Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Gaz respectueux de l'environnement'
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Ye, Fanchao. "Fault decomposition characteristics and application feasibility assessment of C4F7N-CO2-O2 mixed insulating gas." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ORLE1030.
Full textIn this doctoral work, a systematic theoretical and experimental study has been carried out on the insulation of environmentally friendly C4F7N-CO2-O2 gas mixture and on its decomposition characteristics and biosafety under electrical and thermal faults. Based on the ReaxFF molecular dynamics method, the thermal decomposition process of the gas mixture under different O2 contents and temperatures is simulated. The kinetic process of the thermal decomposition of the gas mixture and the evolution mechanism of its by-products under different conditions are revealed by combining with thermal decomposition tests. Meanwhile, the influence mechanism of O2 content on the breakdown voltage and partial discharge statistical characteristic values of the C4F7N-CO2-O2 mixture is analyzed, and the influence mechanism of different factors on the generation and inhibition of gas and solid by-products during the discharge decomposition process of the gas mixture is clarified. In conclusion, based on the simulation and experimental results, we propose the optimal O2 additive amount and fault diagnosis characteristic components of C4F7N-CO2-O2 gas mixture for medium-voltage gas-insulated equipmentwe test the biosafety of C4F7N and its arc decomposition products, and then evaluate the feasibility and safety of applying C4F7N-CO2-O2 gas mixture in equipment by combining with the insulating and electrical and thermal decomposition characteristics of C4F7N-CO2-O2 gas mixture and the results of the biosafety
Askanian, Haroutioun. "Etude de la durabilité de matériaux respectueux de l'environnement / biocomposites." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00661106.
Full textVoisin, Aurélien. "Élaboration et étude de nouveaux biocides supportés respectueux de l'environnement." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14493/document.
Full textThe prevention of microbial proliferation and biofilms formation affects every industrial field. In particular, the storage of hydrocarbons is highly concerned by this problem. The coatings of kerosene tanks contain chromium (VI) to increase the adhesion of the coating on the metallic surface and provide protection against electrochemical corrosion, as well as microbial corrosion induced by the development of microorganisms. Chromium (VI) is however very toxic, and is on the list of chemicals that have to be withdrawn from circulation by the european regulation REACH. The goal of the SMILE project, in which this thesis lies within, is to replace chromium (VI) by less toxic compounds that would be able to prevent microbial corrosion. The work undertaken during this thesis aimed at preparing antimicrobial polymeric nanoparticles, blending them in a coating and evaluating their antimicrobial properties, alone and in the coating.The second chapter is thus dedicated to the synthesis and evaluation of antimicrobial properties of aminosugar biocides, made from renewable ressources. In the third chapter is presented the synthesis of a first type of nanoparticles, that act on microorganisms by direct contact. For the second type of particles, presented in the fourth chapter, the nanoparticles have been designed so as to release a biocide under microbial enzymatic stimulus. The blending in a model coating of these two kinds of nanoparticles is described in the fifth chapter. In the last chapter, the antimicrobial properties of these two families of nanoparticles were evaluated against fungal strains known to proliferate in a kerosene medium
Goursaud, Fabrice. "Synthèse d'émulsifiants sur base végétale respectueux de l'environnement pour l'industrie routière@." Rennes 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN10136.
Full textDiouf-Lewis, Audrey. "Elaboration et évaluation d'additifs verts pour polymères et composites respectueux de l'environnement." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAC028/document.
Full textThis thesis work falls within the identified context of the need to develop new polymers that are more environmentally friendly. We are convinced that the development of these "green" materials requires the use of "green" additives during formulation. To develop environmentally friendly additives capable of stabilizing the polymer, with respect to the life cycle, and paying special attention to biomass valorization, three approaches have been studied. The first is an innovative way of using a mixture of polyphenols from winery by-products and tea industry. The second way is the valorisation of a molecule from the major by-product of the wheat industry. The third is a recent route of innovation, which proposes the use of layered double hydroxides nanocomposites (LDH) functionalized with bio based stabilizers. The evaluation of their stabilizing properties is carried out in polyolefins, against thermo- and photo-oxidation processes. The very promising results of the project highlight the strong potential of bio based molecules and composites to maintain polymers properties under conditions of use
Diouf-Lewis, Audrey. "Elaboration et évaluation d'additifs verts pour polymères et composites respectueux de l'environnement." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAC028.
Full textThis thesis work falls within the identified context of the need to develop new polymers that are more environmentally friendly. We are convinced that the development of these "green" materials requires the use of "green" additives during formulation. To develop environmentally friendly additives capable of stabilizing the polymer, with respect to the life cycle, and paying special attention to biomass valorization, three approaches have been studied. The first is an innovative way of using a mixture of polyphenols from winery by-products and tea industry. The second way is the valorisation of a molecule from the major by-product of the wheat industry. The third is a recent route of innovation, which proposes the use of layered double hydroxides nanocomposites (LDH) functionalized with bio based stabilizers. The evaluation of their stabilizing properties is carried out in polyolefins, against thermo- and photo-oxidation processes. The very promising results of the project highlight the strong potential of bio based molecules and composites to maintain polymers properties under conditions of use
Boutin, Cécile. "Vers des matériaux plus respectueux de l'environnement : incorporation de polylactide dans du polystyrène." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066802.
Full textCarre, Camille. "Synthèse et caractérisation de nouveaux matériaux polyuréthanes respectueux de l'environnement et de la santé." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAE043.
Full textNovative and performant polyurethane materials without isocyanate were synthesized using biobased molecules for applications in automotive and building industries. After a state of the art, different building blocks were selected and various strategies were established to develop new (macro)molecular architectures. First, reactions between a biscyclocarbonate from a model structure and dimer diamines were studied as well as the impact of various reaction parameters. Secondly, this approach was adapted to fully biobased materials. The properties of these nonisocyanate polyurethanes were compared with those of conventional ones. The influence of the monomer structures on the final materials was also demonstrated. The performance of some thermoset materials have confirmed the importance of the chosen strategies for the desired applications. Finally, a third approach was dedicated to the synthesis of thermoplastic nonisocyanate polyurethanes via a prepolymer synthesis. The various studies have revealed the specific impact of the building block structure on the macromolecular organization, and thus on the properties of the final materials
Friederich, Blandine. "Développement de nouveaux systèmes retardateurs de flammes à base de nanocomposites plus respectueux de l'environnement." Thesis, Metz, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011METZ012S/document.
