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Journal articles on the topic 'Gaze'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 27 July 2024

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1

Langton, Stephen RH, Alex H. McIntyre, Peter JB Hancock, and Helmut Leder. "Saccades and smooth pursuit eye movements trigger equivalent gaze-cued orienting effects." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 9 (January 1, 2018): 1860–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1362703.

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Research has established that a perceived eye gaze produces a concomitant shift in a viewer’s spatial attention in the direction of that gaze. The two experiments reported here investigate the extent to which the nature of the eye movement made by the gazer contributes to this orienting effect. On each trial in these experiments, participants were asked to make a speeded response to a target that could appear in a location toward which a centrally presented face had just gazed (a cued target) or in a location that was not the recipient of a gaze (an uncued target). The gaze cues consisted of either fast saccadic eye movements or slower smooth pursuit movements. Cued targets were responded to faster than uncued targets, and this gaze-cued orienting effect was found to be equivalent for each type of gaze shift both when the gazes were un-predictive of target location (Experiment 1) and counterpredictive of target location (Experiment 2). The results offer no support for the hypothesis that motion speed modulates gaze-cued orienting. However, they do suggest that motion of the eyes per se, regardless of the type of movement, may be sufficient to trigger an orienting effect.

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2

Ukkonen-Mikkola, Tuulikki, Susanna Isotalo, Saswati Chaudhuri, Jenni Salminen, Olli Merjovaara, Carita Lindén, and Niina Rutanen. "With sensitive eyes: ECEC teachers’ visual gaze and related reflections on pedagogical actions in toddler groups using eye-tracking glasses." Frontline Learning Research 12, no. 2 (July 22, 2024): 70–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14786/flr.v12i2.1153.

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This study explored early childhood education and care (ECEC) teachers’ visual gaze and related reflections on pedagogical actions during pedagogical activities in groups of children under three years of age in Finland. The data were collected from play and teacher-guided activities using mobile eye-tracking glasses, the retrospective thinking aloud (RTA) method, and semi-structured interviews. The results showed that even though the teachers were surprised about some aspects of the visual gaze metrics, they reflected on and gave reasons for their visual gazes on children. When observing gaze data from play, teachers explained the high amount of gaze by citing children’s particular needs. When observing gaze data from guided activities, teachers reflected on children’s unpredictable behavior and noted that the children’s need for support in concentration was linked to more gazes by the teacher. The findings showed that both during play and guided activities, children seeking a gaze and the position of children in the classroom influenced the number of teachers’ gazes. In the teachers’ explanations of their visual gaze and related pedagogical actions, five categories were identified: protection; physical and emotional availability, teaching and learning; facilitation; and initiatives. This explorative study showed that teachers utilize their knowledge concerning children’s individuality, development, and learning when they explain their decisions concerning their visual gaze and pedagogical activities with toddlers. The use of mobile eye-tracking technology is relatively new; therefore, its applications to ECEC are pioneering for the development of the field in relation to the practices and research of toddlers’ groups and groups with older children in ECEC

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3

Ramirez Gomez, Argenis, and Michael Lankes. "Towards Designing Diegetic Gaze in Games: The Use of Gaze Roles and Metaphors." Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 3, no. 4 (September 21, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti3040065.

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Gaze-based interactions have found their way into the games domain and are frequently employed as a means to support players in their activities. Instead of implementing gaze as an additional game feature via a game-centred approach, we propose a diegetic perspective by introducing gaze interaction roles and gaze metaphors. Gaze interaction roles represent ambiguous mechanics in gaze, whereas gaze metaphors serve as narrative figures that symbolise, illustrate, and are applied to the interaction dynamics. Within this work, the current literature in the field is analysed to seek examples that design around gaze mechanics and follow a diegetic approach that takes roles and metaphors into account. A list of surveyed gaze metaphors related to each gaze role is presented and described in detail. Furthermore, a case study shows the potentials of the proposed approach. Our work aims at contributing to existing frameworks, such as EyePlay, by reflecting on the ambiguous meaning of gaze in games. Through this integrative approach, players are anticipated to develop a deeper connection to the game narrative via gaze, resulting in a stronger experience concerning presence (i.e., being in the game world).

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4

Argyle, Michael, Mark Cook, and Duncan Cramer. "Gaze and Mutual Gaze." British Journal of Psychiatry 165, no. 6 (December 1994): 848–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007125000073980.

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One of the first psychologists to investigate experimentally the role of gaze in human behaviour was Michael Argyle. In 1963 he set up a research group at Oxford with Ted Crossman and Adam Kendon, to study non-verbal communication in human social interaction, which included gaze as an important aspect of this behaviour. Shortly afterwards, Mark Cook joined this group which was funded until 1975, during which time considerable research on gaze had been carried out both at Oxford and elsewhere. This book summarises much of the work done in this field up until that time.

