Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Gaz à effets de serre'
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Yue, Chao. "Fire simulation in the ORCHIDEE biosphere model : implications for global carbon fluxes." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VERS0016.
Full textAnthropogenic biomass burning and wildfires release greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O), reactive gases (CO, NOx) and aerosols into the atmosphere, and contribute to regional and global climate change. In forest regions affected by fires, fire also legate a sustained long-term carbon sink during the postfire vegetation recovery. It is thus important to incorporate fire processes into Earth system models, to be able to quantify the large-scale fire contribution to the terrestrial carbon balance, and predict future fire-climate-vegetation feedbacks. In this thesis, the prognostic fire module SPITFIRE has been incorporated into the process-based dynamic vegetation model ORCHIDEE. Evaluation studies show that the fire model is capable of capturing the essential climatic and anthropogenic drivers of burned area in the 20th century, but the frequency and size of very large fires are underestimated. Fires are found to reduce on average the terrestrial carbon sink compared with a simulation without fire, with larger fire-induced sink reduction occurring during drier and warmer years. Model factorial experiments indicate that fires during the last three decades, combined with rising CO2 and climate effects on the vegetation, have contributed to most of the pan-boreal (45oN–90oN) carbon sink at early 20th century. At the site level, the postfire forest carbon sink in North American boreal forests, as observed by chronosequences of biometric measurements and of eddy-covariance CO2 fluxes, are ascribed to a combination of forest regrowth from fire recovery and atmospheric CO2 increase, i. E. , the postfire carbon sink is amplified by the CO2 fertilization effect on forest growth
Vuichard, Nicolas. "Modélisation des flux de gaz à effet de serre des prairies européennes." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066173.
Full textLe, Cong Tanh. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation de la cinétique de combustion de combustibles gazeux : méthane, gaz naturel et mélanges contenant de l’hydrogène, du monoxyde de carbone, du dioxyde de carbone et de l’eau." Orléans, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ORLE2034.
Full textQuirion, Philippe. "Les quotas échangeables d'émission de gaz à effet de serre : éléments d'analyse économique." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00604374.
Full textPrieur, Vincent. "Modélisation du cycle terrestre de l'azote et estimation des émissions de N2O à l'échelle de la France et de l'Europe." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066269.
Full textThe growing demand in agricultural surfaces and the intensification of agricultural practices, consequences of an increase in world population and of changes in consumption modes associated to the development of emerging countries on the one hand and on the development of agrofuels on the other hand, represents an increasing pressure for the ecosystems and an important source of greenhouse gases (GHG) which must be taken into account in the framework of climate change studies. The agriculture represents 10 to 12% of global GHG emissions and in particular 60% of the emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) which possesses a radiating power 310 times higher than the one of CO2 at a 100 years horizon. This thesis provides an estimation of the emissions of N2O from crop lands at the scale of Europe using the global land surface and vegetation dynamics model O-CN. This model originally developed to estimate carbon fluxes between the biosphere and the atmosphere allows to study the emissions of nitrogen gases thanks to the recent addition of a modelling of nitrogen cycle in the biosphere and of the dynamics of inorganic nitrogen in soils. Sensitivity tests of estimated N2O emissions to internal parameters of the model and to environmental factors have been performed. Application of the model to experimental sites and comparisons to observations allows to evaluate emissions simulations. The results obtained are put into perspective through comparison at the scale of France with estimations from the agro-environmental CERS-EGC model and at the scale of Europe with GEIA, EDGAR 3. 2 et IER databases
Velarde, Guillen Jose. "Impact des stratégies de réduction des gaz à effet serre sur les fermes laitières." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35843.
Full textMeat and dairy production are the first and second most polluting agronomic systems, respectively. In the dairy farms, the enteric fermentation and the crop production are the main sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. For this reason, the reduction of the fertilization and the dairy cows’ ration manipulation are the principal strategies used to decrease the N2O and CH4 emissions, respectively. The objective of this work was to evaluate the agro-environmental and economic impact of the strategies to decrease the GHG emissions of dairy production. For the study, the N-CyCLES model was used. It is a linear programming model in which three levels : agronomic, animal and economic are considered to find the best response (optimization) for a maximum net income or a minimum whole-farm balance of N or P; evaluating trade-offs between economic and environmental outcomes from mixed livestock-crop dairy systems. In the model, three virtual dairy farms were developed to represent the average farm of three regions of Canada: the Maritimes, Quebec/Ontario and the Prairies. For this, a data base from 166 farms of the Maritimes, from 113 farms of Quebec/Ontario and from 32 farms of the Prairies, was used. In the first study, the impact of a lower fertilization was simulated. To decrease the amount of fertilizer, the corn silage (CS) was substituted by sweet peal millet silage (SPM) in the three regions, and by sweet sorghum (SS) only in the virtual dairy farm of Quebec/Ontario. The results showed that the quantity of fertilizers declined with SPM and SS which decreased the total GHG emissions of the farm from 1 to 9 % as compared to CS. However, the N mass balance increased in the SPM scenario, but declined in the SS scenario. In addition, the farm net income (FNI) decreased from 5 to 21 % with SPM and SS in comparison with the CS scenario. In the second project, an equation to predict the enteric CH4emissions of dairy cows was developed. A database of 193 observations from 18 different treatments and 56 multiparous Holstein cows was created. In all experiments, enteric CH4 production was measured using individual respiration chambers. The dairy cows’ characteristics (dry matter intake [DMI], milk yield [MY], milk fat, milk protein and body weight [BW]) and diet characteristics (dry matter [DM], organic matter [OM], crude protein [CP], neutral detergent fiber [NDF], acid detergent fiber [ADF], gross energy [GE], ether extract [EE]and EE non-reactive in the rumen [rumen-inert fat] and starch) were used in a five-fold cross validation. The best-fit equation (r=0. 83, RMSE=40. 03) included MY, milk fat, milk protein, DMI, BW, NDF, starch and the difference between EE and Rumen-inert fat. This equation, in comparison with the IPCC Tier 2 equation allowed for a more accurate prediction of CH4 emissions from lactating dairy cows fed typical Canadian diets. Finally, in the third study, feeding strategies seeking to decrease enteric CH4 production were simulated to observe their agro-environmental and economic impact in the dairy farm. The supplementation with corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), with linseed oil (LO) or both in a CS-based diet (CDL), and the substitution of CS by brown midrib corn silage (BMR) or both supplements in a BMR-based diet (BDL) were simulated. The enteric CH4 emissions decreased in each scenario, but total GHG emissions declined only in the LO, BMR and BDL scenarios, whilst in the DDGS and CDL scenarios the emissions were higher than in the CS scenario, Economically, each scenario, except DDGS scenario, decreased FNI. The results of this study showed that the different strategies to decrease the GHG emissions of a sector of the dairy farm (cropland, cow, manure for instance) can increase the emissions in other parts of the dairy chain production. In addition, the FNI declined for most of them which can represent a problem for their adoption by the dairy farmers.