Full textFollowing the restrictions made by the United Nations and the European Community on certain halogenated flame-retardants, the current market demand tends to move towards non-halogenated compounds such as phosphorous flame-retardants. However, it is necessary to use high amounts of material for reaching interesting fire resistance properties, resulting in a drop of mechanical properties. This led us to combine a part of the phosphorous compounds with nanoscale metal oxides, known for their ability to improve the stability of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA).We have first studied the effect of nanoparticles (titanium dioxide, alumina and boehmite) on the thermal diffusivity of PMMA, in order to highlight a mode of action of these additives during the thermal degradation of PMMA. A part of these metal oxides have then been substituted by two flame-retardants based on phosphorus and nitrogen: ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and melamine polyphosphate (MPP). In the obtained ternary systems (APP/MPP/metal oxide), the properties of fire resistance and thermal stability were studied and also the mechanisms involved in the degradation. Gaseous and condensed phases have been analyzed for this purpose
Friederich, Blandine. "Développement de nouveaux systèmes retardateurs de flammes à base de nanocomposites plus respectueux de l'environnement." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Metz, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011METZ012S.
Full textFollowing the restrictions made by the United Nations and the European Community on certain halogenated flame-retardants, the current market demand tends to move towards non-halogenated compounds such as phosphorous flame-retardants. However, it is necessary to use high amounts of material for reaching interesting fire resistance properties, resulting in a drop of mechanical properties. This led us to combine a part of the phosphorous compounds with nanoscale metal oxides, known for their ability to improve the stability of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA).We have first studied the effect of nanoparticles (titanium dioxide, alumina and boehmite) on the thermal diffusivity of PMMA, in order to highlight a mode of action of these additives during the thermal degradation of PMMA. A part of these metal oxides have then been substituted by two flame-retardants based on phosphorus and nitrogen: ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and melamine polyphosphate (MPP). In the obtained ternary systems (APP/MPP/metal oxide), the properties of fire resistance and thermal stability were studied and also the mechanisms involved in the degradation. Gaseous and condensed phases have been analyzed for this purpose
Onteniente, Jean-Paul. "Mise en forme de nouveaux materiaux d'emballages, respectueux de l'environnement, issus de matieres premieres vegetales regionales." Reims, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995REIMS028.
Full textLafrenière, Charles. "Évaluation du comportement en durabilité de nouvelles matrices cimentaires pour l'obtention de bétons respectueux de l'environnement." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27591.
Full textLaithier, Virginie. "Microsystème fluidique de détection de gaz pour l'environnement." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4308/document.
Full textMy thesis work led to develop an innovative fluidic microsystem for gas detection. It is portable, cheap and has an integrated thermal pumping. The gas microsensor used is inserted into a microchannel. Its integrated heater allows the well detection. It also allows the creation of thermal creep phenomenon, which is at the origin of the gas flow along the channel which will be detected by the microsensor. The choices of both microchannel dimensions and the temperature gradient are the most important parameters. Thus, microfluidic and thermal simulations were performed to define the microchannel dimensions and the most suitable materials natures. Two microsystems were processed with clean room technologies. The integrated heater was calibrated to study the real thermal gradient. A study of the performance of the microsensor was performed under ammonia. We could include determining the optimal temperature sensing. Then the microsystem was studed using in a special detection cell
Ravalason, Holy. "Développement de nouveaux outils fongiques respectueux de l'environnement (écoprocédés) pour la production de pâtes chimiques blanchies de résineux." Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX11017.
Full textBiotechnologies can be applied to paper industry as an alternative to chemical processes for pulp and paper production. In this work advances in genomic and protein engineering were used to improve biotechnological processes applied to chemical pulps production and bleaching. In the first part of this work, the Phanerochaete chrysosporium secretome, grown on softwood chips under biopulping conditions was analysed. A proteomic approach was chosen, using the P. Chrysosporium genome. Proteomic analysis revealed the production of several enzymes involved in wood biodegradation. The secretion of some of the identified enzymes was demonstrated for the first time. Biotreated wood chips were further submitted to kraft cooking and chlorine dioxide bleaching. Fungal treatment led to an increase of pulp yield, as well as an increase of pulp final brightness and a decrease in chlorine dioxide consumption. These effects could be partially explained by the production of specific wood-degrading enzymes. In the second part, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus laccase was fused to a fungal carbohydrate binding module (CBM). The laccase-CBM was produced in Aspergillus niger, and binding capabilities of the enzyme on a cellulosic substrate and on softwood kraft pulp fibers were evaluated. Laccase-CBM and P. Cinnabarinus laccase were compared for their softwood kraft pulp biobleaching potential, in the presence of a redox mediator (hydroxybenzotriazole). The presence of the CBM could improve pulp biodelignification with laccase, leading to a decrease in the enzymatic charge, an increase of pulp final brightness, a decrease in chlorine dioxide consumption and a preservation of pulp mechanical properties. Microscopic examinations revealed a penetration of the laccase-CBM in the fiber wall, and retention of the enzyme inside the pulp fibers at the end of the enzymatic treatment
Wieland, Stefanie Pizzi Antonio. "Utilisation d'adhésifs respectueux de l'environnement pour la fabrication de panneaux dérivés du bois à faible émission de formaldéhyde." S. l. : S. n, 2007. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2007_0103_WIELAND.pdf.
Full textDe, Sousa Rodolphe. "Synthèse de dithiocarbamates de glycérol à partir de ressources renouvelables : vers des fongicides et solvants plus respectueux de l'environnement." Poitiers, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010POIT2313.
Full textThis work was carried out in the frame of the ANR program « GlyBioSynth » which has for objective to value raw renewable material as glycerol. In a first part, a study of the development of a “green” process allowing the synthesis of dithiocarbamates derived from glycerol was realized. Dithiocarbamates is nowadays used as antifungal but the release of metals present in these compounds causes certain toxicity. The objective of this part is to develop the synthesis of dithiocarbamates compounds derived from glycerol with the aim of substituting these metals. Two strategies were investigated, i) the direct substitution of glycerol by the salt of dithiocarbamate and ii) the preparation in-situ of an intermediary of glycerol. The second way allowed the synthesis of dithiocarbamates with good yields (40-90%). Furthermore, the use of the glycerol as solvent resulted in the development of a “green” process which has been the object of a patent. In a second part, the use of the glycerol was studied as solvent in a reaction in the presence of homogeneous catalysts. Catalysts used during this study are dendrimers based in polypropyleneimine, which are effective basic catalysts but expensive. One of the challenges with the homogeneous catalysts concerns their ability to recycle. For that purpose, the use of glycerol as solvent allowed the immobilization of these dendrimers. Glycerol has two advantages, i) an immiscibility with a large number of organic solvents and ii) the absence of reaction in these conditions
Guinaudeau, Aymeric. "Vers un développement durable de la polymérisation RAFT / MADIX : amorçage à basse température et milieux réactionnels respectueux de l'environnement." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOU30257.
