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Journal articles on the topic 'Gay athletes'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Mullin, Elizabeth M., James E. Leone, and Suzanne Pottratz. "Coming-Out Experiences of a Gay Male Volleyball Player." Sport Psychologist 32, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2017-0040.

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A small but growing body of research has investigated the experience of gay male athletes “coming out” in sport, a historically homophobic environment. In this exploratory case study, the experiences of “Mark,” a male volleyball player who came out prior to a championship season, were examined using social identity perspective and athletic identity theory as the frameworks for analysis. Data sources included interviews with Mark, interviews with informants, and Mark’s social-media posts. A narrative of Mark’s coming-out experience was developed and explored in light of the theoretical frameworks, and 2 themes emerged from the data: gay athlete as a (dis)qualifier and “It’s not about the skills, it’s about the attitude,” which explores Mark’s psychological development and its relationship with athletic performance. Implications and strategies for sport psychology consultants working with gay male athletes are discussed.
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ANDERSON, ERIC. "Openly Gay Athletes." Gender & Society 16, no. 6 (December 2002): 860–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089124302237892.

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3

Nye, Emma A., Ashley Crossway, Sean M. Rogers, Kenneth E. Games, and Lindsey E. Eberman. "Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Patients: Collegiate Athletic Trainers' Perceptions." Journal of Athletic Training 54, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-260-17.

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Context Research suggests that patients who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer (LGBTQ) are at risk for certain conditions and denied equal access to health care in physician offices compared with their heterosexual counterparts. However, little evidence exists regarding the treatment of LGBTQ student-athlete patients in the athletic training clinic and the role the athletic trainer (AT) plays in these health care experiences. Objective To explore the perceptions of ATs treating LGBTQ student-athlete patients. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Web-based survey. Patients or Other Participants A total of 1077 collegiate and university ATs completed the survey (5685 e-mails distributed, 1214 surveys started, access rate = 21.4%, completion rate = 88.7%). Main Outcome Measure(s) Demographic information and level of agreement in 3 areas (approach, quality of care, and comfort) were obtained on a 5-point Likert scale. We asked ATs their likeliness of providing guidance to student-athletes about navigating their sexuality generally and as it related to athletic participation, if they thought they provided equal health care to a student-athlete who identified as LGBTQ, how comfortable they were treating LGBTQ student-athlete patients, and how comfortable they thought student-athlete patients would be seeking care from them or from providers in their clinic. Results Overall, we found differences among groups for sexual orientation, gender, religion, and the existence of interpersonal contact with LGBTQ friends or family for approach, quality of care, and comfort. We also identified 2 main themes indicating ATs' desire for more training and education, specifically in caring for transgender student-athletes and providing patient-centered care with professionalism, regardless of gender identity or sexual orientation. Conclusions Although differences existed among demographic groups, ATs had a generally positive view of treating LGBTQ student-athlete patients and wanted more training and education on the specific needs of this population.
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Crossway, Ashley, Sean M. Rogers, Emma A. Nye, Kenneth E. Games, and Lindsey E. Eberman. "Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Athletic Trainers: Collegiate Student-Athletes' Perceptions." Journal of Athletic Training 54, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-259-17.

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Context Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) athletic trainers (ATs) face uncertain acceptance in the workplace. Objective To examine the perceptions of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) student-athletes toward ATs who identified as LGBTQ. Design Cross-sectional design. Setting Web-based survey. Patients or Other Participants A total of 623 (males = 212, females = 403, other = 8; age = 19.7 ± 1.4 years) NCAA student-athletes completed the survey. Main Outcome Measure(s) Participants completed a 19-item survey to assess their perceptions about the appropriateness of, quality of care from, and comfort with ATs who identified as LGBTQ. We asked 10 demographic questions and 2 questions regarding the student-athlete's exposure to individuals who identified as LGBTQ. Five matrix questions had 5 stems each to represent LGBTQ individuals on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree) and 2 open-ended questions elicited qualitative data. We analyzed characteristics of central tendency to evaluate the level of appropriateness, quality of care, and level of comfort perceived by student-athletes of ATs who identified as LGBTQ. We used Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests for post hoc analyses where appropriate. We used grounded theory to identify themes in the answers to the open-ended questions. Results Participants indicated they would seek health care and would feel comfortable approaching an AT who identified as LGBTQ. Participants agreed it was appropriate for an LGBTQ AT to work with both male and female sports and did not agree that health care provided by heterosexual and LGBTQ ATs differed. The open-ended responses revealed 4 themes: professionalism, upbringing, situational concerns, and concerns about specific populations that affected their perceptions. Conclusions In general, the NCAA student-athletes had positive perceptions of ATs who identified as LGBTQ.
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Ensign, Kristine A., Athena Yiamouyiannis, Kristi M. White, and B. David Ridpath. "Athletic Trainers' Attitudes Toward Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual National Collegiate Athletic Association Student-Athletes." Journal of Athletic Training 46, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-46.1.69.

