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Journal articles on the topic 'Gaze cueing effect'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Mattavelli, Giulia, Daniele Romano, Andrew W. Young, and Paola Ricciardelli. "The interplay between gaze cueing and facial trait impressions." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 74, no. 9 (April 5, 2021): 1642–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17470218211007791.

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The gaze cueing effect involves the rapid orientation of attention to follow the gaze direction of another person. Previous studies reported reciprocal influences between social variables and the gaze cueing effect, with modulation of gaze cueing by social features of face stimuli and modulation of the observer’s social judgements from the validity of the gaze cues themselves. However, it remains unclear which social dimensions can affect—and be affected by—gaze cues. We used computer-averaged prototype face-like images with high and low levels of perceived trustworthiness and dominance to investigate the impact of these two fundamental social impression dimensions on the gaze cueing effect. Moreover, by varying the proportions of valid and invalid gaze cues across three experiments, we assessed whether gaze cueing influences observers’ impressions of dominance and trustworthiness through incidental learning. Bayesian statistical analyses provided clear evidence that the gaze cueing effect was not modulated by facial social trait impressions (Experiments 1–3). However, there was uncertain evidence of incidental learning of social evaluations following the gaze cueing task. A decrease in perceived trustworthiness for non-cooperative low dominance faces (Experiment 2) and an increase in dominance ratings for faces whose gaze behaviour contradicted expectations (Experiment 3) appeared, but further research is needed to clarify these effects. Thus, this study confirms that attentional shifts triggered by gaze direction involve a robust and relatively automatic process, which could nonetheless influence social impressions depending on perceived traits and the gaze behaviour of faces providing the cues.

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Takao, Saki, Aiko Murata, and Katsumi Watanabe. "Gaze-Cueing With Crossed Eyes: Asymmetry Between Nasal and Temporal Shifts." Perception 47, no. 2 (November 9, 2017): 158–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006617738719.

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A person’s direction of gaze (and visual attention) can be inferred from the direction of the parallel shift of the eyes. However, the direction of gaze is ambiguous when there is a misalignment between the eyes. The use of schematic drawings of faces in a previous study demonstrated that gaze-cueing was equally effective, even when one eye looked straight and the other eye was averted. In the current study, we used more realistic computer-generated face models to re-examine if the diverging direction of the eyes affected gaze-cueing. The condition where one eye was averted nasally while the other looked straight produced a significantly smaller gaze-cueing effect in comparison with when both eyes were averted in parallel or one eye was averted temporally. The difference in the gaze-cueing effect disappeared when the position of one eye was occluded with a rectangular surface or an eye-patch. These results highlight the possibility that the gaze-cueing effect might be weakened when a direct gaze exists between the cueing eye (i.e., nasally oriented eye) and the target and the effect magnitude might depend on which type of face stimulus are used as a cue.

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Ciardo, Francesca, Paola Ricciardelli, and Cristina Iani. "Trial-by-trial modulations in the orienting of attention elicited by gaze and arrow cues." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 3 (May 4, 2018): 543–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818769588.

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Recent findings suggested that the orienting of attention towards gazed at locations (i.e., the gaze cueing effect) could result from the conflict emerging in incongruent trials between the spatial information conveyed by gaze direction and the target spatial position. In two experiments, we assessed this hypothesis by investigating whether this effect is influenced by the same trial-by-trial modulations that are reported in a spatial conflict task, i.e., the Simon task. In Experiment 1, we compared the trial-by-trial modulations emerging in the Simon task with those emerging in a gaze cueing task, while in Experiment 2, we compared gaze and arrows cues. Trial-by-trial modulations were evident in both tasks. In the Simon task, correspondence sequence affected both corresponding and noncorresponding responses, this resulting in a larger Simon effect when the preceding trial was corresponding and an absent effect when the preceding trial was noncorresponding. Differently, in the gaze cueing task, congruence sequence affected only congruent responses with faster responses when the preceding trial was congruent compared to when it was incongruent, resulting in a larger gaze cuing effect when the preceding trial was congruent. Same results were evident with nonpredictive arrow cues. These findings speak against a spatial conflict account.

