Academic literature on the topic 'Gay activists – Europe'
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Journal articles on the topic "Gay activists – Europe"
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O’Dwyer, Conor. "The Benefits of Backlash: EU Accession and the Organization of LGBT Activism in Postcommunist Poland and the Czech Republic." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 32, no. 4 (April 10, 2018): 892–923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325418762051.
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How can we explain variation in the organization of LGBT activism in postcommunist Europe, both across countries and over time? Much of the extant scholarship has analyzed the comparative politics of homosexuality in the region in terms of transnational norm diffusion occurring within the context of EU accession and integration. Thus, it emphasizes the empowerment of domestic gay rights groups either through maximizing the leverage of their external allies or through increasing their linkage with transnational advocacy networks. This paper argues that the effectiveness of these diffusion mechanisms is strongly constrained by the collective action problems faced by gay rights activists in societies with a legacy of civil society underdevelopment, such as in postcommunist Europe. We argue that hard-right backlash is a critical domestic factor that can help overcome these collective action problems, enabling gay rights activists to find resonant frames, build internal solidarity, and win allies—even when social movement resources are minimal. The research focuses on a close comparison of Poland and the Czech Republic since 1989 and draws on field interviews and original sources to process-trace the resonance of LGBT rights frames and how activism is organized. By building organizationally robust activism, postcommunist gay rights movements lay claim to full membership in the political community, exercise civil rights as LGBT citizens (not merely as private ones), and expand the sphere of “sexual citizenship.”
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Herzog, Dagmar. "Desire's Politics: Félix Guattari and the Renewal of the Psychoanalytic Left." Psychoanalysis and History 18, no. 1 (January 2016): 7–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/pah.2016.0176.
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The work of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari is experiencing a considerable revival in the early twenty-first century, among queer, disability, economic justice, and environmental activists, but also among psychoanalysts across a global geographical range. This essay revisits the key coauthored text of Anti-Oedipus (1972) – with its innovative mix of ideas taken from the work of Wilhelm Reich, Melanie Klein, Jacques Lacan, and Frantz Fanon – as well as an array of Guattari's subsequent writings in order to make an argument for Guattari as not just a critic of stultifying existing forms of psychoanalysis but also as a highly creative revitalizer of the psychoanalytic project. This project was, under the impact not least of the sexual revolution, feminism, and gay rights as well as New Left, anticolonial, and antiwar activism, undergoing substantial transformation as the locus of intensive productivity was shifting from the US to Western Europe and Latin America.
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Malinas, Mark. "The rise of shareholder activism—what you need to know." APPEA Journal 55, no. 2 (2015): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj14083.
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The past few years have seen a dramatic rise in shareholder activism in Europe and the US and it is a trend becoming more common in Australia. Companies operating in the oil and gas sector have been subject to particular attention and there are a growing number of examples of this in Australia. The targets of shareholder activism range in size and performance, but are often companies with perceived board weakness, those that are considered to adhere to outdated corporate governance, those whose strategic direction is in question or those that have an under-performing share price, though other factors can also be relevant. Using these issues or concerns as a pretext, activists are increasingly focused on using tactics that allow them to exert control or exercise influence to realise returns or agitate for change in companies that: have significant assets (such as oil and gas reserves) relative to their market value; have high costs, large capital expenditures and long revenue generation lead time (such as exploration projects); or, operate in low growth or fluctuating markets (such as with the price of oil and gas). Unsurprisingly, the oil and gas sector is being increasingly seen by certain funds and investors as fertile ground for shareholder activism. The Australian legal landscape also presents shareholders with a platform from which to exert influence. For instance: shareholders are able to requisition general meetings (and resolutions to be put to those meetings) if they hold sufficient shares and put the entire board up for re-election following the introduction of the two strikes rule; and, directors are required to adhere to statutory and common law duties in responding to shareholders. Shareholder activist campaigns are often played out in public and can be highly disruptive to companies’ operations. Accordingly, directors and senior management of oil and gas companies should be aware of shareholder activism in Australia and, in the broader interests of all shareholders and their company, consider how they should respond or be ready to respond. This may be done through various processes, including testing the company’s perceived weaknesses and addressing them and having a plan to address activism should it arise.
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Marushiakova, Elena, and Vesselin Popov. "‘Letter to Stalin’: Roma Activism vs. Gypsy Nomadism in Central, South-Eastern and Eastern Europe before WWII." Social Inclusion 8, no. 2 (June 4, 2020): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v8i2.2777.
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<p>From the beginning, academic research on Gypsies in Western Europe has presented their nomadic way of life as their most important and essential feature, a key pillar of their community identity. Measures for their sedentarisation were perceived as a shackle in a chain of persecutions, and the policy of sedentarisation conducted in the 1950s–1970s in Central, South-Eastern, and Eastern Europe has continuously been interpreted as an example of the crimes of the communist regimes against the human and cultural rights of Roma. What has been missing, however, in these interpretations is the stance on the issue of nomadism as expressed by the Roma themselves and, more specifically, by the Roma civic elite: namely, by the Roma activists who initiated the Roma civic emancipation and created the first Roma organizations in the regions. In recent years, a need to critically re-think the field of Romani Studies in order to take into account the viewpoint of the studied community comes in the foreground of academic and civil society discussions. Such re-consideration is unavoidable also in studying the field of Roma history. This article strives to fill this knowledge gap and to initiate a new discussion about the issue of the so-called Gypsy nomadism. The viewpoints on this issue, coming from the Roma civic elite itself, are presented primarily on the basis of historical evidence from the interwar period, but are not limited to its framework. Finally, later historical developments in the issue of Roma activists’ approach to Gypsy nomadism will also be outlined, including its contemporary dimensions.</p>
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Ataç, Ilker, Kim Rygiel, and Maurice Stierl. "Building Transversal Solidarities in European Cities: Open Harbours, Safe Communities, Home." Critical Sociology 47, no. 6 (January 4, 2021): 923–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0896920520980522.
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Over the past years, we have seen a rise in political mobilisations in EUrope and elsewhere, by and in solidarity with migrant newcomers. This article focuses on specific examples of what we conceptualise as transversal solidarities by and with migrants, and rooted in the city, the focus of this special issue. The examples we explore in this article include: Trampoline House, a civil society organisation which provides a home to migrant newcomers in Copenhagen; Queer Base, an activist organisation in Vienna providing support for LGBTIQ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex and Queer) migrants; and finally, the Palermo Charter Process, a coalition of diverse groups seeking to create open harbours and ‘corridors of solidarity’, from the Mediterranean to cities throughout EUrope. While these examples are situated in and across different urban spaces, they share a common grounding in building solidarity through spaces of encounters related to ideas of home, community, and harbour. By exploring these distinct solidarity initiatives in tandem, we examine, on the one hand, how the production of spaces of encounters is linked to building transversal solidarities and, on the other, how transversal solidarities also connect different spaces of solidarity across different political scales.
