Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Gaz Radioactifs'
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Girold, Christophe. "Incinération : Vitrification de déchets radioactifs et combustion de gaz de pyrolyse en plasma d'arc." Limoges, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIMO0024.
Full textIdrissi, Azzouzi Mostafa. "Conception et optimisation d'un nouvel appareil de mesure en temps réel des aérosols radioactifs émetteurs alpha." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112213.
Full textThe measurement of the atmospheric contaminations due to artificial radioelements alpha emitters (239pu, 241Am, 244Cm,. . . ) is a very difficult problem to resolve because of the three following reasons: the nature of the radiation to detect; very small activities, which correspond to LDCA; existence in the atmosphere of descendants radon and thoron, which are alpha emitters too. To avoid the drawbacks that the present apparatus present, we have conceived, realised and focused a new apparatus based on the following principals: aerosols collection by gaz jet technic on solid state support and measurement in real time under a few millibar presion using a solid detector. First of all, we have tried to make the aerosol collection rate better studying the collector nature and dimension influence, the distance between the collector and the gaz jet exit and the air flow. Using different supports, we have shown that the energy resolution is not depending on the support nature, but it depends very much on atmospheric conditions. Direct measurements of the radioactive samples are made by the annular detector insered between the nozzel and the collector. The good resolution, the efficacity and the discrimination of natural and artificial contaminations show off the feasibility of this apparatus
Cuong, Phan Viet. "Development of a new surface ion-source and ion guide in the ALTO project." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112330.
Full textAt the ALTO project of IPN Orsay, as at many others using the ISOL technique for production of intense and pure radioactive beam (RIB), it is crucial, when short-lived isotopes are produced in thick targets, to realize target and ion-source systems with good release properties and high efficiency. Therefore, R & D studies on target and ion source are very important for optimization of the production, selectivity and release of the isotopes of interest. These studies are also needed towards the future SPIRAL-2 and EURISOL nuclear physics facilities. The present work is dedicated to the production of neutron-rich gallium isotopes by the ISOL thick-target technique using photo-fission and a surface ion source. We aim at the study of the structure 82,83,84Ge50,51,52 via the -decay of 82,83,84Ga51,52,53. By this purpose, we focus on the development of a new surface ion-source made from high working function like Rh and Ir. The code written by C++ has been built to simulate the ionization efficiency of different surface ion-source (different materials and dimensions), the result of which was compared with experimental data from CERN. The code can be used to optimize ion source dimensions in future designs. Also, we have performed a test experiment to measure the ionization efficiency of the Rh and Ir-coated Rh for gallium. On the other hand, for future nuclear structure studies of refractory elements such as cobalt or nickel (atomic number Z=27 and 28 respectively), of which it is expected that they may reveal much interesting structure information, the ISOL technique with a thick target is no longer suitable. Indeed, the high melting point of these elements makes it difficult to volatilize as well as release them from a thick target. For such a situation, a technique based on thin targets is needed and the laser ion guide based on a gas cell to thermalize, neutralize and stop the recoiling nuclear reaction products combined with a laser beam to re-ionize them selectively, seems a good choice. However, in order to know whether the technique is fit for ALTO, we need to answer the question as to what the ionization rate is of the buffer gas by the primary electron beam and secondary charges? In other words, what is the ion-electron pair production rate in the gas cell? This is most important since the ionization rate negatively affects the extraction efficiency of the laser ion guide whenever it becomes bigger than 1010. To answer this question, we built a code based on the Geant-4 toolkit to simulate the ionization of the buffer gas. Furthermore, in a move towards the SPIRAL-2 project at GANIL where fission of 238U will be induced by neutrons produced in a carbon converter from a deuteron beam, we also wrote a Geant-4 code to simulate the production of neutrons, the neutron-induced fission and the energy deposit in a gas cell of similar dimensions as the proposed gas cell for ALTO. We likewise performed a simulation for the gas cell at Leuven to compare with published results
Duval, Florian. "Etudes et conception d’un refroidisseur radiofréquence à gaz-tampon pour des faisceaux radioactifs de haute intensité." Caen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CAEN2048.
Full textThis project is in the frame of Spiral2 and DESIR. The goal is to reduce beams emittance of Spiral2 beams to allow their purification with a high resolution separator. This cooler consists on a quadrupolar structure on which ions are confined by RF potential in opposite phase at 100eV. Helium is injected in the quadrupole and, after each collision, ion lose a part of its energy and is finally cooled. The main problem concerns the space charge. The existing devices cool current of few 10nA whereas we have to treat intensity around 1μA whose induce more coulombian repulsion between ions. That needs to produce strong RF fields (≈ 1kV/mm). We have worked on a first prototype with a 3mm-inner radius. The main R&D effort concerns the electronic part. A first RF system, based on a LC resonant circuit, has been developed and have provided up to 2500Vpp. We have checked that we didn’t have electrical breakdown between our electrodes. We have reduced beam emittance at a value around 2π. Mm. Mrad at 60keV and the longitudinal energy spread at 146meV. The maximum transmission in 23Na+ and 87Rb+ is 25% with an ionization source for which the beam quality is better than Spiral2. We have conceived a new cooler with an acceptance of 80 π. Mm. Mrad at 60keV. It has a larger inner radius (r0 ≈ 5 mm) and new sets of injection and extraction electrodes. The performances of the RF system have been improved to reach amplitudes up to 7kVpp
Taupiac, Jean-Pierre. "Incinération de déchets nucléaires en plasma d'arc." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30213.