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5

Long, Zeyi. "The Gendered Gaze on Social Media: the Female Gaze as Rebellion." BCP Education & Psychology 9 (March 29, 2023): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpep.v9i.4607.

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The male gaze, according to Laura Mulvey, means a way to objectify and sexualize women from heterosexual male perspectives. The male gaze can be found in every woman's daily life and has extended to social media. Thus, a specific type of female gaze emerges on social media in order to resist the male gaze. This type of female gaze aims at judging men's appearance, figure, education level or social position aggressively, differing from the female gaze in its usual context. Most studies of the gendered gaze lie in the field of film, literature and art, so in order to fill the gap, this study tries to analyse the gendered gaze in the field of social media. Two cases are raised in this study, 1saye bikini gate and Rayza airport gate, and the comments concerning the gendered gaze are gathered. Using textual analysis as a method, this study analyses the different characteristics of the male gaze and the aggressive female gaze on social media. According to the characteristics, this study focuses on whether the aggressive female gaze on social media can launch a rebellion against the male gaze on social media. Because of the nature and the purpose of the aggressive female gaze on social media, this study regards it as impossible for this type of female gaze to truly become a solution and a rebellion.

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6

Ramirez Gomez, Argenis, and Michael Lankes. "Eyesthetics." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, CHI PLAY (October 5, 2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3474686.

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Gaze interaction has been growing fast as a compelling tool for control and immersion for gameplay. Here, we present a conceptual framework focusing on the aesthetic player experience and the potential interpretation (meaning) players could give to playing with gaze interaction capabilities. The framework is illustrated by a survey of state of the art research-based and commercial games. We complement existing frameworks by reflecting on gaze interaction in games as the attention relationship between the player (the subject) and the game (the object) with four dimensions: Identity; Mapping; Attention; and Direction. The framework serves as a design and inquiry toolbox to analyse and communicate gaze mechanics in games, reflect on the complexity of gaze interaction, and formulate new research questions. We visualise the resulting design space, highlighting future opportunities for gaze interaction design and HCI gaze research through the framework's lens. We deem, this novel approach advocates for the design of gaze-based interactions revealing the richness of gaze input in future meaningful game experiences.

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7

Horstmann, Gernot, and Sebastian Loth. "The Mona Lisa Illusion—Scientists See Her Looking at Them Though She Isn’t." i-Perception 10, no. 1 (January 2019): 204166951882170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041669518821702.

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If the person depicted in an image gazes at the camera or painter, a viewer perceives this as being gazed at. The viewers’ perception holds irrespectively of their position relative to image. This is the Mona Lisa effect named after the subject of Leonardo’s famous painting La Gioconda. The effect occurs reliably but was not tested with Mona Lisa herself. Remarkably, viewers judged Mona Lisa’s gaze as directed to their right-hand side irrespectively of the image zoom, its horizontal position on screen, and the distance of the ruler that was used for measuring the gaze direction.

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8

Kim, Jun Pyo. "Tourist Gaze and Refugee Gaze." Journal of Multi-Cultural Contents Studies 42 (December 31, 2022): 7–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15400/mccs.2022.12.42.1.

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9

Villarreal, Amanda Rose. "Meet My Gaze: Crafting the Agentic Gaze for Zoom Theatre." Theatre and Performance Notes and Counternotes 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/tpnc.1.1.0001.

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Abstract This article considers both improvised and scripted performances produced during the pandemic and the ways in which framing live performance creates gaze. In conversation with Laura Mulvey’s concept of the male gaze and Stephanie Jennings’s concept of the feminine gaze, this article analyzes the ways in which awareness of both of these gazes can inform the development of a new gaze—an agentic gaze—for Zoom Theatre. The agentic gaze requires an adapted directorial practice in order to create a dialectic among collaborators characterized by agentic symmetry; this article describes the ways in which a curatorial directing process accomplishes this.

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10

Shabani, Shabnam, Steven Beauchemin, and Michael Bauer. "Analysis of Driver Gaze and Attention to Traffic Signs." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2022 (April 16, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9970775.