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JONES, MATTHEW J. "“Enough of Being Basely Tearful”: “Glitter and Be Gay” and the Camp Politics of Queer Resistance." Journal of the Society for American Music 10, no. 4 (October 27, 2016): 422–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752196316000341.
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AbstractUpon its publication in 1759, Voltaire'sCandide, or The Optimistscandalized Europe. Banned for its blasphemous and politically seditious content, it became asuccès de scandaleand one of the most widely read books of its time. Leonard Bernstein adapted Voltaire's work for the stage in the 1950s. With its emphasis on the improbable, the artificial, and the insouciant,Candidepractically begs for a camp (re)interpretation, and it is just such an analysis I offer here. After outlining camp as social critique, I turn to Cunégonde's aria “Glitter and Be Gay” and trace its path through camp's causeways in two different decades: first, in the United States of the 1950s, a period marked by McCarthy's witch-hunts, Cold War anxieties, intense homophobia, and the composer's personal struggle to accept his homosexuality, and second, in the late 1980s, when singer, songwriter, and AIDS activist Michael Callen (1955–1993) recorded his own camped-up version of “Glitter and Be Gay” for what would become his last musical project, a posthumous double album entitledLegacy(1996). By following Cunégonde's sparkling trail of glitter and gemstones through two historical moments, I demonstrate how camp functions as a tool of queer resistance across the last half of the twentieth century.
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Tsavdaroglou, Charalampos. "Reimagining a Transnational Right to the City: No Border Actions and Commoning Practices in Thessaloniki." Social Inclusion 7, no. 2 (June 27, 2019): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v7i2.1973.
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Although there is extensive literature on State migration policies and NGO activities, there are few studies on the common struggles between refugees and local activists. This article aims to fill this research gap by focusing on the impact of the transnational No Border camp that took place in Thessaloniki in 2016. The border region of northern Greece, with its capital Thessaloniki, is at the heart of the so-called refugee crisis and it is marked by a large number of solidarity initiatives. After the sealing of the “Balkan corridor”, the Greek State relocated thousands of refugees into isolated and inappropriate camps on the outskirts of Thessaloniki. Numerous local and international initiatives, with the participation of refugees from the camps, self-organized a transnational No Border camp in the city center that challenged State policies. By claiming the right to the city, activists from all over Europe, together with refugees, built direct-democratic assemblies and organized a multitude of direct actions, demonstrations, and squats that marked the city’s social body with spatial disobedience and transnational commoning practices. Here, activism emerges as an important field of research and this article aims to contribute to activists’ literature on migration studies after 2015. The article is based on militant research and inspired by the Lefebvrian right to the city, the autonomy of migration, and common space approaches. The right to the city refers to the rights to freedom, socialization, and habitation, but also to the right to reinvent and change the city. It was recently enhanced by approaches on common spaces and the way these highlight the production of spaces based on solidarity, mutual help, common care, and direct democracy. The main findings of this study point to how the struggle of migrants when crossing physical and social borders inspires local solidarity movements for global networking and opens up new possibilities to reimagine and reinvent transnational common spaces.
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Lambert, Sébastien, and Thomas Swerts. "‘From Sanctuary to Welcoming Cities’: Negotiating the Social Inclusion of Undocumented Migrants in Liège, Belgium." Social Inclusion 7, no. 4 (November 28, 2019): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v7i4.2326.
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Cities have become important sites of sanctuary for migrants with a precarious legal status. While many national governments in Europe have adopted restrictive immigration policies, urban governments have undertaken measures to safeguard undocumented residents’ rights. Existing scholarship on sanctuary cities has mostly focused on how cities’ stance against federal immigration policies can be interpreted as urban citizenship. What is largely missing in these debates, however, is a better insight into the role that local civil society actors play in pushing for sanctuary and negotiating the terms of social in- and exclusion. In this article, we rely on a qualitative study of the 2017 Sanctuary City campaign in Liège, Belgium, to argue that power relations between (and among) civil society actors and city officials help to explain why the meaning and inclusiveness of ‘sanctuary’ shifted over time. Initially, radical activists were able to politicize the issue by demanding the social inclusion of the ‘sans-papiers’ through grassroots mobilization. However, the cooptation of the campaign by immigrant rights organizations led to the adoption of a motion wherein the local government depicted the city as a ‘welcoming’ instead of a ‘sanctuary’ city. By showing how immigrant rights professionals sidelined radical activists during the campaign, we highlight the risk of depoliticization when civil society actors decide to cooperate with local governments to extend immigrant rights. We also underline the potential representational gap that emerges when those who are directly implicated, namely undocumented migrants, are not actively involved in campaigns that aim to improve their inclusion.
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Mazurek, Małgorzata. "Measuring Development: An Intellectual and Political History of Ludwik Landau’s Scale of World Inequality." Contemporary European History 28, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 156–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777318000504.
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This article examines contributions of the chief economic statistician and socialist activist Ludwik Landau (1902–1944) that empirically investigated Poland’s underdevelopment in the framework of world capitalist economy. Landau pioneered a structural approach to measure the global gap between rich and poor countries in 1938–9, when such a synthetic view was largely unimaginable. Landau’s main work in international comparative statistics,World Economy, scholarly elaborated his socialist views on the necessity of non-capitalist development for Poland and other poor regions in agrarian Europe, Africa, Asia and Latin America. I argue that the Polish experience bestowed epistemic advantage in understanding the non-industrialised world and became a starting point from which to explore underdevelopment globally. This article concludes with a discussion of the political and epistemic significance of Landau’s work and how it figures in the larger history of development and statistical measurement of the world.
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Radyshevskyi, Rostyslav. "The Issues of “Europe” or “West” in the Discourse of the Artistic Ukrainian Movement." Bibliotekarz Podlaski Ogólnopolskie Naukowe Pismo Bibliotekoznawcze i Bibliologiczne 51, no. 2 (August 16, 2021): 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.36770/bp.611.