Full textRAFT / MADIX reversible-deactivation radical polymerization has been oriented towards a sustainable industrial development. A kinetic study of chain transfer to RAFT / MADIX agent has been completed with an industrial xanthate for a wide range of monomers. It was demonstrated that transfer constants to RAFT / MADIX agent and interchange transfer constants allowed to explain and predict the evolution of number-average molecular weights and polydispersites during polymerization. Redox-initiated RAFT / MADIX polymerization of acrylamide was studied at low temperatures. It was shown that specific conditions were required to obtain very high controlled molecular weights (up to 106 g/mol). Subsequently, RAFT / MADIX polymerization of N-vinyl pyrrolidone was reported in the same eco-friendly experimental conditions as acrylamide. The redox couple, solvent and reaction temperature had to be carefully chosen to control the polymerization and to synthesize original PVP-based block copolymers in water. Finally, RAFT / MADIX (co)polymerizations of many monomers have been studied and controlled in new environmentally friendly diester solvents
Bouquin, Maxime. "Formation de liaisons C-C et C-hétéroatome catalysée par des métaux plus respectueux de l'environnement ou en leur absence." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2022. https://theses.enscm.fr/ENSCM_2022_BOUQUIN.pdf.
Full textThe proposed research program is within the general framework of green syntheses for sustainable chemistry through the development of new catalytic systems performing challenging reactions. More specifically, the objectives of our project lie within the framework of transition metal catalyzed or transition metal free mediated/catalyzed arylation of nucleophiles (coupling of N-, O-, S-, P-, C-nucleophiles with aromatic halides). This type of reaction, which allows the formation of C-N, C-O, C-C, C-S or C-P bonds, is without any doubt one of the most important transformation in organic synthesis. Numerous types of catalytic systems have been described in this field, mainly based on nickel, palladium and more recently copper. The families of aromatic molecules obtained (Ar-Nu) by these reactions are very interesting building blocks since they constitute the main part (about 70%) of active molecules in life sciences (pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals) and of many material precursors. This reaction is thus of major importance for industry. The proposed research program, which focuses on the discovery of novel competitive and environmentally friendly catalytic systems for this type of reactions, belongs to the field of sustainable development (non-toxic, non-polluting, low cost catalytic systems – REACH regulation). The project will be implemented following 2 synthetic objectives (Transition metal free mediated C-C and C-heteroatom bond formations and New concept for the Cu-catalyzed arylation of nucleophiles from ArCl), complemented by a transversal one (Mechanistic study)
Bur, Nicolas. "Etude des caractéristiques physico-chimiques de nouveaux bétons éco-respectueux pour leur résistance à l'environnement dans le cadre du développement durable." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00804542.
Full textPerrier, Sebastien. "Aldéhydes et cétones dans l'environnement : de la phase gaz à la phase condensée." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00753862.
Full textFraïsse, Frédéric. "Etude du recyclage de mélanges PET/PC en vue de définir un procédé respectueux de l'environnement pour l'utilisation de profilés dans le bâtiment." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2005. http://195.221.120.247/simclient/consultation/binaries/stream.asp?INSTANCE=UCFRSIM&eidmpa=DOCUMENTS_THESES_81.
Full textFraïsse, Frédéric Verney Vincent. "Etude du recyclage de mélanges PET/PC en vue de définir un procédé respectueux de l'environnement pour l'utilisation de profilés dans le batiment." Clermont-Ferrand : Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2008. http://195.221.120.247/simclient/consultation/binaries/stream.asp?INSTANCE=UCFRSIM&eidmpa=DOCUMENTS_THESES_81.
Full textBerthe, Christine. "Etude de l'environnement du vanadium dans les fractions lourdes du pétrole." Metz : Université Metz, 2008. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/1983/Berthe.Christine.SMZ8308.pdf.
Full textThiébault, Benoît. "Modélisation de l'environnement plasmique des sondes spatiales émettant des particles." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009VERS0030.
Full textThis thesis seeks to characterise and model the impact of plasma interaction with space systems emitting particles in order to improve the security and durability of satellites and to correctly interpret results of scientific instruments. In this dissertation, analytical models are studied from a theoretical point of view and then applied to specific space systems. The domains of validity in which the analytical models are applicable are studied first and then used to model a double sounding experiment. The 3D kinetic simulation codes, validated as well in this study, are then applied to model specific situations, like the occurrence of potential barriers around a spacecraft in the magnetosphere or the modelling of a system equipped with an ion thruster
Wieland, Stefanie. "Utilisation d’adhésifs respectueux de l'environnement pour la fabrication de panneaux dérivés du bois à faible émission de formaldéhyde : caractérisation des paramètres de pressage : évaluation des propriétés des panneaux." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NAN10103/document.
Full textThe standards concerning the formaldehyde emissions2 from wood based panels have become more restrictive; alternatives meeting the requirements of the standards are needed. Therefore, solutions for the industrial use of three types of adhesives were studied which are; tannin adhesives by silica-induced autocondensation, Urea-formaldehyde (UF) / polymeric phenyl isocyanate (pMDI) hybrid adhesives and formulations based on dimethoxyethanal (DME). The study related to the tannins showed that an industrial production of large particle particle boards pressed with steam injection is possible. The analyses made it possible to evaluate the tannin autocondensation reactions of the formulations and to optimize them for steam injection pressing. Most of the studied formulations satisfied the qualitative requirements of the standard for both internal bond strength and formaldehyde emission2. Besides, the potential use for exterior grade of these panels remains problematic. The experimentations on the UF/pMDI adhesives increased the knowledge in the field of the adhesives-panel properties interactions for medium density fiberboard (MDF). Important results were obtained by the study of the resin distribution by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Best results concerning the improvement of the panel properties were obtained for adhesive mixtures with low molar ratio UF and emulsifiable pMDI, satisfying the requirements of the standard, grade F **. However, grade F **** could only be reached by using 100 % of MDI. During the study related to the formulations of DME derived resins, new adhesive formulations were developed. The most promising formulation was selected and validated on industrial scale. It has shown to be able to satisfy the qualitative requirements of the standards with low formaldehyde emission2
Habba, Yamina Ghozlane. "Étude des nanostructures de ZnO pour leur application dans l'environnement : détection de gaz et dépollution de l'eau." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1094/document.
