Journal articles on the topic 'Gay men – Brazil'
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Voon Chin Phua. "Shifting sexual boundaries: Comparing gay-identified and non-gay-identified men who have sex with men in Brazil and in the USA." Sexualities 13, no. 5 (October 2010): 583–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460710376491.
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Magno, Laio, Inês Dourado, Luís Augusto V. da Silva, Sandra Brignol, Ana Maria de Brito, Mark Drew Crosland Guimarães, Adele Benzaken, Adriana de A. Pinho, Carl Kendall, and Ligia Regina Franco Sansigolo Kerr. "Factors associated with self-reported discrimination against men who have sex with men in Brazil." Revista de Saúde Pública 51 (November 24, 2017): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2017051000016.
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OBJECTIVE: To estimate self-reported discrimination due to sexual orientation among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Brazil and to analyze associated factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 3,859 MSM recruited in 2008–2009 with respondent driven sampling. Data collection conducted in health centers in 10 Brazilian cities. A face-to-face questionnaire was used and rapid HIV and syphilis tests conducted. Aggregated data were weighted and adjusted odds ratio estimated to measure the association between selected factors and self-reported discrimination due to sexual orientation. RESULTS: The sample was predominantly young, eight plus years of schooling, pardo (brown), single, low-income, and identified themselves as gay or homosexual. The prevalence of self-reported discrimination due to sexual orientation was 27.7% (95%CI 26.2–29.1). Discrimination was independently associated with: age < 30 years, more years of schooling,community involvement and support, history of sexual and physical violence, suicidal thoughts, and unprotected receptive anal intercourse. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of self-reported discrimination among MSM in Brazil is high. These results challenge the assumptions that MSM-specific prevention and support programs are not required or that health professionals do not need special training to address MSM needs.
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Assaf, Ryan D., Kelika A. Konda, Thiago S. Torres, E. Hamid Vega-Ramirez, Oliver A. Elorreaga, Dulce Diaz-Sosa, Steven D. Diaz, et al. "Are men who have sex with men at higher risk for HIV in Latin America more aware of PrEP?" PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 13, 2021): e0255557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255557.
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Introduction PrEP awareness in Latin America has been poorly characterized, with studies in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru highlighting awareness of 65% among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (MSM). We assessed the association between higher risk of HIV infection, indicative of PrEP eligibility, and PrEP awareness among MSM from these countries. Methods This was a secondary analysis of a web-based survey advertised on social media platforms from March-June 2018 in Brazil, Mexico and Peru. Eligible individuals were cisgender MSM, ≥18 years old, HIV negative or of unknown status, who lived in these countries, and provided informed consent. Higher risk of HIV infection was defined as having 10 or more points in the HIV Risk Index for MSM (HIRI-MSM). We used multivariable Poisson regression models to calculate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) testing the association between higher risk for HIV and PrEP awareness. Results After exclusions, 19,457 MSM were included in this analysis. In Brazil, 53.8% were classified as higher risk for HIV, 51.9% in Mexico, and 54.2% in Peru. Higher risk for HIV was minimally associated with PrEP awareness among those in Brazil (aPR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01, 1.06), but no such association was observed in Mexico or Peru. Having more than a high school education, high income, daily use of geosocial networking (GSN) applications, and substance use were associated with PrEP awareness. Conclusion Higher risk of HIV infection was associated with increased PrEP awareness in Brazil. However, this association was weak indicating that PrEP awareness could be strengthened with further prevention efforts. In the remaining countries, results were non-conclusive between risk and awareness. Interventions to increase PrEP awareness are paramount to increase PrEP willingness and uptake and in turn prevent new HIV infections. Social media platforms could play an important role to achieve this goal.
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Miskolci, Richard. ""Discreet and out of the gay scene" - notes on contemporary sexual visibility." Cadernos Pagu, no. 44 (June 2015): 61–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4449201500440061.
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Based on an ethnography with men that use digital media in search of same sex partners in São Paulo, Brazil, this paper discusses what motivates their use of technological platforms. It also employs sociological and historical elements to reflect upon the social aspects of desire that fuel this search and the new visibility regime in which these men live. Finally, it analyses the moral, symbolic and material restrictions that mold an economy of desire demanding their discretion and secrecy.
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De Boni, Raquel B., Nena Lentini, Ana CFS Santelli, Aristides Barbosa, Marly Cruz, Trista Bingham, Vanda Cota, Renato Girade Correa, Valdiléa G. Veloso, and Beatriz Grinsztejn. "Self-testing, communication and information technology to promote HIV diagnosis among young gay and other men who have sex with men (MSM) in Brazil." Journal of the International AIDS Society 21 (July 2018): e25116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25116.
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Mello, Vinicius, Barbara Lago, Paulo Sousa, Francisco Mello, Caroline Souza, Laura Pinto, Cleber Ginuino, et al. "Hepatitis A Strain Linked to the European Outbreaks During Gay Events between 2016 and 2017, Identified in a Brazilian Homosexual Couple in 2017." Viruses 11, no. 3 (March 20, 2019): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11030281.
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Hepatitis A virus (HAV) outbreaks among men who have sex with men (MSM) have been reported worldwide and associated primarily with sexual transmission through oral-anal sex. Here, we provide the molecular and evolutionary description of a European strain, linked to HAV outbreaks among MSM, detected in a Brazilian homosexual couple. Bayesian analysis provided evidence that the viral isolates were introduced in Brazil from Spain between the end of 2016 and the beginning of 2017.
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Silva, Luís Augusto Vasconcelos, Filipe Mateus Duarte, Laio Magno, Inês Dourado, and Corinne Squire. "Moral barriers to HIV prevention and care for gay and bisexual men: Challenges in times of conservatism in Brazil." Sociology of Health & Illness 43, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 424–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.13230.
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da Cruz, Marly Marques, Vanda Lúcia Cota, Nena Lentini, Trista Bingham, Gregory Parent, Solange Kanso, Liza Regina Bueno Rosso, et al. "Comprehensive approach to HIV/AIDS testing and linkage to treatment among men who have sex with men in Curitiba, Brazil." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 10, 2021): e0249877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249877.
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Introduction The Curitiba (Brazil)-based Project, A Hora é Agora (AHA), evaluated a comprehensive HIV control strategy among men who have sex with men (MSM) aimed at expanding access to HIV rapid testing and linking HIV-positive MSM to health services and treatment. AHA’s approach included rapid HIV Testing Services (HTC) in one mobile testing unit (MTU); a local, gay-led, non-governmental organization (NGO); an existing government-run health facility (COA); and Internet-based HIV self-testing. The objectives of the paper were to compare a) number of MSM tested in each strategy, its positivity and linkage; b) social, demographic and behavioral characteristics of MSM accessing the different HTC and linkage services; and c) the costs of the individual strategies to diagnose and link MSM to services. Methods We used data for 2,681 MSM tested at COA, MTU and NGO from March 2015 to March 2017. This is a cross sectional comparison of the demographics and behavioral factors (age group, race/ethnicity, education, sexually transmitted diseases, knowledge of AHA services and previous HIV test). Absolute frequencies, percentage distributions and confidence intervals for the percentages were used, as well as unilateral statistical tests. Results and discussion AHA performed 2,681 HIV tests among MSM across three in-person strategies: MTU, NGO, and COA; and distributed 4,752 HIV oral fluid tests through the self-testing platform. MTU, NGO and COA reported 365 (13.6%) HIV positive diagnoses among MSM, including 28 users with previous HIV diagnosis or on antiretroviral treatment for HIV. Of these, 89% of MSM were eligible for linkage-to-care services. Linkage support was accepted by 86% of positive MSM, of which 66.7% were linked to services in less than 90 days. The MTU resulted in the lowest cost per MSM tested ($137 per test), followed by self-testing ($247). Conclusions AHA offered MSM access to HTC through innovative strategies operating in alternative sites and schedules. It presented the Curitiba HIV/AIDS community the opportunity to monitor HIV-positive MSM from diagnosis to treatment uptake. Self-testing emerged as a feasible strategy to increase MSM access to HIV-testing through virtual tools and anonymous test kit delivery and pick-up. Cost per test findings in both the MTU and self-testing support expansion to other regions with similar epidemiological contexts.
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Contente, Renato, and Gustavo Gomes da Costa Santos. "Towards an Entrepreneurial Ethics of Desire?" Journal of Digital Social Research 4, no. 3 (July 29, 2022): 56–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33621/jdsr.v4i3.61.
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This article aims to reflect on how changes in digital sociability practices influence on the affective and sexual relationships among gay men in Northeast Brazil. We argue some of these changes are associated with an entrepreneurial ethics of desire, which is a set of desiring and sociability practices influenced by neoliberal imperatives, such as free competition, high selectiveness, meritocracy, economic rationale, utilitarianism, and self-entrepreneurship. In a mediatised reality under platform capitalism, we wonder: by taking on market-oriented practices, how do individuals constitute themselves as differentiated desiring subjects? We seek to elucidate this point by analysing seven in-depth interviews conducted with gay men whose affective-sexual trajectories have been impacted by communication technologies’ transformations in the last three decades. All respondents were gay men between 25-34 years old, residents in Recife’s metropolitan area and were contacted via Grindr. Focused on cultural scripts for sex mediated by digital media and on self-presentation in profiles, we investigate how these individuals negotiate homoerotic sociabilities simultaneously on different social platforms. In an attempt to constitute themselves as “desirable” subjects in digital spheres, these individuals experience several tensions that are triggered by social markers of desire, such as race, class, gender performativity and physicality. Based on an intersectional approach, we aim to identify aspects of what we define as an entrepreneurial ethics of desire. We also propose to investigate whether, in terms of resistance and indiscipline, we can think of an alternative sexual-affective ethics for sociability and desiring practices – namely a queer ethics of desire.