Full textBoussaid, Ramzi. "Etude et développement d'un refroidisseur radiofréquence à gaz tampon pour des faisceaux radioactifs de très hautes intensités." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00787132.
Full textBoussaid, Ramzi. "Etude et développement d'un refroidisseur radiofréquece à gaz tampon pour des faisceaux radioactifs de très hautes intensités." Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN2039.
Full textThe low energy facility DESIR/SPIRAL2 is a second generation installation of radioactive beams. The flows of radioactive ions will require purification at isobaric level of the isotopes. This separation will be made by a high resolution separator (HRS) developed at CENBG. To have the nominal performance the HRS requires a low émittance beam. The only universal technique which can lead to a low émittance beam is the RFQ Cooler with buffer gas. The goal of this Cooler is to reduce the beam émittance to less than and the longitudinal spread energy about 1 eV, using the very high intensity beams ( ). Therefore, the space charge effect is significant to cooling beam degradation. The compensation of this effect requires the high RF voltage and high frequency respectively a few kV and a few MHz. The latter points are what distinguish this Cooler with those who are existing. The RFQ Cooler prototype examined in this thesis, commonly called “SHIRaC”. It was developed so as to transmit at least 60% of ions at very high intensity. The numerical simulations related to the definition of SHIRaC led to find the operating parameters in terms of pressure RFQ, the guiding field and the electrodes voltage of injection and extractions cells. They also allowed choosing and optimizing an electrostatic extraction triplet which adapts the cooling beam to the HRS. At an intensity of 1µamps, the optimum cooling results of 133Cs+ ions are variants: either minimum longitudinal spread energy of 1. 15 eV for a transmission of 21 % or longitudinal spread energy of 4. 67 eV for a transmission of 60 %. The émittance is about. The degradation of longitudinal spread energy is due to contribution of space charge and longitudinal effects. Outside the RFQ, when these two effects act, only the reduction of the second effect is possible. To achieve this reduction we had replace the three electrodes lens of extraction cell by a two electrodes lens. Through the use of this new lens the longitudinal spread energy is reduced of few percents: longitudinal spread energy corresponding to a transmission of 60 % has been reduced to 3. 85 eV. However, his minimum was slightly reduced to 1. 08 eV and the corresponding transmission was increase to 26 %. The émittance is below of. The spectrum masses show the presence of impurities of low weight, less than 55 u. M. A. . The removal of these impurities was made by baking the RFQ chamber causing the reduction of émittance of a few percent. The SPIRAL 2 available beams are intense and radioactive. Thus, it will be indispensable to consider the nuclearization effect on the RFQ Cooler environment. His reduction requires the confinement of nuclear matter inside the RFQ room
Pichard, Alexandre. "Développement de faisceaux d’ions radioactifs pour le projet SPIRAL 2." Caen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CAEN2052.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the study of radioactive ion beam production by the ISOL method for the SPIRAL 2 project. The production of light ion beams is studied and the potential in-target yields of two beams are appraised. The neutron-rich 15C yield in an oxide target is estimated with simulations (MCNPx, EAF-07) and experimental data bases; the neutron-deficient 14O yield is estimated thanks to a new measurement of the 12C(3He,n)14O reaction excitation function. Based on thermal simulations, a first design of the production target is presented. This thermal study gives the necessary answers for the detailed design of the system able to reach a production yield 140 times higher than with SPIRAL 1. The production of radioactive ion beams coming from fissions in the UCx target is also studied and more particularly effusion and ionisation processes. A global study and an off-line tests campaign allow essential knowledge to the design of the surface ionisation source for SPIRAL 2 to be acquired. A first prototype of this ion source dedicated to alkali and alkaline-earth element production has been built and a thermal calibration performed. Ionisation efficiency and time response of the target-ion source system have been measured at different target temperatures and for different noble gases. These measurements allow evaluation of the impact of effusion and ionisation processes on the production efficiency of different alkali and noble gases isotopes as a function of their half-life
Limery, Anasthase. "Étude et réalisation d’un lidar Raman pour la détection d’hydrogène et de vapeur d’eau dans une alvéole de stockage de colis radioactifs." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV005/document.
Full textThe CIGEO project, led by the ANDRA agency, aims at enabling future deep geological disposal of french nuclear waste packages. Those packages could be stored in hundred-meters long underground galleries, and may release hydrogen gas (H2), which is explosive at concentrations above 4% in the air. For safety concerns, it is important to ensure that H2 concentration remains well below the lower explosive limit. The objective of this thesis work, conducted at the ONERA agency, is to design and build a lidar which enable high-resolution (3 m) remote profiling of H2 concentration (0-4%) over hundreds of meters. Such a lidar could perform nonintrusive H2 detection and then prevent H2-related explosion risks. This lidar measures vibrational Raman scattering in the UV domain (355 – 420 nm). Its design takes into account the specific conditions expected in storage galleries. A highspeed and sensitive detection stage has been chosen, based on SiPM (Silicium Photomultiplier) technology in photon counting mode. Due to a spectral overlap between molecular hydrogen and water vapor Raman spectra, the need of a H2O measurement channel has been demonstrated. A three-channel spectral analyzer (H2, H2O and N2 used as reference) has been designed and implemented. Signal processing in real time has been developed to display H2 and H2O concentration profiles. This lidar has been tested in a reduced range scene (100 m) enabling hydrogen gas releases. Simultaneous measurements of concentration profiles of natural water vapor and hydrogen gas (0-2%) have been performed at 85 m with 1-meter and 1-minute resolution and a 600 ppm detectivity
Pichard, A. "Développement de faisceaux d'ions radioactifs pour le projet SPIRAL 2." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00544206.