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The article raises the issue of European principles in both Ukrainian literature and culture. Particular attention is paid to criticism of the interwar period and Dmitry Dontsov, the editor of The Bulletin and the ideologist of volitional nationalism. It analyses in detail critical remarks and theses by Y. Kosach concerning the “separation” of Ukrainian literature from Europe and the “gap” between humanism and the Ukrainian literary tradition caused by D. Dontsov and The Bulletin.The influence of D. Dontsov’s Eurocentric ideas on Y. Kosach’s critical literary essay “On Guard of the Nation” is identified and interpreted. It is proved that D. Dontsov’s essential principles: nationalism, idealism, voluntarism, and heroism became the basis for Y. Kosach’s essay. Based on the matching nature of the fundamental concepts of D. Dontsov and Y. Kosach in the essay “On Guard of the Nation”, it was discovered that the views of both thinkers on the specific Ukrainian quality of being European, and on the problem of Europeanism were generally identical. In the essay “On Guard of the Nation”, Y. Kosach distinguished heroism, activist psychology, and chivalry as the primordial and leading motives of Ukrainian literary works. In the report “The Crisis of Contemporary Ukrainian Literature”, the words that used to be almost sacred for Y. Kosach of Dontsov’s era – “Gothic”, “literary imperialism”, “heroic, dynamic literature”, “true Occidentalism”, “traditional Europeanism” – sounded with a great deal of sarcasm and negation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gay activists – Europe"
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Gillespie, Lauren. "Impact of tree diversity and climate change on soil microbial functioning in European forests along a latitudinal gradient." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG004.
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Les microorganismes du sol sont des acteurs principaux des cycles biogéochimiques terrestres car ils sont impliqués dans la séquestration du C dans les sols, la fertilité des sols ou l’émission de gaz à effet serre dans l’atmosphère. L’activité de ces microorganismes est fortement influencée par les caractéristiques des communautés des plantes, notamment leur abondance, composition et diversité. Cette influence des plantes est susceptible d’être modifiée par des conséquences du changement climatique comme par exemple des périodes de sécheresse qui sont prédites d’augmenter en fréquence dans l’avenir proche. Lors de cette thèse, j’ai cherché à comprendre comment le mélange des espèces d’arbres en interaction avec la sécheresse influence le fonctionnement microbien. J’ai comparé des communautés d’arbres dominées par une seule espèce avec des communautés composées de trois espèces dominantes d’arbres dans quatre types de forêt le long d’un gradient latitudinal en Europe.Avec différentes mesures d’activités microbiennes telles que l’utilisation de plusieurs substrats carbonés ou l’activité de dénitrification dans des sols échantillonnés dans ces forêts européennes, j’ai évalué l’impact du mélange des espèces d’arbres à travers des traits de litière et de racines absorptives sur le fonctionnement microbien. Des modèles linéaires généraux et des modèles d'équations structurelles ont montré que le fonctionnement microbien n’était pas systématiquement affecté par le mélange des espèces d’arbres, mais qu’il existait potentiellement des effets de cascades via la qualité de la litière et la colonisation des racines par les ectomycorhizes.Avec une expérience en microcosme à l’Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, j’ai testé comment des cycles d’asséchement et réhumectation (DRW) répétés affectent la diversité taxonomique et catabolique microbienne ainsi que le fonctionnement microbien, et si ces effets étaient modifiés par le mélange des espèces d’arbres. Malgré une large gamme de types de sol et de forêts, j’ai trouvé une association robuste entre les forêts mélangées et i) une résistance plus élevée de la respiration et de l’activité de dénitrification microbiennes ainsi que ii) des niveaux de stress des microorganismes du sol plus bas en réponse aux cycles DRW répétés, un scénario amené à devenir plus commun avec le changement climatique actuel.Ces résultats nous renseignent sur les mécanismes de l’impact du mélange des espèces d’arbres et des cycles de sécheresse sur le fonctionnement des communautés microbiennes du sol forestier et suggèrent qu’un mélange de différentes espèces d’arbres pourrait rendre les communautés microbiennes du sol et leur fonctionnement plus résistant face au changement climatiqueForest soil microorganisms are important drivers of biogeochemical cycling, influencing thus soil C sequestration, soil fertility, and the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Microbial activity is strongly affected by plant communities, their composition and diversity, and the abundance of particular species. Climate change factors such as the predicted increased droughts are susceptible to modify these plant effects. In this PhD thesis, I aimed to understand how tree species mixing and increased drought interactively influence the activity of soil microbial communities. I compared forest communities dominated by one single tree species with communities co-dominated by three different tree species in four different European forest types along a climatic gradient.By measuring different microbial processes, such as the respiration induced by different carbon substrates or denitrification activity, in soil samples collected in the different European forests, I tested the relative influence of tree species mixing through litter traits and absorptive root traits on microbial functioning. Generalized mixed-effects linear models and structural equation models showed that the soil microbial functioning was not consistently affected by tree species mixing, but it potentially had cascading effects via litter quality and the colonization rate of roots by ectomycorrhizal fungi.I then used a microcosm experiment set up in the European Ecotron in Montpellier to test how repeated drying-rewetting (DRW) cycles affect taxonomic and catabolic diversity of soil microbial communities and their functioning, and whether tree species mixing modifies these effects. I found that tree species mixing had no influence on the composition of soil microbial communities. However, despite a wide range of soil and forest types, our results showed a robust and consistent association between mixed tree species forests and higher resistance of soil microbial respiration and denitrification, as well as with lower soil microbial stress levels in response to repeated DRW cycles, a scenario expected to become more common with ongoing climate change.These results help to better understand the underlying mechanisms of how tree species mixing and DRW, predicted to become more frequent under future climatic change, affect soil microbial communities and their functioning. The data suggest that microbial communities from mono-specific forest stands resist less to increased drought than those from mixed tree species forests which may thus mitigate drought effects
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ELEFTHERIADIS, Konstantinos. "Gender and sexual politics in Europe : queer festivals and their counterpublics." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/34843.
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Defence date: 4 November 2014Examining Board: Professor Donatella della Porta EUI/Supervisor; Professor Didier Eribon, University of Amiens, External Supervisor; Professor Verta Taylor, University of California-Santa Barbara; Professor Olivier Roy, EUI.
Queer festivals make up a part of the legacy of queer activism, as it has developed in North America and Europe from the late 80s onwards. Their political discourse is based on a confrontational style of address, while their content is largely inspired by poststructuralist views of identities as a tool through which power operates (Butler, 1990). However, the 'constant deconstruction of identities… undermine[s] the claims to strength and unity of their own rights movement' (Jasper et al., forthcoming: 29). The anti-identity paradox (Jasper et al., forthcoming; or the 'queer dilemma', Gamson, 1995) entails the failure to avoid the construction of a new identity, built precisely on the same discourse it attempts to deconstruct. Thus, the following puzzle emerges: If we assume that queer politics are based on this 'anti-identity' paradox, on which kind of identity, then, can they mobilize? In other words, given that the identity they attempt to build leads to their selfdestruction, how can queer politics, over time, strengthen and spread across Europe?