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A driver’s actions and intent can be factors in enabling advance driver assistance systems (ADASs) to assist drivers and avoid accidents. A driver’s gaze can provide insight into the driver’s intent or awareness of situations. Knowing that a driver gazed at a traffic sign or missed a traffic could provide indications of whether the driver is alert to impending changes in the driving environment, such as curves and stop signs. For ADASs to determine the importance of a driver seeing or missing a sign, it is important to understand the driving environment and situation. A first step is to understand what signs drivers do see or miss while driving. This contribution presents the results of analyzing driving sequences to assess traffic signs that drivers may or may not have gazed upon. The results suggest that drivers may miss 20% of traffic signs though the percentage varies depending on the type of sign. The analysis uses image sequences of the driving environment and gazes data captured during driving. The methods used in our analysis included determining whether a driver’s gaze has fallen on the image of a traffic sign or not and subsequently determining signs missed during driving. The methods presented can be useful in other scenarios involving the analysis of driver gaze and have implications for the design of future ADASs and for understanding of driver gaze and awareness.

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11

Lankes, Michael, Andreas Haslinger, and Christian Wolff. "gEYEded: Subtle and Challenging Gaze-Based Player Guidance in Exploration Games." Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 3, no. 3 (August 22, 2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti3030061.

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This paper investigates the effects of gaze-based player guidance on the perceived game experience, performance, and challenge in a first-person exploration game. In contrast to existing research, the proposed approach takes the game context into account by providing players not only with guidance but also granting them an engaging game experience with a focus on exploration. This is achieved by incorporating gaze-sensitive areas that indicate the location of relevant game objects. A comparative study was carried out to validate our concept and to examine if a game supported with a gaze guidance feature triggers a more immersive game experience in comparison to a crosshair guidance version and a solution without any guidance support. In general, our study findings reveal a more positive impact of the gaze-based guidance approach on the experience and performance in comparison to the other two conditions. However, subjects had a similar impression concerning the game challenge in all conditions.

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12

Le, Thao, Ronal Singh, and Tim Miller. "Goal Recognition for Deceptive Human Agents through Planning and Gaze." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 71 (August 3, 2021): 697–732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.12518.

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Eye gaze has the potential to provide insight into the minds of individuals, and this idea has been used in prior research to improve human goal recognition by combining human's actions and gaze. However, most existing research assumes that people are rational and honest. In adversarial scenarios, people may deliberately alter their actions and gaze, which presents a challenge to goal recognition systems. In this paper, we present new models for goal recognition under deception using a combination of gaze behaviour and observed movements of the agent. These models aim to detect when a person is deceiving by analysing their gaze patterns and use this information to adjust the goal recognition. We evaluated our models in two human-subject studies: (1) using data collected from 30 individuals playing a navigation game inspired by an existing deception study and (2) using data collected from 40 individuals playing a competitive game (Ticket To Ride). We found that one of our models (Modulated Deception Gaze+Ontic) offers promising results compared to the previous state-of-the-art model in both studies. Our work complements existing adversarial goal recognition systems by equipping these systems with the ability to tackle ambiguous gaze behaviours.

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13

Gedeon, Tamás (Tom) D., Dingyun Zhu, and B. Sumudu U. Mendis. "Eye Gaze Assistance for a Game-Like Interactive Task." International Journal of Computer Games Technology 2008 (2008): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/623725.

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Human beings communicate in abbreviated ways dependent on prior interactions and shared knowledge. Furthermore, humans share information about intentions and future actions using eye gaze. Among primates, humans are unique in the whiteness of the sclera and amount of sclera shown, essential for communication via interpretation of eye gaze. This paper extends our previous work in a game-like interactive task by the use of computerised recognition of eye gaze and fuzzy signature-based interpretation of possible intentions. This extends our notion of robot instinctive behaviour to intentional behaviour. We show a good improvement of speed of response in a simple use of eye gaze information. We also show a significant and more sophisticated use of the eye gaze information, which eliminates the need for control actions on the user's part. We also make a suggestion as to returning visibility of control to the user in these cases.

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14

Benjamin, Lloyd. "Gaze." American Journal of Psychiatry 162, no. 4 (April 2005): 664–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.4.664.

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15

Gutierrez, Leon Guillermo. "Gaze." International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 10, no. 3 (July 1997): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/095183997237188.

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16

Fasold, Frowin, Benjamin Noël, Fabian Wolf, and Stefanie Hüttermann. "Coordinated gaze behaviour of handball referees: a practical exploration with focus on the methodical implementation." Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité, no. 102 (2018): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sm/2018029.

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Though the interaction of team members in sport has already been considered when analysing team expertise and performance, there is no comparable research addressing the interplay of referee teams as part of their expertise. Based on lab-based research on coordinated gaze behaviour, we assumed that orchestrating referees’ gaze is an important way of improving referee performances. To first scrutinize if handball referees coordinate their gaze, the gaze fixations of a handball referee team was analysed while they were presiding over a game. Results showed that referees mostly fixated the same aspects of game action (75%) and behaved differently as stated in existing guidelines for refereeing in handball. That is, the current results indicate that handball referees’ coordination of gaze behaviour seems far from optimal (they focused on the same aspects of game action too often) and should be considered when thinking about avenues to performance improvement. Furthermore, we tried to discuss potentials and limitations of the current research approach for future studies that seem necessary to gain more insight into the expertise interplay of referees.

