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Academic literature on the topic 'Gauge factor'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Gauge factor"

1

Zhao, Yinming, Zhigang Wang, Siyang Tan, Yang Liu, Si Chen, Yongqian Li, and Qun Hao. "Dependance of Gauge Factor on Micro-Morphology of Sensitive Grids in Resistive Strain Gauges." Micromachines 13, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13020280.

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The effect of micro-morphology of resistive strain gauges on gauge factor was investigated numerically and experimentally. Based on the observed dimensional parameters of various commercial resistive strain gauges, a modeling method had been proposed to reconstruct the rough sidewall on the sensitive grids. Both the amplitude and period of sidewall profiles are normalized by the sensitive grid width. The relative resistance change of the strain gauge model with varying sidewall profiles was calculated. The results indicate that the micro-morphology on the sidewall profile led to the deviation of the relative resistance change and the decrease in gauge factor. To verify these conclusions, two groups of the strain gauge samples with different qualities of sidewall profiles have been manufactured, and both their relative resistance changes and gauge factors were measured by a testing apparatus for strain gauge parameters. It turned out that the experimental results are also consistent with the simulations. Under the loading strain within 1000 μm/m, the average gauge factors of these two groups of samples are 2.126 and 2.106, respectively, the samples with rougher profiles have lower values in gauge factors. The reduction in the gauge factor decreases the sensitivity by 2.0%. Our work shows that the sidewall micro-morphology on sensitive grids plays a role in the change of the gauge factor. The observed phenomena help derive correction methods for strain gauge measurements and predict the measurement errors coming from the local and global reinforcement effects.

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Mapiam, Punpim Puttaraksa, Monton Methaprayun, Thom Bogaard, Gerrit Schoups, and Marie-Claire Ten Veldhuis. "Citizen rain gauges improve hourly radar rainfall bias correction using a two-step Kalman filter." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 26, no. 3 (February 11, 2022): 775–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-775-2022.

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Abstract. The low density of conventional rain gauge networks is often a limiting factor for radar rainfall bias correction. Citizen rain gauges offer a promising opportunity to collect rainfall data at a higher spatial density. In this paper, hourly radar rainfall bias adjustment was applied using two different rain gauge networks: tipping buckets, measured by Thai Meteorological Department (TMD), and daily citizen rain gauges. The radar rainfall bias correction factor was sequentially updated based on TMD and citizen rain gauge data using a two-step Kalman filter to incorporate the two gauge datasets of contrasting quality. Radar reflectivity data from the Sattahip radar station, gauge rainfall data from the TMD, and data from citizen rain gauges located in the Tubma Basin, Thailand, were used in the analysis. Daily data from the citizen rain gauge network were downscaled to an hourly resolution based on temporal distribution patterns obtained from radar rainfall time series and the TMD gauge network. Results show that an improvement in radar rainfall estimates was achieved by including the downscaled citizen observations compared with bias correction based on the conventional rain gauge network alone. These outcomes emphasize the value of citizen rainfall observations for radar bias correction, in particular in regions where conventional rain gauge networks are sparse.

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Kang, Hyunkyoo, Seokjin Kim, Jaehak Shin, and Sunglim Ko. "Inkjet-Printed Flexible Strain-Gauge Sensor on Polymer Substrate: Topographical Analysis of Sensitivity." Applied Sciences 12, no. 6 (March 21, 2022): 3193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12063193.

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Inkjet-printed strain gauges on flexible substrates have recently been investigated for biomedical motion detection as well as the monitoring of structural deformation. This study performed a topographical analysis of an inkjet-printed strain gauge constructed using silver conductive ink on a PET (polyethylene terephthalate) substrate. Serpentine strain-gauge sensors of various thicknesses and widths were fabricated using inkjet printing and oven sintering. The fabricated gauge sensors were attached to curved surfaces, and gauge factors ranging from 2.047 to 3.098 were recorded. We found that the cross-sectional area of the printed strain gauge was proportional to the gauge factor. The correlation was mathematically modelled as y = 0.4167ln(x) + 1.3837, for which the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.8383.

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Kim, Y., and S. Kwon. "Resistivity dependence of gauge factor of polysilicon strain gauge." Micro & Nano Letters 5, no. 3 (2010): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2010.0031.

