Journal articles: 'Gay consumers'

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Polkinghorne, Robert, Nkosivile Welcome Madinga, Philip Broster, Andrianna Kappatos, Julia Kirr, Junaid Kader, Chandra Mophethe, Aparna Joseph, and Sebastian Roodt. "The New Normal: Exploring Heterosexual Consumers’ Responses to Lesbian and Gay-Themed Adverts in South African Mainstream Media." SAGE Open 12, no. 3 (July 2022): 215824402211096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221109600.

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Lesbian and gay-themed advertising hold great potential for marketers and brands, yet an understanding of how these advertisements influence heterosexual consumers is still a question of debate. This study examined the developmental factors and traditional culture of consumers, which are critical in understanding tolerance of homosexuality. It further examined the impact of tolerance of homosexuality on attitudes toward lesbian and gay-themed advertisements and brands. Primary data were collected through an electronic self-administered questionnaire, and 690 responses from heterosexual consumers were recorded. The data were analyzed using the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings indicate that heterosexual consumers with a high tolerance toward homosexuality have more positive attitudes toward lesbian and gay-themed adverts and brands. In addition, advertisement themes (gay vs. lesbian) had no significant effect on consumer attitudes toward the advertisement as well as toward the brand. These findings provide guidelines for future research and implications for advertisers who intend to address consumers of various sexual orientations.

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Aung, May, and Ou Sha. "Clothing consumption culture of a neo-tribe." Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management 20, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 34–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmm-07-2014-0053.

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Purpose – A number of postmodern consumer scholars have their attention on the consumption behaviour of neo-tribes. Changing gender roles and households’ consumption practices have also shaped new sets of cultural manifestations for the clothing consumption milieu. The purpose of this paper is to explore the clothing consumption culture of a neo-tribe, gay professionals within the subculture of gay consumers. Design/methodology/approach – An extended conceptual framework built upon Ajzen and Fishbein’s (1980) theory of “reasoned action” served as the conceptual guideline for this study. Specifically, the attitude-behaviour framework is proposed and employed to better understand the clothing consumption behaviour of a neo-tribe consisting of gay professionals. Personal in-depth interviews were conducted in a metropolitan city as well as two small towns in Canada. Findings – Stereotypical as well as non-stereotypical understandings are offered. The findings from this study portrayed the gay professions of this neo-tribe as rational and practical. Personal psychological factors, social factors and marketplace factors relevant to a neo-tribe of gay professionals are documented and deeper insights are presented. Research limitations/implications – Findings challenge the existing understanding of fashion manifestation for this consumers group. However, this study may be of limited scope. Future studies should further examine the clothing consumption cultural manifestations of other neo-tribes within the gay community. Practical implications – The interviewees consistently demonstrated their positive attitudes towards quality, stylish and conservative clothing. For marketers it is crucial to perceive the gay community as a non-homogeneous market segment. There is a need to understand different consumption practices within this community and to tailor marketing mix elements accordingly. Originality/value – This study has extended the understanding of the neo-tribes of gay consumers. In addition, this study offers the clothing consumption reality of a neo-tribe encompassing gay professionals. This study illuminates their rational and practical clothing consumption cultural manifestations and clothing consumption behaviour. These insights further enrich the general understandings that exist in the area of consumer research.

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Harley, Debra A., Meada Hall, and Todd A. Savage. "Working with Gay and Lesbian Consumers with Disabilities: Helping Practitioners Understand Another Frontier of Diversity." Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 31, no. 1 (March 1, 2000): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.31.1.4.

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Meeting the developmental and vocational needs of gay and lesbian consumers with disabilities has become an imperative of cultural diversity. Rehabilitation practitioners need to be prepared to deal with societal and environmental barriers that impact the lives, development, and careers of these consumers. This article describes definitions and terminology, stigma related to homosexuality, homosexual identity development and disability, and ethical implications of working with gay and lesbian consumers. Recommendations are offered to help practitioners become effective facilitators of gay and lesbian consumers' developmental and vocational processes.

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Li, Eric P. H., Maffeo Ennead Chow, Wing Sun Liu, Magnum Man-Lok Lam, and Ajnesh Prasad. "Queering consumption: The discursive construction of sexual identity among fashion gay consumers in Hong Kong." Fashion, Style & Popular Culture 00, no. 00 (July 20, 2022): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/fspc_00144_1.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate how sexual identity is constructed among gay fashion consumers in Hong Kong through myriad consumption practices. We employed ethnographic research methods and conducted thirteen in-depth interviews with gay male consumers in Hong Kong to examine the relationship between identity and lifestyle consumption, as well as symbolic consumption and tribal behaviour, within a ‘gay’ community. The findings captured four stages of gay consumers’ identity construction, which began with (1) negotiating one’s sexual identity and changing their perception of gay identity, (2) tremendous identity change, (3) consumption behaviour change and eventually (4) full acceptance of one’s sexual identity. The construction and the expression of sexual identity among gay men in Hong Kong were found to be associated with Confucian-oriented social structures and various marketplace ideologies. This study contributes to the existing discussion of gay consumption literatures by offering a non-western context where the discursive construction of sexual identity – and the negotiations involved in its representation – reflects the multitude of tensions between Chinese culture, on the one hand, and ideas of modernity and cosmopolitanism, on the other.

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Olson, Eric, and Heelye (Jason) Park. "The impact of age on gay consumers’ reaction to the physical and social servicescape in gay bars." International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 31, no. 9 (September 9, 2019): 3683–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-12-2018-0999.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of physical servicescape, social servicescape and age on gay consumers’ evaluations of a LGBT advertisement of a gay bar of a gay bar. Design/methodology/approach A 2 × 2 × 2 experimental design was used to test the effects with a sample of gay males in the USA. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA and bootstrapping mediation. Findings Results of this study indicate a statistically significant three-way interaction effect of the two independent variables and age on the gay bar’s perceived LGBT (lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgender)-friendliness. Perceived friendliness mediated the effects of the independent variables on behavioral intentions. Furthermore, the mediation effect was moderated by the age cohort. Research limitations/implications The findings indicate a changing perception of gay servicescape between the older and younger gay men. Implications for hospitality managers are provided. Originality/value This research contributes to the servicescape literature by expanding the realm of research to gay servicescape and gay consumers, an emergent and more visible hospitality segment.