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17

Stone, Lesego S., and Gyan P. Nyaupane. "The Tourist Gaze: Domestic versus International Tourists." Journal of Travel Research 58, no. 5 (June 27, 2018): 877–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287518781890.

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This article investigates domestic and international tourists’ “gaze” using tourism imagery. Domestic and international tourists’ preferences are critically examined using the concept of the “tourist gaze” and “local gaze.” Through qualitative, in-depth photo-elicitation interviews (PEIs) guided by 16 photographs covering various tourist attractions in Botswana, results indicate dissimilar tourist gazes between international and domestic tourists. Culture, livelihoods, and crowded spaces, with a variety of activities, influence domestic tourists’ gaze, whereas privacy, tranquility, and quietness influence the international tourists’ gaze. The tourist gaze thus can be seen as a culturally contingent concept that is not universal. Despite the differences, results indicate the continued promotion of an international tourist’s gaze. Results help explain low visitation by domestic tourists to protected areas in Botswana and Africa. In view of the study’s results, theoretical and policy implications are also discussed.

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18

Jeong, Inhyeok, Kento Nakagawa, Rieko Osu, and Kazuyuki Kanosue. "Difference in gaze control ability between low and high skill players of a real-time strategy game in esports." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 18, 2022): e0265526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265526.

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This research investigated the difference in aspects of gaze control between esports experts (Expert) and players with lower skills (Low Skill) while playing the real-time strategy game called StarCraft. Three versions of this game at different difficulty levels were made with the StarCraft Editor, and the gaze movements of seven Expert and nine Low Skill players were analyzed while they played the games. The gaze of Expert players covered a significantly larger area in the horizontal direction than the gaze of Low Skill players. Furthermore, the magnitude and number of saccadic eye movements were greater, and saccade velocity was faster in the Expert than in the Low Skill players. In conclusion, StarCraft experts have a specific gaze control ability that enables them to quickly and widely take visual information from all over the monitor. This could be one of the factors enabling StarCraft experts to perform better than players with lower skills when playing games that require task-switching ability.

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Abubshait, Abdulaziz, and Eva Wiese. "Effect of brain stimulation on mechanisms of social cognition is modulated by individual preferences for human versus robot agents." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (November 2019): 858–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631359.

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When we interact with others, we use nonverbal behavior such as changes in gaze direction to make inferences about what people think or what they want to do next – a process called mentalizing. Previous studies have shown that how we react to others’ gaze signals depends on how much “mind” we ascribe to the gazer, and that this process of mind perception is related to activation in brain areas that process social information (i.e., social brain). Although brain stimulation studies have identified prefrontal structures like the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) as the potential neural substrate through which mind perception modulates social-cognitive processes like attentional orienting to gaze cues (i.e., gaze following), little is known about whether and how individual differences in preferences for human versus robot agents modulate this relationship. To address this question, the current study examines how transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of left prefrontal versus left temporo-parietal areas affects attentional orienting to gaze signals as a function of the participants’ preferences for human ( Human Gaze Followers, HGF) versus robot ( Robot Gaze Followers; RGF) agents at baseline (prior to brain stimulation). Results show that prefrontal (but not temporo-parietal) stimulation positively affected attentional orienting to gaze signals for HGFs for the human but not the robot gazer; RGFs showed no effect of brain stimulation in neither of the stimulation conditions. These findings inform how preferences for human versus nonhuman agent types can influence subsequent interactions and communications in human-robot interaction.

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20

Bergeron, André, and Daniel Guitton. "In Multiple-Step Gaze Shifts: Omnipause (OPNs) and Collicular Fixation Neurons Encode Gaze Position Error; OPNs Gate Saccades." Journal of Neurophysiology 88, no. 4 (October 1, 2002): 1726–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.88.4.1726.

