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Journal articles on the topic 'Gauge factor'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 May 2022

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1

Zhao, Yinming, Zhigang Wang, Siyang Tan, Yang Liu, Si Chen, Yongqian Li, and Qun Hao. "Dependance of Gauge Factor on Micro-Morphology of Sensitive Grids in Resistive Strain Gauges." Micromachines 13, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13020280.

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The effect of micro-morphology of resistive strain gauges on gauge factor was investigated numerically and experimentally. Based on the observed dimensional parameters of various commercial resistive strain gauges, a modeling method had been proposed to reconstruct the rough sidewall on the sensitive grids. Both the amplitude and period of sidewall profiles are normalized by the sensitive grid width. The relative resistance change of the strain gauge model with varying sidewall profiles was calculated. The results indicate that the micro-morphology on the sidewall profile led to the deviation of the relative resistance change and the decrease in gauge factor. To verify these conclusions, two groups of the strain gauge samples with different qualities of sidewall profiles have been manufactured, and both their relative resistance changes and gauge factors were measured by a testing apparatus for strain gauge parameters. It turned out that the experimental results are also consistent with the simulations. Under the loading strain within 1000 μm/m, the average gauge factors of these two groups of samples are 2.126 and 2.106, respectively, the samples with rougher profiles have lower values in gauge factors. The reduction in the gauge factor decreases the sensitivity by 2.0%. Our work shows that the sidewall micro-morphology on sensitive grids plays a role in the change of the gauge factor. The observed phenomena help derive correction methods for strain gauge measurements and predict the measurement errors coming from the local and global reinforcement effects.

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2

Mapiam, Punpim Puttaraksa, Monton Methaprayun, Thom Bogaard, Gerrit Schoups, and Marie-Claire Ten Veldhuis. "Citizen rain gauges improve hourly radar rainfall bias correction using a two-step Kalman filter." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 26, no. 3 (February 11, 2022): 775–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-775-2022.

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Abstract. The low density of conventional rain gauge networks is often a limiting factor for radar rainfall bias correction. Citizen rain gauges offer a promising opportunity to collect rainfall data at a higher spatial density. In this paper, hourly radar rainfall bias adjustment was applied using two different rain gauge networks: tipping buckets, measured by Thai Meteorological Department (TMD), and daily citizen rain gauges. The radar rainfall bias correction factor was sequentially updated based on TMD and citizen rain gauge data using a two-step Kalman filter to incorporate the two gauge datasets of contrasting quality. Radar reflectivity data from the Sattahip radar station, gauge rainfall data from the TMD, and data from citizen rain gauges located in the Tubma Basin, Thailand, were used in the analysis. Daily data from the citizen rain gauge network were downscaled to an hourly resolution based on temporal distribution patterns obtained from radar rainfall time series and the TMD gauge network. Results show that an improvement in radar rainfall estimates was achieved by including the downscaled citizen observations compared with bias correction based on the conventional rain gauge network alone. These outcomes emphasize the value of citizen rainfall observations for radar bias correction, in particular in regions where conventional rain gauge networks are sparse.

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3

Kang, Hyunkyoo, Seokjin Kim, Jaehak Shin, and Sunglim Ko. "Inkjet-Printed Flexible Strain-Gauge Sensor on Polymer Substrate: Topographical Analysis of Sensitivity." Applied Sciences 12, no. 6 (March 21, 2022): 3193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12063193.

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Inkjet-printed strain gauges on flexible substrates have recently been investigated for biomedical motion detection as well as the monitoring of structural deformation. This study performed a topographical analysis of an inkjet-printed strain gauge constructed using silver conductive ink on a PET (polyethylene terephthalate) substrate. Serpentine strain-gauge sensors of various thicknesses and widths were fabricated using inkjet printing and oven sintering. The fabricated gauge sensors were attached to curved surfaces, and gauge factors ranging from 2.047 to 3.098 were recorded. We found that the cross-sectional area of the printed strain gauge was proportional to the gauge factor. The correlation was mathematically modelled as y = 0.4167ln(x) + 1.3837, for which the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.8383.

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4

Kim, Y., and S. Kwon. "Resistivity dependence of gauge factor of polysilicon strain gauge." Micro & Nano Letters 5, no. 3 (2010): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2010.0031.

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5

Yang, Shixuan, and Nanshu Lu. "Gauge Factor and Stretchability of Silicon-on-Polymer Strain Gauges." Sensors 13, no. 7 (July 5, 2013): 8577–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s130708577.

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6

Liu, Xiao Wei, Xue Bin Lu, Rong Yan Chuai, Chang Zhi Shi, Ming Xue Huo, and Wei Ping Chen. "Gauge Factor and Nonlinearity of P-Type Polysilicon Nanofilms." Advanced Materials Research 60-61 (January 2009): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.60-61.84.

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The gauge factor and nonlinearity of 80nm polysilicon nanofilms with different doping concentration were tested. The experimental results show that, from 8.1×1018cm-3 to 2.0×1020cm-3, the gauge factors first increase then decrease, which like the common polysilicon films (thickness is larger than 100nm). From 2.0×1020cm-3 to 7.1×1020cm-3, the gauge factors do not change with doping concentration almost, which can be explained by tunneling piezoresistive theory. When doping concentration is low than 4.1×1019cm-3, the nonlinearities are big, and the nonlinearities become small when doping concentration is high than 4.1×1019cm-3. The nonlinearity is related to the occupied condition of trapping states in grain boundary. The longitudinal gauge factor and nonlinearity are smaller than transverse ones. Take the gauge factor and nonlinearity both into consideration, the optimal doping concentration should be 4.1×1019cm-3. The conclusions are very useful for design and fabrication of polysilicon nanofilms piezoresistive sensor.

