While GBS infection is rare in the nonneonatal pediatric age group, GBS should be considered when treating SLE patients presenting with signs of infection.
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Mawla, Nurun Nahar, Shahin Sultana, and Nayareen Akhter. "Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Campylobacter jejuni Infection: A Review." Delta Medical College Journal 2, no. 1 (January 29, 2014): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dmcj.v2i1.17794.
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Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), a neurologic disease that produces ascending paralysis, affects people all over the world. Acute infectious illness precedes 50%-75% of the GBS cases. Although many infectious agents have been associated with GBS, the strongest documented association is with Campylobacter infection. The first line of evidence supporting Campylobacter infection as a trigger of GBS is anecdotal reports. The second line of evidence is serological surveys, which have demonstrated that sera from GBS patients contain anti Campylobacter jejuni antibodies, consistent with recent infection. Finally, culture studies have proven that a high proportion of GBS patients have C. jejuni in their stools at the time of onset of neurological symptoms. One of every 1058 Campylobacter infections results in GBS. Sialic acid containing lipooligosaccharides (LOS) biosynthesis gene locus are associated with GBS and the expression of ganglioside mimicking structures. GM1a was the most prevalent ganglioside mimic in GBS associated strains. Molecular mimicry between C. jejuni LOS and gangliosides in human peripheral nerves, and cross-reactive serum antibody precipitate the majority of GBS cases in Bangladesh, like worldwide. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dmcj.v2i1.17794 Delta Med Col J. Jan 2014; 2(1): 28-35
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&NA;. "Preventing neonatal GBS infection." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1143 (June 1998): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199811430-00004.
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Singh, Mary. "Group B streptococcus-an update." Morecambe Bay Medical Journal 4, no. 12 (September 1, 2005): 356–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.48037/mbmj.v4i12.916.
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Group B streptococcus (GBS) infection has long been recognised as an important cause of neonatal morbidity. It is now known to be the most common serious neonatal infection in the developed world. In the United Kingdom (UK), it is estimated that 1 in 1000 babies develops a GBS infection. A recent London study, however, estimated the incidence of culture-proven plus suspected cases of GBS infection to be significantly higher (approximately 3.6 per 1000 babies born). Despite this, there is no standard of practice in the UK for stopping GBS infections in newborn babies. Mary Singh, specialist registrar at the Royal Lancaster Infirmary, explains.
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Dourado Junior, Mario Emilio Teixeira, Bruno Fernandes de Sousa, Nathaly M. Coelho da Costa, and Selma Maria Bezerra Jeronimo. "Cytomegalovirus infection in Guillain-Barré syndrome: a retrospective study in Brazil." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 79, no. 7 (July 2021): 607–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x-anp-2020-0464.
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ABSTRACT Background: Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is currently the most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis worldwide. Risk factors for GBS include previous viral or bacterial infections or vaccination. Recently, an outbreak of Zika virus led to an outbreak of GBS in Latin America, mostly in Brazil, concomitant to continuous circulation of dengue virus serotypes. However, there is no study about cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection as a risk for GBS in Brazil. Objectives: In this study, we report a series of cases of GBS with the aim of determining the prevalence of CMV and the characteristics associated with the infection. Methods: A cohort of 111 GBS cases diagnosed between 2011 and 2017 in Natal, northeastern Brazil, was studied. Presence of CMV IgM antibodies was determined by means of electrochemiluminescence. The analysis was performed considering CMV infection status and the clinical outcome. Results: We found seroprevalence of 15.3% (n = 17) for CMV. CMV patients were younger (26 vs. 40; p = 0.016), with no apparent gastrointestinal (p = 0.762) or upper respiratory infections (p = 0.779) or sensory loss (p = 0.03). They presented more often with a classic GBS sensorimotor variant (p = 0.02) and with a demyelinating pattern in electrophysiological studies (p < 0.001). Conclusion: In Brazil, the clinical-epidemiological profile of GBS associated with CMV infection is similar to that described in other countries. Better understanding of the relationship between infectious processes and GBS is a key component of the research agenda and assistance strategy for global health initiatives relating to peripheral neuropathic conditions.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "GBS infection"
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Prince, Darren William. "The Co-Transcriptional Response of Intracellular Group B Streptococcus (GBS) and Monocytes." Thesis, Griffith University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/389087.
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Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a species of gram positive bacteria representing a significant human pathogen; namely, as the most prolific cause of neonatal disease and mortality globally, but also increasingly reported in adult disease (especially among the elderly and those with compromised immune systems). The first chapter of this thesis reviews the extensive literature covering GBS; with a focus on classification and disease. Selected virulence factors are also discussed. In chapter 2, eight strains of GBS were selected for whole genome sequencing by Third Generation, Pacific Biosystems (PacBio) sequencing technology. A protocol was optimised to provide sufficient, high quality genomic preparations from multiple strains of GBS – suitable for the PacBio technology. Using a sequenced strain of GBS from chapter 2, an infection model was optimised in chapter 3 for the purpose of providing quality RNA for co-transcript analysis. U937 human monocytes were infected with GBS (strain 874391) and the host/pathogen RNA prepared from the same reaction (monocytes with internalised GBS) – with an emphasis on yielding sufficient pathogen RNA; which can sometime be an impediment for co-transcript studies. Pathogen RNA derived from the optimised infection protocol was demonstrated to amplify with RT-qPCR for 12 tested GBS genes (cylE, 1010, rib, czcD, pil2B, cpsE, scpB, htp, cfb, copA, hvgA and maeA). In chapter 4, RT-qPCR was used to analyse differential gene expression from the mixed, host/pathogen RNA. Twelve human genes and 12 GBS genes were assessed for differential gene expression. Seven of the tested human genes (IL8, IL1A, IL1B, IL10, TNF, LMO2 and MCP-1) and 6 of the tested GBS genes (scpB, 1010, rib, czcD, htp, hvgA) were significantly upregulated in RNA derived from the infection samples. Of the GBS genes tested, htp was the most upregulated. An htp knockout mutant of GBS strain 874391 (Δhtp) was constructed for chapter 5 of this thesis to assess the impact of htp transcription on GBS survival in an infection context. The infection assays optimised in chapter 3 were performed with the Δhtp GBS construct. Contrary to expectation, the Δhtp GBS construct survived the internalised environment of the monocytes in significantly higher numbers than the wild-type over 48 hours of infection.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Medical Science
Griffith Health
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SINGH, MEENAKSHI. "Synthesis of Group B Streptococcus tipe II (GBSII) Oligosaccharide of Vaccine Development." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/680023.