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4

Strachan, James W. A., and Steven P. Tipper. "Examining the Durability of Incidentally Learned Trust from Gaze Cues." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 70, no. 10 (October 2017): 2060–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1220609.

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In everyday interactions we find our attention follows the eye gaze of faces around us. As this cueing is so powerful and difficult to inhibit, gaze can therefore be used to facilitate or disrupt visual processing of the environment, and when we experience this we infer information about the trustworthiness of the cueing face. However, to date no studies have investigated how long these impressions last. To explore this we used a gaze-cueing paradigm where faces consistently demonstrated either valid or invalid cueing behaviours. Previous experiments show that valid faces are subsequently rated as more trustworthy than invalid faces. We replicate this effect (Experiment 1) and then include a brief interference task in Experiment 2 between gaze cueing and trustworthiness rating, which weakens but does not completely eliminate the effect. In Experiment 3, we explore whether greater familiarity with the faces improves the durability of trust learning and find that the effect is more resilient with familiar faces. Finally, in Experiment 4, we push this further and show that evidence of trust learning can be seen up to an hour after cueing has ended. Taken together, our results suggest that incidentally learned trust can be durable, especially for faces that deceive.

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5

Newport, R., and S. Howarth. "Short article: Social gaze cueing to auditory locations." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 62, no. 4 (April 2009): 625–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210802486027.

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Spatial attention is oriented by social visual cues: targets appearing at cued (gazed-at) locations are detected more rapidly than those appearing at uncued locations. The current studies provide evidence that social gaze directs attention to auditory as well as visual targets at cued locations. For auditory target detection the effect lasted from 300 to 1,005 ms while for discrimination the effect was restricted to 600 ms. Improved performance at 600-ms stimulus onset asynchrony was observed across all experiments and may reflect an optimal processing window for social stimuli. In addition, the orienting of attention by gaze was impaired by the presentation of negative faces. These experiments further demonstrate the unique and cross-modal nature of social gaze cueing.

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6

Battaglia, Simone, Jasper H. Fabius, Katarina Moravkova, Alessio Fracasso, and Sara Borgomaneri. "The Neurobiological Correlates of Gaze Perception in Healthy Individuals and Neurologic Patients." Biomedicines 10, no. 3 (March 9, 2022): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10030627.

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The ability to adaptively follow conspecific eye movements is crucial for establishing shared attention and survival. Indeed, in humans, interacting with the gaze direction of others causes the reflexive orienting of attention and the faster object detection of the signaled spatial location. The behavioral evidence of this phenomenon is called gaze-cueing. Although this effect can be conceived as automatic and reflexive, gaze-cueing is often susceptible to context. In fact, gaze-cueing was shown to interact with other factors that characterize facial stimulus, such as the kind of cue that induces attention orienting (i.e., gaze or non-symbolic cues) or the emotional expression conveyed by the gaze cues. Here, we address neuroimaging evidence, investigating the neural bases of gaze-cueing and the perception of gaze direction and how contextual factors interact with the gaze shift of attention. Evidence from neuroimaging, as well as the fields of non-invasive brain stimulation and neurologic patients, highlights the involvement of the amygdala and the superior temporal lobe (especially the superior temporal sulcus (STS)) in gaze perception. However, in this review, we also emphasized the discrepancies of the attempts to characterize the distinct functional roles of the regions in the processing of gaze. Finally, we conclude by presenting the notion of invariant representation and underline its value as a conceptual framework for the future characterization of the perceptual processing of gaze within the STS.

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7

Cole, Geoff G., Daniel T. Smith, and Mark A. Atkinson. "Mental state attribution and the gaze cueing effect." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 77, no. 4 (March 4, 2015): 1105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-014-0780-6.