Books on the topic "Gay activists – Europe"
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Services, Clarkson Research. North West Europe offshore activity to 2023: Including the 2015 North West Europe offshore oil & gas directory. 4th ed. London, England: Clarkson Research Services Limited, 2015.
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Manfred, Herzer, Bauer J. E, and Akademie der Künste (Berlin, Germany), eds. 100 Jahre Schwulenbewegung: Dokumentation einer Vortragsreihe in der Akademie der Künste. Berlin: Rosa Winkel, 1998.
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Manfred, Baumgardt, Schwules Museum, and Akademie der Künste (Berlin, Germany), eds. Goodbye to Berlin?: 100 Jahre Schwulenbewegung : eine Ausstellung des Schwulen Museums und der Akademie der Künste, 17. Mai bis 17. August 1997. Berlin: R. Winkel, 1997.
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Sweetapple, Christopher, ed. The Queer Intersectional in Contemporary Germany. Gießen: Psychosozial-Verlag, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30820/9783837974447.
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Anti-racist and queer politics have tentatively converged in the activist agendas, organizing strategies and political discourses of the radical left all over the world. Pejoratively dismissed as »identity politics«, the significance of this cross-pollination of theorizing and political solidarities has yet to be fully countenanced. Even less well understood, coalitions of anti-racist and queer activisms in western Europe have fashioned durable organizations and creative interventions to combat regnant anti-Muslim and anti-migrant racism within mainstream gay and lesbian culture and institutions, just as the latter consolidates and capitalizes on their uneven inclusions into national and international orders. The essays in this volume represent a small snapshot of writers working at this point of convergence between anti-racist and queer politics and scholarship from the context of Germany. Translated for the first time into English, these four writers and texts provide a compelling introduction to what the introductory essay calls »a Berlin chapter of the Queer Intersectional«, that is, an international justice movement conducted in the key of academic analysis and political speech which takes inspiration from and seeks to synthesize the fruitful concoction of anti-racist, queer, feminist and anti-capitalist traditions, movements and theories. With contributions by Judith Butler, Zülfukar Çetin, Sabine Hark, Daniel Hendrickson, Heinz-Jürgen-Voß, Salih Alexander Wolter and Koray Yılmaz-Günay
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Lucy, Robinson, and Robinson Lucy. Gay men and the left in post-war Britain: How the personal got political. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007.
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Jean, Genet. Querelle. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1987.
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Jean, Genet. Querelle of Brest. London: Paladin, 1987.
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Jean, Genet. Querelle of Brest. London: Faber and Faber, 1990.
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Hocquenghem, Guy, and Scott Branson. Gay Liberation after May '68. Duke University Press, 2022.
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Gay Liberation after May '68. Duke University Press, 2022.
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Weaver, Cai. "“I’m Gay, but I’m Not Like Those Perverts”: Perceptions of Self, the LGBT Community, and LGBT Activists Among Gay and Bisexual Russian Men." In LGBTQ+ Activism in Central and Eastern Europe, 101–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20401-3_5.
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Baker, James E., Kelly A. Clancy, and Benjamin Clancy. "Putin as Gay Icon? Memes as a Tactic in Russian LGBT+ Activism." In LGBTQ+ Activism in Central and Eastern Europe, 209–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20401-3_9.
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Bilić, Bojan. "Europe ♥ Gays? Europeanisation and Pride Parades in Serbia." In LGBT Activism and Europeanisation in the Post-Yugoslav Space, 117–53. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57261-5_5.
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Glenn, Clinton. "Mы нe oшибкa (We Are Not an Error): Documentary Film and LGBT Activism Against the Russian Anti-“Gay Propaganda” Campaign." In LGBTQ+ Activism in Central and Eastern Europe, 77–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20401-3_4.
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Menasalvas, Ernestina, Nik Swoboda, Ana Moreno, Andreas Metzger, Aristide Rothweiler, Niki Pavlopoulou, and Edward Curry. "Recognition of Formal and Non-formal Training in Data Science." In The Elements of Big Data Value, 311–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68176-0_13.
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AbstractThe fields of Big Data, Data Analytics and Data Science, which are key areas of current and future industrial demand, are quickly growing and evolving. Within Europe, there is a significant skills gap which needs to be addressed. A key activity is to ensure we meet future needs for skills and align the supply of educational offerings with the demands from industry and society. In this chapter, we detail one step in this direction, a programme to recognise Data Science skills. The chapter introduces the data skills challenge and the importance of formal and non-formal education. It positions data skills within a framework for skills and education, and it reviews key projects which have advanced the data skills agenda. It then introduces recognition frameworks for formal and non-formal Data Science training, and it details a methodology to achieve consensus between interested stakeholders in both academia and industry, and the platforms needed to be deployed for the proposal. Finally, we present a case study of the application of recognition frameworks within an online educational portal for students.
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Moore, Niamh. "‘Wibbly-wobbly timey-wimey’ LGBT histories: community archives as boundary objects." In Communities, Archives and New Collaborative Practices, 195–206. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447341895.003.0014.
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This chapter offers a ‘wibbly-wobbly’ account of a Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transsexual (LGBT) community history and archiving project, How We Got Here. The project was initiated by The Proud Trust (TPT), ‘home of LGBT+ youth’, a regional network of LGBT youth groups across Manchester and North West England, who partnered with a number of organisations, including Schools OUT UK. The project traced three interrelated threads of LGBT activism that were particularly focused on Manchester and the north-west of England, but both the project and the original activism also paid attention to how the city and region are inevitably enmeshed in national and global politics. The three strands of activism are centred on: the establishment of the first purpose-built gay centre in Europe, in Manchester in 1988, now managed by TPT; work in schools, supporting teachers and pupils, including the setting up and campaigning of Schools OUT UK (formerly called the Gay Teachers' Group); and histories of LGBT youth work in Manchester. Thus, the project also centred on histories of LGBT activism that rarely receive attention — including the campaigning of teachers and youth workers in schools and youth clubs and beyond.
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Thomas, Daniel C. "Membership Eligibility in a Europe of Parliamentary Democracies, 1962–1969." In The Limits of Europe, 137–58. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199206711.003.0006.