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Abstract Context: Researchers have investigated heterosexuals' attitudes toward homosexuals, focusing on factors such as sex, race, religion, education, and contact experiences. However, in the context of sport, this research is deficient. We found no published literature investigating athletic trainers (ATs') attitudes toward lesbian, gay, and bisexual student-athletes (LGB). Objective: To determine heterosexual ATs' attitudes toward LGB student-athletes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association. Design: Cross-sectional study Setting: E-mailed survey. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 964 ATs employed at member institutions. Main Outcome Measure(s): We measured attitudes using the Attitudes Toward Lesbian, Gay Men, and Bisexuals (ATLGB) Scale. To determine the extent to which sex, religion, and whether having an LGB friend or family member had an effect on ATs' attitudes, we performed analysis of variance. To establish the effect of age on ATs' attitudes, we calculated a Pearson correlation. We used an independent t test to identify differences between ATs who reported working with LGB student-athletes and ATs who did not. Results: With ATLGB score as the dependent factor, a main effect was noted for sex, religion, and having an LGB friend or family member (P < .01 for all comparisons). Age and total score were related (P < .01). A difference was seen in the ATLGB scores between ATs who were aware of LGB student-athletes on their teams and ATs who were not (P < .001). Conclusions: Many ATs hold positive attitudes toward LGB student-athletes, especially females, those who have an LGB friend or family member, and those who are aware of LGB student-athletes. Still, it is important to provide an open environment in the athletic training room for all student-athletes.
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Mountjoy, Margo, Celia Brackenridge, Malia Arrington, Cheri Blauwet, Andrea Carska-Sheppard, Kari Fasting, Sandra Kirby, et al. "International Olympic Committee consensus statement: harassment and abuse (non-accidental violence) in sport." British Journal of Sports Medicine 50, no. 17 (April 26, 2016): 1019–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096121.

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Despite the well-recognised benefits of sport, there are also negative influences on athlete health, well-being and integrity caused by non-accidental violence through harassment and abuse. All athletes have a right to engage in ‘safe sport’, defined as an athletic environment that is respectful, equitable and free from all forms of non-accidental violence to athletes. Yet, these issues represent a blind spot for many sport organisations through fear of reputational damage, ignorance, silence or collusion. This consensus statement extends the 2007 IOC Consensus Statement on Sexual Harassment and Abuse in Sport, presenting additional evidence of several other types of harassment and abuse—psychological, physical and neglect. All ages and types of athletes are susceptible to these problems but science confirms that elite, disabled, child and lesbian/gay/bisexual/trans-sexual (LGBT) athletes are at highest risk, that psychological abuse is at the core of all other forms and that athletes can also be perpetrators. Harassment and abuse arise from prejudices expressed through power differences. Perpetrators use a range of interpersonal mechanisms including contact, non-contact/verbal, cyber-based, negligence, bullying and hazing. Attention is paid to the particular risks facing child athletes, athletes with a disability and LGBT athletes. Impacts on the individual athlete and the organisation are discussed. Sport stakeholders are encouraged to consider the wider social parameters of these issues, including cultures of secrecy and deference that too often facilitate abuse, rather than focusing simply on psychopathological causes. The promotion of safe sport is an urgent task and part of the broader international imperative for good governance in sport. A systematic multiagency approach to prevention is most effective, involving athletes, entourage members, sport managers, medical and therapeutic practitioners, educators and criminal justice agencies. Structural and cultural remedies, as well as practical recommendations, are suggested for sport organisations, athletes, sports medicine and allied disciplines, sport scientists and researchers. The successful prevention and eradication of abuse and harassment against athletes rests on the effectiveness of leadership by the major international and national sport organisations.
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Filiault, Shaun M., and Murray J. N. Drummond. "Gay Athletes' Perceptions of Body Hair." Journal of Men's Studies 21, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3149/jms.2102.206.

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Vilanova, Anna, Susanna Soler, and Eric Anderson. "Examining the experiences of the first openly gay male team sport athlete in Spain." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 55, no. 1 (July 4, 2018): 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690218780860.

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Spanish sports literature is devoid of studies investigating the voices of gay athletes. Using semi-structured interviews, the purpose of this research was to examine the contextually relevant experiences of the first-ever openly gay elite athlete in a Spanish team sport context. Our investigation covers multiple personal and institutional layers of the sporting complex, which are analysed in three ways: (a) using Troiden’s notions of identity; (b) using Anderson’s Inclusive Masculinity Theory; and (c) using McCormack’s theory of gay discourse. Our findings reveal that coming out was a more positive experience than the athlete had expected. He experienced inclusivity from his teammates, trainers, managers and supporters. There was no physical aggression or verbal harassment. He did, however, frequently hear antigay language spoken, which he reported as not being homophobic. Our findings provide one of the few examinations of this topic outside of the USA.
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Bowden, Randall, and Kayleigh McCauley. "Leadership Styles of College and University Athletic Directors and the Presence of NCAA Transgender Policy." Journal of Educational Issues 2, no. 2 (November 14, 2016): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jei.v2i2.10120.

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<p>In September 2011, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) announced the <em>Policy on Transgender Inclusion</em>. It provides guidelines for transgender student athletes to participate in sex-separated athletic teams according to their gender identity. The <em>2012 LGBTQ National College Athlete Report</em>, the first of its kind, provided information to help serve gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and queer (GLBTQ) students. Although the <em>Policy on Transgender Inclusion</em> has been around since 2011 and the <em>2012 Report</em> provided insights, the extent by which best practices have been implemented has not been adequately explored. This study examined the relationship of athletic directors’ leadership frames to transgender inclusion policies at institutions with NCAA athletics. Athletic directors from active member NCAA schools were contacted: 340 in Division I; 290 in Division II; and 436 in Division III. Leadership was examined according to the Multi-frame Model for Organizations in addition to Intersectionality Theory. The human resource frame was the most common and the political frame was the least. There were no statistically significant differences among NCAA Divisions or between private and public institutions. Although athletic directors acknowledged transgender policies and were aware of the legal parameters, lack of policy presence was prevalent on campuses.</p>
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Campbell, Jamonn, Denise Cothren, Ross Rogers, Lindsay Kistler, Anne Osowski, Nathan Greenauer, and Christian End. "Sport Fans' Impressions of Gay Male Athletes." Journal of Homosexuality 58, no. 5 (April 28, 2011): 597–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2011.563658.