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8

Morgan, Emma J., Megan Freeth, and Daniel T. Smith. "Mental State Attributions Mediate the Gaze Cueing Effect." Vision 2, no. 1 (February 19, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vision2010011.

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9

Shevel, T. M., and M. V. Falikman. "Gaze Cueing as a Key to Joint Attention Mechanisms: Essential Research Findings." Cultural-Historical Psychology 18, no. 1 (2022): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/chp.2022180101.

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The paper provides a theoretical overview of research on joint attention using the gaze cueing paradigm. Joint attention is considered as a set of abilities to detect the object of another person’s attention and to facilitate identification of the object of one’s own attention for the others. The evolution of joint attention in the context of human communication development and the stages of its ontogenу are outlined. The hypothetic mechanisms of joint attention are examined in detail and the results of experiments aimed at identifying these mechanisms are discussed. The relative contribution of the geometry of human eyes, on the one hand, and the context of the gaze cueing (gaze owner identity, cueing situation, etc.), on the other, to the cueing effect on detecting a target in the visual field is demonstrated. The main inconsistencies in the results of experiments and their possible sources are highlighted, and promising areas for further research are indicated. The possibilities of research in joint attention through the prism of the cultural-historical approach are analyzed.

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10

ZHAO, Ya-Jun, and Zhi-Jun ZHANG. "Eyes Gaze Cueing Effect: Endogenous or Exogenous Processing Mechanism?" Acta Psychologica Sinica 41, no. 12 (December 30, 2009): 1133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1041.2009.01133.

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11

Lachat, Fanny, Laurence Conty, Laurent Hugueville, and Nathalie George. "Gaze Cueing Effect in a Face-to-Face Situation." Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 36, no. 3 (May 1, 2012): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10919-012-0133-x.

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12

Shirai, Risako, and Hirokazu Ogawa. "Affective evaluation of images influences personality judgments through gaze perception." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 5, 2020): e0241351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241351.

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Faces that consistently shifted the gaze to subsequent target locations in a gaze cueing task were chosen as being more trustworthy than faces that always looked away from the target, suggesting that the validity of a gaze cue influenced the viewers’ judgments regarding the trustworthiness of human faces. We investigated whether the gaze cueing effect and judgments regarding the personality conveyed by a face would be affected by the valence of a target. A face image moved its eyes to the left or the right, and an emotional target image (positive, negative, or neutral) appeared to left or right of the face. Participants had to indicate the location of this target by pressing a key. The target image was preceded by a face that shifted its gaze to the target image (valid cue), a face that directed its gaze to the opposite side (invalid cue), or a face that did not move its eyes (no cue). The perceived trustworthiness of the face was evaluated after the gaze-cueing task. Results showed that faces that looked at positive targets were evaluated as more trustworthy than faces that looked at negative targets. However, the valence of the targets did not affect trustworthiness ratings in invalid and no-cue conditions. We suggest that integrated information about the predictability of the gaze cue and the valence of the gaze target modulates impressions about the personality of the face.

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13

Bayliss, Andrew P., Giuseppe di Pellegrino, and Steven P. Tipper. "Sex differences in eye gaze and symbolic cueing of attention." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 58, no. 4 (May 2005): 631–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980443000124.

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Observing a face with averted eyes results in a reflexive shift of attention to the gazed-at location. Here we present results that show that this effect is weaker in males than in females (Experiment 1). This result is predicted by the ‘extreme male brain’ theory of autism (Baron-Cohen, 2003), which suggests that males in the normal population should display more autism-like traits than females (e.g., poor joint attention). Indeed, participants′ scores on the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Stott, Bolton, & Goodyear, 2001) negatively correlated with cueing magnitude. Furthermore, exogenous orienting did not differ between the sexes in two peripheral cueing experiments (Experiments 2a and 2b). However, a final experiment showed that using non-predictive arrows instead of eyes as a central cue also revealed a large gender difference. This demonstrates that reduced orienting from central cues in males generalizes beyond gaze cues. These results show that while peripheral cueing is equivalent in the male and female brains, the attention systems of the two sexes treat noninformative symbolic cues very differently.