Full textZinc oxide (ZnO) is a remarkable and very promising wide-gap II-VI semiconductor in the development of new materials for renewable energy and for the environment. Thanks to its many interesting physical, chemical and optoelectronic properties, this multifunctional material is used in many application fields such as solar cells, light emitting diodes, gas sensors, and water & air purification by photocatalytic effect, etc.In this thesis, we were interested in optimizing the synthesis of ZnO nanowires (ZnO NWs) by hydrothermal method. A two-step process has been optimized allowing us to obtain ZnO NWs having excellent morphological and structural properties, with very good reproducibility. A new synthesis method “Electrospinning” has been developed and the micro- & nanofibers containing ZnO nanocristallites can be obtained by this process. The combination of the two synthesis methods results a hierarchical nanostructure of ZnO (NWs/NFs) with an effective surface much larger than the classical one (ZnO NWs).Two applications have been developed in this thesis. Firstly, three reducing gases sensing tests have been carried out on the two types of ZnO nanostructures. Then, a photocatalytic water purification study has been carried out on a ZnO nanowire array under UV irradiation for the three dyes (MB, MO and AR14). In order to improve the photocatalysis performance, two new methods have been developed. The first is to set up a microfluidic system using microreactors containing ZnO NWs as a photocatalyst, thus the depollution time has been considerably shortened. The second method is based on the ZnO doping in order to improve the photocatalysis efficiency
Nguyen, Ba Tong. "Mesures de traces de gaz par spectroscopie d'absorption par diodes lasers accordables. Application à la surveillance de l'environnement." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20201.
Full textThe need for trace gas analysis has increased in recent years due to an important concern of the public and industry on issues such as the control of emissions of air pollutants, environmental monitoring, health and security. It is therefore necessary to have the trace gas sensors able of high selectivity, sensitivity and a direct measurement in real time. The reliability of the measurement systems is also an important criterion, depending on the intended application, the need to move towards miniaturization of microsystems for the development of portable devices for on-site operations is also interesting.This thesis is in this context and focuses on the study and development of a sensitive, efficient and simple setup to make selective, in-situ and in real time measurements of trace gases. This system is based on quartz enhanced photoacoustic spectrocopy (QEPAS) which consists on the measurement of an acoustic wave generated by the non-radiative relaxation of the excited molecules after light absorption, with a quartz tuning fork (QTF). The operation of tunable laser sources, of QTF and different spectrophone configurations (combination of the micro-resonator and QTF) used in QEPAS technique are detailed. A model of the acoustic wave and the response of the sensor are also proposed. Two devices have been designed. The first one is a QEPAS prototype bench, dedicated to the measurement of ethylene with a DFB laser diode emitting at 3.32 µm. The second device is a new version of QEPAS sensor that is more compact than the currently existing devices and where it is possible to place any type of commercial laser diode. This compact bench is used for methane measurement with a DFB laser diode emitting at 3.26 µm
Marchand, Pierre. "Dépollution d'effluents gazeux halogénés par des microorganismes déshydratés en réacteur solide/gaz : étude de la stabilité du biocatalyseur." La Rochelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LAROS260.
Full textThe aim of this work was to determine and quantify phenomena involved in the loss of stability of a catalyst prepared from whole dehydrated cells and used for the direct and continuous dehalogenation of gaseous VOCs. The study of the biocatatalyst instability revealed that (i) whole cells stay alive only few hours with selected operational conditions (temperature, aw, salt buffer borate concentration) but that the dehalogenases performances are not linked to this strong mortality (ii) the organic substrate and product of the reaction (1 chlorobutane et 1 butanol) do not sorb on the catalytic bed and do not inactivate the hydrolysis in the gas phase (iii) the important rehydration of the catalyst is responsible of thermal denaturation of a part of DhaA at 40°C (iv) all the HCl producted is retained by the biocatalyst and consequently reversibly inactivate it. Observation of the biocatalyst highlights that the behaviour of the biocatalyst can be explained by the existence of two different micro-environments for the enzymes (DhaA). Indeed this complex biocatalyst contains 50% of borate buffer salts that act as support for dehydrated cells. During rehydration, part of DhaA remains in the cellular matrix environment and is denaturated and another part is stabilized by a direct contact with borate buffer salts. The lyophilised cellular extract show a stability of 1 800 hours (75 days). The direct contact between salt and DhaA allow to avoid thermal denaturations and inactivation by HCl accumulation
Verdier, Matthieu. "Caractérisation et développement du procédé Protal® : le couplage d'un laser impulsionnel et d'une torche de projection thermique pour un procédé de traitement de surface éfficace et respectueux de l'environnement." Besançon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BESA2043.
Full textThe Protal® process has been developed as a palliative technique to degreasing and grit-blasting prior to thermal spraying. Although widely used, both techniques suffer from disadvantages such as environmental considerations, security and mechanical aspects (e. G. , decrease of fatigue properties). By implementing a Nd:YAG laser to ensure the cleaning step simultaneously to thermal spraying, these constraints can be avoided. The industrial growth of Protal® requires the control of the processing parameters to obtain high quality coatings. The understanding of the mechanisms involved in the laser cleaning of metallic surfaces is achieved on topographic and energetic points of view. Particles shape factor analysis leads to the parameter settings allowing the manufacturing of metallic (NiA1) and ceramic (A1203-TiO2) coatings on various substrates natures (2017, TA6V, 2C22). At last, higher adhesion levels than those obtained by the conventional procedure are reached by implementing fractional factorial designs of experiments for the optimization of the processing parameters
Sarraf, Riad. "Adsorption compétitive du tétrahydrothiophène et du benzène aux interfaces liquide-solide et gaz-solide." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20230.
Full textRaud-Ducros, Nathalie. "Mélange air/gaz en situation instationnaire : application à l'emploi du G.N.V. dans les moteurs." Toulouse, INPT, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPT066H.
Full textDurand, Alice. "L'exploration et l'exploitation des hydrocarbures en mer et la protection de l'environnement." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GREND015.
Full textThe deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion in 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico was the most important ecological catastrophe of the United States of America. This event inspired us to study the current international law about the hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation at sea and the protection of the environment. Because this activity takes place on the continental shelf it leads to operational and accidental pollutions, because marine pollution does not have frontiers, therefore legal international control of this activity is necessary.The activity which begun at the end of the nineteenth century, knew a real development around the 70's. At that moment, States became aware of the necessity to protect the environment. At the same time, an international settlement supervising the activity is emerging from the 70's to the 90's. Thus we can distinguish the prevention settlement from the react settlement. First of all the activity must respond to the prevention requirements. Notwithstanding, there is no universal treaty exclusively dedicated to this activity. That is why we do observe a splited settlement through universal and regional treaties directly applicable, completed by treaties indirectly applicable relating to environmental protection. Despite this splitting, we observe that principal aspects constituting the life cycle of the activity, from exploration and exploitation delivery permitted to decommissioning of paltforms, are well controled.Despite this control, a pollution can occur against which one we have to fight.That is why in the second time States developped a react settlement in response to the operational and accidental pollutions. About operational pollutions, we observe around the current preventional settelement which sets limits, developing some new limits through an empirical struggle, essentially at the regional level. States become aware that the limits imposed for operational pollution have to be more restrictive.With reference to the accidental pollutions, a current international settlement is quite satisfactory since various treaties and particularly an universal treaty, decree measures to States, which they fullfil if pollutions occure. This kind of instrument do not significate that States do not have to make the law progress. Indeed the law needs to evoluate permanentaly that is why UE adopted a directive about major accidents.At the same time react settlement not only means fighting pollution but also identifying the liable of the pollution and repare the damage, specifically the per se ecological damage
Nachef, Kinda. "Étude expérimentale de microvannes et microinjecteurs destinés à l'environnement corrosif du gaz naturel : application à la microchromatographie en phase gazeuse." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112386.