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Halbrook, Meghan, and Jack C. Watson. "High school coaches’ perceptions of their efficacy to work with lesbian, gay, and bisexual athletes." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 13, no. 6 (July 17, 2018): 841–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954118787494.

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Historically, sport, at all levels, has created an environment of silence, negativity, and even fear for lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) athletes. The purpose of this study was to identify coach characteristics and perceptions of their efficacy related to working with LGB youth athletes in the USA. An online survey was completed by n = 631 male and female head and assistant coaches from 25 different sports. Respondents filled out coaching demographics, team demographics, and the Efficacy Scale to Coach Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Athletes.5 Results revealed statistically significant differences in perceptions of LGB athletes between younger and older coaches, coaches who had previously coached openly LGB athletes and those who have not, and coaches with no religious affiliation and those who are Baptist, Catholic, or Protestant Christian. Although there does not appear to be a clear cut demographic of coaches who perceive themselves to be more effective when coaching LGB athletes, experiences coaching LGB athletes seem to contribute to higher perceptions of coaching ability and comfort. Future studies could include interviews with coaches and athletes to more thoroughly assess the current sport team environment with regard to LGB athletes, as well as the creation of high school coach education training and resources.
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Sartore-Baldwin, Melanie. "Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Athletes in Sport." Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education 6, no. 1 (April 2012): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/ssa.2012.6.1.141.

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13

Filiault, Shaun M., and Murray J. N. Drummond. "Athletes and Body Image: Interviews with Gay Sportsmen." Qualitative Research in Psychology 5, no. 4 (November 17, 2008): 311–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14780880802070575.

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14

Calhoun, Austin Stair, Nicole M. LaVoi, and Alicia Johnson. "Framing With Family: Examining Online Coaches’ Biographies for Heteronormative and Heterosexist Narratives." International Journal of Sport Communication 4, no. 3 (September 2011): 300–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.4.3.300.

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Sport scholars have connected heteronormativity and heterosexism to the creation of privilege for the dominant group. They also contend that the coverage and framing of female athletes and coaches promote heteronormativity across print, broadcast, and new media. To date, research examining heteronormativity and heterosexism on university-sponsored athletics Web sites is scarce. Using framing theory, online biographies of NCAA intercollegiate head coaches of 12 conferences (N = 1,902) were examined for textual representations of heteronormativity and heterosexism. Biographies were coded based on the presence or absence of personal text—and the presence or absence of family narratives. The data demonstrate a near absence of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered coaches, suggesting that digital content of intercollegiate athletic department Web sites reproduces dominant gender ideologies and is plagued by homophobia in overt and subtle ways.
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Scott, D. Travers, Evan Brody, and Katrina Pariera. "“You're a Cog in a System that Needs to Work”: Conditional Acceptance of LGBTQ College Athletes." QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 99–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/qed.10.1.0099.

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Abstract A thematic analysis of interviews with lesbian, gay, and transgender US athletes who were out while playing varsity collegiate sports is examined for LGBTQ and athletic identifications. Conceptualizing being out as an ongoing process, we asked participants to describe their experiences over the years they were playing. Participants described athletic identifications as superordinate to and predating LGBTQ identifications. Although they initially anticipated overt conflict while out, they experienced more implicit than explicit homo/transnegativity. We draw upon theoretical perspectives of common in-group identity model and superordinate identity to analyze their descriptions. However, given that such models treat identities as separate, interacting things, they lack the dynamism and fluidity of contemporary queer perspectives, we add the concept of entanglement. Identifications were described as entangled in supportive ways but conditioned upon prioritizing athletic identifications as superordinate. We conclude urging scholarship on LGBTQ athletes to move past conflict-based expectations of explicit homophobia.
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Moscowitz, Leigh, Andrew C. Billings, Patrick C. Gentile, and Joshua R. Jackson. "The Paradoxical Big Nonstory: Traditional and Social Media Frames Surrounding Carl Nassib, the NFL's First Openly Gay Player." Journal of Sports Media 18, no. 1 (March 2023): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsm.2023.a919639.

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Abstract: In June of 2021, National Football League (NFL) defensive lineman Carl Nassib made history as the first openly gay, active professional football player to come out. Advancing research about news coverage of LGBT athletes, this paper employs content analysis to analyze the frames used in newspaper articles ( n = 195) and on social media ( n = 5,588 tweets) to report the story of Nassib's coming out. This study examines the media frames that were used most frequently in covering Nassib's coming out and discusses the significant differences between traditional media and those used most widely on social media. Findings indicate overall support for Nassib's coming out, as both newspapers and Twitter posts framed the story as a watershed moment and focused on celebrity support; however, personal attacks were more common on social media. Implications for how media cover gay-athlete stories are discussed.
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Mahmood, Muhammad Zahid, Amira Farooq, and Misbah Ashraf. "1- Satisfaction Level of Athletes Regarding Sports Facilities at Collage Level in Bahawalpur Pakistan." International Research Journal of Education and Innovation 2, no. 2 (August 20, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.53575/irjei.v2.2(21)1-14.