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This chapter uses extensive archival evidence to demonstrate how the membership norm adopted by the community in early 1962—that only parliamentary democracies are eligible for membership—shaped European Economic Community decisions on Spain, Turkey, and Greece in the 1960s. Despite its prior openness to Madrid, the EEC rejected Spain’s quest for association in 1962 after trade union activists and members of the European parliament highlighted the gap between the new norm and the repressiveness of the Spanish regime. Despite deep concerns about the under-developed state of the Turkish economy, the EEC approved an association agreement in 1963 that recognized Turkey’s membership eligibility after the country re-established its democratic institutions. And despite the advanced state of the association agreement with Greece, the EEC froze further developments following that country’s military coup in 1967 and linked further progress to a restoration of democracy in Athens.
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Rehak, David, Martin Hromada, Ilias Gkotsis, Anna Gazi, Evita Agrafioti, Anastasia Chalkidou, Karolina Jurkiewicz, Fabio Bolletta, and Clemente Fuggini. "Validation Strategy as a Part of the European Gas Network Protection." In Issues on Risk Analysis for Critical Infrastructure Protection [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94644.
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The European gas network currently includes approximately 200,000 km high pressure transmission and distribution pipelines. The needs and requirements of this network are focused on risk-based security asset management, impacts and cascading effects of cyber-physical attacks on interdependent and interconnected European Gas grids. The European SecureGas project tackles these issues by implementing, updating, and incrementally improving extended components, which are contextualized, customized, deployed, demonstrated and validated in three business cases, according to scenarios defined by the end-users. Just validation is considered to be a key end activity, the essence of which is the evaluation of the proposed solution to determine whether it satisfies specified requirements. Therefore, the chapter deals with the validation strategy that can be implemented for the verification of these objectives and evaluation of technological based solutions which aim to strengthen the resilience of the European gas network.
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Deutschmann, Emanuel. "Four Paths toward a Comparative Sociology of Regional Integration." In Mapping the Transnational World, 29–76. Princeton University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691226491.003.0002.
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This chapter identifies four paths that lead—from different angles—to the same main gap in past research: the lack of consideration given to the general tendency of transnational human activity to agglomerate within world regions and the missing sociological discussion of why this clustering happens and what it implies. The first path leads to this gap from below—that is, emanating from the nation-state society and the transnational activity that occurs when its borders are crossed. The second path comes from above—that is, from systems- and institutions-centered takes on “world-system,” “world polity,” or “world society.” Meanwhile, the third path comes from Europe, where sociologists have conceptualized regional integration via cross-border interaction. Finally, the fourth path comes from political science, where there is both an old tradition of comparative-universalist integration research and a new subdiscipline that revived this tradition. The chapter argues that this strand may, even though it focuses predominantly on institutionalized political integration, serve as a beacon for a sociological equivalent, a Comparative Sociology of Regional Integration.
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Erdos, David. "First-Generation European Data Protection Regulation and Professional Journalism." In European Data Protection Regulation, Journalism, and Traditional Publishers, 57–69. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841982.003.0004.
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This chapter explores the interface between professional journalism and early efforts at European data protection regulation prior to the genesis of the Data Protection Directive in the 1990s. Despite some pan-European efforts to explore this interaction including through the Council of Europe’s Committee of Experts on Data Protection, European States took a strongly divergent approach to this from the beginning. In many cases, a clear gap—generally in favour of the media—was apparent between the statutory requirements laid down in law and practical implementation on the ground. Nevertheless, a number of Nordic Data Protection Authorities made a sustained and far-reaching attempt to constrain media databases including, in some cases, by banning publicly available electronic news archives entirely and heavily regulating internal record-keeping or press libraries. This regulation was particularly focused on ensuring a right to be forgotten, to rehabilitation, and to the rectification of inaccuracies. However, this stringent approach came under sustained attack especially following the birth of the World Wide Web. The end of the period was marked by a growing consensus that most journalistic activity did fall within the scope of data protection but that wide-ranging derogations from its default norms were necessary in order to safeguard freedom of expression.
Conference papers on the topic "Gay activists – Europe"
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Kemp, Alexander G., and Linda Stephen. "Enhancing Activity Levels in the UK Continental Shelf in a Low Price Environment." In SPE Offshore Europe Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/56925-ms.
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Parr, R. S., D. Cowper, and B. C. Mitchener. "The search for mountains of oil: Exploration activity in the Atlantic Margin, West Of Shetland." In SPE Offshore Europe Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/56897-ms.
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Laddha, Chetan, Lorna Ortiz-Soto, Leslie Baksmaty, and Juan Dominguez-Olivo. "In-Situ Sensing of Underwater Gas Releases." In SPE Offshore Europe Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205428-ms.
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Abstract The O&G industry has been producing hydrocarbons from subsea reservoirs for several decades. However, there is a technological gap in the ability to reliably detect and quantify dissolved gases within the water column. This technological gap has in turn led to a scientific gap in our ability to determine the subsurface origin of subsea fluid emissions. Gas releases are commonly found in the marine environment primarily because of naturally occurring seeps and occasionally due to Oil and Gas production activities. There is a need to be able to identify the gas composition and accurately characterize its source (i.e., ongoing microbial activity or thermogenic derived hydrocarbons). However, building a reliable solution which allows this differentiation between thermal and microbial sources in the underwater environment as well as the inference of their subsurface origin requires a multi-disciplinary subsurface workflow coupled comprehensive high-fidelity measurements at the seabed. As one of the front-end building blocks of any robust multi-disciplinary workflow, there is a need for development of an in-situ sensing and sampling capability which allows real-time assessment and geological characterization of the underwater emissions across the upstream industry, from exploration to abandonment. Such a capability would also be complementary to the geohazard and subsurface assessment practices e.g., by reducing lost rig time during interventions by allowing quick characterization of emissions that arise from natural seeps or LOPC (Loss of Primary Containment) events. This paper describes the maturation of a compact underwater in-situ sensing technology deployed from autonomous or tethered underwater vehicles and which enables measurements of gas constituents and their respective isotopes at the seabed.
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Hastings, Astley, and Pete Smith. "Decarbonizing Anthropogenic Activity: The Oil and Gas Industry is a Major Component of the Solution." In SPE Offshore Europe Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/195716-ms.
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Gabrielsson, Rolf, and Göran Holmqvist. "Progress on the European Gas Turbine Program: AGATA." In ASME 1996 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-gt-362.