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Carbohydrates are among the most abundant molecules found on the cell surfaces of bacteria, parasites, and viruses. Apart from the conventional roles of carbohydrates as energy sources and structural polymers, carbohydrates are also associated with cancer metastasis, protein stabilization, pathogen infection and the immune response. Cells of our body have sensors made out of carbohydrates on outer surface of plasma membrane and acts as sensors and can detect many kinds of stimuli, and can signal the immune system to respond. Carbohydrate-protein molecular recognition processes have pivotal roles in infections and in immune response to pathogens. To date, several vaccines based on isolated capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) are marketed against infectious diseases. However, the use of isolated capsular polysaccharide poses several limitations, as natural sources are generally limited and the isolation is very challenging. Additionally, the isolated polysaccharides are heterogeneous and often contains impurities. Furthermore, limited protection of certain CPS antigens impairs the efficiency of vaccines. To overcome limitations associated with isolated polysaccharides, synthetic oligosaccharides present an effective alternative with great potential to understand glycan immunology and rationally design effective antigens. Consequently, characterization and reconstruction of carbohydrate epitopes with authentic composition has become one of the major target in glycoscience. To this end, strategies are needed to facilitate the streamlined design and generation of these antigens.
This thesis concerns the development of an effective synthetic strategy to obtain Group B Streptococcus (GBS) type II oligosaccharide for vaccine development. GBS, a Gram-positive bacterium, inhabits the intestinal and genitourinary tract of 10‐30% of humans. GBS is one of the primary causes of bacterial infections among neonates and pregnant women, resulting in many severe diseases such as sepsis, meningitis, abortion, and so on. Type II GBS is one of the predominant GBS serotypes and is associated with about 15% of the invasive infections in adults and infants; therefore, represents an important human pathogen. The development of effective preventive vaccine against GBS is much needed to help pregnant women protect their newborns. This thesis describes the effective synthetic strategy to synthesize GBS type II oligosaccharide to be applied for vaccine development.
Herein, we present a new and convenient synthesis of the repeating unit of GBS type II capsular polysaccharide. The structure of GBS type II was elucidated in 1983 and the repeating unit of GBS type II is a heptasaccharide composed of α-Neu5Ac (2-3)-ß-D-Gal-(1-4)- ß-D-GlcNAc-(1-3)-[-ß-D-Gal-(1-6)]-ß-D-Gal-(1-4)-ß-D-Gal-(1-3)-ß-D-Glc. The presented synthetic strategy is based on the five subcomponents derived from the retro synthetic analysis. Suitably protected lactosamine and lactose derivatives are pivotal building blocks in our synthesis and both disaccharide fragments have been achieved from the cheap and readily available lactose. Having started from two disaccharides saves the efforts of glycosylation and reduces the number of synthetic steps. The building blocks have been obtained in good overall yield following the optimized synthetic approach. The synthesis of backbone linear chain trisaccharide [ß-D-Gal-(1-4)-ß-D-Gal-(1-3)-ß-D-Glc] and pentasaccharide [ß-D-Gal-(1-4)-ß-D-GlcNAc-(1-3)-ß-D-Gal-(1-4)-ß-D-Gal-(1-3)-ß-D-Glc] has been achieved in excellent yield (~80% yield). The final steps of the synthesis comprise- the incorporation of ß-D-Gal unit into the linear chain pentasaccharide (currently ongoing) followed by the enzymatic introduction of sialic acid (NeuNAc unit) and subsequent deprotection to yield the repeating unit of GBS type II capsular polysaccharide.
To conclude, in this thesis we present an efficient and easy handling synthetic approach to the heptasaccharide repeating unit of GBS type II. Readily available and cheap dairy side-product lactose has been used as a key structure in the presented scheme, allowing the efficient synthesis of the pentasaccharide backbone of the target compound. The synthetic GBS II fragments will be used for glycan array and structural studies and immunochemical characterization with specific monoclonal antibodies.
This thesis comprises of four main chapters and the experimental section containing the methods and synthetic procedures for the discussed schemes. Chapter one is a general introduction and deals with the necessity and the social importance of the described project.
Chapter two of the thesis outlines the scientific background and pathogenesis of GBS, carbohydrates and their biological importance, and general introduction of vaccines and how the carbohydrates can be used as a suitable vaccine candidate. Chapter two establishes the importance of synthetic carbohydrates and how the synthetic carbohydrates can be used to develop suitable effective vaccines against GBS diseases.
Chapter three of the thesis contains the general introduction and structural features of GBS II CPS and the retrosynthetic analysis of GBS II CPS to identify the building blocks for the synthesis of GBS CPS II.
Chapter four of the thesis summarizes the synthetic strategies and results to achieve the building blocks described in chapter three and the recombination of fragments to achieve the final molecule GBS II CPS repeating unit.
The last part of the thesis will consists of the experimental methods and synthetic procedures to achieve the proposed molecule along with the characterization data.
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Tan, Chee Keong. "Development and Application of Escherichia coli and Streptococcus Agalactiae Murine Colonisation Models to Study Bacterial Pathogenesis in the Female Urogenital Tract." Thesis, Griffith University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366082.
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Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infections and costs millions of dollar each year to the health care industry. Escherichia coli is the causative agent responsible for over 80% of UTIs. However, other pathogens such as Group B streptococcus (GBS), a Grampositive bacterium, also cause UTI. In addition, GBS is an important commensal microbe in the female genital tract. Researchers have used various murine models to study mechanisms of disease pathogenesis for UTI and microbe colonisation of the genital tract. However, there is a lack of understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms and microbe virulence factors involved in UTI and genital tract colonisation due to both E. coli and GBS.
This thesis reports on a series of experiments using murine models to better understand the pathogenesis of E. coli and GBS infection in the urogenital tract. It explores the use of several murine models to better understand host responses to these infections. In one series of experiments on both E. coli and GBS, murine models were utilised to define the global host immune response to these bacteria in UTI on a genome-wide scale with the aid of microarrays. Another series of experiments used a murine model of E. coli UTI to study the virulence factor α-hemolysin and how this factor influences host responses. The thesis also describes the development of a novel GBS long-term genital tract colonisation model in mice that was used to define the nature of GBS colonisation and survival in this infection. Thus, a series of novel murine models are described in the thesis that were applied in various host response studies and virulence assays to better understand how E. coli and GBS survive and cause infection in the urogenital tract in vivo. The application of murine models to study urogenital tract infection as described in this thesis provides researchers with a solid platform to examine the effects of virulence factors, and host responses in more detail in future studies. One particular area for future research relates to the specific series of experiments in which a murine UTI model was used to test the efficacy of
prophylactic use of a novel E. coli 83972 ‘probi otic strain’ expressing a P fimbriae oligosaccharide receptor mimic to prevent acute infection. In this way, the data described in this thesis also provides vital new insight into how murine models can be used to test possible novel treatment strategies for preventing UTI.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Medical Science
Griffith Health
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Larsson, Madeleine. "When The Sentinels Fall: Macrophage Cell Death Response to GAS Infection." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för medicinsk biokemi och mikrobiologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-348681.
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Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a globally disseminated pathogen that causes >500,000 deaths yearly and is ranked as ninth leading infectious cause of human mortality by the World Health Organisation. The spectrum of disease ranges from superficial infections of the skin and epithelium to invasive and systemic infections. Although the interaction of GAS with neutrophils has been extensively studied much remains to be discovered about the role of macrophages, which are the first line of defence encountered by invading pathogens. In this study, the aim was to establish a means of deriving macrophages from primary monocytes and to study both the efficiency of macrophage killing of GAS and the macrophage cell death response to GAS infection. Here, we report that monocyte-derived macrophages are able to take up and kill GAS during in vitro infection. Production of reactive oxygen species by macrophages was elicited during infection, but not nearly in as high amounts as produced by neutrophils. Investigating the type of cell death induced by GAS, markers for both apoptosis and necroptosis can be found after 8 hours of infection. These results highlight that macrophages indeed are participating in the clearance of GAS and more studies are needed to understand the roles of macrophages in early control of GAS infection.