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Yang, Shixuan, and Nanshu Lu. "Gauge Factor and Stretchability of Silicon-on-Polymer Strain Gauges." Sensors 13, no. 7 (July 5, 2013): 8577–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s130708577.

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Liu, Xiao Wei, Xue Bin Lu, Rong Yan Chuai, Chang Zhi Shi, Ming Xue Huo, and Wei Ping Chen. "Gauge Factor and Nonlinearity of P-Type Polysilicon Nanofilms." Advanced Materials Research 60-61 (January 2009): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.60-61.84.

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The gauge factor and nonlinearity of 80nm polysilicon nanofilms with different doping concentration were tested. The experimental results show that, from 8.1×1018cm-3 to 2.0×1020cm-3, the gauge factors first increase then decrease, which like the common polysilicon films (thickness is larger than 100nm). From 2.0×1020cm-3 to 7.1×1020cm-3, the gauge factors do not change with doping concentration almost, which can be explained by tunneling piezoresistive theory. When doping concentration is low than 4.1×1019cm-3, the nonlinearities are big, and the nonlinearities become small when doping concentration is high than 4.1×1019cm-3. The nonlinearity is related to the occupied condition of trapping states in grain boundary. The longitudinal gauge factor and nonlinearity are smaller than transverse ones. Take the gauge factor and nonlinearity both into consideration, the optimal doping concentration should be 4.1×1019cm-3. The conclusions are very useful for design and fabrication of polysilicon nanofilms piezoresistive sensor.

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Kucha, Karel. "Covariant factor ordering of gauge systems." Physical Review D 34, no. 10 (November 15, 1986): 3044–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.34.3044.

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Zhou, Zehui, Bin Yong, Jiufu Liu, Aimin Liao, Niu Wang, Ziwei Zhu, Dekai Lu, Wang Li, and Jianyun Zhang. "Preliminary Evaluation of the HOBO Data Logging Rain Gauge at the Chuzhou Hydrological Experiment Station, China." Advances in Meteorology 2019 (November 4, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5947976.

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As a tipping bucket rain gauge, the HOBO Data Logging Rain Gauge RG3-M (RG3-M) has been widely used for the field precipitation observation owing to its superiority of independent power supply by a small portable battery. To quantify the measurement accuracy of the RG3-M gauge, a standard Manual Gauge (MG) and eight other models of tipping bucket rain gauges were installed at the Chuzhou hydrological experiment station of China. In this study, we first compared and investigated the accumulated mounts of 18 rainfall events of two RG3-M gauges benchmarked by the standard MG. Then, five typical rainfall events were chosen to further analyse the observed accuracy of the RG3-M gauge for different rainfall intensities at hourly temporal scale. Finally, the impacts of wind speed and rainfall intensity on the precipitation measurements of the RG3-M gauge were preliminarily explored. Results indicate that the RG3-M gauge measurement generally underestimates rainfall approximately −4% against the standard MG observation, but the maximum deviation even reaches −12.87%. In terms of the hourly rainfall process, the reliable measurement scope of the RG3-M gauge is ranging from 1.5 to 3 mm/h; however, it should be noted that the underestimation is rather significant at the higher rainfall rates (>6 mm/h). Last, it was found that rainfall intensity is a nonnegligible factor for influencing the measurement of the RG3-M gauge. But the windy effect seems to be insignificant in our experiments, which might be attributed to the similar exposure of the compared gauges.

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Zike, S., and L. P. Mikkelsen. "Correction of Gauge Factor for Strain Gauges Used in Polymer Composite Testing." Experimental Mechanics 54, no. 3 (October 9, 2013): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11340-013-9813-7.

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Yang, Daqing, Esko Elomaa, Asko Tuominen, Ari Aaltonen, Barry Goodison, Thilo Gunther, Valentin Golubev, Boris Sevruk, Henning Madsen, and Janja Milkovic. "Wind-induced Precipitation Undercatch of the Hellmann Gauges." Hydrology Research 30, no. 1 (February 1, 1999): 57–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1999.0004.