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The four-year European Gas Turbine Program “AGATA” was started in Jan 1993 with the objective to develop three critical components aimed at a 60 kW turbogenerator in an hybrid electric vehicle — a catalytic combustor, a radial turbine wheel and a static heat exchanger. The AGATA partners represent car manufacturers as well as companies and research institutes in the turbine, catalyst and ceramic material fields in both France and Sweden. This paper outlines the main results of the AGATA project for the first three year period. During the third year of the program, the experimental verification of the components has started. A high pressure/temperature test rig for the combustor and the heat exchanger tests has been built and is now being commissioned. A high temperature turbine spin rig will be ready late 1995. The turbine wheel design is completed and ceramic Si3N4 spin discs have been manufactured by injection moulding and Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP). A straight blade design has been selected and FEM calculations have indicated that stress levels which occur during a cold start are below 300 MPa. The catalytic combustor final design for full scale testing has been defined. Due to the high operating temperature, 1350°C, catalyst pilot tests have included ageing, activity and strength tests. Based on these tests, substrate and active materials have been selected. Initial full scale tests including LDV measurements in the premix duct will start late 1995. The heat exchanger design has also been defined. This is based on a high efficiency plate recuperator design. One critical item is the ceramic thermoplastic extrusion manufacturing method for the extremely thin exchanger plates another is the bonding technique: ceramic to ceramic and ceramic to metal. Significant progress on these two items has been achieved. The manufacturing of quarter scale prototypes is now in process.
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Gabrielsson, Rolf, Robert Lundberg, and Patrick Avran. "Status of the European Gas Turbine Program — AGATA." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-392.
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The European Gas Turbine Program “AGATA” which started in 1993 now has reached its verification phase. The objective of the program is to develop three critical ceramic components aimed at a 60 kW turbogenerator in a hybrid electric vehicle — a catalytic combustor, a radial turbine wheel and a static heat exchanger. The AGATA partners represent car manufacturers as well as companies and research institutes in the turbine, catalyst and ceramic material fields in both France and Sweden. Each of the three ceramic components is validated separately during steady state and transient conditions in separate test rigs at ONERA, France, where the high pressure/temperature conditions can be achieved. A separate test rig for laser measurements downstream of the catalytic combustor is set up at Volvo Aero Turbines, Sweden. The catalytic combustor design which includes preheater, premix duct and catalytic section operates at temperatures up to 1623 K. Due to this high temperature, the catalyst initially has undergone pilot tests including ageing, activity and strength tests. The premix duct flow field also has been evaluated by LDV measurements. The full scale combustion tests are ongoing. The turbine wheel design is completed and the first wheels have been manufactured. FEM calculations have indicated that stress levels are below 300 MPa. The material used is a silicon nitride manufactured by AC Cerama (Grade CSN 101). Cold spin tests with complete wheels have started. Hot spin tests at TTT 1623 K will be performed in a modified turbo charger rig and are expected to start in February 1998. The heat exchanger is of a high efficiency plate recuperator design using Cordierite material. Hot side inlet temperature is 1286 K. Therefore initial tests with test samples have been run to evaluate the thermomechanical properties at high temperatures. Tests are now proceeding with a 1/4 scale recuperator prototype to evaluate performance at steady state conditions. Manufacturing of the full scale heat exchanger is now in progress.
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Balmès, Etienne, and Jan R. Wright. "Garteur Group on Ground Vibration Testing: Results From the Test of a Single Structure by 12 Laboratories in Europe." In ASME 1997 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc97/vib-4255.
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Abstract In an effort to assess state of the art methodologies for the experimental determination of modal characteristics, 12 European groups, most of them working in the area of aircraft ground vibration tests for flutter certification, participated in a GAR-TEUR action group whose main activity was to have independent tests of a single representative structure. Design considerations for the common structure are first detailed. Estimates of frequency response functions and modal characteristics are then compared and show a level of consistency that is much higher than those reported in previous similar exercises.
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Lundberg, Robert, and Rolf Gabrielsson. "Progress on the AGATA Project: A European Ceramic Gas Turbine for Hybrid Vehicles." In ASME 1995 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/95-gt-446.
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The European EUREKA project EU 209 or AGATA - Advanced Gas Turbine for Automobiles is a program dedicated to the development of three critical ceramic components; i. catalytic combustor, ii. radial turbine wheel, iii. static heat exchanger, designed for a 60 kW turbogenerator hybrid electric vehicle. The objective is to develop and test the three components as a full scale feasibility study with an industrial perspective. The AGATA partners represent car manufacturers as well as companies and research institutes in the turbine, catalyst and ceramic material fields in France and Sweden. The program has been running since early 1993 with good progress in all three sub-projects. The turbine wheel design is now completed. FEM calculations indicate that the maximum stress occur during cold start and is below 300 MPa. Extensive mechanical testing of the Si3N4 materials from AC Cerama and C&C has been performed. The catalytic combustor operates uncooled at 1350°C. This means a severe environment for both the active catalyst and the ceramic honeycomb substrates. Catalysts with high activity even after aging at 1350°C have been developed. Ceramic honeycomb substrates that survive this temperature have also been defined. The catalytic combustor final design is ready and the configurations which will be full scale tested have been selected. The heat exchanger will be a ceramic recuperator with 90 % efficiency. Both a tube concept and a plate concept have been studied. The plate concept has been chosen for further work. Sub-scale plate recuperators made of either cordierite or SiC have been manufactured by C&C and tested.
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Shakenova, Ainur. "Comparative analysis of the innovation system of Kazakhstan." In The European Union’s Contention in the Reshaping Global Economy. Szeged: Szegedi Tudományegyetem Gazdaságtudományi Kar, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/eucrge.2020.proc.10.
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In the modern world, economic growth is closely linked to the development of innovation. Today, to become an economically developed country, it is necessary to invest in innovation and improve factors that have a direct impact on innovation activity. However, the significant problem in innovation is the gap among the industrialized countries, countries with economies in transition, and developing countries. This study focuses on a country with a transition economy – Kazakhstan, and its ability to make an innovation breakthrough. In search of the indicators influencing innovation activity in Kazakhstan, we drew on the methodology of the European Innovation Scoreboard. Through data harmonization, we found Kazakh indicators and compared them with European indicators. This empirical result allows us to draw conclusions on the importance of human resources in science, and of fast-growing enterprises with innovation activity. The growth in R&D expenditure also positively affected Kazakh innovation in line with world practice. In this way, the quality improvement of some key factors is positively affecting the growth of many innovative indicators in Kazakhstan. The contribution of this empirical result allowed us to compare Kazakhstan with European Union countries through the European system of innovation estimation.
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Gomez, Guillermo, Gregor Stewart Irons, Filippo Uberti, and Simone Fortunato Mortara. "International Travel - High Risk activity for Oil & Gas employees." In SPE European Health, Safety and Environmental Conference in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/140476-ms.