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7

Kucha, Karel. "Covariant factor ordering of gauge systems." Physical Review D 34, no. 10 (November 15, 1986): 3044–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.34.3044.

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8

Zhou, Zehui, Bin Yong, Jiufu Liu, Aimin Liao, Niu Wang, Ziwei Zhu, Dekai Lu, Wang Li, and Jianyun Zhang. "Preliminary Evaluation of the HOBO Data Logging Rain Gauge at the Chuzhou Hydrological Experiment Station, China." Advances in Meteorology 2019 (November 4, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5947976.

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As a tipping bucket rain gauge, the HOBO Data Logging Rain Gauge RG3-M (RG3-M) has been widely used for the field precipitation observation owing to its superiority of independent power supply by a small portable battery. To quantify the measurement accuracy of the RG3-M gauge, a standard Manual Gauge (MG) and eight other models of tipping bucket rain gauges were installed at the Chuzhou hydrological experiment station of China. In this study, we first compared and investigated the accumulated mounts of 18 rainfall events of two RG3-M gauges benchmarked by the standard MG. Then, five typical rainfall events were chosen to further analyse the observed accuracy of the RG3-M gauge for different rainfall intensities at hourly temporal scale. Finally, the impacts of wind speed and rainfall intensity on the precipitation measurements of the RG3-M gauge were preliminarily explored. Results indicate that the RG3-M gauge measurement generally underestimates rainfall approximately −4% against the standard MG observation, but the maximum deviation even reaches −12.87%. In terms of the hourly rainfall process, the reliable measurement scope of the RG3-M gauge is ranging from 1.5 to 3 mm/h; however, it should be noted that the underestimation is rather significant at the higher rainfall rates (>6 mm/h). Last, it was found that rainfall intensity is a nonnegligible factor for influencing the measurement of the RG3-M gauge. But the windy effect seems to be insignificant in our experiments, which might be attributed to the similar exposure of the compared gauges.

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9

Zike, S., and L. P. Mikkelsen. "Correction of Gauge Factor for Strain Gauges Used in Polymer Composite Testing." Experimental Mechanics 54, no. 3 (October 9, 2013): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11340-013-9813-7.

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10

Yang, Daqing, Esko Elomaa, Asko Tuominen, Ari Aaltonen, Barry Goodison, Thilo Gunther, Valentin Golubev, Boris Sevruk, Henning Madsen, and Janja Milkovic. "Wind-induced Precipitation Undercatch of the Hellmann Gauges." Hydrology Research 30, no. 1 (February 1, 1999): 57–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1999.0004.

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The Hellmann gauges have been widely used as the official precipitation measurement instruments in 30 countries. From 1986 to 1993, the accuracy and performance of the Hellmann gauges were evaluated during the WMO Solid Precipitation Measurement Intercomparison at 4 stations in Finland, Russia, Germany, and Croatia. The double fence intercomparison reference (DFIR) was the reference standard used at all the Intercomparison stations. The data for the Hellmann gauges were compiled from measurements made at the 4 WMO intercomparison sites. These data represent a variety of climates, terrains and exposures. The effects of meteorological factors, such as wind speed, type of precipitation and temperature, on gauge catch efficiency were investigated. For snow and mixed precipitation, wind speed was found to be the most important factor determining the gauge catch and air temperature had a secondary effect. The relations of gauge catch ratio versus wind speed and temperature on a daily time scale were derived and presented for snow and mixed precipitation. Independent tests of the relations have been conducted at the WMO intercomparison stations and reasonable agreement between the corrected precipitation and the DFIR observation has been obtained. These relations are therefore recommended to be used for test correction of gauge measured data. It is expected that implementation of these correction procedures to the current and archived records will significantly improve the accuracy and homogeneity of precipitation data.

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11

Prakash, Satya, Ashwin Seshadri, J. Srinivasan, and D. S. Pai. "A New Parameter to Assess Impact of Rain Gauge Density on Uncertainty in the Estimate of Monthly Rainfall over India." Journal of Hydrometeorology 20, no. 5 (April 29, 2019): 821–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-18-0161.1.

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Abstract Rain gauges are considered the most accurate method to estimate rainfall and are used as the “ground truth” for a wide variety of applications. The spatial density of rain gauges varies substantially and hence influences the accuracy of gridded gauge-based rainfall products. The temporal changes in rain gauge density over a region introduce considerable biases in the historical trends in mean rainfall and its extremes. An estimate of uncertainty in gauge-based rainfall estimates associated with the nonuniform layout and placement pattern of the rain gauge network is vital for national decisions and policy planning in India, which considers a rather tight threshold of rainfall anomaly. This study examines uncertainty in the estimation of monthly mean monsoon rainfall due to variations in gauge density across India. Since not all rain gauges provide measurements perpetually, we consider the ensemble uncertainty in spatial average estimation owing to randomly leaving out rain gauges from the estimate. A recently developed theoretical model shows that the uncertainty in the spatially averaged rainfall is directly proportional to the spatial standard deviation and inversely proportional to the square root of the total number of available gauges. On this basis, a new parameter called the “averaging error factor” has been proposed that identifies the regions with large ensemble uncertainties. Comparison of the theoretical model with Monte Carlo simulations at a monthly time scale using rain gauge observations shows good agreement with each other at all-India and subregional scales. The uncertainty in monthly mean rainfall estimates due to omission of rain gauges is largest for northeast India (~4% uncertainty for omission of 10% gauges) and smallest for central India. Estimates of spatial average rainfall should always be accompanied by a measure of uncertainty, and this paper provides such a measure for gauge-based monthly rainfall estimates. This study can be further extended to determine the minimum number of rain gauges necessary for any given region to estimate rainfall at a certain level of uncertainty.