Lehuger, Simon. "Modélisation des bilans de gaz à effet de serre des agro-écosystèmes en Europe." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00438077.
Full textPortha, Jean-François Pons Marie-Noëlle. "Méthodologie pour tenir compte de l'impact environnemental d'un procédé lors de sa conception." S. l. : INPL, 2008. http://www.scd.inpl-nancy.fr/theses/2008_PORTHA_J_F.pdf.
Full textChidiak, Martina. "Une analyse positive des accords volontaires pour la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre d'origine industrielle." Paris, ENMP, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENMP1054.
Full textDavoust, Romain. "Trajectoires carbone en Europe à l'horizon 2050 sous une stabilisation mondiale à 450 ppmv CO2-équivalent : réductions, valeurs carbone et coûts d'abattement optimaux." Paris 9, 2011. http://basepub.dauphine.fr/xmlui/handle/123456789/7235.
Full textGlobal warming will be a major issue in the 21st century. Limiting temperature increase to +2⁰C above pre-industrial levels should help to preserve ecosystems. According to current estimates, this sustainable development objective requires a stabilisation of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) concentrations at 450 ppmv CO2-equivalent. Over the next decade, the world should reduce its GHG emissions by a factor 2 compared to 1990 levels. Europe has committed to reduce its Greenhouse Gases emissions by 20% in 2020 compared to 1990 and by 30% in case of a fair international agreement. In the long term, EU is targeting an abatement of at least 80% by 2050, which is a required level under the 450 ppmv CO2-equivalent constraint. The thesis models carbon effort in Europe to reach -80% GHG by 2050. Over the projection, the OCTET model (Optimal Carbon Trajectories for Emission Targets) projects a set of temporally optimal CO2 pathways. Efficient reduction strategies are built for the next decades (2020, 2030, 2040) depending on international uncertainty. The thesis calculates carbon price profiles in Europe under a factor 5 reduction as well as reduction costs. In a word, this thesis seeks to explore the implications of a low-carbon European society and to advise the European abatement policy over the 2050 horizon
Gagnon, Samuel. "Measurement of permafrost greenhouse gas emissions through a new automated system of closed chambers." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26293.
Full textLe réchauffement de l’Arctique a le potentiel d’affecter le climat global par le dégel du pergélisol engendrant des émissions accrues de gaz à effet de serre (GES). Ces émissions sont cependant difficiles à quantifier puisque les méthodes conventionnellement utilisées sont généralement onéreuses et souvent très laborieuses. À l’aide d’un nouveau système automatisé de chambres fermées développé pour cette étude, ce projet visait à mesurer les émissions de GES provenant du pergélisol dans une tourbière située à Salluit, au Nunavik. Les émissions ont été quantifiées sous différentes conditions environnementales afin de simuler le réchauffement climatique et déterminer les effets des variations spatiales sur les émissions de GES. Les résultats démontrent que le nouveau système produit des résultats comparables à ceux obtenus avec un système commercial existant. La température était le principal facteur affectant la variabilité de la ER et les plus grandes émissions de GES provenaient du site saturé en eau. Mots-clés: Pergélisol, Arctique, Changements climatiques, Toundra, Tourbière polygonale, Respiration de l’écosystème, Chambre fermée, Gaz à effet de serre, Décomposition, Réchauffement expérimental.
Warming in the Arctic has the potential to affect the global climate through permafrost thaw leading to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, these emissions are difficult to quantify because the methods conventionally used are often prohibitively expensive and time-consuming. With a new automated system of closed chambers developed for this study, this project aimed to measure permafrost GHG emissions in a polygonal peatland located near Salluit, Nunavik. The emissions were quantified under different environmental conditions in order to simulate climate warming and to determine the effect of spatial variability on GHG emissions. Results show that the new system yields results comparable to those obtained with an existing commercial system. Temperature was the principal factor influencing ecosystem respiration variability and the largest GHG emissions were measured on the water-saturated plot. Keywords: Permafrost, Arctic, Climate change, Tundra, Polygonal peatland, Ecosystem respiration, Closed chamber, Greenhouse gas, Decomposition, Experimental warming.
Baylet, Alexandre. "Oxydation du méthane à basse et haute température, application de procédés plasma et/ou catalyse." Poitiers, 2008. http://theses.univ-poitiers.fr/26682/2008-Baylet-Alexandre-These.pdf.
Full textThis research work deals with CH4 oxidation coming from road transport, CH4 being a well-known greenhouse gas, with CH4 removal from exhaust gas of Diesel engine. Total CH4 oxidation has been studied : - At low temperature by Plasma/Catalysis process : from all the systems tested, the combination of a coaxial DBD non-thermal plasma combined with Pd/Al2O3 catalyst in POST-plasma position allows to convert 30 % of CH4 with an energy of 225 J. L-1 (Q=600 mL. Min-1, N2/O2/CO2/H2O/0. 5%CH4, T=250 °C, H=150 mm) while minimising O3 production and avoiding NOx production. However, the power consumed (> kW) is too significant for prospective vehicle applications. - At low temperature on Pd/Al2O3 catalysts (light-off temperature) : the re-oxidation step of Pd° is faster on small particles but CH4 activation is more difficult due to stabilization of small PdO particles by the support. A series of reductant pulses (CH4 or C3H6) in isothermal conditions allows to activate the catalyst and to reach a maximum of conversion. - At high temperature on Pd/(modified oxide) catalysts (peak at high temperature) : (La, Sr, Ba, Mn) doped alumina preparation with a specific surface area of 50 m2. G-1 allows to reach 90 % of CH4 conversion at 700 °C and to maintain an excellent thermal stability. A Mars and van-Krevelen mechanism, with oxygen transfer from support to palladium particles is proposed in order to explain catalytic activity and thermal stability differences in comparison to the Pd/Al2O3 reference catalyst
Mérel, Jérôme. "Etude du captage post-combustion du CO2 grâce à un procédé TSA (Temperature Swing Adsorption) à chauffage et refroidissements indirects." Paris, CNAM, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CNAM0700.