Full textReports on the topic "Gay activists – Europe"
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Petit, Vincent. Road to a rapid transition to sustainable energy security in Europe. Schneider Electric Sustainability Research Institute, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.58284/se.sri.bcap9655.
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Decarbonization and energy security in Europe are two faces of the same coin. They are both related to the large dependency of the European Union economy on fossil fuels, which today represent around 70% of the total supply of energy. The bulk of these energy resources are imported, with Russia being the largest supplier, accounting for 40% of natural gas and 27% of oil imports. However, fossil fuels are also the primary root cause of greenhouse gas emissions, and the European Union is committed to reduce those by 55% by 2030 (versus 1990). This report is based on the landmark research from the Joint Research Center of the European Commission, the “Integrated Database of the European Energy Sector”, which for the first time mapped actual energy uses for each country within the European Union, across 17 sectors of activity, with data granularity at the level of each process step (or end-use) of each of these sectors. Our approach here has been to systematically review these process steps (or end-uses) and qualify the extent to which they could be electrified, effectively removing the demand for fossil fuels as a result. We have focused only on those process steps where technology was already widely available and for which we evaluated the switch to be relatively easy (or attractive). In other words, we estimated the impact of rapid electrification of “easy to abate” activities. The conclusion of this evaluation is that the share of electricity demand in the final energy mix could jump from around 20% today to 50%, which would drive a reduction in emissions at end-use of around 1,300 MtCO2 /y, as well as a drop in natural gas and oil supply of around 50%. As a result of such transformation, electricity demand would nearly double, with the bulk of that growth materializing in the building sector. Short-term, the challenge of addressing climate targets while providing for energy security is thus intimately connected to buildings. While such transition would certainly require major infrastructure upgrades, which may prove a roadblock to rapid deployment, we find that the combination of energy efficiency measures (notably digital) and distributed generation penetration (rooftop solar) could significantly tame the issue, and hence help accelerate the move away from fossil fuels, with energy spend savings as high as 80% across some building types; a major driver of change. Beyond this, further potential exists for electrification. Other measures on the demand-side will include deeper renovations of the industrial stock (notably in the automotive, machinery, paper, and petrochemical industries for which our current assessment may be underestimated) and further electrification of mobility (trucks). The transition of the power system away from coal (and ultimately natural gas) will then also play a key role, followed ultimately by feedstocks substitution in industry. Some of these transitions are already on the way and will likely bring further improvements. The key message, however, is that a significant opportunity revolves around buildings to both quickly decarbonize and reduce energy dependencies in Europe. Rapid transformation of the energy system may be more feasible than we think. We notably estimate that, by 2030, an ambitious and focused effort could help displace 15% to 25% of natural gas and oil supply and reduce emissions by around 500 MtCO2 /y (note that these savings would come on top of additional measures regarding energy efficiency and flexibility, which are not the object of this study). For this to happen, approximately 100 million buildings will need renovating, and a similar number of electric vehicles would need to hit the road.
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Droogan, Julian, Lise Waldek, Brian Ballsun-Stanton, and Jade Hutchinson. Mapping a Social Media Ecosystem: Outlinking on Gab & Twitter Amongst the Australian Far-right Milieu. RESOLVE Network, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/remve2022.6.
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Attention to the internet and the online spaces in which violent extremists interact and spread content has increased over the past decades. More recently, that attention has shifted from understanding how groups like the self-proclaimed Islamic State use the internet to spread propaganda to understanding the broader internet environment and, specifically, far-right violent extremist activities within it. This focus on how far right violent extremist—including far-right racially and ethnically motivated violent extremists (REMVEs) within them—create, use, and exploit the online networks in which they exist to promote their hateful ideology and reach has largely focused on North America and Europe. However, in recent years, examinations of those online dynamics elsewhere, including in Australia, is increasing. Far right movements have been active in Australia for decades. While these movements are not necessarily extremist nor violent, understanding how violent far right extremists and REMVEs interact within or seek to exploit these broader communities is important in further understanding the tactics, reach, and impact of REMVEs in Australia. This is particularly important in the online space access to broader networks of individuals and ideas is increasingly expanding. Adding to a steadily expanding body of knowledge examining online activities and networks of both broader far right as well as violent extremist far right populations in Australia, this paper presents a data-driven examination of the online ecosystems in which identified Australian far-right violent extremists exist and interact,1 as mapped by user generated uniform resource locators (URL), or ‘links’, to internet locations gathered from two online social platforms—Twitter and Gab. This link-based analysis has been used in previous studies of online extremism to map the platforms and content shared in online spaces and provide further detail on the online ecosystems in which extremists interact. Data incorporating the links was automatically collected from Twitter and Gab posts from users existing within the online milieu in which those identified far right extremists were connected. The data was collected over three discrete one-month periods spanning 2019, the year in which an Australian far right violent extremist carried out the Christchurch attack. Networks of links expanding out from the Twitter and Gab accounts were mapped in two ways to explore the extent and nature of the online ecosystems in which these identified far right Australian violent extremists are connected, including: To map the extent and nature of these ecosystems (e.g., the extent to which other online platforms are used and connected to one another), the project mapped where the most highly engaged links connect out to (i.e., website domain names), and To explore the nature of content being spread within those ecosystems, what sorts of content is found at the end of the most highly engaged links. The most highly engaged hashtags from across this time are also presented for additional thematic analysis. The mapping of links illustrated the interconnectedness of a social media ecosystem consisting of multiple platforms that were identified as having different purposes and functions. Importantly, no links to explicitly violent or illegal activity were identified among the top-most highly engaged sites. The paper discusses the implications of the findings in light of this for future policy, practice, and research focused on understanding the online ecosystems in which identified REMVE actors are connected and the types of thematic content shared and additional implications in light of the types of non-violent content shared within them.
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Monetary Policy Report - July 2022. Banco de la República, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr3-2022.