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The superior colliculus (SC), via its projections to the pons, is a critical structure for driving rapid orienting movements of the visual axis, called gaze saccades, composed of coordinated eye-head movements. The SC contains a motor map that encodes small saccade vectors rostrally and large ones caudally. A zone in the rostral pole may have a different function. It contains superior colliculus fixation neurons (SCFNs) with probable projections to omnipause neurons (OPNs) of the pons. SCFNs and OPNs discharge tonically during visual fixation and pause during single-step gaze saccades. The OPN tonic discharge inhibits saccades and its cessation (pause) permits saccade generation. We have proposed that SCFNs control the OPN discharge. We compared the discharges of SCFNs and OPNs recorded while cats oriented horizontally, to the left and right, in the dark to a remembered target. Cats used multiple-step gaze shifts composed of a series of small gaze saccades, of variable amplitude and number, separated by periods of variable duration (plateaus) in which gaze was immobile or moving at low velocity (<25°/s). Just after contralaterally (ipsilaterally) presented targets, the firing frequency of SCFNs decreased to almost zero (remained constant at background). As multiple-step gaze shifts progressed in either direction in the dark, these activity levels prevailed until the distance between gaze and target [gaze position error (GPE)] reached ∼16°. At this point, firing frequency gradually increased, without saccade-related pauses, until a maximum was reached when gaze arrived on target location (GPE = 0°). SCFN firing frequency encoded GPE; activity was not correlated to characteristics or occurrence of gaze saccades. By comparison, after target presentation to left or right, OPN activity remained steady at pretarget background until first gaze saccade onset, during which activity paused. During the first plateau, activity resumed at a level lower than background and continued at this level during subsequent plateaus until GPE ∼8° was reached. As GPE decreased further, tonic activity during plateaus gradually increased until a maximum (greater than background) was reached when gaze was on goal (GPE = 0°). OPNs, like SCFNs, encoded GPE, but they paused during every gaze saccade, thereby revealing, unlike for SCFNs, strong coupling to motor events. The firing frequency increase in SCFNs as GPE decreased, irrespective of trajectory characteristics, implies these cells get feedback on GPE, which they may communicate to OPNs. We hypothesize that at the end of a gaze-step sequence, impulses from SCFNs onto OPNs may suppress further movements away from the target.

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21

Chen, Qing man. "Reading Fraud from the Gaze Theory: The Gaze and Anti-Gaze in Anna Durrant." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 5, no. 10 (October 6, 2022): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2022.5.10.5.

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The loneliness and isolation experienced by older women have frequently been the focus of Brookner's writing. Fraud, one of her typical novels, provided a provocative perspective on age and gender. In light of a number of previous studies, this article aims to contribute to the study of feminist fiction that focuses on older women and to encourage more academic inquiry and study in this area. Based on the method of literature research and detailed reading of Fraud, the essay demonstrated the dual gaze that Anna, the protagonist of Fraud, experienced from both sexes, particularly from her mother and Lawrence Halliday, in accordance with the gaze theory. The gaze showed exterior control in Anna as well as how she internalized those gaze and molded herself into the object of others’ sight. Though she was observed by others and lived by their expectations for half of her life, Anna "counter-gazed" the overall look in her own unique way. She was liberated from the ongoing fraud thanks to her anorexia, dreams, straight look, and clothing design. Finally, the once-submissive Anna developed into an independent woman, speaking up forcefully for women to follow their own aspirations. By examining the gaze and anti-gaze that Anna experienced, the essay empowers all older women to recognize that new routes are open to them and inspires all women to confront the oppressive gaze and live their lives to the fullest.

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Zuhair Al-Wattar, Shaymaa. "Breaking the Spell of the Male Gaze in Selected Women's Ekphrastic Poems." Journal of Education College Wasit University 2, no. 37 (December 18, 2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/eduj.vol2.iss37.1106.

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For centuries art and poetry have been inspiring each other and the relation between word and image constantly fascinates the poets. The literary world has given poems that tackle artwork the name: ekphrasis. Ekphrasis represents a rich hunting ground for references, allusions, and inspiration for poets. However, ekphrasis is powerfully gendered that privileged male gaze. Traditionally, the male is given the strong position as the gazer, while the woman is locked in her predetermined role that of the beautiful, silent, submissive, gazed upon. Women poets refuse to adhere to the gendered ekphrastic tradition and the under-representation of women in ekphrastic poetry. They strongly challenged the ekphrasis tradition modifying it to create a distinctive feminist ekphrasis. Their poetry changes the male-dominated ekphrsis tradition that for centuries has pervaded the Western cultures. The work of the poets Louise Bogan,Carol Ann Duffy, Rita Dove, and Margaret Atwood is an excellent example of women's ekphrastic poetry that defies the tradition of patriarchal male gaze in an attempt to break the spell of the male gaze.

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23

Marciniak, Karolina, Peter W. Dicke, and Peter Thier. "Monkeys head-gaze following is fast, precise and not fully suppressible." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1816 (October 7, 2015): 20151020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1020.