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14

Shirai, Risako, and Hirokazu Ogawa. "Integrated effect of gaze cueing and valence of 'gazed' objects on facial trustworthiness." Journal of Vision 18, no. 10 (September 1, 2018): 1332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/18.10.1332.

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15

Eito, Hirokazu, and Akio Wakabayashi. "The influence of eye movement for the gaze-cueing effect." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 78 (September 10, 2014): 2EV—1–068–2EV—1–068. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.78.0_2ev-1-068.

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16

Tsuji, Kouki, Takahiro Osumi, and Satoshi Umeda. "Facial expressions and the gaze-cueing effect: An ERP study." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 78 (September 10, 2014): 2PM—1–083–2PM—1–083. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.78.0_2pm-1-083.

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17

Shengyuan, Wang, Xu Luzi, Luo Xinyu, and Sun Yanliang. "Follow Because of Trust: Trust Modulates the Gaze Cueing Effect." Journal of Vision 21, no. 9 (September 27, 2021): 2366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.21.9.2366.

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18

Hungr, Clara J., and Amelia R. Hunt. "Rapid communication: Physical self-similarity enhances the gaze-cueing effect." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 65, no. 7 (July 2012): 1250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2012.690769.

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19

Kompatsiari, Kyveli, Francesco Bossi, and Agnieszka Wykowska. "Eye contact during joint attention with a humanoid robot modulates oscillatory brain activity." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 16, no. 4 (January 8, 2021): 383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsab001.

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Abstract Eye contact established by a human partner has been shown to affect various cognitive processes of the receiver. However, little is known about humans’ responses to eye contact established by a humanoid robot. Here, we aimed at examining humans’ oscillatory brain response to eye contact with a humanoid robot. Eye contact (or lack thereof) was embedded in a gaze-cueing task and preceded the phase of gaze-related attentional orienting. In addition to examining the effect of eye contact on the recipient, we also tested its impact on gaze-cueing effects (GCEs). Results showed that participants rated eye contact as more engaging and responded with higher desynchronization of alpha-band activity in left fronto-central and central electrode clusters when the robot established eye contact with them, compared to no eye contact condition. However, eye contact did not modulate GCEs. The results are interpreted in terms of the functional roles involved in alpha central rhythms (potentially interpretable also as mu rhythm), including joint attention and engagement in social interaction.

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20

McKay, Kate T., Sarah A. Grainger, Sarah P. Coundouris, Daniel P. Skorich, Louise H. Phillips, and Julie D. Henry. "Visual attentional orienting by eye gaze: A meta-analytic review of the gaze-cueing effect." Psychological Bulletin 147, no. 12 (December 2021): 1269–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bul0000353.

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CHEN, Airui, Bo DONG, Ying FANG, Changyu YU, and Ming ZHANG. "The Role of Cue Type in the Subliminal Gaze-cueing Effect." Acta Psychologica Sinica 46, no. 9 (2014): 1281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1041.2014.01281.

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22

TSUJI, Koki, Takahiro OSUMI, and Satoshi UMEDA. "Facial expressions and the gaze-cueing effect in alexithymia personality traits." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 77 (September 19, 2013): 1PM—059–1PM—059. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.77.0_1pm-059.

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23

Ponari, Marta, Luigi Trojano, Dario Grossi, and Massimiliano Conson. "“Avoiding or approaching eyes”? Introversion/extraversion affects the gaze-cueing effect." Cognitive Processing 14, no. 3 (March 30, 2013): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10339-013-0559-z.

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24

Koçoğlu, Koray, Gülden Akdal, Berril Dönmez Çolakoğlu, Raif Çakmur, Jagdish C. Sharma, Gemma Ezard, Frouke Hermens, and Timothy L. Hodgson. "The effect of directional social cues on saccadic eye movements in Parkinson’s disease." Experimental Brain Research 239, no. 7 (April 29, 2021): 2063–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-021-06034-7.