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The main objectives of the study were to examine the influence of internal and external factors on the satisfaction level of athletes and to find out the most dominant factors affecting college sports in Government and private colleges in Bahawalpur District, Pakistan. The researcher created 10 hypotheses to examine the objectives of the study. Male and female athletes, government, and private college controlled sport were selected as part of the study. A 20% representative sample was taken from both male and female athletes, but the total population consisting of sports directors from both colleges was taken according to the Gay formula (1985). A representative sample of 100 was selected using a convenient sampling method. A self-development questionnaire was used to collect data. The validation process, test cases and reliability were performed accordingly. The questionnaire was personally distributed to all respondents. The returned responses were analyzed using SPSS version 20 and Excel Micro software. In the first step, the researcher used descriptive statistics that showed the frequency, percentages and averages of the responses. Second, the researcher used unpredictable statistics to examine formulation hypotheses. The results of the study were drawn based on the analysis of the data. The data showed that all internal and external factors are in both --colleges and have had a significant impact on the athletic satisfaction of athletes in Bahawalpur -- colleges in Pakistan (P> 0.05). However, the impact of all internal and external factors was found to be greater in private colleges compared to Government College. Regarding dominant factors among internal and external factors, both in public and private colleges, it was concluded that inappropriate training and participation of athlete training dominated internal factors and family influence among external factors affecting sport at both colleges in Bahawalpur district, Pakistan. It is recommended that the relevant authorities should provide all facilities for athletes to increase student participation in sporting activities at college level.
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Sykes, Heather. "Transsexual and Transgender Policies in Sport." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 15, no. 1 (April 2006): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.15.1.3.

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This article examines developments in gender policies in sport in relation to recent changes in transsexual rights legislation and gender identity activism. The Gay Games has developed a gender identity policy about “men, women, transgender and intersex” athletes. In 2004, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) introduced the Stockholm Consensus on sex reassignment surgery to allow “transsexual” athletes to compete at the Olympics. These developments do not indicate an overall increase in the acceptance of gender variance in the world of sport; rather, there has been ongoing resistance to inclusive gender policies in mainstream sport organizations. I argue this resistance is based on anxieties about the instability of the male/female gender binary and the emergence of queer gender subjectivities within women’s, gay, and mainstream sporting communities.
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Hartmann-Tews, Ilse, Tobias Menzel, and Birgit Braumüller. "Experiences of LGBTQ+ individuals in sports in Germany." German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research 52, no. 1 (October 7, 2021): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12662-021-00756-0.

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AbstractThere is growing international evidence that lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and sexually/gender diverse (LGBTQ+) people regularly experience discrimination in sports. However, there is a lack of empirical research with regard to the sports situation in Germany. Based on a quantitative survey of 858 self-identifying LGBTQ+ individuals, the present research is the first to provide a comprehensive picture of the experiences of LGBTQ+ people in sports in Germany. To add distinctive knowledge to the international research, this analysis considers differences within the group of LGBTQ+ people and between various sports settings (i.e., organizational framework, team vs individual sports, and performance level. Two research questions are addressed: (1) What micro- and meso-level factors affect the witnessing of homo-/transnegative language and the prevalence of homo-/transnegative incidents in respondents’ sports activities? (2) What micro- and meso-level factors affect respondents’ feelings of being offended by homo-/transnegative language and what behavioral consequences (i.e., refraining from specific sports and reactions to homo-/transnegative episodes) can be observed among different LGBTQ+ subgroups? The data reveal the impact of the sports context on the perception of homo-/transnegative language but not on negative experiences. Moreover, there is a higher prevalence of gay compared to lesbian athletes with regard to the perception of homo-/transnegative language in their sports and a higher prevalence of gay athletes and non-cisgender (transgender) athletes with regard to homo-/transnegative experiences in sport compared to lesbian and cisgender athletes. The empirical evidence confirms and deepens international findings. Moreover, the data assist the Sport Ministers Conference’s goal of increasing initiatives to tackle the exclusion and discrimination faced by LGBTQ+ people in sports.
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Kian, Edward (Ted) M., and Eric Anderson. "John Amaechi: Changing the Way Sport Reporters Examine Gay Athletes." Journal of Homosexuality 56, no. 7 (September 30, 2009): 799–818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00918360903187788.

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21

Zipp, John F. "In the Game: Gay Athletes and the Cult of Masculinity." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 36, no. 4 (July 2007): 337–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009430610703600412.

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22

Zhu, Zheng. "“Straight” Acting: Changing Image of Queer-Masculinity in Media Representation." Journal of Arts and Humanities 5, no. 9 (September 25, 2016): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/journal.v5i9.1008.

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<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p>In this essay, I critically examine media representation of Welsh rugby legend Gareth Thomas, with a specific focus on the construction of his masculinity as an outing gay celebrity. The existing critical scholarship has studied various forms of media representation of queer images. But they did not examine how unconventional queer representation interacts with the normative gender performance. This paper investigates mainstream media’s discursive construction of masculine gay male. The findings call our attention to the emergence of macho gay characterization, which supports the hegemonic domination of heterosexual normativity. The stigmatization of gay-ness as the deviated other is rationalized through illegitimating its positions in the public spheres, marginalizing non-masculine gay characters, and erasing the larger socio-political condition that oppresses closeted gay athletes.</p>
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Dworkin, Shari Lee, and Faye Linda Wachs. "“Disciplining the Body”: HIV-Positive Male Athletes, Media Surveillance, and the Policing of Sexuality." Sociology of Sport Journal 15, no. 1 (March 1998): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.15.1.1.