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Human eye-gaze is a powerful stimulus, drawing the observer's attention to places and objects of interest to someone else (‘eye-gaze following’). The largely homogeneous eyes of monkeys, compromising the assessment of eye-gaze by conspecifics from larger distances, explain the absence of comparable eye-gaze following in these animals. Yet, monkeys are able to use peer head orientation to shift attention (‘head-gaze following’). How similar are monkeys' head-gaze and human eye-gaze following? To address this question, we trained rhesus monkeys to make saccades to targets, either identified by the head-gaze of demonstrator monkeys or, alternatively, identified by learned associations between the demonstrators' facial identities and the targets (gaze versus identity following). In a variant of this task that occurred at random, the instruction to follow head-gaze or identity was replaced in the course of a trial by the new rule to detect a change of luminance of one of the saccade targets. Although this change-of-rule rendered the demonstrator portraits irrelevant, they nevertheless influenced performance, reflecting a precise redistribution of spatial attention. The specific features depended on whether the initial rule was head-gaze or identity following: head-gaze caused an insuppressible shift of attention to the target gazed at by the demonstrator, whereas identity matching prompted much later shifts of attention, however, only if the initial rule had been identity following. Furthermore, shifts of attention prompted by head-gaze were spatially precise. Automaticity and swiftness, spatial precision and limited executive control characterizing monkeys' head-gaze following are key features of human eye-gaze following. This similarity supports the notion that both may rely on the same conserved neural circuitry.

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Iizuka, Yuichi. "Gaze during Speaking as Related to Shyness." Perceptual and Motor Skills 78, no. 3_suppl (June 1994): 1259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.78.3c.1259.

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32 shy and 32 nonshy women were selected from a population of Japanese junior college students on the basis of their responses to the Trait Shyness Scale. This study manipulated shyness (shy and nonshy), interviewers' gaze (high amount of gaze and low amount of gaze), and interviewers' sex in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. Subjects were randomly assigned to eight groups and interviewed by one of two male or two female confederates. Two trained judges recorded duration of gaze and speech through a one-way mirror and watching videotaped records. Analysis showed that for the interviewer in the high gaze condition the self-reported shy women gazed less while speaking than the nonshy women.

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Okumura, Yuko, Yasuhiro Kanakogi, Takayuki Kanda, Hiroshi Ishiguro, and Shoji Itakura. "Can infants use robot gaze for object learning?" Interaction Studies 14, no. 3 (December 31, 2013): 351–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.14.3.03oku.

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Previous research has shown that although infants follow the gaze direction of robots, robot gaze does not facilitate infants’ learning for objects. The present study examined whether robot gaze affects infants’ object learning when the gaze behavior was accompanied by verbalizations. Twelve-month-old infants were shown videos in which a robot with accompanying verbalizations gazed at an object. The results showed that infants not only followed the robot’s gaze direction but also preferentially attended to the cued object when the ostensive verbal signal was present. Moreover, infants showed enhanced processing of the cued object when ostensive and referential verbal signals were increasingly present. These effects were not observed when mere nonverbal sound stimuli instead of verbalizations were added. Taken together, our findings indicate that robot gaze accompanying verbalizations facilitates infants’ object learning, suggesting that verbalizations are important in the design of robot agents from which infants can learn. Keywords: gaze following; humanoid robot; infant learning; verbalization; cognitive development

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Middleton, John. "The Historian's Gaze and the Philosopher's Gaze." Cahiers d’études africaines 36, no. 143 (1996): 489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/cea.1996.1428.

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Zhang, Chuang, JianNan Chi, ZhaoHui Zhang, XiaoLiang Gao, Tao Hu, and ZhiLiang Wang. "Gaze estimation in a gaze tracking system." Science China Information Sciences 54, no. 11 (April 29, 2011): 2295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11432-011-4243-6.

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Ruiz, April, Juan Carlos Gómez, Jean Jacques Roeder, and Richard W. Byrne. "Gaze following and gaze priming in lemurs." Animal Cognition 12, no. 3 (December 24, 2008): 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-008-0202-z.

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Nelson Schultz, Corey Kai. "The Sensation of the Look: The Gazes in Laurence Anyways." Film-Philosophy 22, no. 1 (February 2018): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/film.2018.0059.

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This article analyses the gazes, looks, stares and glares in Laurence Anyways (Xavier Dolan, 2012), and examines their affective, interpretive, and symbolic qualities, and their potential to create viewer empathy through affect. The cinematic gaze can produce sensations of shame and fear, by offering a sequence of varied “encounters” to which viewers can react, before we have been given a character onto which we can deflect them, thus bypassing the representational, narrative and even the sympathetic power of the medium to create “raw”, apparently unmediated sensations. Through the point-of-view shot and direct address, the viewer is the object of the gazes it receives, and experiences their hate and rejection before actually being presented with the film's narrative object of the gaze – the film's protagonist, a transgender woman named Laurence. It examines how the viewer, after being affected, interprets and misinterprets the emotions behind the gazes, and then cognitively attaches the gazes' importance to the narrative. It analyses how the gazes not only create viewer empathy for Laurence, but also create a shared experience between Laurence and the viewer that enhances this empathic connection. It concludes by considering the symbolic importance of the gaze, and Laurence's desire for the gaze as a marker of agency and acknowledgement.