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12

KIEU, T. D. "GAUGE-INVARIANT QUANTISATION OF CHIRAL GAUGE THEORIES." Modern Physics Letters A 05, no. 03 (January 30, 1990): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732390000214.

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The path-integral functional of chiral gauge theories with background gauge potentials are derived in the holomorphic representation. Justification is provided, from first quantum mechanical principles, for the appearance of a functional phase factor of the gauge fields in order to maintain the gauge invariance. This term is shown to originate either from the Berry phase of the first-quantized hamiltonians or from the normal ordering of the second-quantized hamiltonian with respect to the Dirac in-vacuum. The quantization of the chiral Schwinger model is taken as an example.

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13

Song, Ming, Hui Wang, and Tong Xu. "In-Plane Strain Field Sensor Based on the Semiconductor Film." Materials Science Forum 848 (March 2016): 777–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.848.777.

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The ZnO semiconductor multicrystalline film is utilized as the sensing material, and a sensors array is demonstrated in this paper. Based on the coupling effect of piezoelectric and semiconducting, an ultra-high sensitivity to the deformation is obtained that the gauge factor of the single units is derived up to 199, which is 100 times of that of the commercial foil gage (gauge factor = 2). After calibration on every sensing unit, the distribution of the uniform and non-uniform strain applied on the device is measured and mapped by the sensors array successfully. The results show a good application of the device on the deformation field sensing by contact test method.

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14

Demircilioglu, Erman, Egemen Teomete, and Osman E. Ozbulut. "Strain sensitivity of steel-fiber-reinforced industrial smart concrete." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 31, no. 1 (November 18, 2019): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x19888722.

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Self-sensing cementitious composites can enable structures that are capable of carrying the loads applied on them while monitoring their condition. Most of earlier research has focused on the incorporation of nanofillers or microfibers into cement paste or mortar composites. However, there have been very limited number of studies on the development of steel-fiber-reinforced cementitious composites with self-sensing capabilities. This study explores strain sensitivity of concrete mixtures that include coarse aggregates up to 15 mm diameter and steel fibers with a length of 13 mm and a diameter of 0.25 mm. Five different concrete mixtures with steel fibers at 0%, 0.2%, 0.35%, 0.5%, and 0.8% volume ratios were fabricated. Compression tests with simultaneous measurement of strain and electrical resistance were conducted on the cubic specimens. Gauge factor and percent linearity that is a measure of error in strain sensing were calculated. Concrete mixtures with 0.5% steel fibers possess a strong linear relationship between applied strain and electrical resistance change with a gauge factor over 20 times larger than that of traditional metal strain gauges. Phenomenological models for different resistivity and gauge factors of cement paste/mortar with respect to concrete with large aggregates and short–long fiber cement composites were presented.

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15

Enser, Herbert, Pavel Kulha, Johannes K. Sell, Michaela Schatzl-Linder, Bernhard Strauß, Wolfgang Hilber, and Bernhard Jakoby. "Printed strain gauges embedded in organic coatings - Analysis of gauge factor and temperature dependence." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 276 (June 2018): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2018.03.042.

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16

Tibrewala, A., E. Peiner, R. Bandorf, S. Biehl, and H. Lüthje. "Piezoresistive gauge factor of hydrogenated amorphous carbon films." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 16, no. 6 (May 9, 2006): S75—S81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/16/6/s12.

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17

Kok Siong, Lee, Ishak Abdul Azid, Othman Sidek, Kamarulazizi Ibrahim, and Mutharasu Devarajan. "SU‐8 piezoresistive microcantilever with high gauge factor." Micro & Nano Letters 8, no. 3 (March 2013): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2012.0736.

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18

Thurstans, RE, AG Taylor, DP Oxley, H. Biederman, and L. Martinu. "Gauge factor measurements for fluorocarbon polymer-gold films." Vacuum 35, no. 6 (June 1985): 219–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-207x(85)90393-8.

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19

Langfeld, K., R. Alkofer, and P. A. Amundsen. "Pion electromagnetic form factor in Coulomb gauge QCD." Zeitschrift für Physik C Particles and Fields 42, no. 1 (March 1989): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01565138.

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20

LI, HUA-ZHONG. "WEYL'S GAUGE TRANSFORM AND QUANTUM GEOMETRIC PHASE FACTORS." Modern Physics Letters A 22, no. 07n10 (March 28, 2007): 645–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732307023249.

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The historical and geometrical origin of Gauge Transformation and Yang's phase loop of gauge theory are discussed. In the present talk, we present the following points: 1. Parallel transport of a vector; 2. Weyl 1918 gauge transformation 3. Concept of non-integrable phase factor; 4. Berry's quantum geometrical phase; 5. Parallel transport of quantum state vector produces the phase physics.