Full textFace à l’augmentation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, le captage post-combustion du CO2 associé à son stockage est une solution technologique prometteuse. Différentes méthodes sont actuellement développées dont l’adsorption qui fait l’objet de cette étude. Ce travail concerne l’utilisation d’un procédé TSA (Temperature Swing Adsorption) pour le captage post-combustion du CO2. Ce procédé fait appel à un adsorbeur équipé d’un échangeur interne permettant un chauffage (vapeur d’eau) et refroidissement (circulation d’eau) indirects (pas de contact entre le caloporteur et l’adsorbant). Ce travail s’appuie à la fois sur une partie expérimentale et numérique. A partir des premières expériences, la zéolithe 5A a été sélectionnée. Différentes conditions opératoires (composition de l’alimentation, température de désorption, débit de purge, durée du cycle, étapes de pré-refroidissement / pré-chauffage,…) ont alors été testées à partir d’un mélange N2-CO2 afin d’obtenir un compromis optimal entre les critères de performance. D’autres configurations ont ensuite été testées au moyen d’un modèle numérique préalablement validé à partir d’expériences. En phase d’adsorption, la température d’alimentation et la température initiale du lit n’ont que peu d’influence sur les performances de l’adsorbeur. Grâce à une étude paramétrique effectuée pour des cycles, des conditions opératoires optimales, notamment avec une étape de pré-refroidissement, ont été déterminées pour cette application spécifique. Les résultats ainsi obtenus sont tout à fait encourageants puisqu’ils ont permis de mettre en évidence des performances comparables à celles des procédés de référence d’absorption par amine
Mariotte, Clément. "L'Europe centrale et le protocole de Kyoto sur les changements climatiques : quels bénéfices en perspectives ? /." Paris ; Budapest ; Kinshasa [etc.] : l'Harmattan, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb409626592.
Full textSoumis, Nicolas. "Émissions de gaz à effet de serre à partir des réservoirs hydroélectriques : aspects méthodologiques et évaluation des processus photochimiques /." Montréal : Université du Québec à Montréal, 2006. http://accesbib.uqam.ca/cgi-bin/bduqam/transit.pl?&noMan=24676647.
Full textEn tête du titre: Université du Québec à Montréal. Comprend des réf. bibliogr. Publié aussi en version électronique.
Cadiou, Erwan. "LIDAR DIAL multi espèces à base de sources paramétriques optiques pour la détection des gaz à effet de serre depuis l'espace." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLX102/document.
Full textSustained and accurate greenhouse gases measurements at a global scale are required to improve the knowledge on their sources and sinks and thus increase the accuracy of climate change projections. In order to consolidate the global observation networks, spaceborne lidar systems for future earth observation missions are regarded as innovative and complementary components to the present operational measurement methods. In this context, this research work has consisted in developing a differential absorption DIAL lidar based on an optical parametric source able to emit in the 1,9–2,3 µm spectral range. The purpose was to demonstrate its ability to be implemented in long range measurements of the main greenhouse gases (CO2, H2O, CH4). Then, the laser transmitter has been integrated in a lidar architecture which was previously designed using a numerical model. Improvements and optimization of the lidar system focused on two aspects: the monitoring of the spectral purity of the emitter and the control of the detection and acquisition. Concentration measurements on the three gases have been carried out from the laboratory based on atmospheric backscattered signals from clouds and aerosol. These measurements provided a basis for the investigation of the error and bias sources. On the basis of these measurements, instrument scaling for future airborne demonstrations is discussed. Projected performances of a spaceborne instrument are also presented
Thomas, Benjamin. "Télédétection de gaz traces atmosphériques par spectroscopie optique de corrélation et lidar." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10180/document.
Full textIn this thesis, a new active remote sensing methodology is proposed to evaluate the content of atmospheric trace gases. The new methodology is based on laser spectroscopy and consists in coupling a spectrally broadband lidar with optical correlation spectroscopy (OCS-lidar). As a first step, a new formalism has been developed to remotely evaluate the target gas concentration from the OCS-lidar signals. To evaluate the performance of this new methodology, a numerical model simulating OSC-lidar signals for methane and water vapor measurement has been developed. Moreover, the influence of the absorption spectroscopic line parameters, such as atmospheric pressure and temperature, on the retrieved gas mixing ratio has been assessed within the OCS-lidar methodology. In addition to this theoretical work, the first experimental demonstration of the OCS-lidar methodology has been performed using a femtosecond lidar system. The latter has been entirely designed, developed and implemented in the framework of this thesis. Results show the ability of the OCS-lidar methodology to monitor the water vapor using the 4ν 720 nm absorption band. Moreover, two different experimental configurations have been proposed, depending on whether the amplitude modulation is operated on the laser pulse or on the backscattered light, i.e. at the emission, with an active amplitude modulator or at the reception, with passive optical filters. The advances in developing the corresponding infrared OCS-lidar system for methane mixing ratios measurements are described and possible outlooks are given
Bourrelly, Sandrine. "Propriétés thermodynamiques de nouveaux matériaux nanoporeux hybrides organiques / inorganiques pour l'adsorption de gaz à effet de serre." Aix-Marseille 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX11061.
Full textRoux, Sébastien. "Elaboration d'oxydes métalliques régénérables pour la combustion du gaz naturel en bouclage thermochimique (CLC)." Compiègne, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006COMP1663.