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McHaney, Megan. "Intra-Hospital Transfers and the Associated Risk of Hospital-Onset Clostridium Difficile Infection." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1524668971169289.
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Hedrich, Mara Nicole. "Geography of HIV Infection Among Adults Aged 50 Years and Older in Texas From 1999-2009." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc149604/.
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Twenty four percent of all HIV infections in the United States occur among adults aged 50 and older (mature adults), yet little is understood of the dynamics of HIV infection among this group in Texas. Data from 1999 to 2009 examined the relationship between HIV spatial and temporal patterns affecting socio-economic and demographic variables including poverty, gender, race/ethnicity and mode of exposure. Results revealed highest HIV infection rates among White homosexual men, Black males engaged in IV-drug use, Black female heterosexuals and minorities in poverty. Concentrations of HIV infection among mature adults were located primarily in urban centers of Houston and Dallas and indicated increasing HIV infection rates from 1999 to 2009. These results will assist future allocation of resources by zip code in urban areas for this understudied population.
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Sahi, Vijendra. "Gas plasma polymer surface modification methodologies for the reduction of device related infection." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ62923.pdf.
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Pavlou, Alexandros K. "Novel intelligent gas-sensing in diagnosis of infectious diseases." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399121.
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Gokoo, Suzanne. "Secretion of GBP, an infective stage-specific protein of Leishmania major." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265838.
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DallaPiazza, Kristin Lee. "A Global Approach to Disease Prevention: Predicting High Risk Areas for West Nile Infection in the Us." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33083.
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WN virus has spread for over 60 years creating endemic and epidemic areas throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe, affecting human, bird, and equine populations. Its 1999 appearance in New York shows the ability of the virus to cross barriers and travel great distances, emerging into new territories previously free of infection. Spreading much faster than expected, WN virus has infected thousands of birds, equine, and humans throughout the conterminous United States (US). Case and serological studies performed in the Eastern hemisphere prior to 1999 offer detailed descriptions of endemic and epidemic locations in regards to geography, land cover, land use, population, climate, and weather patterns. Based on the severity of WN activity within each study area, the patterns associated with these environmental factors allow for the identification of values associated with different levels of risk. We can then model the landscape of the disease within the US and identify areas of high risk for infection. State and county public health officials can use this model as a decision-making tool to allocate funding for disease prevention and control. Dynamic factors associated with increased transmission, such as above average temperature and precipitation, can be closely monitored and measures of prevention can be implemented when necessary. In turn, detailed information from higher resolution analyses can be documented to an online GIS (Geographic Information System) that would contribute to a global collaboration on outbreaks and prevention of disease.Master of Science
Books on the topic "GBS infection"
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Normanton, A. S. Bath stirring in basic oxygen steelmaking by gas infection through basal tuyeres. Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities, 1986.
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Sahi, Vijendra. Gas plasma polymer surface modification methodologies for the reduction of device related infection. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2001.
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Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (India) and G. S. Lavekar. Reported medical practices on prevention, management of vector borne and infectious diseases through Ayurveda and Siddha: A technical report.ief editor G.S. Lavekar. New Delhi: Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, 2010.
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Thaisetthawatkul, Pariwat, and Eric Logigian. Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy in Pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667351.003.0026.
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Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) are both immune-mediated diseases of the peripheral nervous system that typically present with symmetric, progressive muscle weakness, areflexia, and sensory symptoms or signs. GBS evolves rapidly with a nadir at 2–4 weeks usually with an antecedent viral illness, while CIDP progresses more slowly over months to years. GBS is sometimes complicated by life-threatening respiratory failure or dysautonomia. Onset of GBS and relapse of CIDP can occur during pregnancy or postpartum. But with appropriate supportive care and immunotherapy, maternal and fetal outcome in both conditions is typically excellent. The exception is fetal outcome in GBS triggered by maternal CMV or Zika infection transmitted to the fetus. Full-term vaginal delivery and regional anesthesia are preferred in maternal GBS and CIDP, but if C-section and general anesthesia are indicated, non-depolarizing agents such as succinylcholine should be avoided.
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Le Doare, Kirsty, Christine E. Jones, and Paul T. Heath. Group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604813.003.0019.
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Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of early neonatal infection and neonatal mortality, with long-term adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in up to 50% of survivors of GBS meningitis. GBS has a likely underappreciated role in causing preterm birth and stillbirth. GBS colonizes the vagina and gastrointestinal tract of the pregnant woman, and transmission to the infant occurs during or just before delivery. Although the majority of these infants do not develop invasive disease, maternal colonization is a prerequisite for early onset disease (0–6 days of life, most commonly associated with sepsis and respiratory distress) and a significant risk factor for late onset disease (7–89 days of life, most commonly associated with sepsis and meningitis). The introduction of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis has resulted in significant declines in the incidence of early onset disease but provides no protection against late onset disease.
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Harrison, Mark. Clostridial infection. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198765875.003.0015.
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This chapter describes the microbiology of clostridial infection as it applies to Emergency Medicine, and in particular the Primary FRCEM examination. The chapter outlines the key details of the source, clinical features, and principles of treatment and prevention of clostridial colitis, clostridial gas gangrene, and tetanus. This chapter is laid out exactly following the RCEM syllabus, to allow easy reference and consolidation of learning.
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Karmali, Mohamed A., and Jan M. Sargeant. Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) infections. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0008.
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Verocytotoxin (VT)-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC), also known as Shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC), are zoonotic agents, which cause a potentially fatal illness whose clinical spectrum includes diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis, and the haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). VTEC are of serious public health concern because of their association with large outbreaks and with HUS, which is the leading cause of acute renal failure in children. Although over 200 different OH serotypes of VTEC have been associated with human illness, the vast majority of reported outbreaks and sporadic cases of VTEC-infection in humans have been associated with serotype O157:H7.VTs constitute a family of related protein subunit exotoxins, the major ones implicated in human disease being VT1, VT2, and VT2c. Following their translocation into the circulation, VTs bind to endothelial cells of the renal glomeruli, and of other organs and tissues via a specific receptor globotriosylceramide (Gb 3), are internalized by a process of receptor-mediated endocytosis, and cause subcellular damage that results in the characteristic microangiopathic disease observed in HUS.The incubation period of VTEC-associated illness is about 3–5 days. After ingestion VTEC (especially of serotype O157:H7) multiply in the bowel and colonize the mucosa of probably the large bowel with a characteristic attaching and effacing (AE) cytopathology. Colonization is followed by the translocation of VTs into the circulation and the subsequent manifestation of disease.The majority of patients with uncomplicated VTEC infection recover fully with general supportive measures. Historically, the case-fatality rate was high for HUS. However, improvement in the treatment of renal failure and the attendant biochemical disturbances has substantially improved the outlook, although long-term sequelae may develop.Ruminants, especially cattle, are the main reservoirs of VTEC. Infection is acquired through the ingestion of contaminated food, especially under-cooked hamburger, through direct contact with animals, via contaminated water or environments, or via personto-person transmission.The occurrence of large outbreaks of food-borne VTEC-associated illness has promoted close scrutiny of this zoonoses at all levels in the chain of transmission, including the farm, abattoir, food processing, packaging and distribution plants, the wholesaler, the retailer and the consumer. While eradication of VTEC O157 at the farm may not be an option, interventions to increase animal resistance or to decrease animal exposure are being developed and validated. Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Programmes are being implemented in the processing sector and appear to be associated with temporal decreases in VTEC serotype O157 illness in humans. Education programmes targeting food handling procedures and hygiene practices are being advocated at the retail and consumer level. Continued efforts at all stages from the farm to the consumer will be necessary to reduce the risk of VTEC-associated illness in humans.