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Doi, Hirokazu, Kazuhiro Ueda, and Kazuyuki Shinohara. "Relational property between head and eye regions is the primary determinant of the efficiency in search for a deviant gaze." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 62, no. 9 (September 2009): 1723–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210802596825.

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The human visual system is extremely sensitive to the directions of the gazes of others. However, the mechanism underlying gaze direction perception has yet to be clarified. The primary aim of the present study is to investigate whether the relational property between the local eye region and other facial regions serves as the primary visual system cue in detecting a direct gaze. Our results showed that search efficiency was determined primarily by the gaze direction indicated by the relational property regardless of the direction indicated by the local feature information of the eye region; this was true even when the gaze directions indicated by these two types of information were conflicting. These results bolster the hypothesis that the human visual system primarily accesses socially meaningful information in searching for a deviant gaze.

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OHTSUKA, Satoko. "Gaze anxiety and gazed position in media conversation." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 74 (September 20, 2010): 3AM063. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.74.0_3am063.

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Maatta, Olli, Nora McIntyre, Jussi Palomäki, Markku S. Hannula, Patrik Scheinin, and Petri Ihantola. "Students in sight: Using mobile eye-tracking to investigate mathematics teachers’ gaze behaviour during task instruction-giving." Frontline Learning Research 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 92–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.14786/flr.v9i4.965.

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Abstract Mobile eye-tracking research has provided evidence both on teachers' visual attention in relation to their intentions and on teachers’ student-centred gaze patterns. However, the importance of a teacher’s eye-movements when giving instructions is unexplored. In this study we used mobile eye-tracking to investigate six teachers’ gaze patterns when they are giving task instructions for a geometry problem in four different phases of a mathematical problem-solving lesson. We analysed the teachers’ eye-tracking data, their verbal data, and classroom video recordings. Our paper brings forth a novel interpretative lens for teacher’s pedagogical intentions communicated by gaze during teacher-led moments such as when introducing new tasks, reorganizing the social structures of students for collaboration, and lesson wrap-ups. A change in the students’ task changes teachers’ gaze patterns, which may indicate a change in teacher’s pedagogical intention. We found that teachers gazed at students throughout the lesson, whereas teachers’ focus was at task-related targets during collaborative instruction-giving more than during the introductory and reflective task instructions. Hence, we suggest two previously not detected gaze types: contextualizing gaze for task readiness and collaborative gaze for task focus to contribute to the present discussion on teacher gaze

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Howell, Bryan, Asa River Jackson, Alexandra M. Edwards, Katherine Kilbourn-Barber, Kaylee Bliss, and Addie Payne Morgan. "ASSESSING EYE GAZE PATTERNS BETWEEN INTERMEDIATE AND ADVANCED DESIGN SKETCHERS." Proceedings of the Design Society 3 (June 19, 2023): 657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pds.2023.66.

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AbstractOne difficulty with sketching pedagogy is the tendency to assess growth according to outcomes, as opposed to processes. We assessed eye gaze patterns between advanced and intermediate design sketchers and anticipated correlations between eye-gaze practices and sketching proficiency. Participants sketched two different objects using analogue materials, a potted plant from memory, and a MacBook from observation.The study utilised Tobii 3 adjustable eye-tracking glasses and Tobii Pro data processing software. Twenty-five design sketching students and six design sketching instructors participated in the study.Metrics measured include the quantity of reference line gazes, eye movement during line creation (targeting vs tracking), eye fixation duration, work checks per minute and subject gazes per minute.The results show a difference in gaze patterns between intermediate and advanced sketchers, both in terms of practice and consistency. Eye-tracking sketching behaviours has revealed a new understanding of how teaching gaze habits could lead to improved methods of design sketching instruction.

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LEE, Mi-Mi, and Myeong-Ho CHA. "Phenomenological Study of Clients' Gaze Experience in Counseling Settings." Association of Korea Counseling Psychology Education Welfare 11, no. 2 (April 30, 2024): 297–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.20496/cpew.2024.11.2.297.

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This study aims to figure out the meaning of clients' gaze experiences when facing the gaze of counselors in counseling settings. Considering the nature and logic of the study topics, it is studied through the qualitative research of phenomenology to explore highly subjective and unique individual experiences. In this research it is showed that clients’ gaze consistently imbues meanings to it, continually build new constructs and reinterpret new meaning as something different. The act of clients facing the gaze of counselors was a subjective movement of a real self to explore their existence. When clients are gazed upon by counselors without leaving anything conditional behind, they engage in a directedness toward themselves by reflecting on their existence through the gaze of observation. Furthermore, it was possible to observe directly their realities out of functional and scientific frame of reference of their experiences.