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Reyes-Díaz, Michael, Ana Celly, Cinta Folch, Nicolas Lorente, Valeria Stuardo, Maria Amelia Veras, Henrique Barros, et al. "Latin American Internet Survey for Men who have Sex with Men (LAMIS-2018): Design, methods and implementation." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 17, 2022): e0277518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277518.
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Despite men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM) from Latin America (LA) are still a vulnerable population for known health-related conditions and social problems, availability of comparable data across LA countries for assessment and monitoring purposes is limited. The objective of this article is to present the study design and the questionnaire of LAMIS-2018 (Latin America MSM Internet Survey), its recruitment strategy, rates and sources by country, and the lessons learned from its implementation. LAMIS-2018 was a cross-sectional, internet-based survey targeting MSM living in 18 LA countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela) that gathered data about sexual behaviors, HIV/STI and viral hepatitis knowledge, prophylactic use of antiretrovirals, psychosocial health, and access to sexual health services. The survey went online for four months and was available in three languages (Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch). Promotion was carried out using dating apps, websites, social networks, and by community-based and academic organizations of each participating country directly in gay venues and in their own premises. Overall, 64,655 MSM participated in LAMIS-2018. Dating apps and websites were the most important recruitment source in most countries, except for Honduras, Nicaragua, and Suriname, where community-based organizations recruited most of the participants. Beyond the LAMIS-2018 implementation description, we highlight the feasibility of such a study in this context, based on the collaboration between community-based and academic organizations to obtain a large sample of MSM in the region. LAMIS-2018 data will contribute to identify determinants of risk behaviors and prevention needs of vulnerable MSM populations in each country of the region.
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Bezerra, Daniel Rodrigues Barros, Cristina Moreira Jalil, Emilia Moreira Jalil, Lara Esteves Coelho, Eduardo Carvalheira Netto, Josias Freitas, Laylla Monteiro, et al. "Comparing Web-Based Venues to Recruit Gay, Bisexual, and Other Cisgender Men Who Have Sex With Men to a Large HIV Prevention Service in Brazil: Evaluation Study." JMIR Formative Research 6, no. 8 (August 4, 2022): e33309. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/33309.
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Background Internet and mobile phones, widely available in Brazil, could be used to disseminate information about HIV prevention and to recruit gay, bisexual, and other cisgender men who have sex with men (MSM) to HIV prevention services. Data evaluating the characteristics of MSM recruited through different web-based strategies and estimating their cost and yield in the country are not available. Objective We aimed to describe a web-based recruitment cascade, compare the characteristics of MSM recruited to a large HIV prevention service in Rio de Janeiro according to web-based venues, and estimate the cost per participant for each strategy. Methods We promoted advertisements on geosocial networking (GSN) apps (Hornet and Grindr) and social media (Facebook and Instagram) from March 2018 to October 2019. The advertisements invited viewers to contact a peer educator to schedule a visit at the HIV prevention service. Performance of web-based recruitment cascade was based on how many MSM (1) were reached by the advertisement, (2) contacted the peer educator, and (3) attended the service. We used chi-square tests to compare MSM recruited through GSN apps and social media. The estimated advertisement cost to recruit a participant was calculated by dividing total advertisement costs by number of participants who attended the service or initiated preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Results Advertisement reached 1,477,344 individuals; 1270 MSM contacted the peer educator (86 contacts per 100,000 views)—564 (44.4%), 401 (31.6%) and 305 (24.0%)—through social media, Grindr, and Hornet. Among the 1270 individuals who contacted the peer educator, 36.3% (n=461) attended the service with similar proportion for each web-based strategy (social media: 203/564, 36.0%; Grindr: 152/401, 37.9%; and Hornet: 107/305, 35.1%). MSM recruited through GSN apps were older (mean age 30 years vs 26 years; P<.001), more frequently self-reported as White (111/247, 44.9% vs 62/191, 32.5%; P=.03), and had higher schooling level (postsecondary: 157/254, 61.8% vs 94/194, 48.5%; P=.007) than MSM recruited through social media. GSN apps recruited MSM with higher HIV risk as measured by PrEP eligibility (207/239, 86.6% vs 133/185, 71.9%; P<.001) compared with social media, but there was no difference in PrEP uptake between the two strategies (P=.22). The estimated advertisement costs per participant attending the HIV prevention service were US $28.36 for GSN apps and US $12.17 for social media. The estimated advertisement costs per participant engaging on PrEP were US $58.77 for GSN apps and US $27.75 for social media. Conclusions Social media and GSN app advertisements were useful to disseminate information on HIV prevention strategies and to recruit MSM to a large HIV prevention service in Brazil. Compared to GSN apps, social media advertisements were less expensive and reached more vulnerable and younger MSM. Digital marketing campaigns should use different and complementary web-based venues to reach a plurality of MSM.
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Henning, Carlos Eduardo. "Is old age always already heterosexual (and cisgender)? The LGBT Gerontology and the formation of the "LGBT elders"." Vibrant: Virtual Brazilian Anthropology 13, no. 1 (June 2016): 132–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-43412016v13n1p132.
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Abstract This article seeks to present an anthropological and critical view of the development of a thriving field of knowledge production (especially present in North America) which for some decades has investigated the aging processes among lesbians, gay men and bisexual and transgender people. This field, still relatively unknown in Brazil and in South America as a whole, has been named "LGBT Gerontology ". Thus my interest lies in critically and systematically presenting and contextualizing the main trends, controversies and theoretical debates in this field, as well as their recent implications on the complex constitution, legitimation and creation of public policies concerning the new social actors, who rise concomitantly - the "LGBT seniors."
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de Campos, Dalvan Antônio, and Rodrigo Otávio Moretti-Pires. "The Process of Going/Settling on the Streets: The Relations between Gender, Being Homeless and Access the Health Services." Global Journal of Health Science 14, no. 3 (February 17, 2022): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v14n3p77.
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The objective of this article was to understand the relationship between gender constructions and the process of going/settling on the streets, as well as their effects on access to health services for homeless people in the city of Florianópolis/SC. Gender relations were analyzed in the trajectories of 28 gay, lesbian and heterosexual homeless people in the city of Florianópolis/SC/Brazil, based on a social constructionism research developed from December 2017 to February 2018. Family conflicts and non-acceptance of the gender identities were narrated as a fuse of going to the street and as aggravating for violence situations in the street context. The stigma for being homeless and non-heterosexual was understood as an obstacle to the use of health and social services. It is concluded that gender relations and male domination are related to the process of breaking of family ties and going to the street. Women and LGBT people are more vulnerable. Heterosexual men suffer for maintenance their dominant position. Further studies are recommended to deepen the relationship between gender, homeless and access to public policies.
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Öze, Nuran, and Murat Sayan. "Social Network Dynamics in Transmission of HIV by Sexual Contact." International Conference on Gender Research 5, no. 1 (April 13, 2022): pp171–178. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/icgr.5.1.81.
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According to statistics published by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), by the end of 2019, 38 million people were living with HIV. Hornet is the most frequently-used gay-oriented social network worldwide, especially in France, Russia, Brazil, Turkey, and Taiwan. In this study, we focused on the correlation between the route of transmission for the HIV-1 virus and social media application usage in terms of sexual contact according to the generation category in Turkey. The study included 280 heterosexual, bisexual, and men who have sex with men (MSM) who were newly diagnosed and antiretroviral treatment-naive HIV-1 patients from cities located in the Marmara region in Turkey. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with each patient between 2015 and 2020. As key populations of the study, bisexuals and MSMs were counted together in the MSMs category because in both sexual preferences, MSM. HIV-1 subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) were identified by phylogenetic analysis. Subtype B (80%, 224/280), non-subtype B (7.5%, 21/280), and CRFs (12.5%, 35/280) were identified as the most commonly occurring HIV-1 subtypes. HIV-1 acquisition route was found to be largely through MSM contact (67.9%, 190/280) compared to heterosexual contact (32.1%, 90/280). We have analysed the role of sex-oriented social media applications in HIV transmission among different sexual contacts. The study results showed that sex-oriented social media applications play a facilitator role in HIV transmission between key populations. This study may be useful for developing policies to prevent HIV transmission.
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Silva, Mariah Rafaela, and Jaya Jacobo. "Global South Perspectives on Stonewall after 50 Years, Part I—South by South, Trans for Trans." Contexto Internacional 42, no. 3 (December 2020): 665–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-8529.2019420300007.
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Abstract The riots against a New York City police raid at the Stonewall Inn bar in June, 1969, are often identified as having sparked the movement for LGBT rights, and the commemoration of the riots one year later in June, 1970, inaugurated a series of annual LGBT Pride events that continues to this day worldwide. In this two-part Forum, we reflect on the contradictory effects of Stonewall’s international legacy. Which facts or legends are celebrated and which are marginalized fifty years later? How has the sign ‘Stonewall’ come to inspire and/or sideline other resistances as the US event became appropriated globally? In this first part of the Forum, Silva and Jacobo consider how trans women of colour in the Global South have pursued the struggle of the pioneering trans women activists in New York City and engaged the history of Stonewall beyond the United States, negating the whitewashing of discourse on the riots by hegemonic cis gay men and cis lesbian women of the movement, even in their respective nations, Brazil and the Philippines. This forum contribution pays tribute to black and brown trans persons whose bodies had been thought of as monstrous in the heart of empire and elsewhere, where empire remains. The authors together aspire to think the planet from their coordinates: south by south, trans for trans. From the sisterhood they forged, these two trans women from Rio de Janeiro and Manila, imbricated in their wounds but bound together by a will to heal, theorize resistance and reexistence as women in a decolonial, transfeminist present.