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AbstractThere is growing interest in how social processes and behaviour might be affected in Parkinson’s disease. A task which has been widely used to assess how people orient attention in response to social cues is the spatial cueing task. Socially relevant directional cues, such as a picture of someone gazing or pointing to the left or the right have been shown to cause orienting of visual attention in the cued direction. The basal ganglia may play a role in responding to such directional cues, but no studies to date have examined whether similar social cueing effects are seen in people with Parkinson’s disease. In this study, patients and healthy controls completed a prosaccade (Experiment 1) and an antisaccade task (Experiment 2) in which the target was preceded by arrow, eye gaze or pointing finger cues. Patients showed increased errors and response times for antisaccades but not prosaccades. Healthy participants made most anticipatory errors on pointing finger cue trials, but Parkinson's patients were equally affected by arrow, eye gaze and pointing cues. It is concluded that Parkinson's patients have a reduced ability to suppress responding to directional cues, but this effect is not specific to social cues.

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Falck, Andreas, and Brent Strickland. "Gaze following and mental state attribution: the agent’s line of sight moderates the gaze cueing effect." Journal of Vision 21, no. 9 (September 27, 2021): 2569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.21.9.2569.

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26

Sihan, Zhou, Liu Yan, and Chen Airui. "The Influence of Dynamic and Static Cues on Group Gaze Cueing Effect." Psychology of China 4, no. 5 (2022): 607–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35534/pc.0405074.

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27

Perez-Osorio, Jairo, Hermann J. Müller, and Agnieszka Wykowska. "Expectations regarding action sequences modulate electrophysiological correlates of the gaze-cueing effect." Psychophysiology 54, no. 7 (March 28, 2017): 942–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12854.

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McKay, Kate T., Sarah A. Grainger, Sarah P. Coundouris, Daniel P. Skorich, Louise H. Phillips, and Julie D. Henry. "Social orienting of attention: A meta-analytic review of the gaze-cueing effect." Journal of Vision 21, no. 9 (September 27, 2021): 1977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.21.9.1977.

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Pecchinenda, Anna, Manuela Pes, Fabio Ferlazzo, and Pierluigi Zoccolotti. "The combined effect of gaze direction and facial expression on cueing spatial attention." Emotion 8, no. 5 (2008): 628–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0013437.

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30

Menshikova, G. Ya, E. G. Luniakova, and A. I. Kovalev. "The influence of face race on the gaze cueing effect: Eye tracking method." International Journal of Psychophysiology 131 (October 2018): S130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.07.351.

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31

Zhao, Shuo, Shota Uono, Sayaka Yoshimura, and Motomi Toichi. "Influence of self-relevant processing on the gaze cueing effect in autism spectrum disorder." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 82 (September 25, 2018): 2AM—075–2AM—075. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.82.0_2am-075.

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32

ZHANG, Meichen, Ping WEI, and Qin ZHANG. "The Impact of Supra- and Sub-liminal Facial Expressions on the Gaze-cueing Effect." Acta Psychologica Sinica 47, no. 11 (2015): 1309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1041.2015.01309.

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Menshikova, Galina Ya, Artyom I. Kovalev, and Elizaveta G. Luniakova. "Studying the influence of race on the gaze cueing effect using eye tracking method." National Psychological Journal, no. 2 (2017): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11621/npj.2017.0206.

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刘, 来. "The Effect of Facial Familiarity on Gaze Cueing of 4 - 5-Year-Old Children." Advances in Psychology 10, no. 02 (2020): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ap.2020.102023.

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35

Mendonça, Rita, Margarida V. Garrido, and Gün R. Semin. "The Effect of Simultaneously Presented Words and Auditory Tones on Visuomotor Performance." Multisensory Research 34, no. 7 (May 28, 2021): 715–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-bja10052.