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Epidemiological surveillance of current infections: new threats and challenges. Remedium Privolzhye, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21145/978-5-6046124-2-2_2021.
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The collection contains the scientific works of the All-Russian Scientific and Practical conference «Epidemiological surveillance of current infections: new threats and challenges», held by the FBIS «Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology» of Rospotrebnadzor in honor of the 100th anniversary of the outstanding scientist I. N. Blokhina, who headed the Institute for 44 years. Leading scientists and specialists from 57 scientific and practical institutions of Rospotrebnadzor, healthcare, education and other organizations from 32 regions of Russia and foreign countries took part in the compilation of the materials. The materials of the collection present the results of scientific research on the epidemiology of current infections, including the use of GIS technologies, methods of molecular epidemiology and bioinformatics, achievements in the field of diagnostics, molecular genetic and molecular biological studies of pathogens of bacterial and viral nature, in the study of human immune defense mechanisms, means of ensuring biological safety, general and population ecology of microorganisms of various biosystems, a number of aspects of biotechnology of immunobiological drugs, etc A separate section of the collection is devoted to new threats to the safety of the population, among them the most relevant is the pandemic of a new coronavirus infection. The collection contains materials on the results of studies on the pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinic and diagnosis of COVID-19. The conference materials will be useful for both scientific and practical employees of Rospotrebnadzor institutions, other ministries and departments involved in the work of the system of anti-epidemic protection of the population, as well as epidemiologists, microbiologists, virologists, biotechnologists, etc. working in various fields of science, education and practical health care. Scientific articles are published in the author’s edition.
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Globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) expression and membrane presentation: Implications for the hemolytic uremic syndrome and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2003.
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Cui, Zhao, Neil Turner, and Ming-hui Zhao. Antiglomerular basement membrane disease. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0072_update_001.
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Antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease may present as rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis alone, or in the presence of a secondary pulmonary insult (e.g. smoking or other toxicity, or infection) in combination with lung haemorrhage. Rarely it presents as lung disease alone (with haematuria) or as subacute glomerulonephritis. The major differential diagnoses are small vessel vasculitis, which is a more common cause of pulmonary haemorrhage with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, and causes of simultaneous pulmonary and renal failure. For most of these, the lung lesion is not pulmonary haemorrhage. The diagnosis often most quickly, most sensitively, specifically and usefully made by renal biopsy, but immunoassays showing a high titre of anti-GBM antibodies in the setting of severe renal disease are also useful. Borderline and even normal anti-GBM titres are not so specific or reliable in some forms of the disease though.
Book chapters on the topic "GBS infection"
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Mizuno, Katsumi. "GBS Infection." In Cerebral Palsy, 237–43. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2217-6_25.
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Gupta, Parmanand, and Hitesh Shah. "Gas Gangrene." In Pediatric Musculoskeletal Infections, 761–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95794-0_37.
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George, W. Lance, and Sydney M. Finegold. "Clostridial Myconecrosis (Gas Gangrene)." In Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases, 202–4. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3898-0_20.
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Gardner, Lauren M. "Modeling the Spread of Infectious Diseases in Global Transport Systems." In Encyclopedia of GIS, 1–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23519-6_1615-1.
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Gardner, Lauren M. "Modeling the Spread of Infectious Diseases in Global Transport Systems." In Encyclopedia of GIS, 1307–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17885-1_1615.
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Briko, N. I., N. N. Filatov, and I. M. Setchenov. "Epidemiological Monitoring of Group A Streptococcal (GAS) Infections." In Streptococci and the Host, 225–26. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1825-3_53.
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Fivelstad, S., A. Bergheim, R. Waagb�, A. B. Olsen, and J. Colt. "Excess dissolved gases including gas bubble disease." In Climate change and non-infectious fish disorders, 190–217. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786393982.0190.
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Larsson, L. "Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Clinical Samples for Rapid Diagnosis of Infection." In Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology and Immunology, 248–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69943-6_33.
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Nayak, Namitha, Rajesh Mehrotra, and Sandhya Mehrotra. "Biological sequestrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide with strategies to enhance storage of the gas." In Climate change and infectious fish diseases, 44–57. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789243277.0044.
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Ravins, Miriam, Poornima Ambalavanan, Debabrata Biswas, Rachel Ying Min Tan, Kimberly Xuan Zhen Lim, Yael Kaufman, Aparna Anand, Abhinay Sharma, and Emanuel Hanski. "Murine Soft Tissue Infection Model to Study Group A Streptococcus (GAS) Pathogenesis in Necrotizing Fasciitis." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 185–200. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1971-1_16.
Full textConference papers on the topic "GBS infection"
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Folly, Julia Carvalho, Lara Emanuelle Silva Reis, and Stella Maris Lins Terrena. "Guillain-Barré Syndrome due to Covid-19: A Review." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.553.
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Background: With the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 virus spreading, there has been an increase in the dissemination of information relating the infection to neuromuscular involvement. Articles indicate an increase in cases of GuillainBarré Syndrome immediately or a few weeks after infection by the virus. Objectives: The present study aimed to gather the current knowledge disclosed in the literature about the onset of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: The study design was based on PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses), using the Pubmed database, including articles in Portuguese and English language. Results: Articles that indicated an increase in cases of Guillain-Barré Syndrome dated to publications in April 2020 of cases analyzed since February of the same year. Histopathological analyses that identified the virus in the central nervous system of patients, associated with the detection of anti-anglioside antibodies of the anti-GM1, anti-GD1a and anti-GD1b types in the patients analyzed, represent important findings about GBS associated with Covid-19. Pro-inflammatory cytokines present in the immune response as a result of SARS-COV-2 have been associated with the triggering of neuronal injury. In patients analyzed we observed the manifestation of symptoms between 5 and 21 days after Covid-19 infection, similar to the reported GBS interval after other viral infections. Conclusion: The clinical pictures of patients affected by Covid-19 suggest an intense possible relating between infection by the new coronavirus and autoimmune neuromuscular conditions. Further studies are needed on this association, which has not yet been clarified.