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This paper analyzes how mainstream print media polices sexuality through framings of HIV-positive male athletes. We analyze the HIV-positive announcements of Magic Johnson, Greg Louganis, and Tommy Morrison. Specifically, we discuss differences between the framing of gay men (Louganis) and self-identified heterosexual men (Johnson and Morrison). First, there is an extensive search for the ways Magic Johnson and Tommy Morrison contracted HIV/AIDS. Media coverage emphasizes that “straights can get it too” through promiscuity and a “fast lane” lifestyle. Consistent with the historically automatic conflation of HIV/AIDS with gay identity, the media pose no inquiries into the cause of Louganis’ HIV transmission. We close our discussion by focusing on the meaning of extending the signifier of HIV/AIDS beyond gay bodies to include working class and black male bodies. Media surveillance of sexual identity and the body reinforces hegemonic masculinity in sport while feeding into the current sexual hierarchy in U.S. culture.
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Cunningham, George B. "Creating and Sustaining Workplace Cultures Supportive of LGBT Employees in College Athletics." Journal of Sport Management 29, no. 4 (July 2015): 426–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2014-0135.

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The purpose of this study was to understand (a) how participants conceptualized lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) inclusiveness in their athletic departments, (b) the antecedents of such workplace environments, and (c) the outcomes associated with inclusion. To do so, the author conducted a collective case study of two college athletic departments located in the U.S. Northeast. Data sources included individual interviews with coaches and administrators (n = 17), a reflexive journal, websites, university materials, and external publications. Participants described the athletic departments as characterized by community and cohesion, respect and inclusion, and success oriented. Various antecedents contributed to these workplace environments, including those at the individual level, leader behaviors, inclusive organizational policies, and macro-level influences. Finally, while some negative outcomes were identified, LGBT inclusion was predominantly associated with a host of positive outcomes for the employees, athletes, and organizations as a whole.
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Reis, Nathan A., Kent C. Kowalski, Amber D. Mosewich, and Leah J. Ferguson. "Exploring Self-Compassion and Versions of Masculinity in Men Athletes." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 41, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 368–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2019-0061.

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Despite a growing emphasis on self-compassion in sport, little research has focused exclusively on men athletes. The purpose of this research was to explore the interaction of self-compassion and diverse versions of masculinity on the psychosocial well-being of men athletes. The authors sampled 172 men athletes (Mage = 22.8 yr) from a variety of sports, using descriptive methodology with self-report questionnaires. Self-compassion was related to most variables (e.g., psychological well-being, fear of negative evaluation, state self-criticism, internalized shame, reactions to a hypothetical sport-specific scenario) in hypothesized directions and predicted unique variance beyond self-esteem across most of those variables, as well as moderated relationships between masculinity and both autonomy and attitudes toward gay men. In addition, self-compassion was differentially related to inclusive and hegemonic masculinity. Our findings support self-compassion as a promising resource for men athletes to buffer emotionally difficult sport experiences.
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Huml, Matt R., Jennifer L. Gellock, and Carrie W. Lecrom. "College athletes and the influence of academic and athletic investment on sense of belonging." Journal of Amateur Sport 6, no. 2 (October 4, 2020): 43–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/jas.v6i2.9752.

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While the athletic and academic experiences of student-athletes have been frequently examined by scholars (Houle & Kluck, 2015; Rettig & Hu, 2016), there is a lack of research into which investment creates a sense of belonging on campus for student-athletes. Other factors, such as sport status, have only been conceptually discussed, while transfer status and gender, have been examined in non-athlete populations, highlighting a gap in our college student understanding of sense of belonging. We used structural modeling to examine the relationship between athletic investment, academic investment, and demographics within a context of student-athletes. Results indicated as both athletic and academic investment increase, the student-athlete’s sense of belonging on campus decreased. Additionally, student-athletes who were transfers, in team sports, or men were more likely to have a reduced sense of belong on campus.
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Halbrook, Meghan K., Jack C. Watson, and Dana K. Voelker. "High School Coaches’ Experiences With Openly Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Athletes." Journal of Homosexuality 66, no. 6 (April 10, 2018): 838–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2017.1423222.

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Waitt, Gordon. "The Sydney 2002 Gay Games and Querying Australian National Space." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 23, no. 3 (June 2005): 435–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d401.