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Oakenfull, Gillian W. "What Matters: Factors Influencing Gay Consumers’ Evaluations of “Gay-Friendly” Corporate Activities." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 32, no. 1_suppl (April 2013): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.12.050.

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Oakenfull, Gillian. "Gay Consumers and Brand Usage: The Gender-Flexing Role of Gay Identity." Psychology & Marketing 29, no. 12 (November 12, 2012): 968–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mar.20578.

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Sha, Ou, May Aung, Jane Londerville, and Catherine E. Ralston. "Understanding gay consumers? clothing involvement and fashion consciousness." International Journal of Consumer Studies 31, no. 5 (September 2007): 453–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2007.00593.x.

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Vogel, David. "When Consumers Oppose Consumer Protection: The Politics of Regulatory Backlash." Journal of Public Policy 10, no. 4 (October 1990): 449–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00006085.

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ABSTRACTThis article examines a neglected phenomenon in the existing literature on social regulation, namely political opposition to regulation that comes not from business but from consumers. It examines four cases of successful grass-roots consumer opposition to government health and safety regulations in the United States. Two involve rules issued by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, a 1974 requirement that all new automobiles be equipped with an engine-interlock system, and a 1967 rule that denied federal highway funds to states that did not require motorcyclists to wear a helmet. In 1977, Congress overturned the Food and Drug Administration's ban on the artificial sweetener, saccharin. Beginning in 1987, the FDA began to yield to pressures from the gay community by agreeing to streamline its procedures for the testing and approval of new drugs designed to fight AIDS and other fatal diseases. The article identifies what these regulations have in common and examines their significance for our understanding the politics of social regulation in the United States and other industrial nations.

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Um, Namhyun, and Dong Hoo Kim. "Effects of Gay-Themed Advertising among Young Heterosexual Adults from U.S. and South Korea." Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (January 10, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8010017.

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Little research has been conducted to explain the effects of gay-themed advertising in a cross-cultural context. Such research has been particularly scarce in South Korea. This study is designed to investigate the effects of cultural orientation, gender, and types of gay-themed advertising in evaluation of gay male and female lesbian print ads. The study results indicate that Korean college students (i.e., collectivists) had lower tolerance of homosexuality than did U.S. college students (i.e., individualists). The study also finds that gender-role beliefs lead males to have lower tolerance of homosexuality. However, gender did not have statistically significant impacts on advertising and brand evaluation. Lastly, the study also found that lesbian imagery print ads could lead to greater tolerance of homosexuality and more favorable evaluations of the advertising and brand than could gay male imagery print ads. The current study sheds some light on the characteristics of U.S. consumers and Korean consumers on tolerance of homosexuality and gay-themed ads. Limitations and areas for further research are discussed.

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Um, Nam-Hyun. "Consumers' Responses to Implicit and Explicit Gay-Themed Advertising in Gay vs. Mainstream Media." Journal of Promotion Management 22, no. 3 (May 3, 2016): 461–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2016.1154923.

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Sender, Katherine. "Gay Readers, Consumers, and a Dominant Gay Habitus: 25 Years of the Advocate Magazine." Journal of Communication 51, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 73–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2001.tb02873.x.

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Olson, Eric D., and Heejung Ro. "Typology of Gay Consumers’ Interaction Styles on Complaining Propensity." Journal of Homosexuality 62, no. 5 (January 26, 2015): 664–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2014.988541.

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Altaf, Joyce Gonçalves, Irene Raguenet Troccoli, Christiane Bara Paschoalino, and Maria Angélica Luqueze. "Luxury clothing: a mirror of gay consumers sexual option?" Revista Eletrônica de Ciência Administrativa 11, no. 1 (May 15, 2012): 162–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5329/recadm.20121101010.

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Pounders, K., and A. Mabry-Flynn. "Consumer Response To Gay and Lesbian Imagery: How Product Type and Stereotypes Affect Consumers' Perceptions." Journal of Advertising Research 56, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 426–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2501/jar-2016-047.

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Saltman, Deborah, Bronwyn Veale, and Gina Bloom. "Developing a Mental Health Resource for Consumers." Australian Journal of Primary Health 3, no. 4 (1997): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py97038.

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Little is known about how consumers select mental health providers. In the literature there is an absence of information to assist consumers and referral agencies including general practitioners, in making informed choices. This paper reports the research process undertaken to develop such a resource. Interviews were conducted with representatives from a variety of groups identified by consumers and providers as supplying mental health services, including: general practitioners, psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, Relationships Australia (NSW), Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), postnatal depression self-help groups, Lifeline, the Gay and Lesbian Counselling Service of NSW, spiritual healers, and, consumer consultants. The interviews covered issues of cost, type of services provided, goals of management, limitations of therapy, consumer information about the process, sessions, therapist credentials, training, background and experience, professional and personal development, quality assurance, research, referral, access, and confidentiality. Indicators for ascertaining effectiveness of the therapist's work were also delineated. Although there was a great deal of similarity in views concerning the nature of therapy held by a range of providers of mental health services, differences of approach did emerge that need to be brought to the awareness of consumers. Comparing responses of mental health providers to the same questions allows other issues such as priorities and access to be gauged by comparing these responses. The strength of this approach is that it allows the presentation of information in a manner that allows consumers to make comparisons and choices based on information obtained in a context similar to the therapeutic situation.

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Minton, Elizabeth A., Frank Cabano, Meryl Gardner, Daniele Mathras, Esi Elliot, and Naomi Mandel. "LGBTQ and religious identity conflict in service settings." Journal of Services Marketing 31, no. 4/5 (July 10, 2017): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsm-05-2016-0196.