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Piggott, Simon, Edina Moylett, Ethel Ryan, and Una Ni Riain. "P477 Two cases of late onset GBS Infection despite post natal benzylpenicillin administration." In Faculty of Paediatrics of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland, 9th Europaediatrics Congress, 13–15 June, Dublin, Ireland 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-epa.813.
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Parca, Leonardo Martins, Ahmad Abdallah Hilal Nasser, Gabriel Rodrigues Gomes da Fonseca, Gabriel Nogueira Noleto Vasconcelos, Grazielle de Oliveira Marques, Renato Sarnaglia Proença, and Pablo Henrique da Costa Silva. "Guillain-barré syndrome (GBS): acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) - case report." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.139.
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Background: GBS is an acute inflammatory polyneuropathy resulting from an immune response after infection. Characterized as an ascetic, progressive, selflimiting flaccid tetraparesis. It has several phenotypic presentations, which one is AMAN. The treatment’s based on use of intravenous immunoglobulin (IGIV) and plasmapheresis (PLEX). Methods: A literature review of the PubMed and UpToDate databases using descriptors “GBS” and “AMAN” between 2014-2020. Objectives: Report a case of GBS, addressing AMAN variant; a literature review with therapeutic and diagnostic possibilities. Case report: DTS, 32y, male, admitted with a picture of flaccid, limp asymmetrical tetraparesis, with an asymmetrical pattern, predominant in lower limbs, without sensory symptoms. Progressive evolution, onset of motor symptoms on the 8th day after self-limited diarrhea. CSF on 3rd day of onset of motor symptoms without dissociation cytological protein - CN: 62 / Ptn: 80.1mg / dl. Repeated CSF on the 10th day with CN: 27 / Ptn: 215 mg / dl. electroneuromyography 16/04: electrophysiological examination shows motor neuropathy of axonal pattern with signs of denervation in activity, findings compatible with axonal neuropathy. IGIV was performed for 5 days, without complications. Results: The diagnosis of GBS is based on CSF clinical criteria and findings on electroneuromyography. AMAN is a phenotypic variant characterized by purely motor and axonal impairment. The therapeutic options proven effectiveness are PLEX, and IGIV. Conclusion: Studies demonstrates that there’s no difference in effectiveness between PLEX and IGIV, the choice of treatment being dependent on socioeconomic and patient-related factors.
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Martins, Bruna de Almeida, Fernanda Oliveira Carrijo, Guilherme Brandão Martins, Lívia Barbosa Santos, and Erla Lino Ferreira de Carvalho. "Implication of COVID-19 in Guillain-Barre Syndrome: a systematic review." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.095.
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Introduction: The SARS-CoV-2 virus, responsible for COVID-19, was declared in 2020 as a pandemic by the WHO. Due to the new scientific discoveries, correlations between SARS- CoV-2 and neurological manifestations were established. Among them, the Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) is a concern, since it culminates in patient debility. The study has the relevance of knowing the impacts and complications of COVID 19 associated with GBS. In this context, the study presents the guiding question: What are the complications of Covid 19 with GBS? Objectives: To review the literature, highlighting the relationship between COVID- 19 and neurological complications, mainly GBS. Methodology: The study is a literature review, using the PubMed database. The descriptors “Guillain Barre” and “Covid 19” and “Complications” from the last year were used and 56 articles (free, of the type Books and documents; Clinical trial; Controlled and randomized testing; and Analysis) were selected. Results: The studies have shown the existence of an association between GBS and SARS-CoV-2. GBS associated with Covid-19 resulted in manifestations such as facial weakness, limb paresthesia, pain and weakness in the extremities with areflexia. The onset time of neurological symptoms was 6.5 to 11 days after respiratory or systemic characteristics. The liquor is normocellular, hyperproteinorchy, absence of anti-ganglioside antibodies and no SARS-CoV2 was detected in the sample, showing that there is no direct root infection or viral replication. Conclusion: It is concluded that there are neurological complications associated with COVID- 19, emphasizing the GBS, which highlights the need for measures of initial interventions.
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Basyakova, O. S., and N. E. Porada. "ANALYSIS OF THE LONG-TERM DYNAMICS OF THE EPIDEMIC PROCESS OF AEROSOL INFECTIONS IN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS." In SAKHAROV READINGS 2021: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2021-1-232-235.
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Infectious diseases have ceased to determine the epidemiological situation in the republic, but they still remain an important problem. Aerosol infections account for about 95% of the infectious diseases registered annually in the republic. Among them there are such nosological forms as pertussis, meningococcosis, morbilli, rubella [2] which are more common in the childhood and even with a low incidence rate represent an important medical and social problem. The wide spread of aerosol infections and the ease of their acquisition require constant epidemiological surveillance and control, and, therefore, respiratory tract infections remain a major public health problem and do not lose their relevance. In the paper there have been analyzed the long-term dynamics of the morbidity of the population of the Republic of Belarus with aerosol infections, controlled, partially controlled and uncontrolled by means of immunoprophylaxis, in the period from 1995 to 2019 yrs. There have been determined the territorial features of the infectious epidemic process appearance with the use of GIS technologies.
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Marangoni, Igor Parada. "Hospital morbidity and mortality profile due to pneumonia in Brazil between 2010 and 2020." In II INTERNATIONAL SEVEN MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS. Seven Congress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/homeinternationalanais-080.
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Abstract Pneumonia is a lower respiratory tract infection that affected 489 million people worldwide in the year 2019 according to data from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2019 study,1,2. The disease was still responsible for over 2.49 million deaths in the year of the survey, surpassing other diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV, making pneumonia the leading infectious cause of death worldwide
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EWEN, R., B. DE LACY COSTELLO, C. GARNER, N. M. RATCLIFFE, S. SMITH, and S. J. PROBERT. "RAPID DIAGNOSIS OF GASTRO-INTESTINAL INFECTION USING FAECAL ODOUR." In Conference Breath Gas Analysis for Medical Diagnostics. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812701954_0031.
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PENAULT, C., P. ŠPANĚL, and D. SMITH. "DETECTION OF H. PYLORI INFECTION BY BREATH AMMONIA FOLLOWING UREA INGESTION." In Conference Breath Gas Analysis for Medical Diagnostics. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812701954_0027.
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Gama, A. S., A. S. Cruz, M. S. Oliveira, and J. A. Tiburcio. "HIV Infection Among Cabinda Population and the Role of an Operating Company To Reduce HIV Infection Through Blood Transfusions." In SPE International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/61019-ms.
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Kuznetsov, Ilia, Evgeny Panidi, Vladislav Korovka, and Vladimir Galkin. "CITY-SCALE GIS-BASED MONITORING OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE – CONTEMPORARY ISSUES, CASE STUDY OF ST. PETERSBURG, RUSSIA." In 6th INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE GEOBALCANICA 2020. Geobalcanica Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18509/gbp.2020.87.
Full textReports on the topic "GBS infection"
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Sela, Hanan, Eduard Akhunov, and Brian J. Steffenson. Population genomics, linkage disequilibrium and association mapping of stripe rust resistance genes in wild emmer wheat, Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598170.bard.