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HAN, Sohyun, and Jaeman RYU. "Being Exhibited: A Phenomenological Study of the Experience of Models in a Portrait Photography Exhibition." Society for Art Education of Korea 88 (December 1, 2023): 373–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.25297/aer.2023.88.373.

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This study phenomenologically explored the experiences of the models exhibited in portrait photography exhibitions. The results revealed four essential themes based on 11 themes. First, the experienced gave them sense of being understood and recognized as themselves. It was greatly affected by the fact that their portrait became a work of art, occupying a physical space to be displayed. Secondly, they encounter a new version of them that created by others. Third, the experience was interesting in itself, and it was a thought-provoking and evocative experience. Fourth, the gaze on their photo was same as the gaze that was directed at them. And it caused embarrassment, shyness, and nervousness. The experience was influ-enced by the process of taking the portrait. Being exhibited was an experience of being evaluated and recognized through the gazes of others.

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Portuges, Catherine, Theo Angelopoulos, Tonino Guerra, and Petros Markaris. "Ulysses' Gaze." American Historical Review 101, no. 4 (October 1996): 1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2169647.

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Ross, Linda, and Wilf McSherry. "Spiritual gaze." Nursing Standard 24, no. 48 (August 4, 2010): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.24.48.23.s27.

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Leutrum, Matthias. "Giacometti's Gaze." Journal of Analytical Psychology 63, no. 5 (October 11, 2018): 681–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-5922.12456.

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39

Jones, David. "Penetrating gaze." Nature 392, no. 6678 (April 1998): 764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/33815.

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Shea, William R. "God's gaze." Nature 362, no. 6421 (April 1993): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/362656a0.

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Musser, George. "Direct Gaze." Scientific American 295, no. 3 (September 2006): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36c.

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Zellen, Jody. "Symptomatic Gaze." Afterimage 40, no. 2 (September 1, 2012): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aft.2012.40.2.31.

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Lucas, Tamara. "Giacometti's gaze." Lancet 387, no. 10014 (January 2016): e6-e7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01363-x.

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Isaacowitz, Derek M. "Motivated Gaze." Current Directions in Psychological Science 15, no. 2 (April 2006): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2006.00409.x.

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Fletcher, Matthew. "Textualism’s Gaze." Michigan Journal of Race & Law, no. 25.2 (2020): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.36643/mjrl.25.2.textualism.

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This Article attempts to address why textualism distorts the Supreme Court’s jurisprudence in Indian law. I start with describing textualism in federal public law. I focus on textualism as described by Justice Scalia, as well as Scalia’s justification for textualism and discussion about the role of the judiciary in interpreting texts. The Court is often subject to challenges to its legitimacy rooted in its role as legal interpreter that textualism is designed to combat.

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Zuberbühler, Klaus. "Gaze following." Current Biology 18, no. 11 (June 2008): R453—R455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.03.015.

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Williams, Nigel. "Crystal gaze." Current Biology 19, no. 19 (October 2009): R883—R884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.053.

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George, Alison. "Ancient gaze." New Scientist 262, no. 3490 (May 2024): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(24)00873-x.

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Cheng, Yihua, Yiwei Bao, and Feng Lu. "PureGaze: Purifying Gaze Feature for Generalizable Gaze Estimation." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 1 (June 28, 2022): 436–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i1.19921.

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Gaze estimation methods learn eye gaze from facial features. However, among rich information in the facial image, real gaze-relevant features only correspond to subtle changes in eye region, while other gaze-irrelevant features like illumination, personal appearance and even facial expression may affect the learning in an unexpected way. This is a major reason why existing methods show significant performance degradation in cross-domain/dataset evaluation. In this paper, we tackle the cross-domain problem in gaze estimation. Different from common domain adaption methods, we propose a domain generalization method to improve the cross-domain performance without touching target samples. The domain generalization is realized by gaze feature purification. We eliminate gaze-irrelevant factors such as illumination and identity to improve the cross-domain performance. We design a plug-and-play self-adversarial framework for the gaze feature purification. The framework enhances not only our baseline but also existing gaze estimation methods directly and significantly. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to propose domain generalization methods in gaze estimation. Our method achieves not only state-of-the-art performance among typical gaze estimation methods but also competitive results among domain adaption methods. The code is released in https://github.com/yihuacheng/PureGaze.

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Chen, Enguang, and Hailing Wang. "Diverted Gaze Captures Attention Easier Than Direct Gaze." International Journal of Psychophysiology 168 (October 2021): S194—S195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.07.529.

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