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Purpose The USA is witnessing a conflict between LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer) consumers/supporters and Christian fundamentalist service providers/opponents regarding whether service can be denied based on religious values. The purpose of this paper is to make a timely investigation into this conflict between marketplace inclusion (for LGBTQ consumers) and freedom of religion (for religious service providers). Design/methodology/approach The intersection of marketplace inclusion for LGBTQ consumers and religious freedom for service providers is examined by identifying appropriate strategies that address this conflict and reviewing how differing religious perspectives influence perceptions of LGBTQ consumer rights, all building off the social identity threat literature. Findings LGBTQ and religious identities often conflict to influence consumer behavior and service provider interactions. Such conflict is heightened when there is a lack of substitutes (i.e. only one service provider in an area for a specific service). Common LGBTQ consumer responses include changing service providers, providing justification for the provision of services and pursing legal recourse. Suggested strategies to address this conflict include highlighting common social identities and using two-sided messages for service providers, using in-group interventions for social groups and using government interventions for public policy. Originality/value Research has yet to examine the conflict between marketplace inclusion and religious freedom, particularly for the inclusion of LGBTQ consumers. Thus, this paper provides a novel conceptual model detailing these relationships to stimulate discussion among consumers, service providers, social groups and public policy in addition to serving as a foundation for future research.

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Wrona, Mateusz. "Osoby nieheteroseksualne jako konsumenci." Forum Socjologiczne 9 (April 17, 2019): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2083-7763.9.5.

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Non-heterosexual people as consumers The article presents a description of non-heterosexual customers. The author took into consideration aspects of sexuality emerging from the creation of new social groups according to a gay-friendly strategy. The main goal was to show how sexual identity influences customer behaviors. Social exclusion of non-heterosexual people was mentioned as the main cause of the creation of gay or lesbian social groups. The article also presents correct and incorrect examples of the implementation of gay-friendly strategy.

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Madinga, Nkosivile Welcome, Eugine Tafadzwa Maziriri, Bongazana Hilda Dondolo, and Tinashe Chuchu. "Modelling fashion clothing involvement among gay consumers in South Africa." Cogent Social Sciences 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 1760415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2020.1760415.

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Fish, Jessica N., Rodman E. Turpin, Natasha D. Williams, and Bradley O. Boekeloo. "Sexual Identity Differences in Access to and Satisfaction With Health Care: Findings From Nationally Representative Data." American Journal of Epidemiology 190, no. 7 (January 21, 2021): 1281–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwab012.

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Abstract Identification of barriers to adequate health care for sexual minority populations remains elusive given that they are complex and variable across sexual orientation subgroups (e.g., gay, lesbian, bisexual). To address these complexities, we used data from a US nationally representative sample of health-care consumers to assess sexual identity differences in health-care access and satisfaction. We conducted a secondary data analysis of 12 waves (2012–2018) of the biannual Consumer Survey of Health Care Access (n = 30,548) to assess sexual identity differences in 6 health-care access and 3 health-care satisfaction indicators. Despite parity in health insurance coverage, sexual minorities—with some variation across sexual minority subgroups and sex—reported more chronic health conditions alongside restricted health-care access and unmet health-care needs. Gay/lesbian women had the lowest prevalence of health-care utilization and higher prevalence rates of delaying needed health care and medical tests relative to heterosexual women. Gay/lesbian women and bisexual men were less likely than their heterosexual counterparts to be able to pay for needed health-care services. Sexual minorities also reported less satisfactory experiences with medical providers. Examining barriers to health care among sexual minorities is critical to eliminating health disparities that disproportionately burden this population.

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Rudy, Rudy, and Muhammad Kiki Wardana. "Popularizing the Gay Characters: A Study of American Gay-Themed TV Series in 2000s." Anaphora : Journal of Language, Literary, and Cultural Studies 6, no. 1 (July 31, 2023): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30996/anaphora.v6i1.8475.

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This study is a qualitative research which concentrates on the rise of TV series gay characters on American televisions starting in the early 2000s. The emergence of gay TV series in 2000s has made this phenomena interesting as well as essential to discuss since American television in the pre 2000s era was not not open about the gay characters in television series. The data for this study were obtained through a literature review consisting of journal articles as well as books. This study intended to identify why gay-themed TV series appeared in the 2000s by applying Hall’s theory of representation as a way for analyzing. This research is useful to an additional reference for other researchers and to increase people’s understanding on the gay TV series phenomenon in the US. The research findings showed that there at least four representations explaining the reasons for the emergence of gay-themed TV series in America – the progress of science and knowledge, the strength of minority, the state support, and the new target consumers.

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Badgett, M. V. Lee, James D. Woods, Jay H. Lucas, Annette Friskopp, Sharon Silverstein, Daniel B. Baker, Sean O'Brien Strub, et al. "A Queer Marketplace: Books on Lesbian and Gay Consumers, Workers, and Investors." Feminist Studies 23, no. 3 (1997): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3178389.

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Kates, Steven M. "The Protean Quality of Subcultural Consumption: An Ethnographic Account of Gay Consumers." Journal of Consumer Research 29, no. 3 (December 2002): 383–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/344427.

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Um, Nam-Hyun. "Seeking the holy grail through gay and lesbian consumers: An exploratory content analysis of ads with gay/lesbian-specific content." Journal of Marketing Communications 18, no. 2 (April 2012): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2010.489696.

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Oakenfull, Gillian K., and Timothy B. Greenlee. "Queer eye for a gay guy: Using market-specific symbols in advertising to attract gay consumers without alienating the mainstream." Psychology and Marketing 22, no. 5 (2005): 421–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mar.20066.

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Um, Nam-Hyun, Jong Min Kim, and Sojung Kim. "Korea out of the closet: effects of gay-themed ads on young Korean consumers." Asian Journal of Communication 26, no. 3 (February 29, 2016): 240–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2016.1144774.