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The primary goals of this project were: (1) development of a genetically characterized association panel of wild emmer for high resolution analysis of the genetic basis of complex traits; (2) characterization and mapping of genes and QTL for seedling and adult plant resistance to stripe rust in wild emmer populations; (3) characterization of LD patterns along wild emmer chromosomes; (4) elucidation of the multi-locus genetic structure of wild emmer populations and its correlation with geo-climatic variables at the collection sites. Introduction In recent years, Stripe (yellow) rust (Yr) caused by Pucciniastriiformis f. sp. tritici(PST) has become a major threat to wheat crops in many parts of the world. New races have overcome most of the known resistances. It is essential, therefore, that the search for new genes will continue, followed by their mapping by molecular markers and introgression into the elite varieties by marker-assisted selection (MAS). The reservoir of genes for disease and pest resistance in wild emmer wheat (Triticumdicoccoides) is an important resource that must be made available to wheat breeders. The majority of resistance genes that were introgressed so far in cultivated wheat are resistance (R) genes. These genes, though confering near-immunity from the seedling stage, are often overcome by the pathogen in a short period after being deployed over vast production areas. On the other hand, adult-plant resistance (APR) is usually more durable since it is, in many cases, polygenic and confers partial resistance that may put less selective pressure on the pathogen. In this project, we have screened a collection of 480 wild emmer accessions originating from Israel for APR and seedling resistance to PST. Seedling resistance was tested against one Israeli and 3 North American PST isolates. APR was tested on accessions that did not have seedling resistance. The APR screen was conducted in two fields in Israel and in one field in the USA over 3 years for a total of 11 replicates. We have found about 20 accessions that have moderate stripe rust APR with infection type (IT<5), and about 20 additional accessions that have novel seedling resistance (IT<3). We have genotyped the collection using genotyping by sequencing (GBS) and the 90K SNP chip array. GBS yielded a total 341K SNP that were filtered to 150K informative SNP. The 90K assay resulted in 11K informative SNP. We have conducted a genome-wide association scan (GWAS) and found one significant locus on 6BL ( -log p >5). Two novel loci were found for seedling resistance. Further investigation of the 6BL locus and the effect of Yr36 showed that the 6BL locus and the Yr36 have additive effect and that the presence of favorable alleles of both loci results in reduction of 2 grades in the IT score. To identify alleles conferring adaption to extreme climatic conditions, we have associated the patterns of genomic variation in wild emmer with historic climate data from the accessions’ collection sites. The analysis of population stratification revealed four genetically distinct groups of wild emmer accessions coinciding with their geographic distribution. Partitioning of genomic variance showed that geographic location and climate together explain 43% of SNPs among emmer accessions with 19% of SNPs affected by climatic factors. The top three bioclimatic factors driving SNP distribution were temperature seasonality, precipitation seasonality, and isothermality. Association mapping approaches revealed 57 SNPs associated with these bio-climatic variables. Out of 21 unique genomic regions controlling heading date variation, 10 (~50%) overlapped with SNPs showing significant association with at least one of the three bioclimatic variables. This result suggests that a substantial part of the genomic variation associated with local adaptation in wild emmer is driven by selection acting on loci regulating flowering. Conclusions: Wild emmer can serve as a good source for novel APR and seedling R genes for stripe rust resistance. APR for stripe rust is a complex trait conferred by several loci that may have an additive effect. GWAS is feasible in the wild emmer population, however, its detection power is limited. A panel of wild emmer tagged with more than 150K SNP is available for further GWAS of important traits. The insights gained by the bioclimatic-gentic associations should be taken into consideration when planning conservation strategies.
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Dolja, Valerian V., Amit Gal-On, and Victor Gaba. Suppression of Potyvirus Infection by a Closterovirus Protein. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580682.bard.
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The plant virus family Polyviridae is the largest and most destructive of all plant viruses. Despite the continuous effort to develop resistant plant varieties, there is a desperate need for novel approaches conferring wide-range potyvirus resistance. Based on experiments with the tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV)-derived gene expression vector, we suggested approach for screening of the candidate resistance genes. This approach relies on insertion of the genes into a virus vector and evaluation of the phenotypes of the resulting recombinant viruses. The genes which suppress infection by the recombinant virus are selected as candidates for engineering transgenic resistance. Our analysis of the TEV variants expressing proteins of the beet yellows closterovirus (BYV) revealed that one of those, the leader proteinase (L-Pro), strongly and specifically interfered with the hybrid TEV infection. Since closterovirus L-Pro is evolutionary related to potyviral helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro), we suggested that the L-Pro interfered with HC-Pro function via a trans-dominant inhibitory effect. Based on these findings, we proposed to test two major hypotheses. First, we suggested that L-Pro-mediated suppression of potyvirus infection is a general phenomenon effective against a range of potyviruses. The second hypothesis stated that the suppression effect can be reproduced in transgenic plants expressing L-Pro, and can be utilized for generation of resistance to potyviruses. In accord with these hypotheses, we developed two original objectives of our proposal: A) to determine the range of the closterovirus-derived suppression of potyviral infection, and B) to try and utilize the L-Pro-mediated suppression for the development of transgenic resistance to potyviruses. In the first phase of the project, we have developed all major tools and technologies required for successful completion of the proposed research. These included TEV and ZYMV vectors engineered to express several closteroviral L-Pro variants, and generation of the large collection of transgenic plants. To our satisfaction, characterization of the infection phenotypes exhibited by chimeric TEV and ZYMV variants confirmed our first hypothesis. For instance, similar to TEV-L- Pro(BYV) chimera, ZYMV-L-Pro(LIYV) chimera was debilitated in its systemic spread. In contrast, ZYMV-GUS chimera (positive control) was competent in establishing vigorous systemic infection. These and other results with chimeric viruses indicated that several closteroviral proteinases inhibit long-distance movement of the potyviruses upon co-expression in infected plants. In order to complete the second objective, we have generated ~90 tobacco lines transformed with closteroviral L-Pro variants, as well as ~100 lines transformed with BYV Hsp70-homolog (Hsp70h; a negative control). The presence and expression of the trans gene in each line was initially confirmed using RT-PCR and RNA preparations isolated from plants. However, since detection of the trans gene-specific RNA can not guarantee production of the corresponding protein, we have also generated L-Pro- and Hsp70h-specific antisera using corresponding synthetic peptides. These antisera allowed us to confirm that the transgenic plant lines produced detectable, although highly variable levels of the closterovirus antigens. In a final phase of the project, we tested susceptibility of the transgenic lines to TEV infection. To this end, we determined that the minimal dilution of the TEV inoculum that is still capable of infecting 100% of nontransgenic plants was 1:20, and used 10 plants per line (in total, ~2,000 plants). Unfortunately, none of the lines exhibited statistically significant reduction in susceptibility. Although discouraging, this outcome prompted us to expand our experimental plan and conduct additional experiments. Our aim was to test if closteroviral proteinases are capable of functioning in trans. We have developed agroinfection protocol for BYV, and tested if co- expression of the L-Pro is capable of rescuing corresponding null-mutant. The clear-cut, negative results of these experiments demonstrated that L-Pro acts only in cis, thus explaining the lack of resistance in our transgenic plants. We have also characterized a collection of the L-Pro alanine- scanning mutants and found direct genetic evidence of the requirement for L-Pro in virus systemic spread. To conclude, our research supported by BARD confirmed one but not another of our original hypotheses. Moreover, it provided an important insight into functional specialization of the viral proteinases and generated set of tools and data with which we will be able to address the molecular mechanisms by which these proteins provide a variety of critical functions during virus life cycle.