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21

Mathis, Maximilian, Dennis Vollberg, Matthäus Langosch, Dirk Göttel, Angela Lellig, and Günter Schultes. "Creep adjustment of strain gauges based on granular NiCr-carbon thin films." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 10, no. 1 (March 12, 2021): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-53-2021.

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Abstract. An important property of high-precision mechanical sensors such as force transducers or torque sensors is the so-called creep error. It is defined as the signal deviation over time at a constant load. Since this signal deviation results in a reduced accuracy of the sensor, it is beneficial to minimize the creep error. Many of these sensors consist of a metallic spring element and strain gauges. In order to realize a sensor with a creep error of almost zero, it is necessary to compensate for the creep behavior of the metallic spring element. This can be achieved by creep adjustment of the used strain gauges. Unlike standard metal foil strain gauges with a gauge factor of 2, a type of strain gauges based on sputter-deposited NiCr-carbon thin films on polymer substrates offers the advantage of an improved gauge factor of about 10. However, for this type of strain gauge, creep adjustment by customary methods is not possible. In order to remedy this disadvantage, a thorough creep analysis is carried out. Five major influences on the creep error of force transducers equipped with NiCr-carbon thin-film strain gauges are examined, namely, the material creep of the metallic spring element (1), the creep (relaxation) of the polymer substrate (2), the composition of the thin film (3), the strain transfer to the thin film (4), and the kind of strain field on the surface of the transducer (5). Consequently, we present two applicable methods for creep adjustment of NiCr-carbon thin- film strain gauges. The first method addresses the intrinsic creep behavior of the thin film by a modification of the film composition. With increasing Cr content (at the expense of Ni, the intrinsic negative creep error can be shifted towards zero. The second method is not based on the thin film itself but rather on a modification of the strain transfer from the polyimide carrier to the thin film. This is achieved by controlled cutting of well-defined deep trenches into the polymer substrate via a picosecond laser.

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22

Ouerghi, I., J. Philippe, C. Ladner, P. Scheiblin, L. Duraffourg, and T. Ernst. "A NEMS-based gauge factor extraction method for nanowires." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 25, no. 11 (September 25, 2015): 115003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/25/11/115003.

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23

Li, Jen-Chieh, Cheng-Hsi Weng, Fu-Cheng Tsai, Wen-Pin Shih, and Pei-Zen Chang. "Porous reduced graphene oxide membrane with enhanced gauge factor." Applied Physics Letters 108, no. 1 (January 4, 2016): 013108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4939691.

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24

Zheng, Xiaohu, Xing Chen, Ji-Kwan Kim, Dong-Weon Lee, and Xinxin Li. "Measurement of the gauge factor of few-layer graphene." Journal of Micro/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS 12, no. 1 (February 11, 2013): 013009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jmm.12.1.013009.

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25

Jhangeer, Adil, M. Farasat Shamir, Tayyaba Naz, and Nazish Iftikhar. "Classification of Cosmic Scale Factor via Noether Gauge Symmetries." International Journal of Theoretical Physics 54, no. 7 (December 18, 2014): 2343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10773-014-2456-3.

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26

Yamamoto, Akira, Nawachi Norio, and Tsutsumoto Takahiro. "Evaluation of diamond gauge factor up to 500 °C." Diamond and Related Materials 16, no. 8 (August 2007): 1670–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2007.02.010.

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27

Halimeh, Jad C., Haifeng Lang, and Philipp Hauke. "Gauge protection in non-abelian lattice gauge theories." New Journal of Physics 24, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 033015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ac5564.

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Abstract Protection of gauge invariance in experimental realizations of lattice gauge theories based on energy-penalty schemes has recently stimulated impressive efforts both theoretically and in setups of quantum synthetic matter. A major challenge is the reliability of such schemes in non-abelian gauge theories where local conservation laws do not commute. Here, we show through exact diagonalization (ED) that non-abelian gauge invariance can be reliably controlled using gauge-protection terms that energetically stabilize the target gauge sector in Hilbert space, suppressing gauge violations due to unitary gauge-breaking errors. We present analytic arguments that predict a volume-independent protection strength V, which when sufficiently large leads to the emergence of an adjusted gauge theory with the same local gauge symmetry up to least a timescale ∝ V / V 0 3 . Thereafter, a renormalized gauge theory dominates up to a timescale ∝exp(V/V 0)/V 0 with V 0 a volume-independent energy factor, similar to the case of faulty abelian gauge theories. Moreover, we show for certain experimentally relevant errors that single-body protection terms robustly suppress gauge violations up to all accessible evolution times in ED, and demonstrate that the adjusted gauge theory emerges in this case as well. These single-body protection terms can be readily implemented with fewer engineering requirements than the ideal gauge theory itself in current ultracold-atom setups and noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices.

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28

BENNETT, D. L., and H. B. NIELSEN. "GAUGE COUPLINGS CALCULATED FROM MULTIPLE POINT CRITICALITY YIELD α-1 = 137 ± 9: AT LAST, THE ELUSIVE CASE OF U(1)." International Journal of Modern Physics A 14, no. 21 (August 20, 1999): 3313–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x9900155x.