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Abstract The experiment reported here used a variation of the spatial cueing task to examine the effects of unimodal and bimodal attention-orienting primes on target identification latencies and eye gaze movements. The primes were a nonspatial auditory tone and words known to drive attention consistent with the dominant writing and reading direction, as well as introducing a semantic, temporal bias (past–future) on the horizontal dimension. As expected, past-related (visual) word primes gave rise to shorter response latencies on the left hemifield and future-related words on the right. This congruency effect was differentiated by an asymmetric performance on the right space following future words and driven by the left-to-right trajectory of scanning habits that facilitated search times and eye gaze movements to lateralized targets. Auditory tone prime alone acted as an alarm signal, boosting visual search and reducing response latencies. Bimodal priming, i.e., temporal visual words paired with the auditory tone, impaired performance by delaying visual attention and response times relative to the unimodal visual word condition. We conclude that bimodal primes were no more effective in capturing participants’ spatial attention than the unimodal auditory and visual primes. Their contribution to the literature on multisensory integration is discussed.

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Khan, Aarlenne Z., Gunnar Blohm, Robert M. McPeek, and Philippe Lefèvre. "Differential Influence of Attention on Gaze and Head Movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 1 (January 2009): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90815.2008.

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A salient peripheral cue can capture attention, influencing subsequent responses to a target. Attentional cueing effects have been studied for head-restrained saccades; however, under natural conditions, the head contributes to gaze shifts. We asked whether attention influences head movements in combined eye–head gaze shifts and, if so, whether this influence is different for the eye and head components. Subjects made combined eye–head gaze shifts to horizontal visual targets. Prior to target onset, a behaviorally irrelevant cue was flashed at the same (congruent) or opposite (incongruent) location at various stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA) times. We measured eye and head movements and neck muscle electromyographic signals. Reaction times for the eye and head were highly correlated; both showed significantly shorter latencies (attentional facilitation) for congruent compared with incongruent cues at the two shortest SOAs and the opposite pattern (inhibition of return) at the longer SOAs, consistent with attentional modulation of a common eye–head gaze drive. Interestingly, we also found that the head latency relative to saccade onset was significantly shorter for congruent than that for incongruent cues. This suggests an effect of attention on the head separate from that on the eyes.

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Riddoch, Katie A., and Emily S. Cross. "Investigating the effect of cardio-visual synchrony on prosocial behavior towards a social robot." Open Research Europe 3 (February 21, 2023): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.15003.1.

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Background: Robots are being designed to alleviate the burden of social isolation and loneliness, particularly among older adults for whom these issues are more widespread. While good intentions underpin these developments, the reality is that many of these robots are abandoned within a short period of time. To encourage the longer-term use and utility of such robots, researchers are exploring ways to increase robot likeability and facilitate attachment. Results from experimental psychology suggest that interpersonal synchrony (the overlap of movement/sensation between two agents) increases the extent to which people like one another. Methods: To investigate the possibility that synchrony could facilitate people’s liking towards a robot, we undertook a between-subjects experiment in which participants interacted with a robot programmed to illuminate at the same rate, or 20% slower, than their heart rate. To quantify the impact of cardio-visual synchrony on prosocial attitudes and behaviors toward this robot, participants completed self-report questionnaires, a gaze-cueing task, and were asked to strike the robot with a mallet. Results: Contrary to pre-registered hypotheses, results revealed no differences in self-reported liking of the robot, gaze cueing effects, or the extent to which participants hesitated to hit the robot between the synchronous and asynchronous groups. Conclusions: The quantitative data described above, as well as qualitative data collected in semi-structured interviews, provided rich insights into people’s behaviours and thoughts when socially engaging with a humanoid social robot, and call into question the use of the broad “Likeability” measurement, and the appropriateness of the ‘hesitance to hit’ paradigm as a measure of attachment to a robotic system.

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Al-Janabi, Shahd, and Matthew Finkbeiner. "Responding to the direction of the eyes: In search of the masked gaze-cueing effect." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 76, no. 1 (October 17, 2013): 148–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-013-0570-6.