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Hooten, Mary Ann, Kristina Noeva, and Frank Hammonds. "The Effects of Homosexual Imagery in Advertisements on Brand Perception and Purchase Intention." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 37, no. 9 (October 1, 2009): 1231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2009.37.9.1231.

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This study was aimed at examining the effects of homosexual imagery in print advertisements on consumers' perceptions of the brand and intentions to purchase the product. Brand perceptions and purchase intentions were measured before and after participants were exposed to various advertisements including gay, lesbian, and heterosexual imagery. Results indicated that homosexual imagery had a negative effect on brand perceptions and purchase intentions. This effect was mediated by the salience of the homosexual imagery. Further research recommendations are made.

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Poria, Yaniv, and Alex Taylor. "'I Am Not Afraid to Be Gay When I'm on the Net': Minimising Social Risk for Lesbian and Gay Consumers When Using the Internet." Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 11, no. 2-3 (April 2, 2002): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j073v11n02_07.

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Hensley, Cammie, Sonali Diddi, and Karen Hyllegard. "Millennial Consumers’ Responses to Cause-Related Marketing in Support of LGBTQ Homeless Youth." Social Sciences 8, no. 8 (August 14, 2019): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8080240.

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This study explored Millennial consumers’ responses to a cause-related marketing (CRM) initiative for a sensitive social cause—lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ) homeless youth. Qualitative and quantitative research methods were employed to examine the effectiveness of CRM in generating financial support for LGBTQ homeless youth. Findings revealed that self-cause congruence may be an important factor in determining Millennial consumers’ responses to a CRM initiative for LGBTQ homeless youth; whereas, message frame/appeal may be less important for generating response to such an initiative. Findings also indicated that gender, information processing, guilt, and skepticism influenced Millennial consumers’ attitudes toward brand, attitudes toward cause, and behavioral intentions toward the CRM initiative. These findings offer implications for brands/companies that may wish to engage in CRM initiative in support of sensitive social causes. By addressing a sensitive social cause—LGBTQ homeless youth—findings provide an original contribution to the CRM literature. Findings reveal that self-cause congruence is an important predictor of behavioral intention toward the LGBTQ social cause. This provides an implication for marketers who want to target their relationship-building efforts toward individuals who have demonstrated prior engagement with a social cause. Findings also have implications for brands/companies that wish to develop CRM initiatives for controversial causes.

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Gorman-Murray, Andrew, and Catherine Nash. "Transformations in LGBT consumer landscapes and leisure spaces in the neoliberal city." Urban Studies 54, no. 3 (November 12, 2016): 786–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098016674893.

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This paper examines recent transformations in consumer landscapes and leisure spaces in inner-city LGBT neighbourhoods in Sydney, Australia and Toronto, Canada. In doing so, we rethink orthodox positions on neoliberalism and homonormativity by considering practices of sociability and commensality. We contend that closer attention to interactions between mainstream and LGBT consumers is key to understanding these urban changes. Mainstream-LGBT interactions encompass both congruent and competing practices, actualised in both physical encounters in consumer landscapes and discursive reputations of those spaces. These relations are increasingly important owing to the progressive integration of LGBT neighbourhoods into urban cultures and economies. Simultaneously, the materialisation of diverse LGBT landscapes in Sydney and Toronto has generated a relational geography of ‘traditional’ gay villages and ‘emergent’ queer-friendly neighbourhoods. We argue that practices and spaces of leisure-based consumption are emerging in different forms across these neighbourhoods and between Sydney and Toronto. To illustrate this, we deploy a discourse analysis of mainstream newspaper articles on LGBT neighbourhoods over 2004–2014, supplemented by relevant LGBT press releases in Toronto, focusing on the use, meaning and social significance of leisure-based consumption sites – clubs, bars, cafés, restaurants. We find the balance of daytime/night-time leisure spaces, which have both social and material affordances, is a key discriminator across the neighbourhoods, both within and between the cities. Daytime consumer landscapes are more often framed as sociable and inclusive within the media, while night-time landscapes are perceived as divisive.

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Palmeira, Mauricio, and Shahin Sharifi. "Minority group favoritism in service encounters." European Journal of Marketing 54, no. 8 (July 6, 2020): 1937–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-03-2019-0240.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate consumer reactions to minority retail employees. The paper argues that despite the persistence of racism and homophobia in society, the vast majority of the population is strongly against these forms of discrimination. Because of the profound negativity of such behavior, the study hypothesizes that consumers will be motivated to see themselves unequivocally as individuals free of prejudice. As a result, rather than treating all people equally, the study proposes that consumers will overcompensate and exhibit favoritism toward a retail employee when the latter is a member of a minority group. Design/methodology/approach This study presents ten studies in which participants evaluated employees who were a member of a minority or majority group. Studies 1a–1d use sexual orientation to contrast reactions to majority or minority bank managers in four countries (USÀ, Germany, Italy and South Korea), whereas Studies 1e and 1f use ethnicity (White vs Black) to examine the same question (UK and Canada). Study 1g offers a single-paper meta-analysis, testing the robustness of the observed effect. Studies 2 and 3 examine the roles of political ideology and its associated values, and Study 4 examines choice of an advisor in an online, but consequential setting. Findings Across several contexts and countries, the study finds a consistent pro-minority bias in evaluations of service employees. The study show that, in the USA, this bias is prevalent among liberals, but not among conservatives. This difference in the impact of political ideology is explained by adherence to traditionalism. Research limitations/implications This paper investigates consumer reactions to gays and Blacks and do not test for consumer reactions to other minority groups. Regarding employees’ sexual orientation, the findings of this study are limited to gay men only. Practical implications To elicit favorable evaluations from customers, managers may consider the match between employees’ sexual orientation or ethnicity and consumers’ liberal beliefs. In particular, managers may want to hire people from those minority groups in areas known for their liberal values. On the other hand, the findings suggest that managers should not worry about their new recruits’ sexual orientation and ethnicity in conservative areas, because the results suggest that conservatives show no favoritism toward employees in response to their group status. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first paper in marketing investigating consumer reactions to employees who belong to minority groups. The study reports a pro-minority bias that holds across samples and countries, thereby attesting to the population validity of the hypotheses. Further, the study identifies boundary conditions of the effect of employees’ group status by identifying managerially relevant moderators (i.e. political ideology and traditionalism).