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We calculate the U(1) continuum gauge coupling using the values of action parameters coinciding with the multiple point. This is a point in the phase diagram of a lattice gauge theory where a maximum number of phases convene. We obtain for the running inverse fine structure constant the values [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] at the Planck scale and the MZ scale, respectively. The gauge group underlying the phase diagram in which we seek multiple point parameters is what we call the Anti-grand-unified theory (AGUT) gauge group SMG 3, which is the Cartesian product of three Standard Model Groups (SMG's). There is one SMG factor for each of the N gen =3 generations of quarks and leptons. In our model, this gauge group SMG 3 is the predecessor of the usual SMG. The latter arises as the diagonal subgroup surviving the Planck scale breakdown of SMG 3. This breakdown leads to a weakening of the U(1) coupling by a N gen -related factor. For N gen =3, this factor would be N gen (N gen +1)/2=6 if phase transitions between all the phases convening at the multiple point were purely second order. The factor N gen (N gen +1)/2=6 corresponds to the six gauge-invariant combinations of the N gen =3 different U(1)'s that give action contributions that are second order in Fμν. The factor analogous to this N gen (N gen +1)/2=6 in the case of the earlier considered non-Abelian couplings reduced to the factor N gen =3 because action terms quadratic in Fμν that arise as contributions from two different of the N gen =3 SMG factors of SMG 3 are forbidden by the requirement of gauge symmetry. Actually we seek the multiple point in the phase diagram of the gauge group U(1) 3 as a simplifying approximation to the desired gauge group SMG 3. The most important correction obtained from using multiple point parameter values (in a multiparameter phase diagram instead of the single critical parameter value obtained, say, in the one-dimensional phase diagram of a Wilson action) comes from the effect of including the influence of also having at this point phases confined solely w.r.t. discrete subgroups. In particular, what matters is that the degree of first-orderness is taken into account in making the transition from these latter phases at the multiple point to the totally Coulomb-like phase. This gives rise to a discontinuity Δγ eff in an effective parameter γ eff . Using our calculated value of the quantity Δγ eff , we calculate the above-mentioned weakening factor to be more like 6.5 instead of the N gen (N gen +1)/2=6, as would be the case if all multiple point transitions were purely second order. Using this same Δγ eff , we also calculate the continuum U(1) coupling corresponding to the multiple point of a single U(1). The product of this latter and the weakening factor of about 6.5 yields our Planck scale prediction for the continuum U(1) gauge coupling, i.e. the multiple point critical coupling of the diagonal subgroup of U(1) 3∈ SMG 3. Combining this with the results of earlier work on the non-Abelian gauge couplings leads to our prediction of α-1-137 ± 9 as the value for the fine structure constant at low energies.

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29

Dao, H. L. "Cosmological solutions from 5D N = 4 matter-coupled supergravity." Journal of Physics Communications 6, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 025003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2399-6528/ac4fb0.

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Abstract From five-dimensional N = 4 matter-coupled gauged supergravity, smooth time-dependent cosmological solutions, connecting a dS 5−d × H d (with d = 2, 3) spacetime at early times to a dS 5 spacetime at late times, are presented. The solutions are derived from the second-order equations of motion arising from all the gauged theories that can admit dS 5 solutions. There are eight such theories constructed from gauge groups of the form SO(1, 1) × G nc and SO ( 1 , 1 ) diag ( n ) × G nc , with n = 2, 3, where G nc is a non-compact gauge factor whose compact part must be embedded entirely in the matter symmetry group of 5D matter-coupled supergravity. Furthermore, we analyze how the cosmological solutions and their corresponding dS 5 vacua cannot arise from the first-order equations that solve the second-order field equations.

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30

AHN, CHANGHYUN. "META-STABLE BRANE CONFIGURATION AND GAUGED FLAVOR SYMMETRY." Modern Physics Letters A 22, no. 31 (October 10, 2007): 2329–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732307024346.

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Starting from an [Formula: see text] supersymmetric electric gauge theory with the gauge group Sp (N c ) × SO (2N′ c ) with fundamentals for the first gauge group factor and a bifundamental, we apply Seiberg dual to the symplectic gauge group only and arrive at the [Formula: see text] supersymmetric dual magnetic gauge theory with dual matters including the gauge singlets and superpotential. By analyzing the F-term equations of the dual magnetic superpotential, we describe the intersecting brane configuration of type IIA string theory corresponding to the meta-stable nonsupersymmetric vacua of this gauge theory.

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31

YAN, JIANWU, and JICHENG ZHOU. "STRAIN SENSITIVITY AND TEMPERATURE INFLUENCE OF NICHROME (80/20 wt.%) THIN FILM FABRICATED BY MAGNETRON SPUTTERING." International Journal of Modern Physics B 21, no. 21 (August 20, 2007): 3719–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979207037636.

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The electromechanical properties of nichrome ( Ni – Cr 80/20 wt.%) used as a common material for application in thin film strain gauges have been studied. The surface topography and chemical composition of Ni – Cr thin films grown on the glass substrate by magnetron sputtering have been analyzed by atomic force microscope (AFM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. The temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) has been determined by a Nano-volt/Micro ohm meter. The gauge factor (FG) has been determined by the cantilever method. Low stable TCR values (22 ppm to 46 ppm in the 50–150°C temperature range) have been obtained. Resistance stability is achieved by rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at 300°C for 10 min combined with a 24 h thermal annealing (TA) at 150°C. The desired 45 Ω/m sheet resistance and a gauge factor of 2.6 have been attained for 40-nm-thickness films. The films have very small roughness of 2.1~4.4 nm.