Full textDridi, Wissem. "Couplage entre corrosion et comportement diphasique dans un milieu poreux : Application à l'évolution d'un stockage des déchets radioactifs." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001422.
Full textLiu, JiangFeng. "Etanchéité de l’interface argilite-bentonite re-saturée et soumise à une pression de gaz, dans le contexte du stockage profond de déchets radioactifs." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ECLI0011/document.
Full textIn France, the deep underground nuclear waste repository consists of a natural barrier (in an argillaceous rock named argillite), associated to artificial barriers, including plugs of swelling clay (bentonite)-sand for tunnel sealing purposes. The main objective of this thesis is to assess the sealing efficiency of the bentonite-sand plug in contact with argillite, in presence of both water and gas pressures. To assess the sealing ability of partially water-saturated bentonite/sand plugs, their gas permeability is measured under varying confining pressure (up to 12MPa). It is observed that tightness to gas is achieved under confinement greater than 9MPafor saturation levels of at least 86-91%. We than assess the sealing efficiency of the bentonite-sand plug placed in a tube of argillite or of Plexiglas-aluminium (with a smooth or a rough interface). The presence of pressurized gas affects the effective swelling pressure at values Pgas from 4MPa. Continuous gas breakthrough of fully water-saturated bentonite-sand plugs is obtained for gas pressures on the order of full swelling pressure (7-8MPa), whenever the plug is applied along a smooth interface. Whenever a rough interface is used in contact with the bentonite-sand plug, a gas pressure significantly greater than its swelling pressure is needed for gas to pass continuously. Gas breakthrough tests show that the interface between plug/argillite or the argillite itself are two preferential pathways for gas migration, when the assembly is fully saturated
Tran, Trung Duc. "Modélisation hydro-mécanique avec prise en compte de la production d’hydrogène dans les ouvrages de stockage des déchets radioactifs." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10168.
Full textThe first part of this work is about the evaluation of a pressure of gaseous hydrogen produced by HA cells passing through the interfaces to the drift. Indeed, the calculations without consideration of interfaces show that the transfer of hydrogen takes place primarily by diffusion of hydrogen into the water through the foundation. However, in storage, the presence of many interfaces by construction (between bentonite core - Argillite etc.) or by fracturing of materials under the effect of hydrogen pressure, are the preferential pathways for transfer of gaseous hydrogen. The GTI (Gas Transfer in Interface) model was chosen to simulate the transfer of hydrogen produced by the HA cells to the backfilled drift. The maximum hydrogen pressure in the backfill is obtained in the case where the interface is always open. At 4500 years it goes from 5.2 MPa (always open interface) to 3.8 MPa by the valve effect due to the increase of hydrogen pressure. The comparisons between numerical simulations with and without taking into account the hydrogen pressures show that hydrogen pressures no or very little impact the pore pressure, the effective radial and orthoradial stresses. As a result, the simulations may be performed by considering a hydrogen pressure at atmospheric pressure, which is to work in a biphasic medium. The second part concerns the fractured zones induced by the excavation of volume. And the observations in the laboratory Meuse Haute Marne show the anisotropic fractured areas around drifts and HA cells consist of vertical and horizontal discontinuities. The weak anisotropies of stresses and Young modulus for the drifts oriented along σH (σv approximativement égal à σh) is not possible to reproduce the strong anisotropy of fractured areas in the plane σv - σh by a hypo-elasticity model with anisotropic initial diagenesis. For modelling these discontinuities, a rheological model was developed by EGC named SC2D combining two types of elastic-plastic behavior: one is associated with an anisotropic damage resulting behavior of the argillite enhanced by calcite and the other characterizing the phase of clay that means the argillite without reinforcement by calcite and plastic deformation when the stress state reaches the surface of diagenesis. Damage coefficients are evaluated from an extension relation of Weibull in considering the expansion deformations in the directions of diagenesis X(σH), Y(σh), Z(σv). The drifts around the fractured zones are characterized by areas where damage coefficients are unitary. Furthermore, the discontinuities are activated when damage reachesoefficient unit and these discontinuities are perpendicular to the directions of diagenesis and vertical or horizontal with them
Besnus, François. "Contribution a l'etude de l'influence des gaz generes par les dechets radioactifs alpha sur la surete des stockages en formation geologique profonde." Paris 11, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA112392.
Full textM'jahad, Sofia. "Impact de la fissuration sur les propriétés de rétention d‘eau et de transport de gaz des géomatériaux : Application au stockage géologique des déchets radioactifs." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ECLI0023/document.
Full textIn the context of geological disposal of radioactive waste, this work contributes to the characterization of the effect of diffuse damage on the water retention and gas transfer properties of concrete (CEM I and CEM V) selected by Andra, Callovo-Oxfordian argillite (host rock) and argillite / concrete interfaces. This study provides information on the concrete microstructure from Mercury porosimetry intrusion and water retention curves: each concrete has a distinct microstructure, CEM I concrete is characterized by a significant proportion of capillary pores while CEM V concrete has a large proportion of C-S-H pores. Several protocols have been developed in order to damage concrete. The damage reduces water retention capacity of CEM I concrete and increases its gas permeability. Indeed, gas breakthrough pressure decreases significantly for damaged concrete, and this regardless of the type of concrete. For argillite, the sample mass increases gradually at RH = 100%, which creates and increases damage in the material. This reduces its ability to retain water. Otherwise, water retention and gas transport properties of argillite are highly dependent of its initial water saturation, which is linked to its damage. Finally, we observed a clogging phenomenon at the argillite/concrete interfaces, which is first mechanical and then hydraulic (and probably chemical) after water injection. This reduces the gas breakthrough pressure interfaces
Liu, Jiangfeng. "Etanchéité de l'interface argilite-bentonite re-saturée et soumise à une pression de gaz, dans le contexte du stockage profond de déchets radioactifs." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00951147.