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In what ways did Sydney's Gay Games reinvent the Australian nation? In this paper I set out to examine this question by drawing upon the idea that sports and parades of athletes during opening ceremonies have been definitive moments for the Australian nation. I investigate the social terrains or bodyscapes invoked by sporting gay pride during the participants' parade at the opening ceremony and sports venues of the Sydney 2002 Gay Games. This enables insights into whether these spaces subverted the heteronormativity of sporting bodies that are metaphors for Australian national space. I centre my argument within a post-Foucauldian performance theory to consider both lived experience and textual representations of queer sports spaces. This approach advocates a recursive relationship between power, discourse, and critically reflexive, geographically embedded subjects. The ethnographic basis of my findings is participant observation and a time series of in-depth interviews with over forty self-identifying gay and queer males living in Sydney. I extract two overarching themes from the bodyscapes of the games: transcendence and imprisonment. For those actively involved in the making of camp bodyscapes, mimicking the monopoly of the dominant order through the authority of national signification provided by the parade of athletes at opening ceremonies and by sporting bodies offered a transgressive vehicle. However, the pillar of hetero-normative sporting bodies in defining Australian national boundaries survived unchallenged. Sporting gay pride also worked to close rather than to open up a space for discourses about sexuality and national identity to occur. Closure from a mainstream audience occurred by jettisoning the shame that links sport, sex, and bodies. Closure also occurred amongst certain respondents who shunned the games, regarding it as disciplining bodies into ‘normalcy’.
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Lin, Yen-Ling. "Attitude of Sport Training toward Gay and Lesbian among Collegiate Student-Athletes." Sports & Exercise Research 18, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5297/ser.1804.001.

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Knijnik, Jorge. "Book Review: In the Game: Gay Athletes and the Cult of Masculinity." Gender & Society 25, no. 3 (June 2011): 391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243210379583.

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Filiault, Shaun M., and Murray J. N. Drummond. ""Muscular, But Not ‘Roided Out’": Gay Male Athletes and Performance-Enhancing Substances." International Journal of Men's Health 9, no. 1 (April 1, 2010): 62–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3149/jmh.0901.62.

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Kian, Edward M. "A Case Study on Message-Board and Media Framing of Gay Male Athletes on a Politically Liberal Web Site." International Journal of Sport Communication 8, no. 4 (December 2015): 500–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2015-0094.

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In 2013–14, Jason Collins and Michael Sam became the first 2 athletes from the 4 most popular professional leagues in the United States to publicly come out as gay during their playing careers. U.S. men’s pro team sports have historically been arenas where hegemonic masculinity flourishes and open homosexuality is nearly nonexistent. However, these athletes came out during a period when sexual minorities had won numerous civil rights and were gaining acceptance by a majority of Americans, particularly those who self-identify as politically liberal. A textual analysis examined framing of Collins’s and Sam’s coming out in articles published on the liberal political Web site MSNBC.com. Focus was placed on how these athletes, homosexuality, and masculinity were framed in the corresponding message-board comments posted in response to these articles. Five primary themes emerged from the data, showing that acceptable forms of masculinities and homosexuality in sport remain contested terrains, even on liberal message boards.
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Bridel, William, and Geneviève Rail. "Sport, Sexuality, and the Production of (Resistant) Bodies: De-/Re-Constructing the Meanings of Gay Male Marathon Corporeality." Sociology of Sport Journal 24, no. 2 (June 2007): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.24.2.127.

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Placing the sporting body and Michel Foucault’s technologies of power and of the self at the center of our research inquiry, this article explores the ways in which 12 Canadian gay male marathoners discursively construct their bodies within and beyond the marathon context. Thematic analysis of the research materials (gathered through guided conversations, written stories, and the first author’s research journal) revealed four main themes: self-governed bodily practices, body modification, the marathoning body as resistant to dominant representations of male corporeality in gay culture, and transformative potential. Following Foucault, materials were further submitted to discourse analysis through which we uncovered the appropriation of and resistance to dominant discourses. This analysis suggested the subjects’ discursive constructions as “hybrid” creations located both within, and sometimes in contest to, dominant discourses of physical activity, running, and the male body in gay culture. Our research explores the experiences of gay male athletes through a sociological lens that differs from the present literature, which has largely drawn on hegemony theory. It also adds new insights into distance running as a social phenomenon.
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Buzuvis, Erin, Sarah Litwin, and Warren Zola. "Sport Is for Everyone: A Legal Roadmap for Transgender Participation in Sport." Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport 31, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 212–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/25601.

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Sport is a vehicle for social change and should be leveraged as such in 2021 and beyond to address matters of equality. In recent years, the public has paid greater attention to transgender athletes participating in sport at all levels—high school, collegiate, professional, and Olympic—despite the fact that transgender athletes have been competing in sports for decades. Backlash has arisen in general but also more specifically in response to several recent Supreme Court cases that have both solidified and extended rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and other gender and sexual minorities. In turn, state laws that seek to limit the rights of transgender students to participate in sports have been drafted around the country. To be sure, these laws are often built on erroneous data, a misunderstanding of facts, and ignorance, but their existence continues to fuel the public debate on whether transgender athletes should be allowed to participate based on their gender identity or their sex as determined at birth.
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King, Kyle R. "Media and the Coming Out of Gay Male Athletes in American Team Sports." Quarterly Journal of Speech 105, no. 2 (February 27, 2019): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00335630.2019.1582174.

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Roper, Emily A., and Erin Halloran. "Attitudes Toward Gay Men and Lesbians Among Heterosexual Male and Female Student-Athletes." Sex Roles 57, no. 11-12 (September 29, 2007): 919–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9323-0.

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Magrath, Rory, Eric Anderson, and Steven Roberts. "On the door-step of equality: Attitudes toward gay athletes among academy-level footballers." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 50, no. 7 (July 30, 2013): 804–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690213495747.

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Anderson, Eric, and Mark McCormack. "Intersectionality, Critical Race Theory, and American Sporting Oppression: Examining Black and Gay Male Athletes." Journal of Homosexuality 57, no. 8 (August 31, 2010): 949–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2010.503502.