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Cespedes, Michelle, Jill Blumenthal, Karam Mounzer, Moti Ramgopal, Theo Hodge, Ayana Elliott, A. C. Demidont, et al. "848. Approaches to Optimize Recruitment of Historically Underrepresented Black and Hispanic/LatinX MSM, Transgender, and Gender Non-binary Individuals into the Lenacapavir for PrEP (PURPOSE 2) Trial." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2021): S514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.1043.
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Abstract Background Black and Hispanic/Latinx gay and other men who have sex with men (MSM), transgender women (TGW), transgender men (TGM), and gender nonbinary individuals (GNB) have been historically underrepresented in HIV prevention trials despite being disproportionately affected by the disease. Therefore, studies of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), a highly effective intervention for reducing HIV incidence, should include these individuals, and doing so would promote generalizability of the findings. Methods PURPOSE 2 (GS-US-528-9023) will evaluate a twice-yearly long-acting subcutaneous, first in class capsid inhibitor, lenacapavir, for PrEP in MSM, TGW, TGM, and GNB in the US, Brazil, Peru, and South Africa. The study team adopted a multifactorial approach to address historic underrepresentation. This included a literature review to assess successful evidence-based approaches for increasing enrollment of Black and Hispanic/ LatinX MSM, TG, and GNB individuals. We engaged with community and patient advocates as well as key stakeholders to solicit feedback prior to protocol development. Results We established a trial-specific Global Community Advisory Group and implemented their recommendations for site selection, investigator and staff diversity, and strong linkage with community-based organizations. We recruited new community-based research sites and principal investigators (PIs) to mirror historically underrepresented populations and emphasized mentorship of junior sub-Is by seasoned PIs to support enrollment and retention. We developed required trainings for all study and site staff on good participatory practices for PrEP, anti-racism and transgender cultural humility. We established recruitment goals of 50% Black and 20% Hispanic/LatinX MSM in the US, and 20% TGW study-wide. Our strategy to ensure achievement of these overall goals involves nuanced site-specific recruitment goals considering site capacity, local demographics, and HIV incidence data. We will review metrics weekly during enrollment and make any necessary adjustments. Conclusion Using novel approaches, we have carefully chosen with whom, where, and how we will collaborate to increase the diversity, equity, and inclusion in the PURPOSE 2 trial. Disclosures Michelle Cespedes, MD, MS, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Scientific Research Study Investigator, Advisor or Review Panel member, Research Grant or Support)GlaxoSmithKline (Scientific Research Study Investigator, Research Grant or Support) Jill Blumenthal, MD, Gilead Sciences (Grant/Research Support, Scientific Research Study Investigator) Karam Mounzer, MD, Epividian (Advisor or Review Panel member)Gilead Sciences Inc. (Consultant, Scientific Research Study Investigator, Research Grant or Support, Speaker’s Bureau)Janssen (Consultant, Research Grant or Support, Speaker’s Bureau)Merck (Research Grant or Support, Speaker’s Bureau)ViiV Healthcare (Consultant, Speaker’s Bureau) Moti Ramgopal, MD FACP FIDSA, Abbvie (Scientific Research Study Investigator, Speaker’s Bureau)Gilead (Consultant, Scientific Research Study Investigator, Speaker’s Bureau)Janssen (Consultant, Scientific Research Study Investigator, Research Grant or Support, Speaker’s Bureau)Merck (Consultant, Scientific Research Study Investigator)ViiV (Consultant, Scientific Research Study Investigator, Speaker’s Bureau) Ayana Elliott, DNP, APRN, FNP-C, NEA-BC, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) A.C. Demidont, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) C. Chauncey Watson, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) Christoph C. Carter, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) Alex Kintu, MD, ScD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) Moupali Das, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) Jared Baeten, MD, PHD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) Onyema Ogbuagu, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Scientific Research Study Investigator, Advisor or Review Panel member, Research Grant or Support, Other Financial or Material Support)ViiV Healthcare (Advisor or Review Panel member)
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França, Marco Túlio Aniceto, Gustavo Saraiva Frio, and Mariza Bethanya Dalla Vecchia Korzeniewicz. "Self-employment and wage difference an analysis for Brazil." International Journal of Social Economics 47, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 727–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-05-2019-0312.
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PurposeThe aim of this study is to evaluate the wage gap between men and women who seek self-employment in Brazil, whether because they want to become entrepreneurs out of necessity or because of the flexible hours.Design/methodology/approachThe data used are from the 2015 National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) and the methods are the ordinary least squares (OLS) for the Mean and the unconditional quantile regression (RIF-regression) for the distribution of gains of both genders, both associated with the Oaxaca–Ransom decomposition in order to separate the differential between the part explained by attributes and the unexplained part.FindingsThe main results show that women earn less than men in the mean and throughout the distribution. The average difference is 27.79%, varying between 19.24 and 48.26% in the distribution. The inclusion of occupational variables shows that the glass door phenomenon exists even in self-employment, that is, women choose occupations with lower incomes.Originality/valueStimulating self-employment has been an alternative policy for the insertion of women in the labor market. This is the first study on the wage gap in self-employment in the Brazilian labor market. The presence of wage differentials among self-employed men and women throughout the distribution may point to the need for specific policies that not only target the mean. These policies would be related to sticky floor and to the glass ceiling. Another potential problem concerns the so-called glass door–women access the labor market via professions that pay less, otherwise, the problem points to occupational segregation against women.Peer ReviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-05-2019-0312
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Carvalho, Aline Martins de, Chester Luiz Galvão César, Regina Mara Fisberg, and Dirce Maria Lobo Marchioni. "Excessive meat consumption in Brazil: diet quality and environmental impacts." Public Health Nutrition 16, no. 10 (August 16, 2012): 1893–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012003916.
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AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate red and processed meat intake, and the impact meat consumption has on diet quality and the environment.DesignA large cross-sectional health survey performed in São Paulo, Brazil.SettingDiet was assessed by two 24 h dietary recalls. Usual intakes were calculated using the Multiple Source Method. The World Cancer Research Fund recommendation of an average of 71·4 g/d was used as the cut-off point to estimate excessive red and processed meat consumption. To investigate the relationship between meat consumption and diet quality we used the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index Revised. The environmental impact was analysed according to estimates of CO2 equivalent emissions from meat consumption.SubjectsBrazilians (n 1677) aged 19 years and older were studied.ResultsThe mean red and processed meat intake was 138 g/d for men and 81 g/d for women. About 81 % of men and 58 % of women consumed more meat than recommended. Diet quality was inversely associated with excessive meat intake in men. In Brazil alone, greenhouse gas emissions from meat consumption, in 2003, were estimated at approximately 18 071 988 tonnes of CO2 equivalents, representing about 4 % of the total CO2 emitted by agriculture.ConclusionsThe excessive meat intake, associated with poorer diet quality observed, support initiatives and policies advising to reduce red and processed meat intake to within the recommended amounts, as part of a healthy and environmentally sustainable diet.
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Moreira, Marina Carolina, Gustavo Müller Lara, Rafael Linden, Luciane Rosa Feksa, Rejane Giacomelli Tavares, Sabrina Esteves de Matos Almeida, and Daiane Bolzan Berlese. "Frequency of the anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase immunological marker in patients with diabetes duration longer than three years in southern Brazil." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 129, no. 3 (May 2011): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802011000300002.
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CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The anti-GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase) antibody is considered to be an important marker for type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1), with frequency that varies depending on the population studied and the duration of the disease. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the frequency of this autoantibody in a group of patients in southern Brazil with DM1 that had been diagnosed more than three years previously. DESIGN AND SETTING: Analytical cross-sectional study with a control group conducted at the Biomedicine Laboratory of Universidade Feevale. METHODS: This study was conducted between June 2007 and December 2008, and 109 individuals were enrolled during this period. Fifty-eight were DM1 patients and 51 were individuals free from DM1 and without any history of diabetes, who constituted the control group. RESULTS: In the DM1 group, the mean age was 27 ± 1.7 years and 50% were men. The mean fasting blood glucose in the DM1 group was 208 ± 15 mg/dl and mean HbA1c (glycosylated hemoglobin) was 8.7 ± 0.25%. In the control group, the mean fasting blood glucose and HbA1c were 82 mg/dl and 5.0% respectively. Thirty-seven individuals with DM1 (63.8%) were positive for anti-GAD, and this proportion was significantly larger than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: These results show the high prevalence of anti-GAD in the population of diabetic patients in southern Brazil, thus indicating that the antibody was still present a long time after the disease had been diagnosed.
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Andrade, Juliana Lopes, and Marina Silva da Cunha. "The impact of postponing motherhood on women's income in Brazil." Economia Aplicada 25, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 65–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1980-5330/ea165870.