Full textThis thesis deals with the conception, the fabrication and the study of microvalves, as elementary bricks of a microinjector intended to a microsystem of gas chromatography. The analysis on site of the natural gas being the aim of this micro GC system, the microvalves have to be chemically inert so as to withstand corrosive components such as hydrogen sulfide. Moreover, we have chosen the pneumatic actuation of a mobile membrane, which imposes the membrane to be constituted of a flexible and airtight material. The Poly Ether Ether Ketone (PEEK) has be selected, as it answers the previously described constraints et we have thus used it, for the first time to our knowledge, as the elastic material of a structural element of a MEMS device, namely the membrane of our microvalves. Consecutive to the presentation of an assembly process of PEEK with silicon wafers as well as to the entire fabrication process of the rnicrovalves, the mechanical properties of the PEEK membrane have been drown out, and the characteristics of the microvalve as a functional microfluidic device are outlined. Finally, we pursue with the design, fabrication and first evaluation tests of microsystern of gas sample injection (or microinjector), comprising six PEEK-based microvalves
Daubert, Isabelle. "Etude de l'association d'un contacteur gaz/liquide et d'un réacteur biologique pour le traitement d'effluents gazeux industriels." Toulouse, INSA, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ISAT0024.
Full textAmong all kinds of atmospheric pollution, VOCs have raised a lot of interest recently. For high flow rates of low polluted gaseous effluents, one of the most suitable technologies seems to be biological treatment. However, industrial applications are limited because of impracticalities including short useful life or large plant size. In this situation, the use of the aero-ejector, a gas/liquid contactor with high transfer efficiency, is one solution for decreasing plant dimensions, if pressure drop is reduced. This research work deals with an evaluation of aero-ejector characteristics and performances and analyses the feasibility of a process associating the aero-ejector with a biological reactor for gaseous effluent treatment. Three model molecules were used ; the ethanol, the methyl ethyl ketone and the butyl acetate. The first section presents VOC treatment context, including existing technologies and their limitations. Descriptions of their application fields and costs allow comparison of these technologies. An analysis and optimisation of the aero-ejector performance as a mass transfer system is undertaken in the second section. Modifications of the internal geometry allowed the definition of a configuration suitable for industrial conditions concerning pressure drop and efficiency. A systematic study of the influence of operating conditions on transfer performances leads to the comprehension of the aero-ejector role in the contactor and to the definition of sizing criteria as a function of pollutants and technological constraints. Finally, in the third section, the system combining the aero-ejector with a biological reactor is studied for the complete treatment of a gaseous effluent polluted with several VOCs
Faucher, Alexandre. "Évaluation environnementale des programmes d'efficacité énergétique de Gaz Métro." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30544/30544.pdf.
Full textDenis, Mireille. "Dosage et mécanisme d'émission de vapeurs dans l'air au voisinage de résines usées de la centrale nucléaire Gentilly-2." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29210/29210.pdf.
Full textNuzzo, Manon. "Influence de l'environnement gazeux sur les performances électrochimiques de cellules à oxyde solide (SOC) en mode Electrolyse à Haute Température (EHT)." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066141.
Full textHigh Temperature Steam Electrolysis (HTSE) is a promising technology for hydrogen production, leading candidate as future fuel. However, massive hydrogen production remains difficult considering the fast performance degradation of solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOEC) mainly due to extreme experimental conditions (high working temperature (700-1000°C), oxidising atmosphere, high current density). In these conditions, degradation is due to reactivity between SOEC components, evolution of their microstructure and internal stresses emphasized by temperature and gas composition gradients. This work is dedicated to the study of the influence of the gaseous environment on electrochemical performance on SOEC in HTSE mode and to the development of a homogeneous method for gas distribution over the SOEC surface to enable a more uniform cells operation and limit internal stresses. Commercial electrolyte supported cells are studied (Ni/CGO–3YSZ–LSM/YSZ). First to start with, the SOEC electrochemical behaviour is studied with a traditional experimental set-up. Electrochemical characterisations are carried out in situ through chronopotentiometry and impedance spectroscopy. Secondly, new specific experimental sets-up were developed in order to vary the homogeneity of the gas distribution over the hydrogen electrode. To finish with, the influence of the gas distribution method has been studied on the initial electrochemical behaviour and then on the SOEC durability
Tchapchet, Tchouto Jules-Eric. "Contraintes d'émission de GES et modélisation économique : perspectives alternatives, enseignement et contributions au regard des approches appliquées et théorique de l'équilibre général." Rouen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ROUED008.
Full textMosino, Alejandro. "L'investissement dans l'environnement : essais sur l'efficacité énergétique et sur la substitution des ressources." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00768223.
Full textQuereix, Anne. "Analyse et modélisation du fonctionnement stomatique de la vigne Vitis vinifera L. : intégration de l'effet des puits de carbone sur les échanges gazeux de la plante." Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR20834.
Full textIn order to understand the control of grape quality, it is necessary to quantify the capture of plant resources and their partitioning between the various organs. This requires, in particular, an integrated description of plant gas exchange in response to both environmental and internal factors. Currently, however, the coupling of these two types of factors remains poorly understood. The objective of this study is to develop a model of gas exchange taking into account the short-term effects of climate as well as the influence of source-sink interactions on the stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. We first analysed experimentally the interactions between the carbon supply of sources and the carbon demand of sinks, under a stable environment and also in the vineyard. Then from these data, we developed a dynamic model based on (i) an empirical model of stomatal conductance (Leuning, 1995), modified in the light of published studies, and (ii) a model of carbon partitioning (Minchin et al,1993), to which we added a source-sink feedback mechanism. Simulations show that the model reproduced the global tendencies observed for photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in a stable environment. Less satisfactory agreement was obtained in the vineyard under a fluctuating environment. Nevertheless, from a qualitative point of view, the model accounts for the interactions between organs and simulates the observed behaviour following the modification of the source-sink ratio. By integrating the influence of external factors, this study provides a preliminary model for incorporating the sink feedback effect on source activity, which may be integrated into models describing the longer term functioning of whole plants
Rotoullié, Jean-Charles. "L'utilisation de la technique de marché en droit de l'environnement. L'exemple du système européen d'échange des quotas d'émission de gaz à effet de serre." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020053.