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Gera, Abed, Abed Watad, P. Ueng, Hei-Ti Hsu, Kathryn Kamo, Peter Ueng, and A. Lipsky. Genetic Transformation of Flowering Bulb Crops for Virus Resistance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575293.bard.
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Objectives. The major aim of the proposed research was to establish an efficient and reproducible genetic transformation system for Easter lily and gladiolus using either biolistics or Agrobacterium. Transgenic plants containing pathogen-derived genes for virus resistance were to be developed and then tested for virus resistance. The proposal was originally aimed at studying cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) resistance in plants, but studies later included bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV). Monoclonal antibodies were to be tested to determine their effectiveness in interning with virus infection and vector (aphid) transmission. Those antibodies that effectively interfered with virus infection and transmission were to be cloned as single chain fragments and used for developing transgenic plants with the potential to resist virus infection. Background to the topic. Many flower crops, as lily and gladiolus are propagated vegetatively through bulbs and corms, resulting in virus transmission to the next planting generation. Molecular genetics offers the opportunity of conferring transgene-mediated disease resistance to flower crops that cannot be achieved through classical breeding. CMV infects numerous plant species worldwide including both lilies and gladioli. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements. Results from these for future development of collaborative studies have demonstrated the potential transgenic floral bulb crops for virus resistance. In Israel, an efficient and reproducible genetic transformation system for Easter lily using biolistics was developed. Transient as well as solid expression of GUS reporter gene was demonstrated. Putative transgenic lily plantlets containing the disabled CMV replicase transgene have been developed. The in vitro ability of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against CMV to neutralize virus infectivity and block virus transmission by M. persicae were demonstrated. In the US, transgenic Gladiolus plants containing either the BYMV coat protein or antisense coat protein genes have been developed and some lines were found to be virus resistant. Long-term expression of the GUS reporter gene demonstrated that transgene silencing did not occur after three seasons of dormancy in the 28 transgenic Gladiolus plants tested. Selected monoclonal antibody lines have been isolated, cloned as single chain fragments and are being used in developing transgenic plants with CMV resistance. Ornamental crops are multi-million dollar industries in both Israel and the US. The increasing economic value of these floral crops and the increasing ban numerous pesticides makes it more important than ever that alternatives to chemical control of pathogens be studied to determine their possible role in the future. The cooperation resulted in the objectives being promoted at national and international meetings. The cooperation also enabled the technology transfer between the two labs, as well as access to instrumentation and specialization particular to the two labs.
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Gafny, Ron, A. L. N. Rao, and Edna Tanne. Etiology of the Rugose Wood Disease of Grapevine and Molecular Study of the Associated Trichoviruses. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575269.bard.
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Rugose wood is a complex disease of grapevines, characterized by modification of the woody cylinder of affected vines. The control of rugose wood is based on the production of healthy propagation material. Detection of rugose wood in grapevines is difficult and expensive: budwood from tested plants is grafted onto sensitive Vitis indicators and the appearance of symptoms is monitored for 3 years. The etiology of rugose wood is complex and has not yet been elucidated. Several elongated clostero-like viruses are consistently found in affected vines; one of them, grapevine virus A (GVA), is closely associated with Kober stem grooving, a component of the rugose wood complex. GVA has a single-stranded RNA genome of 7349 nucleotides, excluding a polyA tail at the 3' terminus. The GVA genome includes five open reading frames (ORFs 1-5). ORF 4, which encodes for the coat protein of GVA, is the only ORF for which the function was determined experimentally. The original objectives of this research were: 1- To produce antisera to the structural and non-structural proteins of GVA and GVB and to use these antibodies to establish an effective detection method. 2- Develop full length infectious cDNA clones of GVA and GVB. 3- Study the roll of GVA and GVB in the etiology of the grapevine rugose wood disease. 4- Determine the function of Trichovirus (now called Vitivirus) encoded genes in the virus life cycle. Each of the ORFs 2, 3, 4 and 5 genes of GVA were cloned and expressed in E. coli and used to produce antisera. Both the CP (ORF 4) and the putative MP (ORF 3) were detected with their corresponding antisera in-GVA infected N. benthamiana and grapevine. The MP was first detected at an early stage of the infection, 6-12 h after inoculation, and the CP 2-3 days after inoculation. The MP could be detected in GVA-infected grapevines that tested negative for CP, both with CP antiserum and with a commercially available ELISA kit. Antisera to ORF 2 and 5 encoded proteins could react with the recombinant proteins but failed to detect both proteins in GVA infected plants. A full-length cDNA clone of grapevine virus A (GVA) was constructed downstream from the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase promoter. Capped in vitro transcribed RNA was infectious in N. benthamiana and N. clevelandii plants. Symptoms induced by the RNA transcripts or by the parental virus were indistinguishable. The infectivity of the in vitro-transcribed RNA was confirmed by serological detection of the virus coat and movement proteins and by observation of virions by electron microscopy. The full-length clone was modified to include a gus reporter gene and gus activity was detected in inoculated and systemic leaves of infected plants. Studies of GVA mutants suggests that the coat protein (ORF 4) is essential for cell to cell movement, the putative movement protein (ORF 3) indeed functions as a movement protein and that ORF 2 is not required for virus replication, cell to cell or systemic movement. Attempts to infect grapevines by in-vitro transcripts, by inoculation of cDNA construct in which the virus is derived by the CaMV 35S promoter or by approach grafting with infected N. benthamiana, have so far failed. Studies of the subcellular distribution of GFP fusion with each of ORF 2, 3 and 4 encoded protein showed that the CP fusion protein accumulated as a soluble cytoplasmatic protein. The ORF 2 fusion protein accumulated in cytoplasmatic aggregates. The MP-GFP fusion protein accumulated in a large number of small aggregates in the cytoplasm and could not move from cell to cell. However, in conditions that allowed movement of the fusion protein from cell to cell (expression by a PVX vector or in young immature leaves) the protein did not form cytoplasmatic aggregates but accumulated in the plasmodesmata.