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Sayed, Sahour, Mohammed Gamil, Ahmed M. R. Fath El-Bab, and Ahmed Abd El Moneim Abd Elmoneim. "LASER Reduced Graphene on Flexible Substrate for Strain Sensing Applications: Temperature Effect on Gauge Factor." Key Engineering Materials 644 (May 2015): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.644.115.

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New technique is developed to synthesize graphene film on flexible substrate for strain sensing applications. A flexible graphene/Poly-ethylene Terephthalate (PET) strain sensor based on graphene piezoresistivity is produced by a new simple low cost technique. Graphene oxide film on PET substrate is reduced and patterned simultaneously using 2 Watt CO2LASER beam. The synthesized graphene film is characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM, and Raman techniques. Commercial strain gauges are used to predict experimentally the gauge factor (GF) of the graphene film at different values of applied strain. The stability of the graphene film and its GF are studied at different operating temperatures. The fabricated sensor showed high GF of 78 with great linearity and stability up to 60 °C.

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33

Peleg, N., M. Ben-Asher, and E. Morin. "Radar subpixel-scale rainfall variability and uncertainty: lessons learned from observations of a dense rain-gauge network." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 6 (June 14, 2013): 2195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2195-2013.

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Abstract. Runoff and flash flood generation are very sensitive to rainfall's spatial and temporal variability. The increasing use of radar and satellite data in hydrological applications, due to the sparse distribution of rain gauges over most catchments worldwide, requires furthering our knowledge of the uncertainties of these data. In 2011, a new super-dense network of rain gauges containing 14 stations, each with two side-by-side gauges, was installed within a 4 km2 study area near Kibbutz Galed in northern Israel. This network was established for a detailed exploration of the uncertainties and errors regarding rainfall variability within a common pixel size of data obtained from remote sensing systems for timescales of 1 min to daily. In this paper, we present the analysis of the first year's record collected from this network and from the Shacham weather radar, located 63 km from the study area. The gauge–rainfall spatial correlation and uncertainty were examined along with the estimated radar error. The nugget parameter of the inter-gauge rainfall correlations was high (0.92 on the 1 min scale) and increased as the timescale increased. The variance reduction factor (VRF), representing the uncertainty from averaging a number of rain stations per pixel, ranged from 1.6% for the 1 min timescale to 0.07% for the daily scale. It was also found that at least three rain stations are needed to adequately represent the rainfall (VRF < 5%) on a typical radar pixel scale. The difference between radar and rain gauge rainfall was mainly attributed to radar estimation errors, while the gauge sampling error contributed up to 20% to the total difference. The ratio of radar rainfall to gauge-areal-averaged rainfall, expressed by the error distribution scatter parameter, decreased from 5.27 dB for 3 min timescale to 3.21 dB for the daily scale. The analysis of the radar errors and uncertainties suggest that a temporal scale of at least 10 min should be used for hydrological applications of the radar data. Rainfall measurements collected with this dense rain gauge network will be used for further examination of small-scale rainfall's spatial and temporal variability in the coming years.

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Kreklow, Jennifer, Bastian Steinhoff-Knopp, Klaus Friedrich, and Björn Tetzlaff. "Comparing Rainfall Erosivity Estimation Methods Using Weather Radar Data for the State of Hesse (Germany)." Water 12, no. 5 (May 16, 2020): 1424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051424.

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Rainfall erosivity exhibits a high spatiotemporal variability. Rain gauges are not capable of detecting small-scale erosive rainfall events comprehensively. Nonetheless, many operational instruments for assessing soil erosion risk, such as the erosion atlas used in the state of Hesse in Germany, are still based on spatially interpolated rain gauge data and regression equations derived in the 1980s to estimate rainfall erosivity. Radar-based quantitative precipitation estimates with high spatiotemporal resolution are capable of mapping erosive rainfall comprehensively. In this study, radar climatology data with a spatiotemporal resolution of 1 km2 and 5 min are used alongside rain gauge data to compare erosivity estimation methods used in erosion control practice. The aim is to assess the impacts of methodology, climate change and input data resolution, quality and spatial extent on the R-factor of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). Our results clearly show that R-factors have increased significantly due to climate change and that current R-factor maps need to be updated by using more recent and spatially distributed rainfall data. Radar climatology data show a high potential to improve rainfall erosivity estimations, but uncertainties regarding data quality and a need for further research on data correction approaches are becoming evident.

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Hwang, Mun-Young, Dae-Hyun Han, and Lae-Hyong Kang. "Piezoresistive Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Epoxy Strain Sensor with Pattern Design." Materials 12, no. 23 (November 29, 2019): 3962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12233962.

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Carbon nanotube/polymer-based composites have led to studies that enable the realization of low-cost, high-sensitivity piezoresistive strain sensors. This study investigated the characteristics of piezoresistive multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/epoxy composite strain sensors subjected to tensile and compressive loads in one direction at relatively small amounts of strain. A patterned sensor was designed to overcome the disadvantage of the load direction sensitivity differences in the existing sensors. The dispersion state of the MWCNTs in the epoxy polymer matrix with the proposed dispersion process was verified by scanning electron microscopy. An MWCNT/epoxy patterned strain sensor and a patch-type strain sensor were directly attached to an acrylic cantilever beam on the opposite side of a commercial metallic strain gauge. The proposed patterned sensor had gauge factors of 2.52 in the tension direction and 2.47 in the compression direction. The measured gauge factor difference for the patterned sensor was less than that for the conventional patch-type sensor. Moreover, the free-vibration frequency response characteristics were compared with those of metal strain gauges to verify the proposed patch-type sensor. The designed drive circuit compensated for the disadvantages due to the high drive voltage, and it was confirmed that the proposed sensor had higher sensitivity than the metallic strain gauge. In addition, the hysteresis of the temperature characteristics of the proposed sensor is presented to show its temperature range. It was verified that the patterned sensor developed through various studies could be applied as a strain sensor for structural health monitoring.