Full textBy taking the example of the European Union emission trading system, the objective of the present study is to understand the conditions of effectiveness of a specific tool: the market-based instrument. Market-based instrument is defined as a tool of policing aiming at the achievement of a public policy objective (pre-established by public authorities) with the creation of a market, i.e. the organisation of exchanges of “units” between economic operators. This tool is widely used in environmental law. The ex nihilo creation of a market in order to protect the environment must not mislead: the market-based instrument does not lead to a shift from public action to freedom. To the contrary, the effectiveness of the market-based instrument depends on a strong public action. A permanent (i.e. both during the preparation and the implementation of this tool) and multifaceted (i.e. at international, regional and national levels) public intervention is therefore required. The “invisible hand” of the market could only be effective with the “visible hand” of public authorities
Vignes, Didier. "Etude du champ magnétique et de l'environnement ionisé de la planète Mars à l'aide de la sonde Mars global surveyor." Toulouse 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU30169.
Full textFournel, Sébastien. "Étude comparative des émissions de gaz et d'odeurs issues de différents systèmes de gestion des déjections en production d'oeufs de consommation." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28491/28491.pdf.
Full textAssouvi, Coffi Dieudonné. "L'influence du droit international des changements climatiques sur le droit européen de l'environnement." Thesis, Limoges, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIMO0025/document.
Full textIn the legal pluralism and increasing inter-normativity context, this thesis demonstrates the influence of international climate change law on the formation and development of European Union (EU) environmental law through the techniques, methods and rules of integration provided for by international law as well as by European law. European environmental law now includes the concepts (green economy, sustainable development, carbon market ...) and principles (common but differentiated responsibility, precaution, prevention, responsibility, etc.) of the climate change international Law. Thus, the Europeanisation and constitutionalisation of international climate change law resulted in its insertion into the legal system of member states. Indeed, by virtue of its international commitments to combat global warming, the EU has adopted legally binding instruments that impact national legal systems and is committed to Kyoto II. The dynamics, controversies, clashes and the woes of the multilateral climate policy and negotiations have led to the establishment of a well-structured European climate diplomacy and a green economy policy that do not fail to come up against challenges of international cooperation, international collective action, global public goods equitable production and consumption, as well as technical,technological, institutional, human, economic, financial, sovereignist, social, energy, and ecological and transformational barriers.On the basis of the binding effect and enforceability of the provisions of international climate law and European primary law, the international climate regime produces legal effects within the member states and even towards third states dealing with the European organization. Indeed, because of supranationality, direct effect and the primacy of European law, the international legal rules relating to the fight against climate change, transposed and integrated, are binding in the national legal orders where they require a uniform application. As a consequence, the EU law, by virtue of its supranational character and its control and sanction mechanisms, including jurisdictional ones, has become the instrument of effectiveness and efficiency of international conventional climate law. As a result, the shortcomings of this right relating to the absence of compulsory jurisdiction, the non-compliance by States with their international commitments and the weakness of international control are largely offset by the effectiveness of the European and national legal system
Alibert, Clément. "Contrôles physiques, chimiques et biologiques des flux de gaz à l'interface sol-atmosphère." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLE014.
Full textMastering gas fluxes from the soil to the atmosphere is important for several high-stakes societal issues. Measuring and extrapolating these fluxes is a complex exercise due to their spatial and temporal variability. This variability is related to the many, often intertwined, processes that control the transport of gases in soils and at the soil-atmosphere interface. An innovative device has been developed within an experimental platform to study gas fluxes at the surface of a soil column placed under controlled conditions, with long-term, high-resolution monitoring of many parameters. The physical, chemical and biological mechanisms responsible for the variations of gas flux at the soil-atmosphere interface can thus be studied separately. This study focused in particular on the effects of plant metabolism (evapotranspiration, respiration and photosynthesis) as well as water content and barometric pressure. These mechanisms affect the pressure gradient that controls advective gas transport. A constant gas flow at the base of a soil can thus show significant transient variations on time scales ranging from several hours to several days. Numerical modelling has been initiated although no code is currently able to account for two-phase transport in the presence of sharp air/water fronts and evaporation. The numerous experimental results will be used to validate the necessary developments
Amiell, Patrick. "Ecoulements diphasiques gaz-liquide en milieu poreux : etude sur modele physique d'aquifere monoclinal." Paris, ENMP, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ENMP0101.
Full textBreton, Charles, and Charles Breton. "Évaluation des impacts environnementaux des bâtiments en bois : analyse du cycle de vie dynamique du carbone biogénique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37877.
Full textTableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2019-2020
Le secteur du bâtiment émet jusqu’à 30% des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) mondiales. Au Canada, il émet 12% des émissions de GES directes et subira une croissance importante d’ici 2030. Accroître l’utilisation des produits du bois pourrait diminuer les impacts climatiques attribués au secteur du bâtiment, ce qui contribuerait à l’atteinte des cibles nationales de réduction des émissions de GES. En stimulant un aménagement forestier durable, cela limiterait aussi les émissions de GES en forêt, en diminuant par exemple les risques de perturbations naturelles. Une gestion intégrée stimulant les secteurs du bâtiment, de la forêt et des produits du bois générerait un maximum de bénéfices environnementaux (i) en maintenant ou augmentant les stocks de carbone en forêt; (ii) en augmentant le stockage temporaire dans les produits du bois; (iii) en encourageant la substitution de matériaux à plus haute empreinte carbone. Le potentiel réel des stratégies d’atténuation faisant intervenir les produits du bois est difficile à quantifier. L'analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) est un outil utilisé en génie environnemental pour déterminer les impacts environnementaux d'un produit ou d'un service sur son cycle de vie. Cependant, en ACV, il n'existe aucun consensus sur la modélisation du carbone issu de processus biologiques, le carbone biogénique. Les ACV traditionnelles (statiques) ne considèrent pas l’influence des aspects temporels; elles reposent souvent sur les hypothèses que le carbone biogénique est (1) carboneutre ou (2) entièrement émis à la récolte. Ceci est problématique car les impacts climatiques d’un GES sont liés aux variations de sa concentration atmosphérique dans le temps. Les méthodes statiques peuvent donc mener à d’importantes erreurs d’estimation. Par exemple, 57% du carbone séquestré dans les produits du bois canadiens entre 1990 et 2008 est encore stocké dans l’anthroposphère. Considérer ce carboneentièrement émis induit une erreur d’estimation de 675 Mt CO2, l’équivalent de 92% des émissions de GES canadiennes en 2014. Les méthodes dites dynamiques permettent de considérer l’influence d’aspects temporels en ACV. Elles permettent d’éviter les hypothèses simplificatrices (1) et (2). Cependant, ces méthodes sont relativement récentes. Il existe peu d’exemples de leur application dans la littérature, notamment dans le domaine de l’ACV du bâtiment, où leur complexité additionnelle en termes de ressources (temps, données) est un enjeu important. L’objectif de ce projet est de comparer les résultats des méthodes statique et dynamique pour l’évaluation des impacts climatiques des produits du bois en ACV du bâtiment. Plus spécifiquement, cet objectif implique d’identifier une méthode dynamique adaptée à l’ACV du bâtiment, puis de l’utiliser dans une étude de cas. Ces objectifs spécifiques sont couverts dans deux articles. Le premier article dresse une revue critique des méthodes de modélisation du carbone biogénique en ACV et identifie la méthode dynamique du potentiel de réchauffement global biogénique (PRGbio) comme bien adaptée à l’ACV du bâtiment. Celle-ci permet d’intégrer des aspects dynamiques à l’ACV du bâtiment sans trop complexifier la collecte de données d’inventaire du cycle de vie. Le second article décrit l’application de la méthode PRGbio à l’étude de cas des Habitations Trentino, un bâtiment en bois situé à Québec. Comparativement à une approche statique, l’approche dynamique entraîne une réduction des impacts climatiques liés à l’utilisation des produits du bois. Ce résultat suggère que les méthodes d’ACV actuelles surévaluent les impacts environnementaux du carbone biogénique, et que des politiques encourageant la construction en bois auraient un potentiel d’atténuation des changements climatiques prometteur.