Full textSchimmelpfennig, Irene. "Cosmogenic [36]Cl in Ca and K rich minerals : analytical developments, production rate calibrations and cross calibration with [3]He and [21]Ne." Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00468337.
Full textPublished cosmogenic [36]Cl SLHL production rates from Ca and K spallation differ by almost 50% (Gosse and Phillips, 2001). The main difficulty in calibrating [36]Cl production rates is to constrain the relative contribution of the various production pathways, which depend on the chemical composition of the rock, particularly on the Cl content. Whole rock [36]Cl exposure ages were compared with [36]Cl exposure ages evaluated in Ca-rich plagioclases in the same independently dated 10 ± 3 ka lava sample taken from Mt. Etna (Sicily, 38° N). Sequential dissolution experiments showed that high Cl concentrations in plagioclase-grains could be significantly reduced after 16% dissolution yielding [36]Cl exposure ages in agreement with the independent age. Stepwise dissolution of whole rock grains, on the other hand, is not as effective in reducing high Cl concentrations as it is for the plagioclase. 330 ppm Cl still remains after 85% dissolution. The [36]Cl exposure ages are systematically about 30% higher than the ages calculated from the plagioclase. We could exclude contamination by atmospheric or magmatic [36]Cl as an explanation for this overestimate. High Cl contents in the calibration samples used for several previous production rate studies are most probably the reason for overestimated spallation production rates from Ca and K. This is due to a poorly constrained nature of [36]Cl production from low-energy neutrons. We used separated minerals, very low in Cl, to calibrate the production rates from Ca and K. [36]Cl was measured in Ca-plagioclases collected from 4 lava flows at Mt. Etna (38° N, Italy, altitudes between 500 and 2000 m), and in K-feldspars from one flow at Payun Matru volcano (36° S, Argentina, altitudes 2300 and 2500 m). The flows were independently dated between 0. 4 and 32 ka. Scaling factors were calculated using five different published scaling models resulting in five calibration data sets. Using a Bayesian statistical model allowed including the major inherent uncertainties. The inferred SLHL spallation production rates from Ca and K are 42. 2 ± 4. 8 atoms [36]Cl (g Ca)-1 a-1 and 124. 9 ± 8. 1 atoms [36]Cl (g K)-1 a-1 scaled with Stone (2000). Using the other scaling methods results in very similar values. These results are in agreement with previous production rate estimations both for Ca and K calibrated with low Cl samples. Moreover, although the exposure durations of our samples are very different and the altitude range is large, the ages recalculated with our production rates are mostly in agreement, within uncertainties, with the independent ages no matter which scaling method is used. However, scaling factors derived from the various scaling methods differ significantly. Cosmic ray flux is sensitive to elevation and its energy spectrum increases considerably with increasing altitude and latitude. To evaluate whether various TCN production rates change differently with altitude and latitude and if nuclide-specific or even target-element-specific scaling factors are required, cosmogenic [36]Cl, [3]He and [21]Ne concentration were determined in pyroxenes over an altitude transect between 1000 and 4300 m at Kilimanjaro volcano (3° S). No altitude-dependency of the nuclide ratios could be observed, suggesting that no nuclide-specific scaling factors be needed for the studied nuclides
Yang, Diansen. "Caractérisation par la mesure de perméabilité au gaz de l’endommagement mécanique et hydrique dans l’EDZ des argilites du Callovo-Oxfordien." Paris, ENMP, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004660.
Full textThe work presented here covers the investigations on the variation of geomechanical proprieties of the approximately 500 m deep MHM in France (mudstone in the departments of Meuse/Haute-Marne), chosen as a potential medium for nuclear waste disposal by ANDRA. In order to measure the very low permeability of mudstone and to observe the dependency on saturation, a special test scheme on measurement of gas permeability has been developed. In the scheme, in situ referenced stresses have been chosen as the stresses acting on the solid matrix. To estimate the mechanical damage of storage induced by the excavation, laboratory tests on gas permeability have been conducted on samples recovered from different locations situated at different distances from the wall of the main access shaft of the MHM (from 0,1 m to 12,5 m). Results of gas permeability obtained under iso of 11 MPa vary between 10-21 and 10-22 m² and do not show significant variations between damaged zones and intact zones. The variation of gas permeability under the cycle of loading and unloading is not significant. The oviparous intact samples have been imposed different saturations by salt solutions (with HR from 25 % to 98 %) to form a cycle of de- and re-saturation. The characters of mudstone during the sorption and desorption were measured and analyzed. Kgaz under iso of 5 MPa increases from 10-21 to 10-18 m² when the HR decreases from 98 % to 25 %. A quasi-linear relation between log(k) and Saturation has been observed and mathematically formulated. The study of kgaz as a function of deviator stress confirms that the effect of the deviator is not evident, even when the deviator excesses the damage threshold. The deformation and the acoustics velocity of samples have been traced during the tests and the microstructure of mudstone has been studied with the method of mercury intrusion. The factors influencing the measure of gas permeability, such as the Klinkenberg effect, the variation of saturation during the tests, the dissolution of gas in water and the water transformation due to the gas pressure, especially the leak tightness of the testing system, have been discussed in the study
Boulin, Pierre. "Expérimentation et Modélisation du Transfert d'hydrogène à travers des argiles de centre de stockage de déchets radioactifs." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00331826.