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Rigato, Silvia, Enrica Menon, Valentina Di Gangi, Nathalie George, and Teresa Farroni. "The role of facial expressions in attention-orienting in adults and infants." International Journal of Behavioral Development 37, no. 2 (February 12, 2013): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025412472410.

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Faces convey many signals (i.e., gaze or expressions) essential for interpersonal interaction. We have previously shown that facial expressions of emotion and gaze direction are processed and integrated in specific combinations early in life. These findings open a number of developmental questions and specifically in this paper we address whether such emotional signals may modulate the behavior in a following gaze context. A classic spatial cueing paradigm was used to assess whether different facial expressions may cause differential orienting response times and modulate the visual response to a peripheral target in adults and in 4-month-old infants. Results showed that both adults and infants oriented towards a peripheral target when a central face was gazing in the direction of the target location. However, in adults this effect occurred regardless of the facial expression displayed by the face. In contrast, in infants, the emotional facial expressions used, at least in the current study, did not facilitate the attention shift but tended to hold infants’ attention.

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Zhang, Xukun, Zhenhao Zhang, Zhijun Zhang, Yi Tang, and Wei Liu. "The role of the motion cue in the dynamic gaze-cueing effect: A study of the lateralized ERPs." Neuropsychologia 124 (February 2019): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.12.016.

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Nagy, B., I. Czigler, and D. File. "Investigating the effect of unattended gaze cueing and age-related changes on cognitive control with event-related potentials." International Journal of Psychophysiology 131 (October 2018): S131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.07.354.

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Zhao, Shuo, Shota Uono, Sayaka Yoshimura, and Motomi Toichi. "A functional but atypical self: Influence of self-relevant processing on the gaze cueing effect in autism spectrum disorder." Autism Research 11, no. 11 (October 1, 2018): 1522–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2019.

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Bonmassar, Claudia, Francesco Pavani, Alessio Di Renzo, Maria Cristina Caselli, and Wieske van Zoest. "Eye-movement patterns to social and non-social cues in early deaf adults." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 74, no. 6 (March 17, 2021): 1021–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021821998511.

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Previous research on covert orienting to the periphery suggested that early profound deaf adults were less susceptible to uninformative gaze-cues, though were equally or more affected by non-social arrow-cues. The aim of this work was to investigate whether spontaneous eye movement behaviour helps explain the reduced impact of the social cue in deaf adults. We tracked the gaze of 25 early profound deaf and 25 age-matched hearing observers performing a peripheral discrimination task with uninformative central cues (gaze vs arrow), stimulus-onset asynchrony (250 vs 750 ms), and cue validity (valid vs invalid) as within-subject factors. In both groups, the cue effect on reaction time (RT) was comparable for the two cues, although deaf observers responded significantly slower than hearing controls. While deaf and hearing observers’ eye movement pattern looked similar when the cue was presented in isolation, deaf participants made significantly more eye movements than hearing controls once the discrimination target appeared. Notably, further analysis of eye movements in the deaf group revealed that independent of the cue type, cue validity affected saccade landing position, while latency was not modulated by these factors. Saccade landing position was also strongly related to the magnitude of the validity effect on RT, such that the greater the difference in saccade landing position between invalid and valid trials, the greater the difference in manual RT between invalid and valid trials. This work suggests that the contribution of overt selection in central cueing of attention is more prominent in deaf adults and helps determine the manual performance, irrespective of the cue type.

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Chen, Yujie, and Yufang Zhao. "Intergroup threat gates social attention in humans." Biology Letters 11, no. 2 (February 2015): 20141055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.1055.

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Humans shift their attention to follow another person's gaze direction, a phenomenon called gaze cueing. This study examined whether a particular social factor, intergroup threat, modulates gaze cueing. As expected, stronger responses of a particular in-group to a threatening out-group were observed when the in-group, conditioned to perceive threat from one of two out-groups, was presented with facial stimuli from the threatening and non-threatening out-groups. These results suggest that intergroup threat plays an important role in shaping social attention. Furthermore, larger gaze-cueing effects were found for threatening out-group faces than for in-group faces only at the 200 ms but not the 800 ms stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA); the specificity of the gaze-cueing effects at the short SOA suggests that threat cues modulate the involuntary component of gaze cueing.