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Levisohn, Sharon, Maricarmen Garcia, David Yogev, and Stanley Kleven. Targeted Molecular Typing of Pathogenic Avian Mycoplasmas. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695853.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Intraspecies identification (DNA "fingerprinting") of pathogenic avian mycoplasmas is a powerful tool for epidemiological studies and monitoring strain identity. However the only widely method available for Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and M. synoviae (MS)wasrandom amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). This project aimed to develop alternative and supplementary typing methods that will overcome the major constraints of RAPD, such as the need for isolation of the organism in pure culture and the lack of reproducibility intrinsic in the method. Our strategy focussed on recognition of molecular markers enabling identification of MG and MS vaccine strains and, by extension, pathogenic potential of field isolates. Our first aim was to develop PCR-based systems which will allow amplification of specific targeted genes directly from clinical material. For this purpose we evaluated the degree of intraspecies heterogeneity in genes encoding variable surface antigens uniquely found in MG all of which are putative pathogenicity factors. Phylogenic analysis of targeted sequences of selected genes (pvpA, gapA, mgc2, and lp) was employed to determine the relationship among MG strains.. This method, designated gene targeted sequencing (GTS), was successfully employed to identify strains and to establish epidemiologically-linked strain clusters. Diagnostic PCR tests were designed and validated for each of the target genes, allowing amplification of specific nucleotide sequences from clinical samples. An mgc2-PCR-RFLP test was designed for rapid differential diagnosis of MG vaccine strains in Israel. Addressing other project goals, we used transposon mutagenesis and in vivo and in vitro models for pathogenicity to correlated specific changes in target genes with biological properties that may impact the course of infection. An innovative method for specific detection and typing of MS strains was based on the hemagglutinin-encoding gene vlhA, uniquely found in this species. In parallel, we evaluated the application of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) in avian mycoplasmas. AFLP is a highly discriminatory method that scans the entire genome using infrequent restriction site PCR. As a first step the method was found to be highly correlated with other DNA typing methods for MG species and strain differentiation. The method is highly reproducible and relatively rapid, although it is necessary to isolate the strain to be tested. Both AFLP and GTS are readily to amenable to computer-assisted analysis of similarity and construction of a data-base resource. The availability of improved and diverse tools will help realize the full potential of molecular typing of avian mycoplasmas as an integral and essential part of mycoplasma control programs.
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Levy, Maggie, Raymond Zielinski, and Anireddy S. Reddy. IQD1 Function in Defense Responses. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699842.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The main objective of the proposed research was to study IQD1's mechanism of action and elucidate its role in plant protection. Preliminary experiments suggest that IQD1 binds CaM in a Ca²⁺-dependent manner and functions in general defense responses. We propose to identify proteins and genes that interact with IQD1, which may provide some clues to its mechanism of action. We also plan to dissect IQD1's integration in defense pathways and to study and modulate its binding affinity to CaM in order to enhance crop resistance. Our specific objectives were: (1) Analysis of IQD1's CaM-binding properties; (2) Identification of IQD1 targets;(3) Dissection of IQD1 integration into defense signaling pathways. Analysis of IQD1's CaM-binding properties defined four potential classes of sequences that should affect CaM binding: one is predicted to raise the affinity for Ca²⁺-dependent interaction but have no effect on Ca²⁺-independent binding; a second is predicted to act like the first mutation but eliminate Ca²⁺-independent binding; a third has no predicted effect on Ca²⁺-dependent binding but eliminates Ca²⁺-independent binding; and the fourth is predicted to eliminate or greatly reduce both Ca²⁺-dependent and Ca²⁺-independent binding. Following yeast two hybrid analysis we found that IQD1 interact with AtSR1 (Arabidopsis thalianaSIGNALRESPONSIVE1), a calcium/calmodulin-binding transcription factor, which has been shown to play an important role in biotic and abiotic stresses. We tested IQD1 interaction with both N-terminal or C-terminal half of SR1. These studies have uncovered that only the N-terminal half of the SR1 interacts with the IQD1. Since IQD1 has an important role in herbivory, its interaction with SR1 suggests that it might also be involved in plant responses to insect herbivory. Since AtSR1, like IQD1, is a calmodulin-binding protein and the mutant showed increased sensitivity to a herbivore, we analyzed WT, Atsr1 and the complemented line for the levels of GS to determine if the increased susceptibility of Atsr1 plants to T. ni feeding is associated with altered GS content. In general, Atsr1 showed a significant reduction in both aliphatic and aromatic GS levels as compared to WT. In order to study IQD1's molecular basis integration into hormone-signaling pathways we tested the epistatic relationships between IQD1 and hormone-signaling mutants. For that purpose we construct double mutants between IQD1ᴼXᴾ and mutants defective in plant-hormone signaling and GS accumulation. Epitasis with SA mutant NahG and npr1-1 and JA mutant jar1-1 suggested IQD1 function is dependent on both JA and SA as indicated by B. cinerea infection assays. We also verified the glucosinolate content in the crosses siblings and found that aliphatic GSL content is reduced in the double transgenic plants NahG:IQD1ᴼXᴾ as compare to parental lines while the aliphatic GSL content in the npr1-1:IQD1ᴼXᴾ and jar1-1: IQD1ᴼXᴾ double mutants was intimidated to the parental lines. This suggests that GSL content dependency on SA is downstream to IQD1. As a whole, this project should contribute to the development of new defense strategies that will improve crop protection and reduce yield losses and the amount of pesticides required; these will genuinely benefit farmers, consumers and the environment.
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Sharon, Amir, and Maor Bar-Peled. Identification of new glycan metabolic pathways in the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea and their role in fungus-plant interactions. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597916.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The involvement of glycans in microbial adherence, recognition and signaling is often a critical determinant of pathogenesis. Although the major glycan components of fungal cell walls have been identified there is limited information available on its ‘minor sugar components’ and how these change during different stages of fungal development. Our aim was to define the role of Rhacontaining-glycans in the gray mold disease caused by the necrotrophic fungus B. cinerea. The research was built on the discovery of two genes, Bcdhand bcer, that are involved in formation of UDP-KDG and UDP-Rha, two UDP- sugars that may serve as donors for the synthesis of cell surface glycans. Objectives of the proposed research included: 1) To determine the function of B. cinereaBcDh and BcEr in glycan biosynthesis and in pathogenesis, 2) To determine the expression pattern of BcDH and BcERand cellular localization of their encoded proteins, 3) Characterize the structure and distribution of Rha- containing glycans, 4) Characterization of the UDP-sugar enzymes and potential of GTs involved in glycanrhamnosylation. To address these objectives we generated a series of B. cinereamutants with modifications in the bchdhand bcergenes and the phenotype and sugar metabolism in the resulting strains were characterized. Analysis of sugar metabolites showed that changes in the genes caused changes in primary and secondary sugars, including abolishment of rhamnose, however abolishment of rhamnose synthesis did not cause changes in the fungal phenotype. In contrast, we found that deletion of the second gene, bcer, leads to accumulation of the intermediate sugar – UDP- KDG, and that such mutants suffer from a range of defects including reduced virulence. Further analyses confirmed that UDP-KDG is toxic to the fungus. Studies on mode of action suggested that UDP-KDG might affect integrity of the fungal cell wall, possibly by inhibiting UDP-sugars metabolic enzymes. Our results confirm that bcdhand bcerrepresent a single pathway of rhamnose synthesis in B. cinerea, that rhamnose does not affect in vitro development or virulence of the fungus. We also concluded that UDP-KDG is toxic to B. cinereaand hence UDP-KDG or compounds that inhibit Er enzymes and lead to accumulation of UDP-KDG might have antifungal activity. This toxicity is likely the case with other fungi, this became apparent in a collaborative work with Prof. Bart Thomma of Wageningen University, NETHERLANDS . We have shown the deletion of ER mutant in Verticillium dahlia gave plants resistance to the fungal infection.