Full textThe use of a new process called Chemical-Looping Combustion (CLC) represents a serious alternative for a clean energy production with carbon dioxide captation. Combustion is carried out thanks to the oxygen of a metallic oxide instead of the oxygen of atmospheric air. Thus the products of combustion contain exclusively carbon dioxide and water vapour in one hand, and the used metal in the other hand. Carbon dioxide can be easily recovered and sequestrated; the metal is regenerated and recycled. We study the reactivity of various oxygen carriers tested for ten cycles, then the improvement of the regeneration of the oxygen carriers by doping elements addition. The methane conversion was studied in an installation equipped with a fixed bed reactor (1-10 kW). We present a kinetic study of the various oxygen carriers reduced with methane and reoxided with oxygen in air for ten cycles and a phenomenologic modelling of the reactor for the combustion of methane with the oxygen carriers
Déroche, Irena. "Adsorption et diffusion de CO2 et CH4 dans les matériaux zéolithiques : simulations quantique et classique comparées à l'expérience." Aix-Marseille 1, 2008. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2008AIX11053.pdf.
Full textThe adsorption and diffusion properties of the main greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) within the zeolites SAPO STA-7 and the Y Faujasite have been investigated using the classical simulation techniques combined with the experimental tools of Microcalorimetry/Volumetry and Quasi Elastic Neutron Scattering. In a first step, the structural properties of the SAPO STA-7 zeolite have been studied in order to build a reliable model of the material. The interaction between the gaseous molecules and the adsorption active sites have been described using the quantum simulation techniques. Furthermore, the Monte Carlo simulation within the Grand Canonical ensemble allowed us to to extract directly such informations as the adsorption isotherms as well as the differential enthalpies and both have been compared with the experimentally available results. A good agreement between simulated and experimentally measured data allowed us to explain the different microscopic mechanism of adsorption of both of the investigated gases within the studied zeolitic materials. Finally, using the Molecuar Dynamics technique, we could explore the dynamical properties of the investigated systems and this way derive the values of the diffusion coefficients as well as the activation energies, values directly comparable with outcomes obtained by experimental technique Quasi Elastique Neutron Scattering
Lopez, Martelo Donaldo. "Gestion intégrée des matières résiduelles aux Îles-de-la-Madeleine : analyse technico-économique préliminaire visant l'implantation d'un système de biométhanisation." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6193.
Full textCaillon, Nicolas. "Composition isotopique de l'air piégé dans les glaces polaires : outil de paléothermométrie." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066279.
Full textMessager, Cyril. "Estimation des flux de gaz à effet de serre à l'échelle régionale à partir de mesures atmosphériques." Phd thesis, Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077114.
Full textI build up a new System to measure continuously CO2 (or CO), CH4, N2O and SF6 mixing ratios. It is based on a commercial gas chromatograph (Agilent 6890N) which have been modified to reach better precisions. Reproducibility computed with a target gas on a 24 hours time step gives: 0. 06 ppm for CO2, 1. 4 ppb for CO, 0. 7 ppb for ChU, 0. 2 ppb for N2O and 0. 05 ppt for SF6. The instrument's run is fully automated, an air sample analysis takes about 5 minutes. In July 2006, I install instrumentation on a telecommunication tall tower (200m) situated near Orleans forest in Trainou, to monitor continuously greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6), atmospheric tracers (CO, Radon-222) and meteorological parameters. Intake lines were installed at 3 levels (50, 100 and 180 m) and allow us to sample air masses along the vertical. Continuous measurement started in January 2007. I used Mace Head (Ireland) and Gif-sur-Yvette continuous measurements to estimate major greenhouse gases emission fluxes at regional scale. To make the link between atmospheric measurements and surface fluxes, we need to quantify dilution due to atmospheric transport. I used Radon-222 as tracer (radon tracer method) and planetary boundary layer heights estimates from ECMWF model (boundary layer budget method) to parameterise atmospheric transport. In both cases I compared results to available emission inventories
Brotons, Jefferson. "Le plan climat-air-énergie de la Métropole Aix-Marseille-Provence : une analyse juridique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0456/document.
Full textThrough the analysis of the legal components of the climate action at an intercommunal scale, the question is whether the legal framework built in order to reach the objectives of GHG emissions mitigation and climate change adaptation appears suitable in terms of efficacy and implementation. We explore the establishment of the climate planning document of Aix-Marseille-Provence Metropolis, an institution affected by numerous structural changes in link with territorial reforms
Martin, Jean-Christophe. "Impacts économiques d'une politique de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre pour la région Aquitaine." Bordeaux 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR40028.
Full textRegional council of Aquitaine, thanks to increasing area of competence because of different laws of decentralization, can contribute to national effort of reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). In order to make it, It has implemented in 2005 a climate plan to avoid 2 883 ktCO2eq for 2007-2013. However, considering of poor regional accounting, it is confronted with a lack of study to implement efficiently its climate plan. The aim of this thesis is precisely to make some studies in order to guide regional council in this field. Input-output analysis was used because of its ability to integrate the complexity of interindustrial trade with a detailed sectored study. The aim of the first part of the thesis is to outline the method of constructing a regional accounting, namely a making of input-output table with a GHG emissions inventory associated. The second part of this thesis shows different applications of input-output analysis in order to answer to regional issues on GHG emissions. The first interest of input-output analysis is to calculate both direct and indirect contribution of sectors emissions. By applying optimization methods, economic restructuring could be estimated in order to reconcile both GHG emissions reduction and economic growth objectives. The use of structural decomposition analysis has advantage to pick out main forces explaining evolution of GHG emissions and, so, to use these results to make forecasting of regional GHG emissions until 2013. Moreover, it was possible to determine a budget of opportunity cost from construction of road and rail infrastructures leading to finance projects to offset theirs emissions by using optimisation methods
Morel, Xavier. "Observations et modélisation in-situ du carbone des sols boréaux et des émissions de méthane associées." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30347.
Full textThe methane is one of the most powerful greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, with the carbon dioxyde and the water vapour. At the global scale, most of natural methane emissions come from high latitude wetlands and permafrosts. These regions accounts for a large part of terrestrial carbon stocks. In a climate change context, their future is highly uncertain, like the associated greenhouse gas emissions. Understanding the biogoechemical processes leading to methane fluxes and their interactions with surface processes is therefore important. One of the objectives of this thesis is to represent methane fluxes from these regions within the land surface model ISBA. To do so, we developped a biogeochemical model that represents explicitely gases, their production, consumption and transport within the soil column. This model is coupled with a new dynamic soil carbon model, vertically discretized, also developed during this thesis. The new biogeochemical model represents correctly methane and carbon dioxyde fluxes on three distinct arctic sites, with or without permafrost. The representation of underground biogeochemical processes is also satisfying. Nevertheless, some parameters remain uncertain and the model is very sensitive to hydrological conditions. We also measured soil carbon stocks and profiles in one of the Greenlandic studied fen. Comparing these stocks and profiles with the modelled carbon stocks shows some shortcomings of the new discretized soil carbon model : CENTURY original structure and parametrisation is not perfectly suited for high-latitudes wetlands, and the representation of carbon vertical dynamics needs improvements
Rousseaux, Sandrine. "Changement climatique et droit communautaire. Regulation juridique des emission s de gaz a effet de serre par des mesures internes." Nantes, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NANT4003.