Full textBoulin, Pierre. "Expérimentation et modélisation du transfert d'hydrogène à travers des argiles de centre de stockage de déchets radioactifs." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPG0086.
Full textGases will be generated by corrosion of high radioactive waste containers in deep geological repositories. A gas phase will be generated. Gas pressure will build up and penetrated the geological formation. If gases do not penetrate the geological barrier efficiently, the pressure build up may create a risk of fracturation and of creation of preferential pathways for radionuclide migration. The present work focuses on Callovo-Oxfordian argillites characterisation. An experiment, designed to measure very low permeabilities, was used with hydrogen/helium and analysed using the Dusty Gas Model. Argillites close to saturation have an accessible porosity to gas transfer that is lower than 0,1% to 1% of the porosity. Analysis of the Knudsen effect suggests that this accessible network should be made of 50 nm to 200 nm diameter pores. The permeabilities values were integrated to an ANDRA operating model. The model showed that the maximum pressure expected near the repository would be 83 bar
M'jahad, Sofia. "Impact de la fissuration sur les propriétés de rétention d'eau et de transport de gaz des géomatériaux : Application au stockage géologique des déchets radioactifs." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00803248.
Full textDucret, Didier. "Contribution à l'étude d'un réacteur de transformation gaz particules par une décharge électrique à effet couronne : Application à l'épuration des composés iodes volatils radioactifs." Chambéry, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992CHAMS004.
Full textDucret, Didier. "Contribution à l'étude d'un réacteur de transformation gaz-particules par une décharge électrique à effet couronne : application à l'épuration des composés iodés volatils radioactifs /." Gif-sur-Yvette : Service de documentation et d'édition multimédia, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique, 1994. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35726113r.
Full textYang, Diansen. "Caractérisation par la mesure de perméabilité au gaz de l'endommagement mécanique et hydrique dans l'EDZ des argilites du Callovo-Oxfordien." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004660.
Full textDamian-Pellissier, Catherine. "Réseaux polyépoxydes utilisés pour l'enrobage des déchets radioactifs : analyse du vieillissement en conditions de stockage et effets sur les propriétés diffusionnelles des matériaux." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10099.
Full textDuval, F. "Etudes et conception d'un refroidisseur radiofréquence à gaz-tampon pour des faisceaux de hautes intensités." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00435557.
Full textSmith, Thomas. "Transfert vertical des gaz rares à l'échelle des différentes formations de la zone de transposition du site Meuse/Haute-Marne et à l'échelle des eaux porales de l'argilite du Callovo-Oxfordien." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14127/document.
Full textThe French Radioactive Waste Management National Agency (Andra) is studying the possibility of a high level and long lived radioactive waste repository in geological formation. Since 1994, Andra is studying the properties of the Callovo-Oxfordian (COx) argillaceous rock, located in the eastern part of the Paris Basin. In the designated zone, COx is a 130 meters thick clay rich sequence, found at a depth of about 500 meters and encompassed between two aquifers, the Oxfordian limestone above and the Dogger limestone below. Callovo-Oxfordian permeabilities are very low, which is suitable with radioactive waste disposal. Noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe) are considered as natural tracers, useful in hydrogeology, for several reasons. First, noble gases are nearly chemically inert, and then no reaction occurs between them and other species. Secondly, noble gases have several isotopes and many of them have different origins, so it is possible to distinguish sources terms. Noble gases concentrations in geological formations are controlled by physical properties such as temperature, pressure and salinity. To have more information on the COx properties, Andra has selected four drilling sites in a 250 km2 area around the Underground Research Laboratory. From November 2007 to June 2008, on each site, Callovo-Oxfordian clay and both overlaying (Oxfordian) and underlying (Dogger) limestones were investigated. A 1600 meters deep borehole, reaching the Trias base, allows investigating the whole length of the Mesozoïc sedimentary pile.On each drilling sites (named A, B, C and D), pore water noble gases concentrations were performed by mass spectrometry. Each helium profiles show the same general trends. Helium concentrations measured in the borehole C COx pore water are about 2 to 3 times lower than those observed for the other boreholes, and so comparable with previous measurements in the Underground Laboratory. These lower concentrations for borehole C could suggest differences in water average velocities in Dogger limestone, in comparison with the other ones. Calculations using a 1-D model were done; the results corroborate analytical measurements and confirm that helium diffusion profiles in the COx are controlled by Dogger helium concentrations that were put in the model. The vertical profile of dissolved helium concentration throughout the deep borehole suggest on the one hand that there is no deep crustal flux, and on the other hand that Trias is well isolated from the Lias and Dogger overlaying formations.The whole results obtained in this study provide a better understanding about diffusive transfer processes occurring in the COx and in the surrounding limestone aquifers
Perlot, Céline. "INFLUENCE DE LA DÉCALCIFICATION DE MATERIAUX CIMENTAIRES SUR LES PROPRIÉTÉS DE TRANSFERT : APPLICATION AU STOCKAGE PROFOND DE DÉCHETS RADIOACTIFS." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00274268.