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In the second quarter, annual inflation (9.67%), the technical staff’s projections and its expectations continued to increase, remaining above the target. International cost shocks, accentuated by Russia's invasion of Ukraine, have been more persistent than projected, thus contributing to higher inflation. The effects of indexation, higher than estimated excess demand, a tighter labor market, inflation expectations that continue to rise and currently exceed 3%, and the exchange rate pressures add to those described above. High core inflation measures as well as in the producer price index (PPI) across all baskets confirm a significant spread in price increases. Compared to estimates presented in April, the new forecast trajectory for headline and core inflation increased. This was partly the result of greater exchange rate pressure on prices, and a larger output gap, which is expected to remain positive for the remainder of 2022 and which is estimated to close towards yearend 2023. In addition, these trends take into account higher inflation rate indexation, more persistent above-target inflation expectations, a quickening of domestic fuel price increases due to the correction of lags versus the parity price and higher international oil price forecasts. The forecast supposes a good domestic supply of perishable foods, although it also considers that international prices of processed foods will remain high. In terms of the goods sub-basket, the end of the national health emergency implies a reversal of the value-added tax (VAT) refund applied to health and personal hygiene products, resulting in increases in the prices of these goods. Alternatively, the monetary policy adjustment process and the moderation of external shocks would help inflation and its expectations to begin to decrease over time and resume their alignment with the target. Thus, the new projection suggests that inflation could remain high for the second half of 2022, closing at 9.7%. However, it would begin to fall during 2023, closing the year at 5.7%. These forecasts are subject to significant uncertainty, especially regarding the future behavior of external cost shocks, the degree of indexation of nominal contracts and decisions made regarding the domestic price of fuels. Economic activity continues to outperform expectations, and the technical staff’s growth projections for 2022 have been revised upwards from 5% to 6.9%. The new forecasts suggest higher output levels that would continue to exceed the economy’s productive capacity for the remainder of 2022. Economic growth during the first quarter was above that estimated in April, while economic activity indicators for the second quarter suggest that the GDP could be expected to remain high, potentially above that of the first quarter. Domestic demand is expected to maintain a positive dynamic, in particular, due to the household consumption quarterly growth, as suggested by vehicle registrations, retail sales, credit card purchases and consumer loan disbursement figures. A slowdown in the machinery and equipment imports from the levels observed in March contrasts with the positive performance of sales and housing construction licenses, which indicates an investment level similar to that registered for the first three months of the year. International trade data suggests the trade deficit would be reduced as a consequence of import levels that would be lesser than those observed in the first quarter, and stable export levels. For the remainder of the year and 2023, a deceleration in consumption is expected from the high levels seen during the first half of the year, partially as a result of lower repressed demand, tighter domestic financial conditions and household available income deterioration due to increased inflation. Investment is expected to continue its slow recovery while remaining below pre-pandemic levels. The trade deficit is expected to tighten due to projected lower domestic demand dynamics, and high prices of oil and other basic goods exported by the country. Given the above, economic growth in the second quarter of 2022 would be 11.5%, and for 2022 and 2023 an annual growth of 6.9% and 1.1% is expected, respectively. Currently, and for the remainder of 2022, the output gap would be positive and greater than that estimated in April, and prices would be affected by demand pressures. These projections continue to be affected by significant uncertainty associated with global political tensions, the expected adjustment of monetary policy in developed countries, external demand behavior, changes in country risk outlook, and the future developments in domestic fiscal policy, among others. The high inflation levels and respective expectations, which exceed the target of the world's main central banks, largely explain the observed and anticipated increase in their monetary policy interest rates. This environment has tempered the growth forecast for external demand. Disruptions in value chains, rising international food and energy prices, and expansionary monetary and fiscal policies have contributed to the rise in inflation and above-target expectations seen by several of Colombia’s main trading partners. These cost and price shocks, heightened by the effects of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, have been more prevalent than expected and have taken place within a set of output and employment recovery, variables that in some countries currently equal or exceed their projected long-term levels. In response, the U.S. Federal Reserve accelerated the pace of the benchmark interest rate increase and rapidly reduced liquidity levels in the money market. Financial market actors expect this behavior to continue and, consequently, significantly increase their expectations of the average path of the Fed's benchmark interest rate. In this setting, the U.S. dollar appreciated versus the peso in the second quarter and emerging market risk measures increased, a behavior that intensified for Colombia. Given the aforementioned, for the remainder of 2022 and 2023, the Bank's technical staff increased the forecast trajectory for the Fed's interest rate and reduced the country's external demand growth forecast. The projected oil price was revised upward over the forecast horizon, specifically due to greater supply restrictions and the interruption of hydrocarbon trade between the European Union and Russia. Global geopolitical tensions, a tightening of monetary policy in developed economies, the increase in risk perception for emerging markets and the macroeconomic imbalances in the country explain the increase in the projected trajectory of the risk premium, its trend level and the neutral real interest rate1. Uncertainty about external forecasts and their consequent impact on the country's macroeconomic scenario remains high, given the unpredictable evolution of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, geopolitical tensions, the degree of the global economic slowdown and the effect the response to recent outbreaks of the pandemic in some Asian countries may have on the world economy. This macroeconomic scenario that includes high inflation, inflation forecasts, and expectations above 3% and a positive output gap suggests the need for a contractionary monetary policy that mitigates the risk of the persistent unanchoring of inflation expectations. In contrast to the forecasts of the April report, the increase in the risk premium trend implies a higher neutral real interest rate and a greater prevailing monetary stimulus than previously estimated. For its part, domestic demand has been more dynamic, with a higher observed and expected output level that exceeds the economy’s productive capacity. The surprising accelerations in the headline and core inflation reflect stronger and more persistent external shocks, which, in combination with the strength of aggregate demand, indexation, higher inflation expectations and exchange rate pressures, explain the upward projected inflation trajectory at levels that exceed the target over the next two years. This is corroborated by the inflation expectations of economic analysts and those derived from the public debt market, which continued to climb and currently exceed 3%. All of the above increase the risk of unanchoring inflation expectations and could generate widespread indexation processes that may push inflation away from the target for longer. This new macroeconomic scenario suggests that the interest rate adjustment should continue towards a contractionary monetary policy landscape. 1.2. Monetary policy decision Banco de la República’s Board of Directors (BDBR), at its meetings in June and July 2022, decided to continue adjusting its monetary policy. At its June meeting, the BDBR decided to increase the monetary policy rate by 150 basis points (b.p.) and its July meeting by majority vote, on a 150 b.p. increase thereof at its July meeting. Consequently, the monetary policy interest rate currently stands at 9.0% . 1 The neutral real interest rate refers to the real interest rate level that is neither stimulative nor contractionary for aggregate demand and, therefore, does not generate pressures that lead to the close of the output gap. In a small, open economy like Colombia, this rate depends on the external neutral real interest rate, medium-term components of the country risk premium, and expected depreciation. Box 1: A Weekly Indicator of Economic Activity for Colombia Juan Pablo Cote Carlos Daniel Rojas Nicol Rodriguez Box 2: Common Inflationary Trends in Colombia Carlos D. Rojas-Martínez Nicolás Martínez-Cortés Franky Juliano Galeano-Ramírez Box 3: Shock Decomposition of 2021 Forecast Errors Nicolás Moreno Arias