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Horn, Ryan, Denton Callander, and Bridget Haire. "Perceptions of sexually transmissible infection pre-exposure prophylaxis: a qualitative study of high-risk gay and bisexual men in Sydney, New South Wales." Sexual Health 17, no. 2 (2020): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh19175.

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Background Novel sexually transmissible infection (STI) prevention strategies are needed to combat increasing bacterial STI incidences alongside decreasing condom use among gay and bisexual men (GBM) in Australia. Sexually transmissible infection pre-exposure prophylaxis (STI-PrEP) using regular doxycycline is one such strategy that is the subject of ongoing research. However, a lack of qualitative data regarding the conceptualisation, perceived risks, perceived benefits and preferred dosing strategies of STI-PrEP may impede future research and implementation efforts. Methods: Semistructured in-depth interviews were conducted with 13 high-risk GBM residing in Sydney, Australia. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and then analysed thematically. Results: STI-PrEP was largely conceptualised using pre-existing knowledge of HIV-PrEP. The perceived benefits, including a reduced incidence of STIs, destigmatisation and a ‘peace of mind’, often outweighed the perceived risks, including side effects, antibiotic resistance and stigmatisation of consumers. A daily dosing regimen was preferred unanimously by participants when compared with event-driven or episodic strategies. Conclusions: Participants of this study were cautiously optimistic regarding the concept of STI-PrEP. The findings suggest that, in addition to examining the effectiveness of STI-PrEP, future implementation studies should also focus on concerns regarding side effects and monitoring antibiotic resistance, as well as considering the acceptability and potential for stigmatisation of STI-PrEP consumers.

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Rodrigues, Paula, Ana Sousa, Joel Vaz, and Paulo Riberio. "Opinion Aggregator Platforms In The Restaurant Sector." European Conference on Social Media 10, no. 1 (May 5, 2023): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/ecsm.10.1.1237.

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This work intends to understand to what level consumers collect information before going to a restaurant and if they know and use online Apps for gathering information and restaurants reservation, and above all, what if they trust in these Apps. To understand consumer trust in online platforms, a set of variables was established with emphasis on consumer happiness with the experience, consumer satisfaction, online brand relationship, online brand experience, and time availability. We used a quantitative methodology – PLS-SEM - and data was gathering by an online survey collected in May 2021, for Portuguese consumers. The direct effect of the relations hypothesizes are conforming; however, the moderate effect of time availability only has effect on the relation between online brand experience and consumer’s happiness with the Apps. This study contributes to fulfill the gap existing in the research on consumer rating foods Apps.

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Galli, Federica, Carl Boger, and D. Taylor. "Rethinking Luxury for Segmentation and Brand Strategy: The Semiotic Square and Identity Prism Model for Fine Wines." Beverages 5, no. 1 (March 19, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages5010026.

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Positioning a fine wine is a complex marketing operation which tends to focus on product characteristics and tends to ignore the consumer–brand relationship. As for other luxury products, fine wine consumers are a heterogeneous group which can be broken down into clearly distinctive and often antithetical subgroups. This conceptual paper proposes a different approach to defining fine wine consumers and the brand–consumer interaction. The Aristotle-inspired semiotic square model and Kapferer’s brand identity prism were coupled to identify not only fine wine consumer groups but also with which brand characteristics they mainly interact. While the semiotic square model identifies 6 distinct groups of fine wine consumers—enthusiasts, experts, connoisseurs, drinker, novice, event goers—the brand identity prism recognizes 6 constructs—physique (material), personality, culture, relationship, reflection and self-image. Pairing the consumer’s semiotic square and the brand’s identity prism could help brands to bridge the gap between the actual consumer subgroups and the ideal target consumers to better understand their customer base, to correctly position their brand, and to create an inclusive marketing strategy. This article is the first to apply the semiotic square/brand identity prism model within the context of the fine wine industry, as most positioning literature tends to focus on involvement or on the label itself.

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Alpay, Laurence, John Verhoef, Bo Xie, Dov Te'eni, and J. H. M. Zwetsloot-Schonk. "Current Challenge in Consumer Health Informatics: Bridging the Gap between Access to Information and Information Understanding." Biomedical Informatics Insights 2 (January 2009): BII.S2223. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/bii.s2223.

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The number of health-related websites has proliferated over the past few years. Health information consumers confront a myriad of health related resources on the internet that have varying levels of quality and are not always easy to comprehend. There is thus a need to help health information consumers to bridge the gap between access to information and information understanding–-i.e. to help consumers understand health related web-based resources so that they can act upon it. At the same time health information consumers are becoming not only more involved in their own health care but also more information technology minded. One way to address this issue is to provide consumers with tailored information that is contextualized and personalized e.g. directly relevant and easily comprehensible to the person's own health situation. This paper presents a current trend in Consumer Health Informatics which focuses on theory-based design and development of contextualized and personalized tools to allow the evolving consumer with varying backgrounds and interests to use online health information efficiently. The proposed approach uses a theoretical framework of communication in order to support the consumer's capacity to understand health-related web-based resources.