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This paper investigates the impact of the postponement of motherhood on women’s earnings and gender gap in Brazilian labor market, based on data from Brazilian National Health Survey of 2013. Using the Heckman (1979) approach, the results suggest that postponing motherhood has a positive impact of 1.55% on earnings each year of postponement. By comparing men and women, the results suggest that being a woman generates a wage penalty of approximately 22%, but the postponing of motherhood can eliminate that gender gap, especially for those who are white, yellow, and higher educated.
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Barcellos, Thais, and Guilherme Hirata. "Decomposing public-private teachers’ wage gap: evidence from Brazil." Brazilian Review of Econometrics 40, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 303–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/bre.v40n22020.81059.
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A two-stage wage gap decomposition permits measuring the contribution of observableand unobservable characteristics of the wage gap formation and evolution comparingteachers’ earnings in the public and private sectors from 2006 to 2017. Teachers fromthe public sector earn more than the ones from the private sector at mean, median, andquantile 10 due to the composition effect. The analysis across levels of education showsthat the composition effect is important in explaining the wage gap in early childhoodeducation while the structure effect is more relevant to the wage gap decomposition inprimary and high school education.
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Silva, Ana Paula Ramos, Jorge Paulo Strogoff-de-Matos, and Jocemir Ronaldo Lugon. "Metabolic acidosis in hemodialysis: a neglected problem in Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Nephrology 42, no. 3 (September 2020): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2019-0210.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Metabolic acidosis is associated with the high mortality seen in hemodialysis patients. The panorama of metabolic acidosis in hemodialysis in Brazil is unclear since 1996 when the analysis of bicarbonate levels was no longer a compulsory exam. We aimed to establish the prevalence of metabolic acidosis in a hemodialysis population and analyze the factors associated with low bicarbonate levels. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the prevalence of metabolic acidosis in adults undergoing regular hemodialysis from January to April 2017, in four dialysis centers from Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and surroundings. For blood gas analysis, samples of 2 mL were collected in heparinized syringes before a midweek dialysis session. Results: 384 patients with a mean age of 58.1 ± 15.8 years (54.5% men and 63.0%, non-white) were included. Approximately 30% had diabetes and 48%, hypertension. Nearly 88% used primary arteriovenous fistula as vascular access. The pre-dialysis mean serum tCO2 in the midweek session was 22.7 ± 3.0 mEq/L. The prevalence rate of serum bicarbonate below DOQI recommendation (22 mEq/L or higher) was 40.3%, and 6.5% had serum bicarbonate < 18 mEq/L. The dialyzer use count and the use of low-flux dialyzers were negatively associated whereas age and the standard Kt/V values were positively associated with the serum bicarbonate levels. Conclusion: The findings were in agreement with global data reported in previous studies. However, because the sample was relatively small and non-representative of the Brazilian population, a more comprehensive study, addressing national data is necessary to substantiate our findings.
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Coelho Farias de Souza, André Luiz, Ivi Vasconcelos Elias, and Vinicius Silva Santos. "A participação das mulheres na produção acadêmica da área de Relações Internacionais no Brasil | The participation of women in academic production in the field of International Relations in Brazil." Mural Internacional 10 (August 29, 2019): e37384. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/rmi.2019.37384.
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Neste artigo, buscamos mapear a produção acadêmica na área de Relações Internacionais no Brasil observando a participação das mulheres partindo das características da produção acadêmica em relação ao gênero e às divisões temáticas do campo. Para tanto, analisamos os dois principais periódicos da área segundo a classificação da Capes: Contexto Internacional e a Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional (RBPI). O artigo está dividido em três partes. Na primeira, situamos a discussão sobre mulheres na ciência em relação ao gênero como categoria crítica de análise. Em seguida, promovemos o debate sobre a literatura que discute o mapeamento da produção acadêmica, considerando a produção científica de mulheres em geral e na área de Relações Internacionais. Finalmente, apresentamos os resultados situando a produção acadêmica feminina. Como conclusão, constatamos que a distância do número de artigos publicados por mulheres e homens não se alterou ao longo do tempo, mantendo a estrutura de desigualdade.Palavras-chave: Gênero; Relações Internacionais no Brasil; Produção Acadêmica. ABSTRACTIn this article, we seek to map the academic work in the field of International Relations in Brazil, according to women’s share focusing on the characteristics of the academic work in relation to gender and thematic divisions in the field. We analyzed all the articles published by two of the most prestigious journals in Brazil: Contexto Internacional e Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional (RBPI). The article has three sections: the first presents the discussion about women in science and brings gender as a critical analytical category. In the following section, we carry out a debate about the literature which deals with the mapping of academic production considering the scientific production. Finally, we present the results placing the female academic production. In the end, our findings show that the gap between the number of articles published by men and women did not change over time maintaining the structure of inequality.Keywords: Gender; International Relations in Brazil; Academic Production.Recebido em: 19 set.2018 | Aceito em: 31 mai.2019
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Holanda, Maristela, Alice Lima, Alice Borges, Kailany Ketulhe Rocha, Marcos Caldeira, Carla Cavalcante Koike, Carla D. Castanho, and Roberta B. Oliveira. "Meninas.comp: Computing for Girls in Elementary School in Brazil." Clepsydra. Revista de Estudios de Género y Teoría Feminista, no. 23 (2022): 161–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.clepsydra.2022.23.09.
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The Computing field has a gender diversity gap, with female participation much lower when compared to men. In this context, several activities have been developed to include more women in the field of Computing, and the Meninas.comp project has been working to introduce Computing to girls in elementary schools in Brasilia, the capital of Brazil. This article has two objectives: i) to present the activities of the Meninas.comp project for girls in elementary schools; ii) to present a mapping of the literature on computational activities with a focus on girls in elementary schools in Brazil. The systematic literature mapping found publications reporting a large variety of activities, such as unplugged computing, game development, card games, programming classes, competitions, lectures, and workshops. From the Meninas.comp project, this article highlights a smart garden developed by female elementary school students
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Wendland, Eliana Marcia, Marina Bessel, Juliana Comerlato, Jaqueline Driemeyer Correia Horvath, Frederico Falcetta, Gerson Fernando Mendes Pereira, Flávia Moreno Alves de Souza, Carla Domingues, Ana Goretti Kalume Maranhão, and Natalia Luiza Kops. "Evaluating sexual health in sex workers and men who have sex with men: the SMESH cross-sectional protocol study." BMJ Open 9, no. 11 (November 2019): e031358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031358.
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IntroductionHuman papillomavirus (HPV) infection is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact, and vaginal and anal sex are the most common transmission routes. Sex workers and men who have sex with men (MSM) are more exposed to the virus, and therefore, a higher frequency of this infection would be expected. The prevalence of HPV infection types and the forms and factors of transmission must be investigated to control infection-related outcomes. This protocol study will be the first nationwide study with a uniform methodology to evaluate HPV prevalence of and infection types among sex workers and MSM in Brazil.Methods and analysisThis multicentre cross-sectional study will be conducted with a respondent-driven sampling method to recruit 1174 sex workers and 1198 MSM from all regions of Brazil. The study will consist of preliminary interviews to verify the eligibility criteria and characterise the network size as well as a second questionnaire to obtain sociodemographic, behavioural and sexual information. Specimens from the oral cavity and anal and cervical or penile/scrotal sites will be collected. All HPV samples will be processed in a certified central laboratory. Other sexually transmitted infections will be evaluated by interview and by rapid testing for HIV and syphilis. Strict quality control will be conducted using different procedures, including the training and certification of the health professionals responsible for acquiring data and monitoring visits.Ethics and disseminationThe project was approved by the research ethics committee of the main institution and the corresponding ethics committees of the recruitment sites. Due to the literature gap on the sexual health of sex workers and MSM and the intense stigma surrounding these populations, a critical analysis of the study results will contribute to epidemiological knowledge and will be useful for the development of strategies against virus morbidities.
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Gomes, Romeu. "Gay and lesbian health agendas." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 27, no. 10 (October 2022): 3807–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320222710.23792021en.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to validate gay and lesbian health agendas pushed by organizations representing these groups. To this end, we created a health agenda matrix based on 25 narratives of representatives from 16 different gay and lesbian groups in ten state capitals in Brazil collected in another study. Each agenda was considered to have reached consensus when the mean score was equal to or greater than seven and SD was equal to or less than two. The validated agendas addressed the following themes: physical and psychological violence; the care needs of lesbians related to uterine and breast cancer; mental health; training of health care professionals; AIDS prevention and care; assisted reproduction for lesbians; the urological and proctological care needs of gays; development of informative material on general health; and information and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. It is concluded that gay and lesbian movements are potentially important actors in the public health arena, not only proposing important issues that need to be considered in public policies and actions to improve health care for LGBT people, but also mediating between health professionals and homosexuals seeking health services.
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Resende Rosa, Alexsandra Matilde, Vera Lúcia de Miranda Guarda, and Kerley dos Santos Alves. "Women’s participation in water policies, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil." International Journal of Hydrology 6, no. 4 (July 29, 2022): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ijh.2022.06.00319.
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Although there is an expressive number of legal norms in order to combat gender inequality in all sectors, inequalities persist, which also occurs in water management. In order to fill this gap, the participation of women in councils and decision-making in relation to water resources is one of the main ways of guaranteeing access to water in a more equal way. Their participation also enables empowerment, providing them with greater possibility of exercising power and citizenship in the public space, as well as greater legitimacy of legal rules and greater effectiveness of public policies. In this work, the case study was carried out with counselors and workers working in water management in Ouro Preto/MG. Data were collected through interviews and analyzed. Data analysis pointed to the need to increase the participation of women in organizations and councils, both in number and in the occupation of positions responsible by decision-making. The struggle to overcome differences is not an exclusive struggle from women, but also from men, co-authors and builders of social transformations.