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36

Penn, Andrew M., Linghong Lu, Andrew G. Chambers, Robert F. Balshaw, Jaclyn L. Morrison, Kristine Votova, Eileen Wood, et al. "Exploring phlebotomy technique as a pre-analytical factor in proteomic analyses by mass spectrometry." Genome 58, no. 12 (December 2015): 569–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2015-0036.

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Multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MRM-MS) is an emerging technology for blood biomarker verification and validation; however, the results may be influenced by pre-analytical factors. This exploratory study was designed to determine if differences in phlebotomy techniques would significantly affect the abundance of plasma proteins in an upcoming biomarker development study. Blood was drawn from 10 healthy participants using four techniques: (1) a 20-gauge IV with vacutainer, (2) a 21-gauge direct vacutainer, (3) an 18-gauge butterfly with vacutainer, and (4) an 18-gauge butterfly with syringe draw. The abundances of a panel of 122 proteins (117 proteins, plus 5 matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) proteins) were targeted by LC/MRM-MS. In addition, complete blood count (CBC) data were also compared across the four techniques. Phlebotomy technique significantly affected 2 of the 11 CBC parameters (red blood cell count, p = 0.010; hemoglobin concentration, p = 0.035) and only 12 of the targeted 117 proteins (p < 0.05). Of the five MMP proteins, only MMP7 was detectable and its concentration was not significantly affected by different techniques. Overall, most proteins in this exploratory study were not significantly influenced by phlebotomy technique; however, a larger study with additional patients will be required for confirmation.

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Kumar, Prince, Ashish Kumar, Saurabh Rastogi, and Roshni Goel. "Impact factor - the reputation gauge of the journals: An overview." European Journal of General Dentistry 1, no. 2 (2012): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2278-9626.103402.

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38

Paulish, A. G., and P. S. Zagubisalo. "Numerical Simulation of the Piezo-Optical Strain Sensor Gauge Factor." Optoelectronics, Instrumentation and Data Processing 55, no. 3 (May 2019): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s8756699019030129.

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39

Suginuma, Shigemi. "Numerical simulation of relative sensitivity factor of Bayard–Alpert gauge." Vacuum 179 (September 2020): 109525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2020.109525.

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40

Grimaldi, C., P. Ryser, and S. Strässler. "Gauge factor enhancement driven by heterogeneity in thick-film resistors." Journal of Applied Physics 90, no. 1 (July 2001): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1376672.

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41

Liu, Zhiyuan, Dianpeng Qi, Peizhi Guo, Yan Liu, Bowen Zhu, Hui Yang, Yaqing Liu, et al. "Thickness-Gradient Films for High Gauge Factor Stretchable Strain Sensors." Advanced Materials 27, no. 40 (September 16, 2015): 6230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201503288.

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42

Qin, Mao-Sen, Xing-Guo Ye, Peng-Fei Zhu, Wen-Zheng Xu, Jing Liang, Kaihui Liu, and Zhi-Min Liao. "Strain-dependent resistance and giant gauge factor in monolayer WSe2 *." Chinese Physics B 30, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 097203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/ac11d2.

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43

Banerjee, P. K., and T. S. Alaiban. "Geometry and Dimensional Properties of Plain Loops Made of Rotor Spun Cotton Yarns." Textile Research Journal 58, no. 5 (May 1988): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051758805800507.

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The spirality of wale lines is shown to affect shape factor and hence fabric dimensions. Spirality is determined by yarn twist liveliness, tightness factor, and machine gauge, whereas yarn twist liveliness is governed by actual yarn twist. Full relaxation may decrease or increase spirality depending on whether the tightness factor of the parent fabric is greater or less than 14.0. To minimize spirality in the finished fabric, the cloth should be knitted on a machine with the finest possible gauge at a tightness factor value ≥ 14.0.

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44

Cvetkovic, V., J. Zaanen, and Z. Nussinov. "Spin nematics revisited." Journal de Physique IV 12, no. 9 (November 2002): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:20020412.

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Biquadratic spin 1 Heisenberg spin systems can be constructed exhibiting spin nematic order in higher dimensions. In terms of the original spin degrees of freedom, the spontaneous nematic symmetry breaking generates a Z2 gauge invariance. Using a generalized Holstein-Primakoff transformation for the underlying U(3) dynamical algebra, we calculate the spin dynamical form factor. Although spin is not a gauge singlet, we find form factor to be finite at finite q and $$\backslash$omega$\backslash$$, contrary to our expectations regarding the presence of a energy scale protecting the gauge invariance. This result appears to be perturbatively stable.

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45

Peleg, N., M. Ben-Asher, and E. Morin. "Radar subpixel-scale rainfall variability and uncertainty: a lesson learned from observations of a dense rain-gauge network." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 1 (January 2, 2013): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-1-2013.