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The Hellmann gauges have been widely used as the official precipitation measurement instruments in 30 countries. From 1986 to 1993, the accuracy and performance of the Hellmann gauges were evaluated during the WMO Solid Precipitation Measurement Intercomparison at 4 stations in Finland, Russia, Germany, and Croatia. The double fence intercomparison reference (DFIR) was the reference standard used at all the Intercomparison stations. The data for the Hellmann gauges were compiled from measurements made at the 4 WMO intercomparison sites. These data represent a variety of climates, terrains and exposures. The effects of meteorological factors, such as wind speed, type of precipitation and temperature, on gauge catch efficiency were investigated. For snow and mixed precipitation, wind speed was found to be the most important factor determining the gauge catch and air temperature had a secondary effect. The relations of gauge catch ratio versus wind speed and temperature on a daily time scale were derived and presented for snow and mixed precipitation. Independent tests of the relations have been conducted at the WMO intercomparison stations and reasonable agreement between the corrected precipitation and the DFIR observation has been obtained. These relations are therefore recommended to be used for test correction of gauge measured data. It is expected that implementation of these correction procedures to the current and archived records will significantly improve the accuracy and homogeneity of precipitation data.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gauge factor"

1

Madhi, Elhoucine. "In-Situ Creep Monitoring Using Directional Potential Drop Sensors." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1288378941.

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Гричановська, Тетяна Михайлівна, Татьяна Михайловна Гричановская, Tetiana Mykhailivna Hrychanovska, Олександр Сергійович Грищук, Александр Сергеевич Грищук, Oleksandr Serhiiovych Hryshchuk, Тетяна Сергіївна Холод, Татьяна Сергеевна Холод, and Tetiana Serhiivna Kholod. "Strain Properties of Thin Films Based on Ni and Ag in External Magnetic Field." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/42685.

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The paper describes the research results of influence of an external magnetic field with 200 mT induction on the longitudinal gauge factor of nano-crystalline film systems of Ni and Ag with different thickness of non-magnetic layer of Ag (or Ni) within elastic deformation up to 1% are presented. Considered methods of forming double- and triplex-layer structure based on thin films Ni and Ag and research of the structure and phase composition of the obtained samples. The correlation between the factor value of the longitudinal gauge factor, structural-phase state of film systems and total thickness is estimated.

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Melanitis, Nikolaos. "An investigation of the tensile, compressive and interfacial properties of carbon fibres using Laser Raman Spectroscopy." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1991. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/25731.

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Laser Raman Spectroscopy (LRS) has been employed to characterise the structure of carbon fibres, the effect of surface treatment and the response of the material to externally applied loads. The strain sensitivity provided a unique relationship between the applied strain and the Raman frequency for each type of fibre, termed as the Raman Frequency Gauge Factor. After examining a wide range of fibres, of various Young's moduli and various manufacturing routes, it was concluded that both tensile and compressive properties of carbon fibres can be improved by controlling the fibre morphology during manufacture. This morphological control seems to achieve its objectives by reducing the skin-core effect in the fibre structure. The result of such an alteration can be detected in tension by the increase of the initial fibre modulus and in compression, by the absence of premature catastrophic type of failure. Nevertheless, non-linear stress-strain phenomena seem to be a permanent feature of all carbon fibres and the significant modulus softening in compression appears to determine the limits of the fibre compressive strength. The load transfer mechanism at the carbon fibre/epoxy resin interface has been subsequently investigated during the fibre fragmentation process in a single fibre model composite. The fibre strain distribution along the fibre fragments has been derived through the Raman spectrum of the fibre and its Raman Frequency Gauge Factor. In turn, the interfacial shear stress distribution has been evaluated using a simple balance of forces model. The maximum shear stress, allowed to develop at the f ibre/matrix interface, has been considered as a reasonable estimate of its interfacial strength. It was concluded that both the fibre surface treatment and the use of a lower modulus filament can increase the system's interfacial strength, reduce debonding propagation and withhold the interfacial yielding in the vicinity of the fibre discontinuities.

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Grychanovska, T. M., Віталій Володимирович Бібик, Виталий Владимирович Бибик, Vitalii Volodymyrovych Bibyk, O. S. Gryschuk, and L. A. Sheshenya. "Strain Properties of Thin Film Systems Based on Ni and Ag." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35207.