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Li, Li M., Paula T. Fernandes, Ana L. A. Noronha, Lucia H. N. Marques, Moacir A. Borges, Fernando Cendes, Carlos A. M. Guerreiro, et al. "Demonstration project on epilepsy in Brazil: situation assessment." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 65, suppl 1 (June 2007): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2007001000002.
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PURPOSE: To provide a situation assessment of services for people with epilepsy in the context of primary health care, as part of the Demonstration Project on Epilepsy in Brazil, part of the WHO/ILAE/IBE Global Campaign 'Epilepsy out of the shadows'. METHODS: We performed a door-to-door epidemiological survey in three areas to assess the prevalence of epilepsy and its treatment gap. We surveyed a sample of 598 primary health care workers from different regions of Brazil to assess their perceptions of the management of people with epilepsy in the primary care setting. RESULTS: The lifetime prevalence of epilepsy was 9.2/1,000 people [95% CI 8.4-10.0] and the estimated prevalence of active epilepsy was 5.4/1,000 people. Thirty-eight percent of patients with active epilepsy were on inadequate treatment, including 19% who were taking no medication. The survey of health workers showed that they estimated that 60% of patients under their care were seizure-free. They estimated that 55% of patients were on monotherapy and that 59% had been referred to neurologists. The estimated mean percentage of patients who were working or studying was 56%. Most of the physicians (73%) did not feel confident in managing people with epilepsy. DISCUSSION: The epidemiological survey in the areas of the Demonstration Project showed that the prevalence of epilepsy is similar to that in other resource-poor countries, and that the treatment gap is high. One factor contributing to the treatment gap is inadequacy of health care delivery. The situation could readily be improved in Brazil, as the primary health care system has the key elements required for epilepsy management. To make this effective and efficient requires: i) an established referral network, ii) continuous provision of AEDs, iii) close monitoring of epilepsy management via the notification system (Sistema de Informação da Atenção Básica - SIAB) and iv) continuous education of health professionals. The educational program should be broad spectrum and include not only medical management, but also psycho-social aspects of epilepsy.
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Esteves Agostinho, Marcia. "What Difference Gender Makes: Obstetricians in Nineteenth-Century Brazil." Histories 1, no. 4 (November 15, 2021): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/histories1040022.
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Like in most places around the world, childbirth assistance in Brazil was traditionally performed by women. In 1832, however, a law was passed requiring a license for the exercise of medicine, pharmacy, and midwifery. That event marked the differentiation between the traditional and the modern kind of childbirth assistants, leading to an increasing process of medicalization of birth. Hence, the historiography on the subject has pointed out the appropriation by men of a traditional women’s world. This article seeks to understand the gender dynamics in the birthing room by focusing on the new kind of professional that emerged in Brazil in the early nineteenth century: the “graduated midwife.” To what extent was there cooperation or competition between physicians and graduated midwives? How different were their obstetrical practices? After examining the Annaes Brasiliensis de Medicina—the official publication of the Imperial Academy of Medicine—I argue that the graduated midwife was the historical intermediate in transitioning from traditional midwifery to scientific obstetrics. Finally, I conclude that, as a woman of science, the graduated midwife filled the gap that isolated the female sphere of care from the male sphere of science, paving the road for the entrance of women in medicine in 1879.
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Grigoraş, Mioara. "When Anxiety Actually Hides an Overdose of Missing. The Therapeutic Approach of a Transgenerational Journey." BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience 11, no. 3sup1 (2020): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/brain/11.3sup1/121.
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Many people suffer from anxiety and panic attacks, statistics showing that 1 in 3 people have their lives affected because of these worrying and annoying symptoms. One of the most common anxiety disorders observed in general medical practice and in the general population is the generalized anxiety disorder. In about 85% of cases, generalized anxiety does not appear alone, but is accompanied by other psychological problems, of which the most common are: depression, other anxiety disorders, substance abuse, digestive problems, etc. The patient diagnosed with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) usually has suffered from severe anxiety and worries about several different areas of their life for at least six months. It occurs in 5-9% of the population, and the incidence is twice as high in women as in men. Generalized anxiety usually begins in adolescence or early adulthood. GAG is caused by several factors: 30%-50% of it can be genetic in nature, but it also can be caused by experiences during childhood, recent stressful life events, unrealistic expectations about others and oneself, conflicts in relationships, alcohol consumption, coping skills and other factors (Ciubara et al., 2018). Studies show that the anxiety levels in the general population have risen over the past 50 years - probably due to declining social cohesion affecting communities, unrealistic expectations for quality of life, excessive focus on negative news, and other factors, social and cultural aspects.
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Gutierres, Athany, Ivana Loraine Lindemann, and Cláudia Menoncini. "Esp teaching in contemporary medical education in Brazil." Ilha do Desterro A Journal of English Language, Literatures in English and Cultural Studies 73, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-8026.2020v73n1p205.
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The early 2000s have witnessed significant changes in medical education in Brazil, especially because of the creation of the More Doctors (Mais Médicos) program in 2013 and the publication of the resolution that establishes the National Curricular Guidelines for Medicine undergraduate courses in 2014. The latter focuses on a human, critical and socially responsible education, which comprehends the development of the proficiency in a foreign language, preferably a lingua franca. The objective of this paper is to map the inclusion of foreign languages, particularly English, in Political Pedagogical Projects (PPPs) from public medical schools between the years 2013-2019. Online bibliographical research was carried out and data were collected from the e-MEC system and the PPPs. Descriptive statistics have shown that 65.1% of Medicine undergraduate courses (n=28) include the proficiency of a foreign language in their PPPs, being that language English in 35.7% and any other language in 64.3%; 34.9% of the institutions do not incorporate any foreign language at all. Although the majority of medical schools seem to be conforming with the National Curricular Guidelines, there might be still a gap between targeted English language practices and their association to health education and the promotion of healthcare actions.
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Pitol, André Luís Castilho. "“Ask me to send these photos to you”: a producao artistica de Alair Gomes nos Estados Unidos." ARS (São Paulo) 15, no. 31 (December 19, 2017): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2178-0447.ars.2017.133314.
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Antes de ser conhecida no Brasil, a produção fotográfica de Alair Gomes circulou nos anos 1970 e 1980 nos Estados Unidos, em publicações tanto do meio das artes quanto ligadas a uma homossociabilidade estadunidense, como são os casos das revistas Performance, Gay Sunshine, The Advocate e Advocate MEN, e do Artists Almanac. Este artigo analisa tal conjunto de trabalhos, apontando seus principais elementos visuais, como a montagem de múltiplas fotografias, e sinalizando o suporte impresso como um elemento-chave para a compreensão da poética do artista, especialmente a materialidade e a sequencialidade da imagem fotográfica na página impressa. Objetiva-se nesta análise incrementar as possibilidades interpretativas entre o fotógrafo e o cenário artístico contemporâneo, que até o momento permanece restrita ao aspecto homoerótico de sua obra.
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Nóbrega, M. T., W. Collischonn, C. E. M. Tucci, and A. R. Paz. "Uncertainty in climate change impacts on water resources in the Rio Grande Basin, Brazil." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 2 (February 17, 2011): 585–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-585-2011.
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Abstract. We quantify uncertainty in the impacts of climate change on the discharge of Rio Grande, a major tributary of the Paraná River in South America and one of the most important basins in Brazil for water supply and hydro-electric power generation. We consider uncertainty in climate projections associated with the greenhouse-gas emission scenarios (A1b, A2, B1, B2) and increases in global mean air temperature of 1 to 6° C for the HadCM3 GCM (Global Circulation Model) as well as uncertainties related to GCM structure. For the latter, multimodel runs using 6 GCMs (CCCMA CGCM31, CSIRO Mk30, IPSL CM4, MPI ECHAM5, NCAR CCSM30, UKMO HadGEM1) and HadCM3 as baseline, for a +2° C increase in global mean temperature. Pattern-scaled GCM-outputs are applied to a large-scale hydrological model (MGB-IPH) of Rio Grande Basin. Based on simulations using HadCM3, mean annual river discharge increases, relative to the baseline or control run period (1961–1990), by +5% to +10% under the SRES emissions scenarios and from +8% to +51% with prescribed increases in global mean air temperature of between 1 and 6° C. Substantial uncertainty in projected changes to mean river discharge (−28% to +13%) under the 2° C warming scenario is, however, associated with the choice of GCM. We conclude that, in the case of Rio Grande Basin, the most important source of uncertainty derives from the GCM rather than the emission scenario or the magnitude of rise in mean global temperature.
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Nóbrega, M. T., W. Collischonn, C. E. M. Tucci, and A. R. Paz. "Uncertainty in climate change impacts on water resources in the Rio Grande Basin, Brazil." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 4 (August 25, 2010): 6099–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-6099-2010.