Le secteur du bâtiment émet jusqu’à 30% des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) mondiales. Au Canada, il émet 12% des émissions de GES directes et subira une croissance importante d’ici 2030. Accroître l’utilisation des produits du bois pourrait diminuer les impacts climatiques attribués au secteur du bâtiment, ce qui contribuerait à l’atteinte des cibles nationales de réduction des émissions de GES. En stimulant un aménagement forestier durable, cela limiterait aussi les émissions de GES en forêt, en diminuant par exemple les risques de perturbations naturelles. Une gestion intégrée stimulant les secteurs du bâtiment, de la forêt et des produits du bois générerait un maximum de bénéfices environnementaux (i) en maintenant ou augmentant les stocks de carbone en forêt; (ii) en augmentant le stockage temporaire dans les produits du bois; (iii) en encourageant la substitution de matériaux à plus haute empreinte carbone. Le potentiel réel des stratégies d’atténuation faisant intervenir les produits du bois est difficile à quantifier. L'analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) est un outil utilisé en génie environnemental pour déterminer les impacts environnementaux d'un produit ou d'un service sur son cycle de vie. Cependant, en ACV, il n'existe aucun consensus sur la modélisation du carbone issu de processus biologiques, le carbone biogénique. Les ACV traditionnelles (statiques) ne considèrent pas l’influence des aspects temporels; elles reposent souvent sur les hypothèses que le carbone biogénique est (1) carboneutre ou (2) entièrement émis à la récolte. Ceci est problématique car les impacts climatiques d’un GES sont liés aux variations de sa concentration atmosphérique dans le temps. Les méthodes statiques peuvent donc mener à d’importantes erreurs d’estimation. Par exemple, 57% du carbone séquestré dans les produits du bois canadiens entre 1990 et 2008 est encore stocké dans l’anthroposphère. Considérer ce carboneentièrement émis induit une erreur d’estimation de 675 Mt CO2, l’équivalent de 92% des émissions de GES canadiennes en 2014. Les méthodes dites dynamiques permettent de considérer l’influence d’aspects temporels en ACV. Elles permettent d’éviter les hypothèses simplificatrices (1) et (2). Cependant, ces méthodes sont relativement récentes. Il existe peu d’exemples de leur application dans la littérature, notamment dans le domaine de l’ACV du bâtiment, où leur complexité additionnelle en termes de ressources (temps, données) est un enjeu important. L’objectif de ce projet est de comparer les résultats des méthodes statique et dynamique pour l’évaluation des impacts climatiques des produits du bois en ACV du bâtiment. Plus spécifiquement, cet objectif implique d’identifier une méthode dynamique adaptée à l’ACV du bâtiment, puis de l’utiliser dans une étude de cas. Ces objectifs spécifiques sont couverts dans deux articles. Le premier article dresse une revue critique des méthodes de modélisation du carbone biogénique en ACV et identifie la méthode dynamique du potentiel de réchauffement global biogénique (PRGbio) comme bien adaptée à l’ACV du bâtiment. Celle-ci permet d’intégrer des aspects dynamiques à l’ACV du bâtiment sans trop complexifier la collecte de données d’inventaire du cycle de vie. Le second article décrit l’application de la méthode PRGbio à l’étude de cas des Habitations Trentino, un bâtiment en bois situé à Québec. Comparativement à une approche statique, l’approche dynamique entraîne une réduction des impacts climatiques liés à l’utilisation des produits du bois. Ce résultat suggère que les méthodes d’ACV actuelles surévaluent les impacts environnementaux du carbone biogénique, et que des politiques encourageant la construction en bois auraient un potentiel d’atténuation des changements climatiques prometteur.
The building sector accounts for up to 30% of global GHG emissions. In Canada, it represents 12% of direct GHG emissions; these impacts are expected to significantly increase before 2030. Using more harvested wood products (HWP) in buildings could reduce the climate change impacts of the building sector and help reach the national mitigation goals set under the Paris Agreement. By encouraging sustainable forest management, this could also reduce forest carbon emissions, e.g. by reducing the risks and consequences of natural disturbances (fires, insects, etc.). Combining (i) sustainable forest management, (ii) temporary carbon storage and (iii) substitution benefits in integrated management approaches could provide large, necessary mitigation benefits. The potential benefits of integrated approaches including HWP are increasingly recognized, but assessing their actual climate impacts remains challenging. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used in environmental engineering to assess the life cycle impacts products or services. However, there is currently no consensus in LCA on the assessment of carbon from biological processes, biogenic carbon. Traditional (static) practice disregards the influence of time considerations in LCA, and generally considers biogenic carbon (1) carbon neutral or (2) entirely emitted at the moment of harvest. This is a problem, since the climate change impacts of greenhouse gases (GHG) are a function of their atmospheric concentration over time. Disregarding time considerations can thus lead to estimation errors. In Canada, 57% of the biogenic carbon captured in wood products between 1990 and 2008 still remains in the anthroposphere. To consider it entirely emitted at harvest induces an estimation error of 675 Mt CO2, or approximately 92% of total Canadian GHG emissions in 2014. Dynamic approaches include time considerations in LCA and avoid simplifying assumptions (1) and (2). However, dynamic approaches are relatively recent. There are few available case studies and guidelines in the literature, notably in the field of building LCA, where the additional complexity and ressources (time, data) is a concern. The goal of this project is to compare the results of static and dynamic LCA approaches in the analysis of the climate change impacts of HWP in building LCA. More specifically, this goal implies identifying a dynamic approach well adapted to building LCA, and applying it in a case study. These objectives are covered in two articles. The first article is a critical review of biogenic carbon assessment methods in LCA. It identifies the biogenic global warming potential (GWPbio), a dynamic LCA approach, as well adapted for building LCA. The GWPbio approach can include time considerations in LCA, but is less resource-intensive than other approaches. The second article describes the use of GWPbio in the LCA of the Trentino building, a timber building located in Quebec City. Compared to static approaches, using GWPbio reduces the global warming impacts of HWP. This result suggests that current LCIA practice overestimates the impacts of biogenic carbon and HWP. Consequently, encouraging an increased use of HWP in the building sector could provide promising climate change mitigation benefits.