Full textLabriet, Maryse. "Modélisation technico-économique de scénarios globaux coopératifs et non-coopératifs de réduction des gaz à effet de serre /." Montréal : Université du Québec à Montréal, 2005. http://accesbib.uqam.ca/cgi-bin/bduqam/transit.pl?&noMan=24015317.
Full textEn tête du titre: Université du Québec à Montréal. Comprend des réf. bibliogr. Publié aussi en version électronique.
Dequiedt, Benjamin. "Le coût de l’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre liées à la fertilisation des cultures." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLA021.
Full textIn this thesis, we assess the mitigation cost of greenhouse gas (GHG) from fertilization which represents 38% and 44% of agricultural GHG emissions in Europe and in France. This assessment is conducted for two key measures in climate mitigation which are the implementation of legumes crops and the reduction of fertilization per hectare. The abatement potential of legume crops is computed by simulating their increase in French croplands and also by a switch of crop rotations on several years (up to 6 years) in five European regions. Results show that significant mitigation amounts can be obtained by increasing farms revenues. The role of risk aversion is studied through the reduction of fertilisation per hectare. We analytically shows the conditions leading to nitrogen over-applications on crops which allows farmers to minimize their risk of loss on crop yields. The simulations lead on risk averse farmers show that an insurance covering yield variability could be foreseen as an interesting tool to mitigate emissions
Beaudette, Charles. "Analyse du potentiel de production de biocarburants par la culture de canola (Brassica napus L.) sur les terres marginales du Québec et réduction des impacts liés à sa culture." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2010. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4869.
Full textAnselmo, Christophe. "Atmospheric greenhouse gases detection by optical similitude absorption spectroscopy." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1131/document.
Full textThis thesis concerns the theoretical and experimental development of a new methodology for greenhouse gases detection based on the optical absorption. The problem relies on the unambiguous retrieval of a gas concentration from differential absorption measurements, in which the spectral width of the light source is wider than one or several absorption lines of the considered target gas given that the detection is not spectrally resolved. This problem could lead to the development of a robust remote sensing instrument dedicated to greenhouse gas observation, without strong technology limitations on the laser source as well as on the detection system. Solving this problem, we could propose a new methodology named: "Optical Similitude Absorption Spectroscopy" (OSAS).This methodology thus allows to determine a quantitative target gas concentration from non-resolved differential absorption measurements avoiding the use of a gas concentration calibration procedure. Thereby, a precise knowledge of the emitted power spectral density of the light source and the efficiency of the detection system are needed.This work that has been recently published could demonstrate that this new methodology applied on the NIR remains accurate even in the presence of strong atmospheric pressure and temperature gradients. Moreover, we show that inverting spectrally integrated measurements which follow the Beer-Lambert law leads to solve a nonlinear system. For this, a new inversion algorithm has been developed. It was experimentally verified in laboratory on methane by using coherent and non-coherent broadband light sources. The detection of methane in the atmosphere could be also realized by coupling the OSAS methodology and the Lidar technique. Outlooks are proposed and especially on the detection of greenhouse gases in the infrared spectral domain as well as the ability to simultaneously detect several atmospheric molecules of interest
Solignac, Manon. "Véhicule électrique et forme urbaine : une évaluation prospective." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1010/document.
Full textThis thesis brings precisions on the measure of the emissions reduction potential in cities and the cost of electric vehicle by taking into account users driving patterns. Studies on electric vehicles or other solutions belonging to the "technological lever" compute emissions reduction potential and cost without discerning the local specificities of the areas where it would be used and the use that would be done of these vehicles. These studies don't take into account the other policies implemented in the area, including the ones that operate on a different lever such as the "mobility structure lever" : volume of activity and modal shares. Policies for reducing CO$_2$ emissions are often discussed independently and ignore the possible retroactions. To improve the evaluation of the potential of the electric vehicle, it seems essential to take into account the environment in which it would be developed. We use a urban economics model to first look at the spatial features of the city, and so at the use of this vehicle. Then we compute the impacts of the simultaneous introduction of the electric vehicle and a solution belonging to the "mobility structure lever" : the greenbelt. These two last points allow us to highlight the interdependency of the two action levers : technology and mobility structure. Then we take into account the use of the car by the households and the uncertainty around electric vehicle introduction, to improve the evaluation of the cost of this solution
Béziat, Pierre. "Effets des conditions environnementales et des pratiques culturales sur les flux de carbone et d'eau dans les agrosystèmes." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/733/.
Full textAgrosystems represent an important proportion of terrestrial ecosystems (more than one third in Europe) and play a key role in sustainable development issues. For instance, they produce green house gasses (GHG) that contribute to climate changes whose feedback on agrosystem functioning and management are still difficult to predict. Therefore, studies on biogeochemical cycle in agrosystems and their GHG production are essential. The main objective of this PhD thesis was the study of cropland carbon and water cycles using 1) micro meteorological measurements of mass and energy fluxes at the soil/vegetation and atmosphere interface and 2) data describing crop dynamics (phenology, biomass, leaf area) for two experimental crop sites located near Toulouse in South West France. This work showed that micro meteorological measurements of fluxes by the eddy covariance method (EC) are well suited to quantify agrosystem carbon and water budgets and to study the main physical and ecophysiological processes driving the different fluxes. From these measurements, carbon and water fluxes were analysed. A methodology to compute GHG budgets at plot scale considering GHG emissions associated with farm operations was developed at our sites and applied to the CarboEurope-IP cropland sites, representing an important range of crop species and management regimes. Annual net CO2 fluxes measurements between the soil/vegetation system and the atmosphere showed that agrosystem act mostly as atmospheric carbon sinks. However, accounting for carbon inputs through organic fertilisation and seeds and outputs through harvest together with vertical CO2 fluxes measurements showed that cropland are rarely carbon sinks and most often act as carbon sources (127 ± 243 g C m-2 y-1 for 41 site-years of the CarboEurope-IP network). .