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Abstract. We quantify uncertainty in the impacts of climate change on the discharge of the Rio Grande, a major tributary of the River Paraná in South America and one of the most important basins in Brazil for water supply and hydro-electric power generation. We consider uncertainty in climate projections associated with the SRES (greenhouse-gas) emission scenarios (A1b, A2, B1, B2) and increases in global mean air temperature of 1 to 6 °C for the HadCM3 GCM as well as uncertainties related to GCM structure. For the latter, multimodel runs using 6 GCMs (CCCMA CGCM31, CSIRO Mk30, IPSL CM4, MPI ECHAM5, NCAR CCSM30, UKMO HadGEM1) and HadCM3 as baseline, for a + 2 °C increase in global mean temperature. Pattern-scaled GCM-outputs are applied to a large-scale hydrological model (MGB-IPH) of the Rio Grande Basin. Based on simulations using HadCM3, mean annual river discharge increases, relative to the baseline period (1961–1990), by + 5% to + 10% under the SRES emissions scenarios and from + 8% to + 51% with prescribed increases in global mean air temperature of between 1 and 6 °C. Substantial uncertainty in projected changes to mean river discharge (− 28% to + 13%) under the 2 °C warming scenario is, however, associated with the choice of GCM. We conclude that, in the case of the Rio Grande Basin, the most important source of uncertainty derives from the GCM rather than the emission scenario or the magnitude of rise in mean global temperature.
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Martins Monteiro, Ana Flávia, and Fabrina Bolzan Martins. "Global Solar Radiation Models in Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil." Advances in Meteorology 2019 (December 11, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9515430.
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Accurate and complete global solar radiation (Hs) data at a specific region are crucial for regional climate assessment, crop growth modeling, and all operations that use solar energy. However, in the Minas Gerais state, Southeastern Brazil (SEB), the number of weather stations that measure global solar radiation is scarce, and when it is available, it presents gaps in the time series. An attractive alternative to solve the data gap problem is to estimate global solar radiation using empirical models. In this study, thirteen models based on maximum and minimum air temperatures, precipitation, sunshine duration, and extraterrestrial solar radiation were compared in the daily estimation of Hs. Data from 10 weather stations, from 1999 to 2017, located in Minas Gerais were used. Also, cluster analysis was used to group the localities (weather stations) with similar patterns of model performance, climatic classification (Köppen–Geiger and Thornthwaite), and seasonal data variability, considering minimum and maximum air temperatures, precipitation, sunshine duration, and global solar radiation. Although it is apparently simple, studies on this subject are scarce and the few existing ones in Minas Gerais have flaws, which justifies this study. The models were evaluated by root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), mean bias error (BIAS), Willmott’s index of agreement (d), and performance index (c-index). Models based on sunshine duration, such as those proposed by Ertekin and Yaldiz and by Newland, showed the best performance (average c-index = 0.71). Models based on temperature and precipitation showed the worst results (average c-index = 0.41). Cluster analysis showed that there is a similar pattern between the performance of the models, climatic classification, and seasonal variability of data among the localities of Minas Gerais. In general, models that presented extremely poor performance were formed with weather stations located in the dry zone, but with different climate classification, and models that presented very good (and good) performance were composed by weather stations located in the humid zone (dry subhumid) with the same climate classification and similar seasonal variability. Furthermore, the models based on temperature have a tendency to overestimate radiation values below 10 MJ·m−2 day−1 and to underestimate values higher than 25 MJ·m−2 day−1. This point is a limitation of the model for estimating global solar radiation below and above these levels, showing the influence of atmospheric systems and atmospheric attenuation mechanisms of global solar radiation.
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Moussallem, Tálib Moysés, Caroline Gava, Karla Spandl Ardisson, Clemilda Soares Marques, Giselle Calmon Graceli, Aline da Penha Valadares Koski, Gilton Luiz Almada, et al. "Yellow fever outbreak in a rural-urban mixed community of Espírito Santo, Brazil: epidemiological aspects." Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 43 (March 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2019.29.
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Objective. To describe the epidemiological aspects of an outbreak of yellow fever (YF) that occurred in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, from 1 January 2017 – 31 July 2017. Methods. A descriptive, quantitative, retrospective approach analyzed secondary data obtained from the national notification systems, Information System of Diseases Notifications (SINAN), Laboratory Environment Manager (GAL), and the Espírito Santo Health Secretariat (SESA). Results. From 1 January 2017 – 8 July 2017, a total of 824 cases were reported in Espírito Santo, 307 (37%) of which were confirmed as YF. Of these, 95 (30.9%) died from the disease. Men were those most affected, corresponding to 244 (79.5%) cases, and women to 63 (20.5%) cases. The greatest incidence rate registered was in the city of Santa Leopoldina (380.2 cases/100 000 inhabitants). The outbreak evolved rapidly and a response was possible due to a multidisciplinary group created specifically to tackle the YF outbreak. Conclusions. The data were received and analyzed quickly and the response, consisting of immediate treatment of the cases and a blocking vaccination strategy, was developed to halt the progression of this fatal disease. In spite of these efforts, the case fatality rate of yellow fever remained high.
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Moncarz, Pedro Esteban, and Sergio Victor Barone. "Rising commodity prices and welfare in Brazil." International Journal of Emerging Markets 15, no. 5 (December 16, 2019): 1029–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-02-2019-0091.
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Purpose Brazil, a large developing economy whose main exports consist of primary commodities, benefited greatly from the boom in commodity prices during the first decade of the current century. However, with a large share of its population with low and very low incomes, there is a potential for some adverse redistributive effects. The purpose of this paper is to address this issue by simulating the ex ante effects using a mixed endogenous–exogenous social accounting matrix (SAM) price model. Design/methodology/approach The methodology consists of two parts. First, using a mixed endogenous–exogenous SAM price model, the authors obtain the elasticities of domestic prices (goods, services and factors) in response to the increase in international prices of three types of commodities: agricultural, oil/gas and minerals. Second, the authors run micro-simulations at the household level on welfare effects, as well as on some distributive indices. Analysis at the regional level is also carried out. Findings Following increases in the international prices of primary commodities, the responses of internal prices (goods, services and factors) mean a welfare loss all over the entire distribution of household per capita expenditure; the least affected are those households at the low end and around the median of the distribution. However, the differences among households are not very important. Moreover, once we take into account government transfers and payments from social security, the magnitude of the effects reduces even further. Also, inequality indices and poverty rates show little responsiveness to the simulated shocks. Finally, poorer regions are the most likely to be affected, but also the distribution of effects across households shows differences between regions. Originality/value Economies with comparative advantages in the production of primary commodities can benefit at a macro-level from the increase in the international prices of such commodities. However, when a large part of the population spends a high proportion of its income on goods whose prices may be affected by the increase in commodity prices, there is a room for some undesirable effects from a redistributive standpoint. This study provides valuable results about such potential effects for Brazil, a large developing economy.
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Gurski, Bruno César, Daniela Jerszurki, and Jorge Luiz Moretti de Souza. "Alternative Methods of Reference Evapotranspiration for Brazilian Climate Types." Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia 33, no. 3 (September 2018): 567–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-7786333015.
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Abstract The choice of consistent alternative methods is essential for the improvement of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) estimation for different climatic regions. Due to a critical gap in knowledge concerning the most adequate alternative ETo methods for the climatic conditions in Paraná, Brazil, this study aimed to test and to evaluate the main estimation alternative methods (Thornthwaite - EToTH; Camargo - EToC; Hargreaves and Samani - EToHS; Linacre - EToL; and, Budyko - EToB) for the subtropical (Cfb) and semi-arid (Bsh) climate types in Brazil. We compared our results with standard EToPM (Penman-Monteith) estimated between 1970 and 2015, using the minimum and maximum air temperature (T), sunshine hours (n), relative humidity (RH) and wind speed (U2). Least square regression analysis of ETo estimated by alternative methods vs EToPM were used to calibrate the methods for each analyzed climate type. The performance of calibrated and noncalibrated methods was evaluated by index of agreement “d” and performance “c”, root mean square error (RMSE) and mean error (ME). Our results showed the importance of calibration process of alternative methods for the improvement of ETo estimations in Brazil. The Hargreaves and Samani and Linacre calibrated methods showed better performance in the subtropical and semi-arid climates, respectively. Also, the Linacre and Budyko calibrated methods were particularly robust in subtropical and semi-arid climates, outlining the importance of continuous measurements of T used in the EToL and EToB modeling effort. The results presented here showed the importance to calibrate the alternative methods on ETo estimations and outlined the need for improvement and proposition of new ETo methods based on a limited number of climatic variables commonly available in subtropical and semi-arid climates in Brazil.
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Macaya, Javiera F. M., Manuella Maia Ribeiro, Tatiana Jereissati, Camila dos Reis Lima, and Maria Alexandra Cunha. "Gendering the digital divide: The use of electronic government services and implications for the digital gender gap." Information Polity 26, no. 2 (June 3, 2021): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ip-200307.
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Electronic government (e-gov), a means of providing online public services, has the potential to greatly benefit all members of society. However, its advantages are often out of the reach of citizens who are digitally excluded. Drawing on socioeconomic and demographic ICT survey data, researchers have explored the digital divide and have concluded that gender is an important determinant of inequality. If we are to provide e-gov services that are more accessible to women and geared towards their needs, we must consider the digital gender gap. This paper explores gendered differences in e-gov service usage in Brazil. Findings on the disproportionate numbers of women and men seeking and using e-gov services, as well as the reasons for not using them, justify the relevance of gendering the e-gov debate.
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Leiva Filiho, João Oswaldo. "The place ow women in the theatres of São Paulo." Debats. Revista de cultura, poder i societat 136, no. 1 (May 24, 2022): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.28939/iam.debats-136-1.3.