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Chang, Te-Sheng, Wei-Ting Hsu, and Tsai-Wei Wang. "Social Relationship Attitudes of Student-athletes toward Heterosexual, Gay, and Lesbian Peers in Taiwan." British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science 16, no. 3 (January 10, 2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjesbs/2016/26239.

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Moscowitz, Leigh M., Andrew C. Billings, Khadija Ejaz, and Jane O’Boyle. "Outside the Sports Closet: News Discourses of Professional Gay Male Athletes in the Mainstream." Journal of Communication Inquiry 43, no. 3 (December 3, 2018): 249–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0196859918808333.

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Tatos, Ted, and Hal Singer. "Antitrust Anachronism: The Interracial Wealth Transfer in Collegiate Athletics Under the Consumer Welfare Standard." Antitrust Bulletin 66, no. 3 (September 2021): 396–430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x211029481.

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Under an illusory nexus to education, intercollegiate athletics in the United States represents a multibillion-dollar enterprise that extracts economic rents from the majority Black athlete labor to the benefit of overwhelmingly White constituencies. Under the aegis of “amateurism,” member universities of the National College Athletic Association (NCAA) collude to fix maximum athlete compensation at cost-of-attendance and strip athletes of the economic rights over their own name, image, or likeness. While this anticompetitive restraint encumbers all athletes competing under the NCAA umbrella, it imposes a disparate impact on Black and other minority athletes who represent a majority of the labor in the largest revenue sports: football and basketball. Although White coaches are the most visible beneficiaries of this anticompetitive restraint, the scope of amateurism’s interracial distributional effects has largely remained uncovered. This article seeks to fill this gap in the literature. Leveraging data from multiple sources, including institutional financial reports and the NCAA Demographics Database from 2007–2020, this article quantifies the NCAA’s wealth transfer away from primarily Black athlete labor to institutions and overwhelmingly White constituencies. Under the NCAA’ restraint, we estimate that Black football and men’s and women’s basketball athletes at the Division I Power 5 Conference level have lost approximately $17 billion to $21 billion in compensation from 2005 to 2019 or roughly $1.2–$1.4 billion per year. The antitrust status quo’s failure to enjoin the NCAA’s collusive wage-fixing restraint, which causes such obvious antitrust injury and harm to athlete labor, underscores the fundamental shortcomings of using the consumer-welfare standard as the exclusive lodestar to investigate and enjoin anticompetitive conduct; it also exposes the divergence between “amateurism” as described in Board of Regents and the modern-day realities of college athletics.
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Chawansky, Megan, and Jessica Margaret Francombe. "Cruising for Olivia: Lesbian Celebrity and the Cultural Politics of Coming Out in Sport." Sociology of Sport Journal 28, no. 4 (December 2011): 461–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.28.4.461.

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This paper explores issues of sport, sponsorship, and consumption by critically interrogating the mass-mediated “coming out” narratives of professional golfer, Rosie Jones, and professional basketball player, Sheryl Swoopes. Both athletes came out publicly as gay in light of endorsements received by Olivia Cruises and Resorts—a company that serves lesbian travelers—thus marking a significant shift in the relationship between lesbian subjectivity, sport, and sponsorship. A concern with a neoliberal-infused GLBT politics underscores our analysis, and a close reading of these narratives raises complex questions about the corporatization of coming out and the existence of lesbian celebrity in sport.
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Jessop, Alicia, and Joe Sabin. "The Sky Is Not Falling: Why Name, Image, and Likeness Legislation Does Not Violate Title IX and Could Narrow the Publicity Gap Between Men’s Sport and Women’s Sport Athletes." Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport 31, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 253–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/25602.

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For decades, the National Collegiate Athletic Association’s (“NCAA”) amateurism rules have largely prevented NCAA athletes from commercializing their names, images, and likenesses (“NIL”). The right to license and profit from one’s own image, often referred to as the “Right of Publicity,” is explicitly recognized by statute or common law in 35 states. No federal Right of Publicity statute exists, but in 1977, the United States Supreme Court recognized the right. However, until 2021, NCAA athletes were precluded from benefiting from this right, as under the NCAA’s amateurism principle, “An individual loses amateur status and thus shall not be eligible for intercollegiate competition in a particular sport ...” if he “[u]ses athletics skill (directly or indirectly) for pay in any form in that sport.” Until July 1, 2021, by becoming an NCAA athlete and complying with the NCAA’s Bylaws to maintain eligibility, NCAA athletes gave up their right to benefit from their NIL while competing in NCAA athletics. This relinquishment put full commercial marketing control of the athlete, their team, and the college sport in the NCAA’s hands. Research shows that despite the application of Title IX to sport in 1975, NCAA women’s sports have not been commercially marketed in parity with NCAA men’s sports, with NCAA men’s sports experiencing significant publicity and sponsorship windfalls. This article examines the recent decision by the NCAA to allow NCAA athletes to benefit from their NIL, the potential Title IX implications of the decision, and how the decision could narrow the publicity gap between NCAA men’s and women’s sport athletes in furtherance of the plain language and intent of Title IX.
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Parietti, Megan L., Sue Sutherland, and Donna L. Pastore. "Parental involvement in the lives of intercollegiate athletes." Journal of Amateur Sport 3, no. 3 (November 28, 2017): 106–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/jas.v3i3.6510.