Lebegue, Benjamin. "L'apport des nouvelles technologies de mesure pour la caractérisation des sources et puits de gaz à effet de serre." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV035/document.
Full textDuring the last three decades, GHG observations programs went towards ever smaller scales, and it is becoming necessary to develop observation networks and adapt them to the different scales studied. Besides denser networks, we are going toward an increase of the species monitored in order to have a wide range of atmospheric tracers available to identify processes. As a member of the European research program ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observing System), the LSCE (Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement) is in charge of technological watch for GHG measuring analyzers. In the scope of my thesis, I first tested a Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectrometer (FTIR) commercialized by Ecotech which can analyze five species: N2O, CH4, CO, CO2 and its isotope 13CO2.Apart of the FTIR, other new technologies appeared on the market, particularly relating to N2O measurements. Unlike CO2 and CH4, ICOS stations don’t require measuring N2O, as no instrument has been found to be performant enough concerning measurement precision and reliability for the ICOS network. During my thesis, I had the responsibility to make an exhaustive evaluation of seven analyzers of N2O from five different manufacturers. I’ve been able to gather the analyzers in two categories: those with good high frequency measurements (< 1 min) and those which are stable over long periods. The first category is particularly adapted to measurement of exchange rates between different ecosystems, whereas the second allows for high precision monitoring of the atmosphere. Most instruments show dependence to ambient temperature variations as well as a water vapor correction either useless or lacking (Lebegue et al., AMT, 2016).Then, I used N2O measurements from the FTIR in order to determine night emissions of this gas by using the Radon method which calculates the correlation between the nocturnal accumulation of 222Rn and N2O. Thanks to the better repeatability of the FTIR over the gas chromatograph one, I have been able to obtain more workable events than with the GC (+45%). Start of 2014, I installed the FTIR at the Trainou station, a radio tower near Orléans, in order to document the vertical gradients of N2O and 13CO2.The LSCE received in March 2015 a laser spectrometer from Aerodyne Research dedicated to the study of atmosphere/biosphere carbon fluxes. Three species are analyzed, CO2, H2O and carbonyl sulfide (COS) for which the mixing ratio in the troposphere is a million times smaller than CO2’s. Considering that vegetation assimilate COS and CO2 in similar proportions and that there is no mechanism similar to respiration for COS, the absorption of COS by the vegetation should be directly proportional to the photosynthetic activity. In this respect, I have characterized the performances of the new instrument Aerodyne. I then compared measurements of COS from this instrument to those obtained with a GC which document, since August 2014, the diurnal and seasonal variations of COS mixing ratios and fluxes at the LSCE. Finally, I installed the Aerodyne analyzer at the ICOS tower of Saclay in order to document the diurnal variations of the vertical gradient of COS during the winter period.My studies showed (1) that the Aerodyne and the GC show similar performances although the Aerodyne analyzer has the advantage of needing less maintenance, and (2) that the Aerodyne analyzer is able to detect a vertical gradient of a few ppt during a nocturnal stratification. Here, I also study the seasonal variations of COS in the low troposphere, from GC data, which I compare to other stations across the world. I’ve also been able to estimate over this period, with the Radon method, the deposition velocity of COS over the Saclay plateau. Thanks to this method, I was able to document a nocturnal sink active for almost the full year over the Saclay Plateau
Jerome, Tiphaine. "Stratégie(s) de diffusion volontaire d’informations sur les gaz à effet de serre : Le cas du Carbon Disclosure Project." Thesis, Jouy-en Josas, HEC, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHEC0010/document.
Full textGlobal warming is nowadays a significant issue. Firms respond to this challenge by, among others, voluntarily disclosing information about their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Three empirical studies, each dealing with one dimension of the disclosure strategy, are conducted. They are all based on the Carbon Disclosure Project program. The first study identifies two sequential steps leading to information disclosure: information production and selective disclosure. A costs-benefits analysis is performed on a global sample in order to identify the different determinants of the two decisions and calls for a finer consideration of the disclosure process. The second study examines the influence of internal corporate governance on the quality of carbon information disclosed. Environmental-specific governance is distinguished from general governance. In the American context, analyses show that the role of the environmental-specific governance is contingent: its positive influence is moderated by the general governance context. The third study focuses on the concurrent use of two disclosure channels. It appears that French firms adapt the content of their GHG emissions indicator to the channel and the target audience. To ensure data credibility, information traceability is sustained in this case.Overall, this dissertation contributes to our understanding of the way stakeholders’ needs are managed by companies. Our knowledge of the informational environment created by firms about global warming is thus improved
Bono, Claire-Marie. "Réforme de la fiscalité : impacts macro-sectoriels sous contrainte de réduction des émissions de Gaz à Effet de Serre." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00820573.
Full textJerome, Tiphaine. "Stratégie(s) de diffusion volontaire d'informations sur les gaz à effet de serre : Le cas du Carbon Disclosure Project." Phd thesis, HEC, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00963932.
Full textAlexandre, Louis. "La mobilité des abonnés au service d'autopartage de Québec (Communauto) et leurs émissions de gaz à effet de serre." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27930/27930.pdf.