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Abstract. Hydrological models for runoff estimations and flash-flood predictions are very sensitive to rainfall's spatial and temporal variability. The increasing use of radar and satellite data in hydrological applications, due to the sparse distribution of rain gauges over most catchments worldwide, requires improving our knowledge of the uncertainties of these data. In 2011, a new super-dense network of rain gauges, containing 27 gauges covering an area of about 4 km2, was installed near Kibbutz Galed in northern Israel. This network was established for a detailed exploration of the uncertainties and errors regarding rainfall variability in remote-sensing at subpixel-scale resolution. In this paper, we present the analysis of the first year's record collected from this network and from the Shacham weather radar. The gauge–rainfall spatial correlation and uncertainty were examined along with the estimated radar error. The zero-distance correlation between rain gauges was high (0.92 on the 1-min scale) and increased as the time scale increased. The variance of the differences between radar pixel rainfall and averaged point rainfall (the variance reduction factor – VRF) was 1.6%, as measured for the 1-min scale. It was also found that at least four uniformly distributed rain stations are needed to represent the rainfall on the radar pixel scale. The radar–rain gauge error was mainly derived from radar estimation errors as the gauge sampling error contributed up to 22% to the total error. The radar rainfall estimations improved with increasing time scale and the radar-to-true rainfall ratio decreased with increasing time scale. Rainfall measurements collected with this network of rain gauges in the coming years will be used for further examination of rainfall's spatial and temporal variability.

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46

Jebáček, Ivo, and Marek Horak. "POSSIBILITIES AND METHODS OF IN-FLIGHT LOADING MEASUREMENT." Aviation 16, no. 2 (June 29, 2012): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16487788.2012.701860.

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This article provides information about in-flight measurement of a small sport aircraft. First strain gauges were installed in the wing structure and then calibration procedures were done. After the calculation of strain gauge coefficients, equations for calculating bending moments and other variables were established. A data acquisition system was installed in the aircraft to measure responses from strain gauges and other variables such as speed, altitude, load factor, and temperature. Many flights were performed with the aircraft equipped this way, and after that the recorded data were analysed and those results were compared with the calculations and static strength tests performed before.

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47

Shimamoto, Akira, Do Yeon Hwang, Ryo Kubota, and Fumio Nogata. "Dynamic Fracture Behavior of Magnesium Alloy." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.110.

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Static and dynamic loading fracture experiments were conducted on magnesium alloy under equal and unequal biaxial stress. Cross shape specimens with a crack on their center were used for tests. Fracture behavior was observed by two methods; the caustic and the one point gauge method. From the observation, the stress intensity factors and the fracture toughness values were calculated. It was found that the one point gauge method was not suitable for calculating the stress intensity factor with a strain gauge widely available. The fracture toughness values obtained under equal biaxial stress were 1.2~2.3 times greater than those of magnesium alloy naturally inherited. Moreover, plate thickness was negatively related to the fracture toughness value.

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48

Ren, Yu Jie, and Chao Fu Zhu. "Strain Gauge Based on Graphene." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 2918–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.2918.

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In this paper, graphene grown by Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on a Cu foil in a cold-wall furnace was used to fabrication the graphene strain gauge. The graphene membrane was patterned to wire grid shape on the Cu substrate by photolithography method in the clean room. The pattern was transferred to PDMS substrate and seal by it also to make graphene in a stable surroundings. Through the standard calibration, it was calculated that the linearity and multiplicity of the graphene strain gauge both were 0.0076%F.S.. Which indicated the good quality of the gauge. The gauge factor was 2.4, as the highest value as that of the alloy strain gauge. We also find the graphene strain gauge output increase proportionally with increasing curvature of its deformation.

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Nowicki, Michał, Piotr Gazda, Roman Szewczyk, Andriy Marusenkov, Anton Nosenko, and Vasyl Kyrylchuk. "Strain Dependence of Hysteretic Giant Magnetoimpedance Effect in Co-Based Amorphous Ribbon." Materials 12, no. 13 (June 30, 2019): 2110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12132110.

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The significant strain dependence of the hysteretic Giant Magnetoimpedance (GMI) effect in a Co67Fe3Cr3B12Si15 amorphous alloy in a low magnetizing field is presented. A simplistic test stand capable of continuous measurements of GMI characteristics under the influence of strain is detailed. Based on the results, a stress-impedance (SI) sensor is proposed, with a gauge factor similar to semiconductor strain gauges but more robust. An effective method of minimizing external magnetic field influence on the SI effect is given.

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OSABE, SATOSHI, and HISAO SUZUKI. "CURRENT REDEFINITION AND COUNTERTERMS OF ANOMALIES VIA GAUSSIAN FACTOR REGULARIZATION." International Journal of Modern Physics A 09, no. 19 (July 30, 1994): 3377–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x94001345.

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We analyze in detail the structure of anomalies obtained by the Fujikawa method, without using perturbative calculations. We derive most of the known results concerning consistent and covariant anomalies by using the algebraic relations of differential operators and Gaussian factors in the functional space. It turns out that this method is also useful for obtaining a simple expression of the local counterterm for the parity-conserving part of gauge anomalies which cannot be derived by the topological method. We also discuss a regulator ambiguity and obtain a general form of anomaly, which includes consistent and covariant forms, and show that different forms are shifted to one another by the redefinition of the gauge current or the energy-momentum tensor. We specify the gravitational consistent forms of anomaly in the Fujikawa method by using these results.

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