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Momen, Ali, and Eva Wiese. "Noticing Extroversion Effects Attention: How Robot and Participant Personality Affect Gaze Cueing." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (September 2018): 1557–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621352.

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Social robots with expressive gaze have positive effects on human-robot interaction. In particular, research suggests that when robots are programmed to express introverted or extroverted gaze behavior, individuals enjoy interacting more with robots that match their personality. However, how this affects social-cognitive performance during human-robot interactions has not been thoroughly examined yet. In the current paper, we examine whether the perceived match between human and robot personality positively affects the degree to which the robot’s gaze is followed (i.e., gaze cueing, as a proxy for more complex social-cognitive behavior). While social attention has been examined extensively outside of human-robot interaction, recent research shows that a robot’s gaze is attended to in a similar way as a human’s gaze. While our results did not support the hypothesis that gaze cueing would be strongest when the participant’s personality matched the robot’s personality, we did find evidence that participants followed the gaze of introverted robots more strongly than the gaze of extroverted robots. This finding suggests that agent’s displaying extroverted gaze behavior may hurt performance in human-robot interaction.

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YOSHIZAKI, KAZUHITO, and KIMIKO KATO. "Contrast polarity of eyes modulates gaze-cueing effect1." Japanese Psychological Research 53, no. 3 (May 27, 2011): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5884.2011.00474.x.

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Callejas, Alicia, Gordon L. Shulman, and Maurizio Corbetta. "Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems Underlie Social and Symbolic Cueing." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 1 (January 2014): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00461.

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Eye gaze is a powerful cue for orienting attention in space. Studies examining whether gaze and symbolic cues recruit the same neural mechanisms have found mixed results. We tested whether there is a specialized attentional mechanism for social cues. We separately measured BOLD activity during orienting and reorienting attention following predictive gaze and symbolic cues. Results showed that gaze and symbolic cues exerted their influence through the same neural networks but also produced some differential modulations. Dorsal frontoparietal regions in left intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and bilateral MT+/lateral occipital cortex only showed orienting effects for symbolic cues, whereas right posterior IPS showed larger validity effects following gaze cues. Both exceptions may reflect the greater automaticity of gaze cues: Symbolic orienting may require more effort, while disengaging attention during reorienting may be more difficult following gaze cues. Face-selective regions, identified with a face localizer, showed selective activations for gaze cues reflecting sensory processing but no attentional modulations. Therefore, no evidence was found linking face-selective regions to a hypothetical, specialized mechanism for orienting attention to gaze cues. However, a functional connectivity analysis showed greater connectivity between face-selective regions and right posterior IPS, posterior STS, and inferior frontal gyrus during gaze cueing, consistent with proposals that face-selective regions may send gaze signals to parts of the dorsal and ventral frontoparietal attention networks. Finally, although the default-mode network is thought to be involved in social cognition, this role does not extend to gaze orienting as these regions were more deactivated following gaze cues and showed less functional connectivity with face-selective regions during gaze cues.

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Qian, Qian, Jingsong Li, Zhenhong Shang, Yong Feng, and Feng Wang. "Sequence effects of symbolic cueing by gaze and arrow cues." Journal of Vision 16, no. 12 (September 1, 2016): 899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/16.12.899.

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Narison, Rindra, Marie De Montalembert, and Laurence Conty. "Diagnosing gaze and arrow cueing effects in unilateral spatial neglect." Neurocase 26, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13554794.2019.1705495.

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Großekathöfer, Jonas D., Kristina Suchotzki, and Matthias Gamer. "Gaze cueing in naturalistic scenes under top-down modulation – Effects on gaze behaviour and memory performance." Visual Cognition 28, no. 2 (February 7, 2020): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2020.1742826.

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