Full textCar sharing is a concept developed in Europe during the 1990’s. This type of service is used by people and enterprises using car sporadically or that do not own a car, by choice or due to constraints. Car use is share among subscribers who must make a reservation to use it on an hourly or daily basis. This phenomenon is emerging and rapidly growing in Europe and North America. In 2006, car sharing was implemented in 600 cities around the World, meaning more than 348 000 subscribers sharing usage of 11 700 cars. In 1994, Auto-Com was launching in Quebec City, the first still existing car sharing service in North America. This company, now called Communauto, is now well implemented in four urban regions in the Province of Québec (Montréal and its inner ring of neighbourhoods, Québec-Lévis, Gatineau and Sherbrooke), having more than 20 000 subscribers in 2010, among which 3 000 are living in Québec City. The yearly growth rate was close to 20 % during the last few years. At the beginning, this service was mostly available downtown, but it is now well implemented in the first and second ring suburbs. The impact of this phenomenon on mobility deserves research. Is the mobility behaviour of car sharing users similar to that of other car drivers? Conversely, are the subscribers using this type of access to car as a complement to public and active transportation modes? Car sharing users must make a reservation, walk or move to access the vehicle and should pay in consideration of usage (fixed costs included). In comparison, an owned car is always available and only variable costs are immediately perceived (gas and parking). In theory, time constraints, distance and costs of using a shared car, should advantage other transportation modes (walking, biking, public transportation and taxi). Therefore, we anticipate that car sharing users are consuming less energy and generate less greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions than car owners, for their travelling needs. However, some car sharing subscribers did not have car access prior to their membership; their overall mobility could have increased or be higher than that on non-motorised people living in the same neighbourhood. The main purpose of this research aim at testing if the GHG emission balance of car sharing users is higher or lower than in the general population. A survey was realised between April and June of 2009 in order to collect all trips made by a sample of Communauto’s subscribers for an entire week. In order to minimize costs of such a weekly survey, a novel approach based on the Web was developed, thanks to a NCE GEOIDE Network initiative, receiving complementary funding from SSHRC and FQRSC. Respondents were asked to locate their activity places on an electronic map using a custom application based on Google Maps. Afterwards, places geo-referenced by respondents were used to fill seven daily trip logbooks using drop down menus. This survey was highly challenging because there are very few existing trip surveys using the Web. Moreover, the survey had to retain interest of respondent during an entire week. Finally, 57 Communauto’s subscribers living in Québec City filled an entire week logbook using the Web interface. Results of these car sharing users were compared to those of a control group (122 respondents) previously surveyed using pen-and-paper methods, in 2002 and 2003, also in Québec City (PROCESSUS Network funded by SSHRC and GEOIDE). When making comparison of both methods, one can understand the excellent potential of the Web-based survey. The experiment was very informative and the results are of great interest for those who want to develop a Web survey on mobility. Significant differences were observed for the selection of location tools between genders and among education levels. Findings are convincing with strong differences in mobility behaviours between car sharing users and others. Modal shares of car sharing users are very similar to those of non-motorized people in the control group and the average GHG emissions balance of car sharing subscribers is significantly lower than that of the control group for all considered neighbourhoods in Quebec City (downtown, older suburbs, new suburbs). Differences can also be established based on motorization, residential location and the nature of urban fabric.
Verzhbitskiy, Ivan. "Spectroscopie de Raman de haute sensibilité dans des gaz à effet de serre : bandes de transitions doubles ou harmoniques." Angers, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ANGE0076.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis was the understanding, viaspontaneous Raman scattering, of two types of transitions relevant to atmospheric gases: simultaneous transitions and overtone transitions. Regarding simultaneous transitions, the effort was mainly on double incoherent Raman scattering by SF6-N2, in which the two molecules simultaneously undergo a Raman-allowed transition. A highly accurate spectrum was recorded and interpreted quantum-mechanically. Agreement both in moments and in shapes was found with predictions made on the basis of a collision-induced polarizabilily model, provid€'d all Si9Sificant lo•9-ran9e contribul‹Ol0S were incorporated. The polarization mechanisms that survive in the simple model of two point-polarizable molecules were sufficient for the description of the anisotropic component, but, for the realistic description of the isotropic remnant, use of the far more sophisticated "atom-linear molecule" model was needed. In the second part of the thesis, the first overtone of the asymmetric stretch vibration, 2v3, of CO2 was studied. Unlike the previous transitions, which are collision-induced, overtones are allowed lransilions yet in the specific case of the 2v3 overtone the band was almost entirely depolarized, in agreement with the assertion (so far stated and checked for fundamental transition only) that asymmetrical vibrations give rise to depolarized lines. A rigorous protocol was applied to the interpretation of the reCOfded spectra, involving electric, optical and mechanical anharmonic effects and intermode couplings. Complete shape analysis was carried out from first principles to simulate the band profiles and the strong line-mixing effects
Portier, Sandrine. "Solubilité de co2 dans les saumures des bassins sédimentaires : Application au stockage de co2 (gaz à effet de serre)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/PORTIER_Sandrine_2005.pdf.
Full textLebegue, Benjamin. "L'apport des nouvelles technologies de mesure pour la caractérisation des sources et puits de gaz à effet de serre." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV035.
Full textDuring the last three decades, GHG observations programs went towards ever smaller scales, and it is becoming necessary to develop observation networks and adapt them to the different scales studied. Besides denser networks, we are going toward an increase of the species monitored in order to have a wide range of atmospheric tracers available to identify processes. As a member of the European research program ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observing System), the LSCE (Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement) is in charge of technological watch for GHG measuring analyzers. In the scope of my thesis, I first tested a Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectrometer (FTIR) commercialized by Ecotech which can analyze five species: N2O, CH4, CO, CO2 and its isotope 13CO2.Apart of the FTIR, other new technologies appeared on the market, particularly relating to N2O measurements. Unlike CO2 and CH4, ICOS stations don’t require measuring N2O, as no instrument has been found to be performant enough concerning measurement precision and reliability for the ICOS network. During my thesis, I had the responsibility to make an exhaustive evaluation of seven analyzers of N2O from five different manufacturers. I’ve been able to gather the analyzers in two categories: those with good high frequency measurements (< 1 min) and those which are stable over long periods. The first category is particularly adapted to measurement of exchange rates between different ecosystems, whereas the second allows for high precision monitoring of the atmosphere. Most instruments show dependence to ambient temperature variations as well as a water vapor correction either useless or lacking (Lebegue et al., AMT, 2016).Then, I used N2O measurements from the FTIR in order to determine night emissions of this gas by using the Radon method which calculates the correlation between the nocturnal accumulation of 222Rn and N2O. Thanks to the better repeatability of the FTIR over the gas chromatograph one, I have been able to obtain more workable events than with the GC (+45%). Start of 2014, I installed the FTIR at the Trainou station, a radio tower near Orléans, in order to document the vertical gradients of N2O and 13CO2.The LSCE received in March 2015 a laser spectrometer from Aerodyne Research dedicated to the study of atmosphere/biosphere carbon fluxes. Three species are analyzed, CO2, H2O and carbonyl sulfide (COS) for which the mixing ratio in the troposphere is a million times smaller than CO2’s. Considering that vegetation assimilate COS and CO2 in similar proportions and that there is no mechanism similar to respiration for COS, the absorption of COS by the vegetation should be directly proportional to the photosynthetic activity. In this respect, I have characterized the performances of the new instrument Aerodyne. I then compared measurements of COS from this instrument to those obtained with a GC which document, since August 2014, the diurnal and seasonal variations of COS mixing ratios and fluxes at the LSCE. Finally, I installed the Aerodyne analyzer at the ICOS tower of Saclay in order to document the diurnal variations of the vertical gradient of COS during the winter period.My studies showed (1) that the Aerodyne and the GC show similar performances although the Aerodyne analyzer has the advantage of needing less maintenance, and (2) that the Aerodyne analyzer is able to detect a vertical gradient of a few ppt during a nocturnal stratification. Here, I also study the seasonal variations of COS in the low troposphere, from GC data, which I compare to other stations across the world. I’ve also been able to estimate over this period, with the Radon method, the deposition velocity of COS over the Saclay plateau. Thanks to this method, I was able to document a nocturnal sink active for almost the full year over the Saclay Plateau
Lopez-Ruiz, Hector G. "Environnement et mobilité 2050 : des scénarios sous contrainte du facteur 4 (-75% de CO2 en 2050)." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO22015.