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Research has been growing on the topic of parental involvement in the lives of their children, and the concept of overinvolved parents. Little research has examined these topics in regards to intercollegiate student-athletes. This study addresses that gap by examining parental involvement in regards to intercollegiate student-athletes and their athletic and academic endeavors. Specifically it examines how involved parents are in the lives of their intercollegiate student-athlete children, and the concept of overinvolvement in regards to this population. A qualitative, case-study method was utilized for this research. Participants included eight intercollegiate student-athletes and the five academic advisors for athletics that worked with them. Participants completed two interviews and one journal, and all of the data was analyzed utilizing thematic analysis. The themes that emerged were types of involvement, increasing involvement, overinvolvement, outcomes of overinvolvement, and the fine line between healthy involvement and overinvolvement. The present study offers insight into how student-athletes and academic advisors perceive parental involvement. This knowledge can be utilized by practitioners to improve how they communicate with parents and student-athletes. Also, researchers can employ this information to improve the overall understanding of parental involvement in regards to athletes.
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Murray, Ashnil, and Adam White. "Twelve not so angry men: Inclusive masculinities in Australian contact sports." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 52, no. 5 (October 15, 2015): 536–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690215609786.

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Sport’s utility in the development of a conservative orthodox ideal of masculinity based upon homophobia, aggression and emotional restrictiveness is well evidenced in critical masculinities scholarship. However, contemporary research is reflecting a more nuanced understanding of male behaviour in many Western contexts, with men performing softer and more inclusive versions of masculinities. Through exploring the experiences of twelve Australian contact sport athletes, this research establishes findings to support the growing body of inclusive masculinities research. Results show that these men value a softer representation of masculinity based upon pro-gay sentiments and being emotionally open, while often being critical of aspects of orthodox masculinities which male team sport previously promoted.
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Anderson, Eric. "Shifting Masculinities in Anglo American Countries." Masculinities & Social Change 1, no. 1 (February 21, 2012): 40–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4471/mcs.2012.03.

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This article provides an overview of the changing nature ofmasculinities in several English speaking cultures. The evidence andtheory come from numerous investigations into masculinities amongboth gay and straight male youths in the United States, UnitedKingdom, Canada and Australia. Collectively, I show that culturalhomophobia is rapidly decreasing among young men in these cultures, and that this is particularly true of teamsport athletes. I suggest that thedominant way of theorizing masculinities over the previous quartercentury, hegemonic masculinity theory, is incapable of explaining thesechanges. Thus, I introduce a new theory, inclusive masculinity theory, and the new heuristic concept of homohysteria, to make sense of thechanging nature of young men’s masculinities.
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Gough, Brendan. "Coming Out in the Heterosexist World of Sport: A Qualitative Analysis of Web Postings by Gay Athletes." Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy 11, no. 1-2 (June 28, 2007): 153–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j236v11n01_11.

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Gough, Brendan. "Coming out in the heterosexist world of sport: A qualitative analysis of web postings by gay athletes." Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health 11, no. 1 (2007): 153–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2007.9962476.

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Mullin, Elizabeth M. "Further Reliability and Validity of the Heterosexist Attitudes in Sport—Lesbian Scale." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 24, no. 1 (April 2016): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2014-0051.

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Homophobia and heterosexism in women’s collegiate athletics has been predominantly researched using qualitatively methodology (e.g., Blinde & Taub, 1992; Kauer & Krane, 2006; Krane 1996, 1997; Krane & Barber, 2003). Few researchers have examined the heterosexist attitudes from a quantitative perspective and few with a sport—specific questionnaire. The researcher examined whether on-going evidence of reliability and validity for the Heterosexist Attitudes in Sport—Lesbian scale (Mullin, 2013) questionnaire would be demonstrated. Female collegiate athletes (N = 239) from the mid-Atlantic region completed the HAS-L as well as a battery of questionnaires. Approximately 4 weeks later, participants completed the HAS-L again. The HAS-L was significantly related with the Attitudes toward Lesbians subscale of the Attitudes toward Lesbians and Gay Males—Short scale (Herek & McLemore, 2011) and other identified correlates of heterosexism, suggesting evidence of some criterion-related and convergent validity. Internal consistency and test-retest estimates ranged from .50–85 and .64–.91, respectively. The findings demonstrate good evidence of reliability and validity for the Cognitive/Affective subscale of the HAS-L. More research is necessary to better examine the behavioral subscales. Future researchers should consider making revisions of the Avoidance of the Lesbian Label subscale to achieve acceptable levels of reliability and validity.
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Mehta, Dr Vikas. "Role and Benefits of Sports Psychology for the Improvement of Performance of Sports Persons." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 1443–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40618.

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Abstract: The acceptance of sport psychology, both as an academic discipline as well as an applied process, has grown considerably over the past 2 years. Sports performance is determined by a combination of physiological factors, technical skill, tactical insight and state of mind. Every top sportsperson knows that their best performances come from their mind as much as their body. Not many to the world of competitive athletics would argue with the significance of being psychologically ready just before an athletic competition along with the want to help keep this specific mindset during a competitive competition. As a result, the goal of this report is actually providing the viewer with a basic framework depicting how mental skills education translates into enhanced competition efficiency. This particular framework is meant to help bridge the common "understanding gap" that's presently being described by a lot of coaches and athletes, while simultaneously helping sport psychology practitioners market their valuable services to specific athletes & teams. The paper concluded by stating sport psychology must be used as scientific instruction ways for athletes to be able to improve sports performance. Keyword: sports psychology, athlete, performance
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