Full textIl convient de s'assurer de la pérennité de cette structure pendant une durée au moins égale à celle de la vie des déchets (jusqu'à 100 000 ans). Sa durabilité a été éprouvée par l'évolution des propriétés de transfert en fonction de la décalcification de matériaux cimentaires, altération traduisant le vieillissement de l'ouvrage.
Deux modes de dégradation ont ainsi été appliqués tenant compte des différentes interactions physico-chimiques induites par la formation hôte.
Le premier, de type statique, a consisté en une décalcification accélérée par le nitrate d'ammonium. Il simule l'altération de la barrière ouvragée par les eaux souterraines. La cinétique de la dégradation a été estimée par le suivi du calcium lixivié et l'avancée du front de dissolution de l'hydroxyde de calcium.
Pour évaluer l'impact de la décalcification, les échantillons ont été caractérisés à l'état sain puis dégradé, en termes de microstructure (porosité, distribution porosimétrique) et de propriétés de transfert (diffusivité, perméabilité au gaz et à l'eau).
L'influence de la nature du liant (CEM I et CEM V/A) et des granulats (calcaires et siliceux) a été observée en répétant les essais sur différentes formulations de mortiers.
A cette occasion, une importante réflexion sur la métrologie de cet essai a été menée.
Le deuxième mode de dégradation, dynamique, a été réalisé par un perméamètre environnemental. Il recrée les sollicitations subies par l'ouvrage lors de sa phase de resaturation post-fermeture (pression hydraulique imposée par la couche géologique et exothermicité des déchets).
Cet appareillage, basé sur le principe d'une cellule triaxiale, a permis de fixer un gradient de pression entre 2 et 10 MPa et une température de 20 à 80°C. La variation de la perméabilité à l'eau en fonction de ces deux paramètres expérimentaux, découplés et couplés, a été mesurée et reliée aux modifications microstructurales des échantillons.
Mots clés : décalcification, CEM I, CEM V/A, diffusivité, perméabilité au gaz, perméabilité à l'eau, porosimétrie mercure, dégradation par nitrate d'ammonium, perméamètre environnemental, gradient de pression, température, stockage nucléaire souterrain.
Audubert, Fabienne. "Mise au point d'une matrice apatitique pour le confinement de l'iode 129." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT001G.
Full textAuclair, Guy. "Détermination des rendements radiolytiques primaires alpha en milieu alcalin : application à la radiolyse du béton." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066389.
Full textPerlot, Céline. "Influence de la décalcification de matériaux cimentaires sur les propriétés de transfert : application au stockage profond de déchets radioactifs." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30211.
Full textCementitious materials have been selected to compose engineering barrier system (EBS) of the french radioactive waste deep repository, because of concrete physico-chemical properties: the hydrates of the cementitious matrix and the pH of the pore solution contribute to radionuclides retention; furthermore the compactness of these materials limits elements transport. The confinement capacity of the system has to be assessed while a period at least equivalent to waste activity (up to 100. 000 years). His durability was sustained by the evolution of transfer properties in accordance with cementitious materials decalcification, alteration that expresses structure long-term behavior. Then, two degradation modes were carried out, taking into account the different physical and chemical interactions imposed by the host formation. The first mode, a static one, was an accelerated decalcification using nitrate ammonium solution. It replicates EBS alteration dues to underground water. Degradation kinetic was estimated by the amount of calcium leached and the measurement of the calcium hydroxide dissolution front. To evaluate the decalcification impact, samples were characterized before and after degradation in term of microstructure (porosity, pores size distribution) and of transfer properties (diffusivity, gas and water permeability). The influence of cement nature (ordinary Portland cement, blended cement) and aggregates type (lime or siliceous) was observed: experiments were repeated on different mortars mixes. On this occasion, an essential reflection on this test metrology was led. The second mode, a dynamical degradation, was performed with an environmental permeameter. It recreates the EBS solicitations ensured during the resaturation period, distinguished by the hydraulic pressure imposed by the geologic layer and the waste exothermicity. This apparatus, based on triaxial cell functioning, allows to applied on samples pressure drop between 2 and 10 MPa and temperature from 20 to 80°C. Water permeability evolution relating to experimental parameters, uncoupled or coupled, was relied to mortars microstructural modifications
Zhang, Xiang. "Numerical simulation of gas migration properties in highly impermeable materials." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10099/document.
Full textThe feasibility study of long-term radioactive waste storage in COx argillite has been performed by considering various damage and failure scenarios. This study aims at the numerical investigation of gas (mainly produced by corrosion of metallic parts) migration properties through the low-permeable formation. Traditional methods, based on macroscopic approaches or homogeneous transport properties, are inappropriate to analyze this issue at the meso/microscopic scale. In this study, accurate porous space morphologies are constructed through union of excursions of Random Fields considering different experimental pore size distribution curves. Afterwards, morpho-mathematical operations are implemented for image filtering and analysis for the purpose of extraction of preferential gas transport pathways and prediction of gas entry pressure, gas breakthrough pressure and the following imbibition process
Illien, Pierre. "Fluctuations and correlations of a biased tracer in a hardcore lattice gas." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066264/document.