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Ratten, Vanessa. "A US-China comparative study of cloud computing adoption behavior." Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies 6, no. 1 (February 25, 2014): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeee-07-2013-0019.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of privacy concerns and consumer innovativeness towards consumer's adoption of a technological innovation in the form of cloud computing technology. Design/methodology/approach – A cross-cultural comparison between consumers in the USA and China is made through a study of consumers intending to adopt cloud computing services. A review of the technology innovation adoption literature forms the basis of the research propositions, which are based on the extant literature and focused on the innovative adoption behaviour of consumers. A comparative approach is taken to analyse the differences between US and Chinese consumers intending to adopt cloud computing services. Findings – Findings suggest that there are more similarities than differences between US and Chinese consumers adopting cloud computing services. The survey suggests that the performance expectancy, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use can help predict intention to adopt cloud computing services in both the USA and China, but consumer innovativeness is a better indicator in the USA than in China for consumers adopting technological innovations. Practical implications – This paper is important for cloud service technology marketers by indicating how social influencers can influence consumer's usage of cloud computing by affecting their social network of friends and family. In addition, insight into how consumers adopt cloud computing by focusing on privacy concerns of personal information being shared can help future technology innovations enter the marketplace at a faster rate. Originality/value – This paper fills the gap in the current technology marketing and innovation literature on how consumers adopt technological innovations and highlights the importance of increasing the perceptions of performance expectation of service innovations.

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C, Aguidissou O., Richard Shambare, and Rugimbana R. "Internet Banking Adoption in South Africa: The Mediating Role of Consumer Readiness." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, no. 5(J) (October 20, 2017): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i5(j).1905.

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The recent rapid development of Internet banking (IB) around the world is not without certain challenges. For instance while a majority of banking SSTs (Self Service Technologies, e.g. ATMs and debit cards) have been well received by the South African market, consumers seem sceptical towards Internet banking. This paper seeks to test various conceptual frameworks of consumer adoption patterns of IB with the view of a framework with the greatest explanatory power for the South African market. To achieve the stated objective of a framework for IB adoption in South Africa, this paper suggests an approach not yet undertaken, according to the literature review conducted, within the South African retail banking industry â€“ investigating a comparison of the predictive efficacy of two common groupings of variables most cited in the consumer behaviour literature as important determinants of adoptive behaviour in SSTs. These are: perceptions of innovation characteristics and consumer readiness (CR) variables. Therefore, the primary objective of this article is the consideration of this gap within the body of knowledge around South African consumersâ€™ IB adoption behaviour. Through a descriptive quantitative analysis of 1516 large sample size, innovation characteristics as consumerâ€™s perceptions (complexity, perceived risk notably) or views (endogenous variables) were found with greatest predictive power over IB adoption, in the South African consumer market context. This finding is therefore for marketers (particularly in South Africa) a set of useful tools that can be relevant to promote the adoption of IB.

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Purba, Humiras Hardi, Fransisca Debora, Tosty Maylangi Sitorus, Siti Aisyah, and Choesnul Jaqin. "Analisis Kualitas Pelayanan Berbasis Preferensi Konsumen: Studi Kasus Pada Bengkel Kendaraan Roda Empat." INVENTORY: Industrial Vocational E-Journal On Agroindustry 3, no. 2 (December 27, 2022): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52759/inventory.v3i2.95.

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Product and service quality factors are important aspects of business continuity. Consumers will abandon low-quality products and services. Consumers will feel satisfied if all aspects of the products and services are appropriately accommodated. Product and service quality have different tendencies because service quality dimensions are more complex than product quality. This study aims to analyze the quality of customer service at auto repair shops based on consumer preferences. Assessment of the level of satisfaction and consumer expectations of each attribute is done by filling out a questionnaire to identify the gap between the level of importance and level of performance. The consumer's assessment of each indicator of the auto repair shop is carried out through a questionnaire filled out to the consumer to find out the gap between the level of importance and the level of performance. The analytical method used is Importance Performance Analysis–IPA showing that the attributes of auto repair shops that need to be improved are [P1] improving the repair period as promised, [P2] Procedures and managerial capabilities in providing adequate service, [P3] Results following consumer recommendations, and [P4] Knowledgeable workshop managers and staff, [P5] Service speed from responsiveness quality dimensions, [P11] Credibility and honesty of workshop managers and staff, [P12] Clarity of communication and information to consumers. The priority of quality attributes of auto repair shops that will be improved can provide alternative development priorities between human resources and limited equipment servicing.

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Riptiono, Sulis. "HASRAT KONSUMEN YANG MENGIKAT (BINDING CUSTOMER DESIRES)." Fokus Bisnis : Media Pengkajian Manajemen dan Akuntansi 16, no. 2 (January 20, 2018): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32639/fokusbisnis.v16i2.166.

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Desires in the marketing context are defined as the phase of the sequence in marketing that begins with the creation of awareness, and then interest is usually at the stage when the customer really wants the product or service that is being marketed. Desire is a form that is seen as a precursor in making actual purchases. Desire is more than want of consumers to try and have the product, the consumer's curiosity towards the product is directed to the interest to buy. Desires are created to convince consumers that they have a great desire to have the product or service offered according to their needs. Desire is not enough to explain its impact on increasing consumer buying interest and consumer behavior, but the desire that has binding properties to consumers that called binding costumer desires can increase buying and behavioral interests. Binding costumer desires is used to fill the research gap about subjective norms against purchase intention by using the basic theory of the theory of reaction action (TRA) and theory of planned behavior (TPB).

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Asuzu, Chukwuma M., and Alison Olechowski. "TOWARDS A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE INFLUENCE OF VISUAL REFERENCES ON CONSUMER AESTHETIC PERCEPTION." Proceedings of the Design Society 3 (June 19, 2023): 3571–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pds.2023.358.

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AbstractWhen viewing a product for the first time, a consumer's aesthetic perception is based on their knowledge of other products, artefacts, and concepts. These mental images function as visual references for consumers and affect the processing fluency of the new product. Designers frequently use visual references as inspiration during the research stage of the design process. It has been documented, however, that there is a gap between designer intent and consumer response; Consumers do not always realize the intent of designers nor draw on the same visual references when perceiving a product, which can reduce their processing fluency of new products. Visual references differ from one consumer to the other which make them difficult to study. In this paper, we argue for a new way of studying visual references: by analyzing the cognitive process that occurs when consumers view a new product and recognize aspects of that product that are similar to visual references in their memory. We present a framework of three approaches for recognizing this similarity and implications for design practice.

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Rane, Pranav, Riddhi Modha, and Dr Stuti Sahni. "A Study on Consumer Perception towards Organic Food in Indian Market." International Journal of Enhanced Research in Educational Development 11, no. 02 (2023): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.55948/ijered.2023.0317.