The building sector accounts for up to 30% of global GHG emissions. In Canada, it represents 12% of direct GHG emissions; these impacts are expected to significantly increase before 2030. Using more harvested wood products (HWP) in buildings could reduce the climate change impacts of the building sector and help reach the national mitigation goals set under the Paris Agreement. By encouraging sustainable forest management, this could also reduce forest carbon emissions, e.g. by reducing the risks and consequences of natural disturbances (fires, insects, etc.). Combining (i) sustainable forest management, (ii) temporary carbon storage and (iii) substitution benefits in integrated management approaches could provide large, necessary mitigation benefits. The potential benefits of integrated approaches including HWP are increasingly recognized, but assessing their actual climate impacts remains challenging. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used in environmental engineering to assess the life cycle impacts products or services. However, there is currently no consensus in LCA on the assessment of carbon from biological processes, biogenic carbon. Traditional (static) practice disregards the influence of time considerations in LCA, and generally considers biogenic carbon (1) carbon neutral or (2) entirely emitted at the moment of harvest. This is a problem, since the climate change impacts of greenhouse gases (GHG) are a function of their atmospheric concentration over time. Disregarding time considerations can thus lead to estimation errors. In Canada, 57% of the biogenic carbon captured in wood products between 1990 and 2008 still remains in the anthroposphere. To consider it entirely emitted at harvest induces an estimation error of 675 Mt CO2, or approximately 92% of total Canadian GHG emissions in 2014. Dynamic approaches include time considerations in LCA and avoid simplifying assumptions (1) and (2). However, dynamic approaches are relatively recent. There are few available case studies and guidelines in the literature, notably in the field of building LCA, where the additional complexity and ressources (time, data) is a concern. The goal of this project is to compare the results of static and dynamic LCA approaches in the analysis of the climate change impacts of HWP in building LCA. More specifically, this goal implies identifying a dynamic approach well adapted to building LCA, and applying it in a case study. These objectives are covered in two articles. The first article is a critical review of biogenic carbon assessment methods in LCA. It identifies the biogenic global warming potential (GWPbio), a dynamic LCA approach, as well adapted for building LCA. The GWPbio approach can include time considerations in LCA, but is less resource-intensive than other approaches. The second article describes the use of GWPbio in the LCA of the Trentino building, a timber building located in Quebec City. Compared to static approaches, using GWPbio reduces the global warming impacts of HWP. This result suggests that current LCIA practice overestimates the impacts of biogenic carbon and HWP. Consequently, encouraging an increased use of HWP in the building sector could provide promising climate change mitigation benefits.
Jourdain, de Muizon Gildas. "Articuler les marchés de permis d'émission avec les autres instruments dans les politiques de lutte contre le changement climatique." Paris 10, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA100055.
Full textThis thesis relates to energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emission reductions instruments in the industry. In this field, the policies are complex. This complexity made of superposition and juxtaposition generates interdependences. In this thesis, we chose to approach the very general problems of the interdependences by three more specific studies which constitute its three parts: a case study of the United Kingdom policy-mix. We mobilize microeconomic theory to evaluate its environmental effectiveness and its cost-efficiency ; the simulation of the interdependence of the European emission trading market using the general computable equilibrium model GTAP-ECAT and political economy model characterizing the impact of the lobbying in a context where two sectors are regulated by two different instruments
Zhang, Mingqian. "Assessing strategies for reducing carbon emissions associated with wood products transportation." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27746.
Full textWith the ratification of greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction agreements by Canada, various levels of government implemented policies to reduce transport-related and other industrial emissions. Since 2013, Québec, together with California and Ontario, has established a carbon market to encourage firms to reduce their emissions. The forest industry could benefit from this scheme in terms of improving efficiency and lessening the environmental impact of wood product transport. This study aims to assess the potential of carbon emission reduction strategies and to provide recommendations on improving the logistics of transporting wood-based materials. There are four main strategies considered in this paper; namely low-speed driving, eco-driving, intermodal transportation, and optimizing loading pattern. By combining these strategies, optimization models are developed with the objective of cost minimization under the constraints of emissions. These models involve the distribution planning of supply chain management and routing problems. Microsoft Excel, OpenSolver, Gurobi, and LocalSolver are mainly used for modeling and optimization. Pareto Front is also used to illustrate the relationship between transportation cost and carbon emission. To demonstrate the methodologies, a case study is exhibited using real world data. It is found that eco-driving has considerable potential in reducing emissions under a feasible range of price increases. The selection of strategies is based on the decision makers’ preferences and the difficulty of strategy implementation.
Habibi, Azza. "Analyse rapide des actinides par couplage chromatographie liquide/ICP-MS et de 90Sr par compteur proportionnel à gaz, dans les échantillons de l'environnement, en situation post-accidentelle." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066610/document.
Full textThe present study follows the Fukushima power plant accident and aimed to develop an analytical method to achieve, during an emergency situation, a rapid identification and quantification of alpha and beta emitters in environmental samples. The first step of this study allowed us to list the alpha and beta emitters which can be released in the environment in case of a nuclear accident. The second step aimed towards the development of a rapid analysis method to quantify 17 radionuclides of U, Th, Pu, Am, Np and Sr. The main objective was the automation of the radiochemical separation step and its coupling for the measurement. The separation is performed using columns containing extraction resins, namely TEVA®, TRU and Sr. The measurement is performed using an ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) and in some cases a gas proportional counter to quantify radiostrontium (89Sr and 90Sr). Excellent figures of merit were obtained, off line, with water (tap, river and sea water) and solid matrices (soil and aerosol filters), after a micro-wave digestion or an alkaline fusion dissolution followed by a Ca3(PO4)2 coprecipitation. The proposed analytical strategy showed yields between 70 % and 100 % and standard deviations between 5 % and 10 %. The newly developed separation method was then automated and coupled on-line to ICP-MS. The operating parameters were optimized using a design of experiments and the results were processed with Minitab®. The optimized automated separation coupled on-line to the ICP-MS allows the rapid quantification, in 1.5 h per sample, of U, Th, Pu, Am, Np and Sr with detection limits gain as high as 20 times for artificial radionuclides