Full textWe study the dynamics of a tracer submitted to an external force in a bath of particles. We propose a model which takes explicitly into account the dynamics of the bath, and which describes the correlations between the dynamics of the tracer and the response of the bath. We consider a biased tracer in a lattice gas of hardcore particles: the tracer performs a biased random walk whereas the bath particles perform symmetric random walks. We study in particular the fluctuations of the position of the tracer. In the high-density limit, we obtain exact results at leading order in the density of vacancies. In confined geometries, an analytical calculation of the fluctuations of tracer position predicts a long superdiffusive regime, and a crossover to an ultimate diffusive regime. We give a simplified description of the system that unveils the physical mechanism explaining this anomalous behavior. We show the existence of a velocity anomaly in quasi-1D systems.We also study the general case of an arbitrary density of particles on a lattice in contact with a reservoir. This situation is a N-body problem described by a master equation, that can be solved by resorting to a mean-field-type approximation, which consists in the decoupling of relevant correlation functions. It is then possible to determine approximate values of the velocity, the diffusion coefficient and the distribution of the position of the tracer. We finally show that the decoupling approximation is exact in the high-density and low-density limits
Yuan, Haifeng. "Caractérisation expérimentale des propriétés de poromécaniques et de transfert de l’argilite du COx." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ECLI0030/document.
Full textCOx argillite has been selected as the host rock for the storage of high-activity long-live (HALL) radioactive waste in France. It will suffered the gas and water intrusion, sometimes suffered the severe thermal conditions during the sealing process. Therefore, in order to evaluate the safety of this natural barrier, it is very important to understand the poromechanical properties and transport properties of this material as well as the thermal effects. This work use gas to measure Biot’s coefficient and shows that it is nearly equal to 1 in humid conditions. However, there is a gas adsorption and induced an additional swelling deformation on dry material, this effect also has a significant effect on the transport properties of the gas according to its nature. The transport and saturation properties were examined by gas technique and compared with the usual measurements. The tests also show that the permeability of in situ water is about 10-20-10-21 m² and much lower than gas. Lastly, it is found that Biot’s coefficient is not significantly affected by the thermal effect, but the relative gas permeability of argillite is significantly affected by this effect
Giannesini, Sophie. "Géochimie isotopique couplée des eaux des formations argileuses et calcaires du site Andra de Meuse/Haute-Marne." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00204775.
Full textLes eaux porales des argilites s'avèrent être d'origine météorique, ce qui signifie que les eaux marines originellement présentes ont été envahies par des eaux météoriques, probablement par diffusion. Les eaux des deux formations calcaires encadrant les argilites présentent des signatures géochimiques distinctes, révélant le rôle d'écran joué par la couche imperméable des argilites.
Delashob, Hemen, and Björn Elmström. "Liquified Natural Gas Marine Fuel : Naturally Occuring Radioactive Material." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Sjöfartshögskolan (SJÖ), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-84206.
Full textSeymore, Sean Bernard. "Studies pertaining to the mechanisms of gas generation in nuclear waste." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/27615.
Full textNelson, Andrew Wyatt. "Naturally occurring radioactive materials associated with unconventional drilling for natural gas." Diss., University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5579.
Full textBell, Sarah Dawn. "The development of radioactive gas imaging for the study of chemical flow processes." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6545/.
Full textZhang, Yumeng. "Modélisation et simulation des dispositifs de ventilation dans les stockages de déchets radioactifs." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4132/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to develop models and algorithms to simulate efficiently the mass exchanges occurring at the interface between the nuclear waste deep geological repositories and the ventilation excavated galleries. To model such physical processes, one needs to account in the porous medium for the flow of the liquid and gas phases including the vaporization of the water component in the gas phase and the dissolution of the gaseous components in the liquid phase. In the free flow region, a single phase gas free flow is considered assuming that the liquid phase is instantaneously vaporized at the interface. This gas free flow has to be compositional to account for the change of the relative humidity in the free flow region which has a strong feedback on the liquid flow rate at the interface
Stone, Michael. "An assessment of the modular high temperature gas-cooled reactor for actinide burning." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/13369.
Full textMIYAKE, ELOISA T. "Determinacao da permeabilidade a gas em conceito usado em repositorios para rejeitos radioativos." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1994. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10392.
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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
Boudreau, Chantal. "The transport of radioactive ions in a gas filled radio frequency quadrupole mass filter system /." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32979.
Full textCartonnet, Adrien. "Contribution à l’étude du rejet à l’environnement de l’iode radioactif lors d’une séquence accidentelle de type RTGV." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10123/document.
Full textIn a Steam Generator Tube Rupture (SGTR) accident occurring to a pressurised nuclear water reactor, a fraction of the radioactive species present in the primary circuit is likely to be transferred to the environment. Particular attention is paid to iodine for two reasons; the first one it is well known that iodine is a high contributor to the dose at short term and in second, due to possible formation of volatile species, which could be largely sprayed in the environment. In normal operating conditions, the primary circuit is contaminated with some radioactive products flowing through micro-cracks existing in the fuel rod claddings. To better estimate the releases for SGTR sequence, it is crucial to determine the iodine partition between the gas and the liquid phase downstream the tube break as well as the droplet size distribution generated during the flashing. The first part of the PhD presents a heat and mass transfer model developed to predict the two-phase jet behaviour at the break. The steam fraction is calculated as well as the droplet size distribution upstream the break. Experiments available in the literature (tests conducted at the U.S/NRC and INERIS) are used to validate the model. The second part concerns the modelling of the iodine chemical speciation in the primary conditions (irradiation, low concentration and presence of impurities). For each iodine species, the partition coefficient has been determined either in using literature data or with the help of molecular dynamics computations. Last, this global release modelling has been implemented in ASTEC, the IRSN accident simulation software and the releases have been calculated for one SGTR scenario
Dewonck, Sarah. "Géochimie isotopique des gaz rares dans les roches sédimentaires et les eaux souterraines de l'est du bassin parisien : contribution aux transferts massiques intrabassinaux." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_2000_DEWONCK_S.pdf.