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The aim of this article was to provide quantitative information about the gender gap in theatre production in the city of São Paulo (Brazil), thereby helping to raise awareness of the inequalities faced by women in the field. The text compares the opportunities available to men and women working in seven different theatre-related occupations and is underpinned by a mapping of 1,466 plays performed in the city throughout 2018. The data were collected from three weekly guides published by the local media and two monthly publications: a theatre guide and a magazine from a cultural institution that ran 20 cultural venues in the city. Any gaps were then filled by directly contacting theatre venues and the producers of the plays. There was a significant imbalance towards men in the two most strategic theatre production jobs: men wrote 77% of the plays and directed 78% of them. Thus, male professionals were a huge majority precisely in the functions responsible for building the discourse that reaches audiences. Compared to women, this left them in a much better position to express their values, ideas, and perspectives. This gap was smaller when considering performers, of which 46% were female. Women were also largely absent in technical occupations given that they were a minority among lighting directors and set designers. However, women represented the majority among costume designers. The most unexpected result was the parity among producers, with 52% being women. All the aforementioned gaps increased when the number of performances were considered. On average, women worked less in plays that provided more working time that were therefore, more likely tohave higher salaries. The study also showed that when women were responsible for writing, directing, or producing a play,the gap was reduced in all the other functions.
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Bentz, Cristina Maria, and Josemá Oliveira de Barros. "A MULTI-SENSOR APPROACH FOR OIL SPILL AND SEA SURFACE MONITORING, IN SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, no. 1 (May 1, 2005): 703–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-703.
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ABSTRACT Since May 2001 PETROBRAS is using spaceborne multi-sensor remote sensing for its sea surface monitoring program at the Campos, Santos and Espirito Santo Basins, southeastern Brazilian coast. This area is presently responsible for about 80% of all the Brazilian oil and gas production. Ocean color (SeaWiFS and MODIS), thermal infrared (NOAA/AVHRR), scatterometer (QuikSCAT) and Synthetic Aperture Radar (RADARSAT-1 and ENVISAT) data were integrated in order to detect and characterize different sorts of marine pollution and meteo-oceanographic phenomena. The near real time processing and delivery of the SAR data allowed the timely in-situ verification and sampling of the remotely detected events. Satellite sensors operating in the visible part of the spectrum are used to monitor ocean color variations and associated biomass changes. Thermal infrared radiometers are ideal to monitor features like oceanic fronts and upwelling plumes. However, the major limitation for both types of sensors is the extensive and persistent presence of clouds in the monitored area. Fortunately, microwave sensors such imaging spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radars (SAR) permit the acquisition of oceanic scenes, regardless cloud coverage. With the spaceborne SAR systems available it is possible to have almost a daily synoptic view of large areas with suitable spatial resolution for the detection of different natural and men-made events. The integrated analysis of these dataset presents an important decision tool for emergencies, as well for the elaboration of contingency plans and evaluation of the oil industry activity impacts.
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De Souza Turri, Geovanna Santana, Renata Elly Barbosa Fonte, Luiz Guilherme Lima-Silva, and Andre Faro. "Anxiety, Beliefs and Covid-19 in Two Periods of the Pandemic in Brazil: A comparative study." Revista Costarricense de Psicología 40, no. 2 (December 28, 2021): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22544/rcps.v40i02.04.
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This research compared evocations regarding the term “coronavirus” during two different periodsin the Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil in 2020 — March (beginning of the pandemic in the country)and June (Brazil as the epicenter of the pandemic) —, considering the presence or absence ofanxiety symptoms in participants. The methodology adopted the free evocation technique and theGeneralized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-2) symptom scale. The sample was composed of 5,961 womenand 1,153 men. Participant selection was relegated to convenience sampling by means of an onlinequestionnaire. Results showed that the coronavirus had diff erential impacts among the groups thatwere assessed and according to the time of data collection. In general, in March, people with anxietysymptoms had a more catastrophic view of the future, while people without those symptoms had aless unfavorable repertoire to adjust to the situation. In June, both groups reported a negative viewof the scenario, indicating a decrease or exhaustion in their capacity for psychological adjustment.This suggests the possibility of an increase of some conditions that result in adaptive impairment,exhaustion, and mental illness. Finally, it is important to understand people’s beliefs about the coronavirusat diff erent times of the pandemic because it is a favorable period for the emergence and/orintensification of mental disorders.
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COLOM, ROBERTO, CARMEN E. FLORES-MENDOZA, and FRANCISCO J. ABAD. "GENERATIONAL CHANGES ON THE DRAW-A-MAN TEST: A COMPARISON OF BRAZILIAN URBAN AND RURAL CHILDREN TESTED IN 1930, 2002 AND 2004." Journal of Biosocial Science 39, no. 1 (January 27, 2006): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932005001173.
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Although gains in generational intelligence test scores have been widely demonstrated around the world, researchers still do not know what has caused them. The cognitive stimulation and nutritional hypotheses summarize the several diverse potential causes that have been considered. This article analyses data for a sample of 499 children tested in 1930 and one equivalent sample of 710 children tested 72 years later, the largest gap ever considered. Both samples comprised children aged between 7 and 11 who were assessed by the Draw-a-Man test in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Further, one additional sample of 132 children was assessed in 2004 in a rural area very similar in several diverse factors to the 1930 urban sample. The results are consistent with both the cognitive stimulation and the nutritional hypotheses.
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Santos, Thays Angélica de Pinho, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Valéria Pagotto, Natália Del’ Angelo Aredes, Isabela Silva Levindo de Siqueira, Suiany Dias Rocha, Clarissa Irineu de Sousa Carrijo, and Claci Fátima Weirich Rosso. "Negative Self-Assessment of Health in Women: Association with Sociodemographic Characteristics, Physical Inactivity and Multimorbidity." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 2666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052666.
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Introduction: Women present a higher prevalence of negative self-assessment of health (NSAH) when compared to men. However, there is a gap in the literature of factors associated with NSAH in women from developing countries such as Brazil. In addition, few studies have assessed the magnitude of the association between multimorbidity and NSAH in this population. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association between NSAH and sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle and multimorbidity in women from the Midwest region of Brazil. Methods: A study based on data from the National Health Survey, a household survey that investigated health situation, lifestyle and risk factors for chronic diseases in the adult population of Brazil, was held. Sampling was performed in multiple stages. The selected women answered a standardized questionnaire on sociodemographic data, self-assessment of health and potential determinants. Poisson regression was used to analyze the association between NSAH and sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle and multimorbidity. A significance level of 0.05% was established. Results: The study included 4233 women. The prevalence of NSAH found was 6.0% (95% Confidence Interval [95% CI]: 5.1–7.0%). There was an association between NSAH and advancing age, low schooling, physical inactivity and multimorbidity. Furthermore, there was an association between NSAH and diseases/disorders such as chronic back pain, systemic arterial hypertension, mental disorders, depression, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, cancer, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: The prevalence of NSAH was low. A strong association was found between this variable and multimorbidity. In addition, increased age, low schooling and physical inactivity were predictors of NSAH in women.
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Gomes, F.P., Mielke, M.S., Almeida, A. F., and Muniz, W. S. "LEAF GAS EXCHANGE IN TWO DWARF COCONUT GENOTYPES IN THE SOUTHEAST OF BAHIA STATE, BRAZIL." CORD 18, no. 02 (December 1, 2002): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v18i02.362.
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Net photosynthetic (A) and leaf transpiration (E) rates and stomatal conductance to water vapour (gs) of Malayan Yellow Dwarf (MYD) and Brazilian Green Dwarf (BGD) coconut accessions (Cocos nucifera var. ‘nana’ L.) were studied and discussed in terms of the technical aspects related to light-response curves in field conditions. Measurements of gas exchange were performed during four days, in April and may 2000, at the Cocoa Research Center Experimental Station (Una - BA, Brazil). The A, gs and E parameters were significantly (P < 0.05) different between the two genotypes. The mean maximum values of A, gs and E were 10.4 and 12.0 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1, 0.21 and 0.35 mol H2O m-2 s-1 and 3.07 and 3.69 mmol m-2 s-1 for MYD and BGD, respectively. For both genotypes a good fitting of the light-response curve models were obtained, indicating that A and gs were dependent of the photosynthetically active radiation incident on leaf surface (Qi), in spite of high genotipic variation. Interesting results were achieved when an empirical multiplicative model was used. The model relating A or gs with Qi and with leaf-to-air water vapour pressure deficit inside the chamber (VPDL) was tested for both genotypes and showed a negative influence of the latter on the stomatal behavior and consequently on A. Such effect was more pronounced in BGD than in MYD. These and others relationships involving leaf gas exchange and microclimatic variables in coconut palm trees are discussed
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FINGER, GUILHERME, TIAGO PACZKO BOZKO CECCHINI, MARIA EDUARDA CONTE GRIPA, TOBIAS LUDWIG DO NASCIMENTO, FELIPE MARTINS DE LIMA CECCHINI, ERICSON SFREDO, ANDRÉ MARTINS DE LIMA CECCHINI, and ASDRUBAL FALAVIGNA. "SPINE TRAUMA EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE IN A TERTIARY NEUROSURGERY HOSPITAL IN SOUTH BRAZIL." Coluna/Columna 20, no. 3 (September 2021): 224–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1808-185120212003244177.