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The popularity of organic food has been increasing over the years as people have become more concerned about the health, safety and quality of the food they and their family consumes. This study aims to investigate consumer perceptions towards organic food and why people purchase it. The research was conducted through a survey of a sample of consumers in various age groups and demographics. The results indicate that consumers perceive organic food tobe healthier, safer, and more environmentally friendly than conventionally produced food. Consumers also believe that organic farming methods are more sustainable and ethical. Consumers prefer to purchase organic food from certified organic sources, and they trust government regulation to ensure the authenticity of organic food products. The study suggests that increasing awareness and education about organic food and its production can help bridge the knowledge gap and dispel misconceptions about organic food. Furthermore, improving the availability and affordability of organic food productscan increase consumer access and help grow the market for organic food. The study highlights the importance of effective communication, education, and regulation in building trust and confidence in organic food products.

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Guo, Gongxing, and Quan Lin. "Consumers Become More or Less Ethnocentric? A Meta-Analysis on Level of Consumer Ethnocentrism." International Journal of Business and Management 12, no. 2 (January 25, 2017): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v12n2p145.

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A huge body of research on consumer ethnocentrism has occurred in cross-cultural consumer behavior research area since the seminal work of Shimp and Sharma (1987). There is, however, a research gap on meta-analysis of the level of consumer ethnocentrism. This study seeks to address this gap by employing, as far as we are aware, the first meta-analysis on level of consumer ethnocentrism. we draw several conclusions with meta-analytical data of 153 mean values in 87 articles during the period of 1987 to 2013 (N = 42840): (1) The average score of consumer ethnocentrism is 3.58 (7 in total); (2) General consumers are more ethnocentric than student consumers; (3) Consumers in developing countries are more ethnocentric than consumers in developed countries.

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Zhan, Jintao, Yubei Ma, Pengcheng Deng, Yinqiu Li, Meng Xu, and Hang Xiong. "Designing enhanced labeling information to increase consumer willingness to pay for genetically modified foods." British Food Journal 123, no. 1 (August 24, 2020): 405–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-08-2019-0637.

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PurposeThe regulations for qualitative genetically modified (GM) food labeling do not effectively eliminate the information asymmetries pertaining to the consumption of GM products. China's GM food labeling law requires the presentation of certain categories of GM products on GMO labels on packages. Such information is invaluable for understanding whether the disclosure of more information on GM foods can help alleviate information asymmetry while reducing consumer fear and risk perceptions of GM foods, and thus cause changes in their behaviors. The purpose of this paper is to explore the heterogeneity of consumer preferences for enhanced GM food labeling, how consumer preferences are influenced by labeling information, and how these preferences vary in different consumers.Design/methodology/approachBoth descriptive statistics and econometric techniques, including the multivariate ordered Probit model, were applied to a sample of 566 urban consumers in the Yangtze River Delta region of China. All respondents were divided into two groups: people who would definitely not buy GM foods before selecting enhanced labeling information (“consumer group 1”, sample size 282) and people who would definitely not object to buying GM foods before selecting enhanced labeling information (“consumer group 2”, sample size 274).FindingsThe findings suggest that urban consumers have a preference for different types of enhanced labeling information about GM foods, that such a preference significantly influences their willingness to pay for GM foods, that there exists a large difference in the preferences of different consumer groups, and that enhanced GM food labeling information has a greater impact on those consumers who would not accept GM foods.Originality/valueThis research identifies the GM information disclosures that most affect consumer preferences and how these preferences vary across different segments of consumers, which is a current gap in the literature. The study has demonstrated that enhanced labels of GM foods with diverse information would not alter a consumer's WTP for GM foods who does not perceive the value of information from the enhanced labels, but change positively consumers with uncertainty willingness to pay before disclosure.

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Chen, Wei, Nuoyan Lin, and Huiyi Zhou. "The Impact of Congruence Between Self-concept and Female Advertising Image on Advertising and Brand Attitudes." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 41, no. 1 (November 10, 2023): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/41/20232049.

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With the rise of women's personal consciousness, femvertising has become one of the key topics in today's research. Researchers mostly explore the impact of feminist advertising on consumers from the perspective of social comparison and self-identity. However, there is still a research gap on how consumers awareness of self affects their perception and acceptance of femvertising. Therefore, this paper connected the consumer self-concept with the female image in feminist advertising and explored the relationship between the consistency of the two and the consumer's advertising attitude and brand attitude. Through the review and analysis of 19 relevant literature, this paper found that the high consistency between consumers' ideal self and female image in femvertising will make them have a more positive attitude towards advertising and brands, compared with the impact of the consistency between actual self and advertising image. Enterprises should understand the self-concept and values of target consumers in order to better meet their needs and expectations in advertising and marketing activities.

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Ji, Jeong Hun, and Sang Hyeon Lee. "The Effect of Food Safety Incidents Experience on the Probability of Purchasing GAP-certified Agricultural Products." Korean Agricultural Economics Association 63, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24997/kjae.2022.63.4.67.

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Consumers’ perception of food safety can be influenced not only by the information but also by relevant experiences. Nevertheless, only a few studies have investigated how consumer experiences affect food safety consumption behavior. This study analyzes whether consumers’ negative experience(incidents) regarding food safety impacts their probability of purchasing Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) certified agricultural products. The Consumer Behavior Survey for Food Data of the Korea Rural Economic Institute was used for empirical analysis. The results showed that consumers who experienced food safety incidents are more likely to purchase GAP agricultural products than those who did not. However, the GAP agricultural product consumption behaviors of elderly consumers and low-income consumers did not change noticeably even after they experienced food safety incidents.

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Ali, Imran, and Saud Mandurah. "The Role of Personal Values and Perceived Social Support in Developing Socially Responsible Consumer Behavior." Asian Social Science 12, no. 10 (September 19, 2016): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n10p180.