Full textIn France an objective of dividing greenhouse gas emissions by four, from the 1990 level, by 2050 has been set. Are these ambitions out of our reach? What will the price to pay for this objective be?We have built a long-term backcasting transport demand model (TILT, Transport Issues in the Long Term). This model is centered on defined behavior types -in which the speed-GDP elasticity plays a key role- in order to determine demand estimations. This model lets us understand past tendencies -the coupling between growth and personal and freight mobility and adapt behavioral hypothesis -linked to the evolution of public policies- in order to show how a 75% reduction objective can be attained.The main results are an estimation of CO2 emissions for the transport sector taking into account technical progress and demand. These results are presented as three scenario families named: Pegasus, Chronos and Hestia. Each family corresponds to a growing degree of constraint on mobility.It is possible to divide greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector by four. Technical progress is able to lead to more than half of these reductions. The interest of these scenarios is to show that there exist different paths –through organizational change- to getting the other half of the reductions
P, Laberge Xavier. "Une mesure basée sur le marché comme mécanisme mondial de gestion des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de l'aviation civile internationale." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6843.
Full textTchapchet, Tchouto Jules-Eric. "Contraintes d'émission de GES et modélisation économique : perspectives alternatives, enseignement et contributions au regard des approches appliquées et théorique de l'équilibre général." Rouen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ROUED008.
Full textLe, tensorer Jérôme. "Apports de la théorie des choix collectifs à l'analyse des négociations sur la réduction des gaz à effet de serre." Caen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CAEN0624.
Full textLafortune, Stéphane. "Apports de la géochimie des gaz rares à la surveillance des sites de séquestration géologiques de C02." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00269264.
Full textCadiou, Erwan. "LIDAR DIAL multi espèces à base de sources paramétriques optiques pour la détection des gaz à effet de serre depuis l'espace." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLX102.
Full textSustained and accurate greenhouse gases measurements at a global scale are required to improve the knowledge on their sources and sinks and thus increase the accuracy of climate change projections. In order to consolidate the global observation networks, spaceborne lidar systems for future earth observation missions are regarded as innovative and complementary components to the present operational measurement methods. In this context, this research work has consisted in developing a differential absorption DIAL lidar based on an optical parametric source able to emit in the 1,9–2,3 µm spectral range. The purpose was to demonstrate its ability to be implemented in long range measurements of the main greenhouse gases (CO2, H2O, CH4). Then, the laser transmitter has been integrated in a lidar architecture which was previously designed using a numerical model. Improvements and optimization of the lidar system focused on two aspects: the monitoring of the spectral purity of the emitter and the control of the detection and acquisition. Concentration measurements on the three gases have been carried out from the laboratory based on atmospheric backscattered signals from clouds and aerosol. These measurements provided a basis for the investigation of the error and bias sources. On the basis of these measurements, instrument scaling for future airborne demonstrations is discussed. Projected performances of a spaceborne instrument are also presented
Lopez, Morgan. "Estimation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre à différentes échelles en France à l'aide d'observations de haute précision." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00777476.
Full textLopez, Morgan. "Estimation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre à différentes échelles en France à l’aide d’observations de haute précision." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112284/document.
Full textThe aim of my PhD is to use high precision measurements to evaluate greenhouse gas emissions at different scales in France, from local to regional. These measurements are made in the framework of the French greenhouse gases network operated by the RAMCES team. Three stations in France are equipped with gas chromatography measurement systems located at Gif-sur-Yvette, Trainou (Orléans forest) and on the summit of Puy-de-Dôme. They were optimized to measure continuously with high precision the main greenhouse gases: CO2 , CH4 , N2O and SF6. In July 2010, I have installed the gas chromatograph at Puy-de-Dôme and I present here the analysis of the past two years. I used an approach with measurements of greenhouse gases and related trace gases to constrain the emissions of greenhouse gases at different scales. At a regional scale, I used the 222Rn as an air mass tracer to quantify the monthly N2O fluxes at Gif-sur-Yvette and Trainou. Annual N2O emissions, derived from the atmospheric approach at Gif-sur-Yvette and Trainou are 0.34/0.51 and 0.52 g(N2O) m−2 a−1 , respectively. I found a clear seasonal cycle of N2O emissions with larger values in spring and summer, demonstrating the large contribution of agricultural emissions from fertilized soils. A correlation between annual N2O fluxes and annual precipitations was observed at Gif-sur-Yvette. At a local scale, I used carbon isotopes to estimate the fossil fuel CO2 contribution. Measurements were performed during a campaign in winter 2010 in Paris. Atmospheric 14 CO2 measurements showed that 77 % of total CO2 emissions are anthropogenic with a significant contribution of biospheric fluxes (23 %). Additionally, 13CO2 analysis showed that natural gas and fuel combustion amounted to 70 % and 30 %, respectively, of fossil fuel emissions
Glavatskaya, Yulia. "Conversion de l'énergie thermique des gaz d'échappement en travail en travail mécanique par un cycle de Rankine afin de réduire les émissions des gaz à effet de serre." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066812.
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