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ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this paper is to analyze the epidemiological profile of a large series of spine trauma victims in the Southernmost state of Brazil. Methods A retrospective study including spine trauma patients was performed at a tertiary hospital from January 1st, 2013 to December 31st, 2018. The variables analyzed include demographic data, information related to the trauma (etiology, trauma mechanism, type of spine injury, number of vertebrae involved, vertebral segment involved), neurological status at hospital admission (Frankel scale), treatment performed and the outcome (number of days in hospital, neurological outcome, and mortality). Results A total of 808 patients were included. The mean age was 47.9 (±19.0), and the majority were male and Caucasian. The most frequent etiology was falls from height (N=508; 62.9%) followed by traffic accidents (N=185; 22.9%). The thoracolumbar segment was the spinal segment most frequently affected, occurring in 401 (52.1%) patients, followed by the cervical, thoracic and lumbar segments. The incidence of SCI was 16.7%. Non-operative treatment was indicated in 510 (63.1%) patients. Conclusion The authors presented the largest epidemiological profile regarding spine trauma in Latin America, analyzing a total of 808 patients, which represents an incidence of 134.6 cases/year. This paper fills a gap in the medical literature regarding the epidemiological profile of this disease in Latin America. Level of evidence II; Prognostic study.
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Cruz, Marcus Aurélio Soares, José Carlos De Anunciação Cardoso Junior, Amanda De Azevedo Gonçalves, Júlio Roberto Araújo de Amorim, and Ricardo De Aragao. "Avaliação de metodologias de transferência de vazões de referência em bacias hidrográficas: sua aplicação na bacia do rio Japaratuba - Sergipe - Brasil." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 14, no. 3 (July 20, 2021): 1571. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v14.3.p1571-1585.
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Para avaliar a disponibilidade de água e definir as áreas de inundação nas bacias hidrográficas, é necessário considerar a vazão mínima, média e máxima, denominadas de vazões de referência, e isto requer dados observados de vazão, que são bem escassos em bacias brasileiras, principalmente as pequenas e médias bacias. Para superar esta falta, utiliza-se dados de bacias contribuintes com comportamento hidrológico similar, que são transferidos por meio de operações matemáticas, utilizando variáveis físicas e climáticas. Tais procedimentos, geralmente, são mal avaliados quanto à sua precisão. Assim, objetivou avaliar a acurácia da estimação de cinco vazões de referência em quatro estações de medição dos dois principais afluentes do rio Japaratuba (Sergipe, Brasil), os rios Japaratuba-Mirim e Siriri. Os resultados mostraram diferentes comportamentos para as duas sub-bacia, quer seja pelas variáveis influentes, quer seja pelos efeitos antrópicos como a mudança no uso do solo que precisam ser melhor avaliados. Para a bacia do rio Japaratuba-Mirim a transferência de vazões mínimas e médias deve ser realizada considerando-se o produto área x precipitação média anual e para as vazões máximas deve-se considerar o comprimento do rio até a seção. Para a bacia do Siriri, os melhores resultados de transferência de vazões médias e máximas foram obtidos com o produto "área x precipitação média anual” e a variável "precipitação média anual" gerou um erro menor para as vazões mínimas. Assessing the reference flow transfer methodologies in watersheds: their application at Japaratuba River Basin – Sergipe State – BrazilA B S T R A C TIn order to evaluate the water availability and define the flood areas in the river basins, it is necessary to consider minimum, medium and maximum discharge, called reference flows requiring records on flow data, quite scarce in Brazilian river basin, mainly those of small and medium scale. To overcome this gap, data from nearby basins with similar hydrological behavior are used, based on mathematical operations involving physical and climatic variables of the contributing basins. However, these procedures are poorly evaluated for their accuracy. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the estimation of five reference flows through the transfer of information, using physical and climatic variables in four gage stations of the main tributaries of the Japaratuba river basin (Japaratuba-Mirim and Siriri river) - Sergipe State, Brazil. The results showed different behaviors for the two sub-basins as for either by influential variables or by anthropic effects such as land use and land cover changes that need to be better evaluated. The flow transfer to the subbasin of the Japaratuba-Mirim river should be performed considering the product "Area x Mean annual rainfall" for minimum and medium flows. For maximum flows the "Length" of the basin should be considered. For the Siriri river basin, the "Mean annual rainfall" variable generated a smaller error in the minimum flows and the product "Area x Mean annual rainfall” led to better results for medium and maximum flows.Keywords: Water resource management; statistical hydrology; geographic information systems.
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Guimarães, Thayse Figueira, and Luiz Paulo Moita-Lopes. "Creative entextualizations of discourses about race in multi-sited discursive practices in the Brazilian ‘periphery’." AILA Review 30 (December 31, 2017): 27–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aila.00002.gui.
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This paper focuses on Luan’s race performances both on the web and in classroom interaction. Luan is a black young man, who identifies himself as gay. The study is part of a multi-sited ethnographic piece of research on a group of high-school students in the state sector, in the ‘periphery’ of a town on the Rio de Janeiro State north coast, Brazil. The paper is guided by performance and entextualization theorizing. The analysis draws attention to the circulation of racial identity signs, intersected with gender/sexuality meanings, bringing to light what we call creative entextualizations, i.e. the gaps Luan finds to re-organize the meanings in the discursive practices in which he is engaged. The analyses point to positionings and innovative identity performances which come up in conjunction with essentialized views, always perceptible amidst struggles and disputes. Because it draws attention to mobile lives in the ‘periphery’, this study may be said to explode the traditional boundaries between ‘center’ and ‘periphery’.
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Figueiredo, Valeska Carvalho, Moyses Szklo, André Salem Szklo, Neal Benowitz, José Azevedo Lozana, Leticia Casado, Elaine Masson, and Jonathan Samet. "Determinants of salivary cotinine level: a population-based study in Brazil." Revista de Saúde Pública 41, no. 6 (December 2007): 954–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102006005000048.
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OBJECTIVE: A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted to assess, in active smokers, the relationship of number of cigarettes smoked and other characteristics to salivary cotinine concentrations. METHODS: A random sample of active smokers aged 15 years or older was selected using a stepwise cluster sample strategy, in the year 2000 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The study included 401 subjects. Salivary cotinine concentration was determined using gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. A standard questionnaire was used to collect demographic and smoking behavioral data. The relation between the number of cigarettes smoked in the last 24h and cotinine level was examined by means of a nonparametric fitting technique of robust locally weighted regression. RESULTS: Significantly (p<0.05) higher adjusted mean cotinine levels were found in subjects smoking their first cigarette within five minutes after waking up, and in those smoking 1-20 cigarettes in the last 24h who reported inhaling more than ½ the time. In those smoking 1-20 cigarettes, the slope was significantly higher for those subjects waiting for more than five minutes before smoking their first cigarette after waking up, and those smoking "light" cigarettes when compared with their counterparts. These heterogeneities became negligible and non-significant when subjects with cotinine >40 ng/mL per cigarette were excluded. CONCLUSIONS: There was found a positive association between self-reporting smoking five minutes after waking up, and inhaling more than ½ the time are consistent and higher cotinine levels. These can be markers of dependence and higher nicotine intake. Salivary cotinine proved to be a useful biomarker of recent smoking and can be used in epidemiological studies and smoking cessation programs.
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Liu, Yiran E., Everton Ferreira Lemos, Crhistinne Cavalheiro Maymone Gonçalves, Roberto Dias de Oliveira, Andrea da Silva Santos, Agne Oliveira do Prado Morais, Mariana Garcia Croda, et al. "All-cause and cause-specific mortality during and following incarceration in Brazil: A retrospective cohort study." PLOS Medicine 18, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): e1003789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003789.
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Background Mortality during and after incarceration is poorly understood in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The need to address this knowledge gap is especially urgent in South America, which has the fastest growing prison population in the world. In Brazil, insufficient data have precluded our understanding of all-cause and cause-specific mortality during and after incarceration. Methods and findings We linked incarceration and mortality databases for the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul to obtain a retrospective cohort of 114,751 individuals with recent incarceration. Between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2018, we identified 3,127 deaths of individuals with recent incarceration (705 in detention and 2,422 following release). We analyzed age-standardized, all-cause, and cause-specific mortality rates among individuals detained in different facility types and following release, compared to non-incarcerated residents. We additionally modeled mortality rates over time during and after incarceration for all causes of death, violence, or suicide. Deaths in custody were 2.2 times the number reported by the national prison administration (n = 317). Incarcerated men and boys experienced elevated mortality, compared with the non-incarcerated population, due to increased risk of death from violence, suicide, and communicable diseases, with the highest standardized incidence rate ratio (IRR) in semi-open prisons (2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.0 to 2.8), police stations (3.1; 95% CI: 2.5 to 3.9), and youth detention (8.1; 95% CI: 5.9 to 10.8). Incarcerated women experienced increased mortality from suicide (IRR = 6.0, 95% CI: 1.2 to 17.7) and communicable diseases (IRR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.1 to 5.0). Following release from prison, mortality was markedly elevated for men (IRR = 3.0; 95% CI: 2.8 to 3.1) and women (IRR = 2.4; 95% CI: 2.1 to 2.9). The risk of violent death and suicide was highest immediately post-release and declined over time; however, all-cause mortality remained elevated 8 years post-release. The limitations of this study include inability to establish causality, uncertain reliability of data during incarceration, and underestimation of mortality rates due to imperfect database linkage. Conclusions Incarcerated individuals in Brazil experienced increased mortality from violence, suicide, and communicable diseases. Mortality was heightened following release for all leading causes of death, with particularly high risk of early violent death and elevated all-cause mortality up to 8 years post-release. These disparities may have been underrecognized in Brazil due to underreporting and insufficient data.