Full textKuitunen, Elina Maria. "Geological disposal of radioactive waste : effects of repository design and location on post-closure flows and gas migration." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/geological-disposal-of-radioactive-waste--effects-of-repository-designand-location-on-postclosure-flows-and-gas-migration(b85199dc-78e5-4af1-a662-d4c3f65a0eab).html.
Full textAnnaluru, Arun Tejaswee. "Beam optics transport and fundamental processes involving a charge breeder in the upgraded SPIRAL1 facility." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC218.
Full textThe thesis describes with a great deal of details the efforts done to understand the physical processes inside the SPIRAL1 ECR charge breeder. This device accepts the mono-charged ion beams of different masses and charge bred them to higher charge states. In the framework of the SPIRAL1 upgrade, the R&D of charge breeding technique is of primary interest for optimizing the yields of radioactive ion beams (RIBs). In this context, the thesis begins with a theoretical discussion dealing with the different Target Ion Sources (TIS) at upgraded SPIRAL1 facility, Low Energy Beam Transport system and fundamentals of plasma physics relevant for the production of highly charged ions in ECR ion source plasmas. This is followed by description of the technological issues affecting the 1+/N+ charge breeding technique. In the final chapter, the effect of axial magnetic field gradient, position of deceleration tube and 1+ beam emittance were studied to understand their influence on the performance of the SP1 CB (charge breeding efficiency). The optimization of axial magnetic field gradient shows that the charge breeding efficiency is strongly influenced by the variation of the two soft iron rings positions around the permanent magnet hexapole. It has been deduced from the observations that the charge breeding efficiency improves when the emittance of 1+ beam is smaller and the position of deceleration tube is close to the entrance of SP1 CB. At the same time, the charge breeding times of K charge states (1+,2+,4+ and 9+) were estimated by pulsing the injected K^1+ beam. The results from these investigations revealed the optimum SP1 CB tuning parameters that can minimize the value of charge breeding time and maximize the charge breeding efficiency of the high charge states of K.In order to investigate the 1+ ion beam transport (shooting through mode) through the SP1 ECR charge breeder and the fundamental physical mechanisms involved in charge breeding process, several experiments were carried out in the framework of this thesis (the interaction of 1+ ion beam of different masses (Na^+ and K^+) in different background plasma species (He and O_2)). The data from these experiments (potentials, emittance of 1+ beam, deceleration tube position, magnetic field and pressures) were collected and given as inputs to the numerical simulation tools (SIMION, TraceWin and MCBC). The simulations were performed in three steps: i) simulation of the 1+ beam transmission through the breeder to verify the ion losses and showed good agreement with the experimental results. ii) simulation of 1+ beam transmission through a potential map that reflects the presence of the ECR plasma (without collisions) and reproduced the DeltaV curves of 1+ and 2+. It also revealed the role of Coulomb collisions in the charge breeding process leading to a necessary detailed analysis using Monte-Carlo Charge Breeding code (MCBC). iii) MCBC models Coulomb collisions of the injected 1+ ion beam in an ECR plasma and atomic processes which includes ionization and charge exchange. The code finally able to reproduce the low charge state (1+ and 2+) experimental trends by varying each plasma parameter (plasma density, ion temperature and electron temperature) independently. A novel simulation strategy has been developed to estimate the plasma parameters from charge breeding simulations. Finally, Simulations demonstrated that the ion temperature, the plasma density and 1+ ion beam quality as critical parameters influencing the 1+ ion capture and the reasons for the difference in charge breeding efficiencies between Na (in Helium plasma) and K (in Helium and Oxygen plasma) species were discussed
Fradin, Jérôme. "Etude de l'endommagement de la zircone induit par implantation ionique." Paris, ENSAM, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ENAM0008.
Full textVende, Ludivine. "Comportement des déchets graphite en situation de stockage : Relâchement et répartition des espèces organiques et inogarniques du carbone 14 et du tritium en milieu alcalin." Phd thesis, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00770671.
Full textVostinar, Marija. "Spectroscopy of 257,258Db in the vicinity of the N=152 deformed shell gap." Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN2049.
Full textInvestigations on the nuclear structure in the region around N=152 deformed shell gap provide an understanding of the existence of superheavy elements (Z>104). Recent experimental studies have lead to the determination of the size and the strength of this gap. Its influence was studied for nuclei like 255103Lr152 and 256104Rf152. Valuable information can be obtained by studying further the evolution of the N=152 deformed shell gap. To this purpose, the isotopes of 257105Db and 258105Db were produced and are the subject of this work. Even though these two isotopes were previously studied, the currently available data are limited and the level schemes are still not fully determined. 257Db was produced through the fusion-evaporation reaction 209Bi(50Ti,2n)257Db at GANIL. The two previously observed long lived states of 257Db were confirmed in this experiment, as well as the two isomeric states of 253Lr. 258Db was produced through the fusion-evaporation reaction 209Bi(50Ti,1n)258Db at GSI. A strong indication of the existence of two states in 258Db with different half lives was observed. A new γ-ray transition of 250Md was identified and its placement in the partial level scheme is proposed. The α decay of 258Rf was also observed, suggesting a smaller branching ratio than previously reported