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Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a longstanding theme in marketing research. Although plenty of research have been done to examine the influence of CSR activities on consumer behavior, less attention is paid to explore the psychological factors that shape consumer’s socially responsible behavior (SRB). The current research addresses this gap by reviewing and comparing the literature from psychology and marketing streams that moves towards a degree of convergence. It examines the psychological role of personal values and external factors like perceived social support to build pro-social behavior among consumers. The personal values include; self-transcendence and self-enhancement values and perceived social support by social network in shaping consumer’s socially responsible behavior. The study proposed and tested the theoretical model using Structural Equation Model (SEM) technique. Data is collected through self-administered survey from 450 consumers in Pakistan. The study found that higher self-transcendence values leads to higher level of socially responsible behavior among consumers. Whereas self-enhancement values has negative influence on consumers in adopting socially responsible behavior. The social networks including; parents, friends/peers, teachers’ play important role in development of socially responsible behavior among consumers as individuals tend to pay focus on the recommendations of their members in their social networks. The findings of this study provide important recommendations to the corporate policy makers to ensure sustainable organizational performance in today’s competitive business environment.

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Untarini, Nindria. "Studying the Attitudes-Behavior Gap in Ethical Consumerism: A review of Research." Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis 9, no. 2 (August 11, 2020): 112–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jab.v9i2.31058.

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The attitude of consumers who are pro-environment does not always lead to buying behavior on environmentally friendly products. Although consumers are regularly exposed to environmentally friendly product messages, this does not always have an impact on actual changes in behavior. To encourage understanding of consumer behavior of environmentally friendly products going forward, this paper aims to identify deeper the causes of attitude gaps - behavior and solutions to overcome them to obtain knowledge about integrated and holistic conceptual models related to consumer behavior gaps in the consumption of environmentally friendly products. This paper discusses the significant limitations in the consumption of environmentally friendly products and raises an understanding of consumer behavior of environmentally friendly products in the future. Furthermore, the operationalization of this model offers knowledge and strategic direction for marketing managers who seek to bridge the gap in consumer attitudes.

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Shahin, Amany I. "Consumer Demand in the Egyptian Market of University Education." International Journal of Customer Relationship Marketing and Management 1, no. 4 (October 2010): 44–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jcrmm.2010100103.

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This study explores consumer demands in the Egyptian market of university education. Three aspects discussed are the value of university education in Egyptian culture, consumer perceptions regarding the quality of university education, and consumer preferences regarding the university education service. Results of the empirical investigation indicate that university education is highly regarded in Egyptian culture, however, consumer’s perception of its quality is moderate. Consumers prefer university studies in courses taught in the English language, universities in a nearby geographical location, governmental universities, and top class faculties. The study focuses on university education in Egypt and the authors hope to shed light on higher education in countries that share the same cultural characteristics. Many studies investigated higher education in different cultures, yet relatively few have considered it in an emerging nation. The present study addresses this gap.

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Anand, Ghansham, and Dyah Ismi Afifah. "THE CHARACTERISTICS OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONSUMERS AND STATE-OWNED GAS COMPANY IN IMPLEMENTING A PROJECT OF DOMESTIC GAS INSTALLATION SYSTEM." Hang Tuah Law Journal 1, no. 2 (June 4, 2018): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.30649/htlj.v1i2.25.

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<p>A project of one million domestic gas installations across Indonesia has been implemented by PT Perusahaan Gas Negara (PGN) since 2014. However, the right and obligation between the company and consumers who installed the domestic gas is not clearly stated. This may cause a right dispute between them when it comes to an unexpected occurrence. Whereas, their relationship is important as it relates to some aspects of consumer protection and obligation, which may lead into claims when something bad happen. Based on Article 19 of the Act of 1999 No. 8 about Consumer Protection, an enterprise is responsible to give compensations in the form of cash money or other similar goods/services with equal value or medical treatment and/or insurance. In regard to consumer’s liability, they have to provide evidence. The liability of the enterprise is classified into a liability of guilt by shifting the weight of evidence. It is mentioned in Article 28 UUPK that if an enterprise is unable to prove that it is not guilty or if it is found guilty conducting action against its liability of law, the enterprise has to give compensation to its consumers, who feel disadvantageous. The basis of applying that claim toward the enterprise points to the lack of performance or legal violence.</p>

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Chen, Chun-Wei. "Utilizing a Hybrid Approach to Identify the Importance of Factors That Influence Consumer Decision-Making Behavior in Purchasing Sustainable Products." Sustainability 16, no. 11 (May 23, 2024): 4432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16114432.

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Consumer decision-making behaviors play a pivotal role in the realm of purchasing sustainable products. It is crucial for businesses to understand the key factors that influence consumers’ choices in this context, especially if they aim to align with eco-friendly trends. Conventional methods are inadequate for accurately and successfully identifying the importance of factors that influence consumers’ decision-making behaviors in purchasing sustainable products and stem from a lack of holistic consideration. Conventional methods, like AHP, surveys, questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups, often do not fully consider the many aspects of consumer behavior related to sustainability. To address this gap, our study aims to (1) employ a hybrid approach, integrating conventional methods with cutting-edge machine-learning technology for predicting consumer’s decision-making behaviors in purchasing sustainable products; (2) demonstrate the practical application of this hybrid approach through the example of green furniture; and (3) provide a practical guide for identifying the importance of factors influencing consumers’ decision-making behaviors in purchasing sustainable products. This study will map out implications for the future of consumer decision-making behaviors in purchasing sustainable products. The hybrid approach to studying consumer decision making in sustainable product purchases, combining quantitative and AI methods. This methodology provides a comprehensive analysis of factors influencing environmentally friendly choices, fostering awareness and informed decision making. Businesses can use these insights to tailor strategies, enhance offerings, and meet the rising demand for sustainable products, contributing to environmentally responsible consumer behaviors and promoting economies of scale for sustainable products and innovation. This holistic understanding is crucial for creating a sustainable and socially responsible marketplace.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Gay consumers'

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