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Research results of influence of a uniform magnetic field by induction of 200 mT on the longitudinal gauge factor of nanocrystalline film systems of Ni/Ag/Ni with different thickness of non-magnetic layer of Ag within elastic deformation up to 1 are presented. The paper describes methods of forming three-layer structure based on thin films Ni and Ag and research of the structure and phase composition of the obtained samples. The correlation between the factor value of the longitudinal gauge and structural-phase state of film systems is set. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35207

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Макуха, Зінаїда Миколаївна, Зинаида Николаевна Макуха, Zinaida Mykolaivna Makukha, Юрій Михайлович Шабельник, Юрий Михайлович Шабельник, Yurii Mykhailovych Shabelnyk, Ірина Михайлівна Пазуха, et al. "Strain Properties of Nanodimentional Thin Film Systems Based on Ag and Co." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/34874.

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The results of research strain deformation properties of thin films Ag, Co and two-layer film systems Ag/Co in the range of deformation l 0 – 1% were presented. The plastic deformation in Co layer caused a similar deformation in the entire film system, even if the strain range of Ag layer is not reached the limits of the transition elastic/plastic deformation. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/34874

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Макуха, Зінаїда Миколаївна, Зинаида Николаевна Макуха, Zinaida Mykolaivna Makukha, and В. Б. Бутурлім. "Магнітодеформаційний ефект у плівкових системах на основі Сo та Cu." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/39707.

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Тензорезистивні датчики на основі плівкових матеріалів практично вичерпали свій ресурс у відношенні підвищення чутливості, однак питання стосовно впливу різного роду полів, зокрема магнітних, на величину коефіцієнта тензочутливості залишається маловивченим. У даній роботі було досліджено вплив магнітного поля на коефіцієнт тензочутливості дво- та тришарових плівкових систем на основі Сo та Cu.

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7

Пазуха, Ірина Михайлівна, Ирина Михайловна Пазуха, Iryna Mykhailivna Pazukha, Костянтин Володимирович Тищенко, Константин Владимирович Тищенко, Kostiantyn Volodymyrovych Tyshchenko, Наталія Іванівна Шумакова, et al. "Electrophysical Properties of Nanodimentional Pt Thin Films." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35013.

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The results of research structural and phase state, electrophysical properties (resistivity, temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), strain gauge) of Pt thin films in the range of thicknesses from 7 to 50 nm were presented. Thin films Pt have fcc structure with lattice parameter a 0,390 nm after annealing. The temperature dependences characterized by relative large value of resistivity (ρ ~ 10-6 Ohm m) and relative small value of TCR (β ~ 10-4 K-1) respectively. Strain properties characterized by a wide interval of elastic deformation (more than 1 %), relatively low value of gauge factor (1,5 – 3 units). When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35013

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8

Тищенко, Костянтин Володимирович, Константин Владимирович Тищенко, and Kostiantyn Volodymyrovych Tyshchenko. "Електромеханічні властивості плівкових матеріалів на основі магнітних металів." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2018. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/67804.

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Дисертацію присвячено комплексному дослідженю електромеханічних властивостей дво- і тришарових металевих плівок і плівкових сплавів на основі Fe і Pt, Gd або Ni та поясненню фізичних ефектів, які виникають у плівках в області пружної, квазіпружної і пластичної деформації. Встановлено взаємозв’язок між структурно-фазовим станом досліджуваних плівок і їх елекромеханічними властивостями. Показано, що зменшення розмірів зерен призводить до зменшення значення межі переходу від пружної до пластичної деформації. Уперше встановлені закономірності появи нелінійних ефектів у електромеханічних властивостях тонких плівок, запропоновано модель, яка описує реалізацію таких ефектів у тонких плівках. Запропоновано пояснення реалізації аномально малих значень коефіцієнта γl у тонких плівках, внаслідок двох фізичних механізмів: зміни коефіцієнта Пуассона, викликаної зміною температури Дебая при їх деформації; зменшення ефективної товщини плівок внаслідок дифузії поверхневих атомів на межі зерен.
Диссертация посвящена комплексному исследованию электромеханических свойств двух- и трехслойных металлических пленок и пленочных сплавов на основе Fe и Pt, Gd или Ni и трактованию физических эффектов, которые возникают в пленках в области упругой, квазиупругой и пластической деформации. Установлена взаимосвязь между структурно-фазовым состоянием исследуемых пленок и их электромеханическими свойствами. Показано, что уменшение размеров зерен приводит к уменшению значения границы перехода от упругой к пластической деформации. Впервые установлены закономерности появления нелинейных эффектов в электромеханических свойствах тонких пленок, предложена модель, которая описывает реализацию таких эффектов в тонких пленках. Предложено объяснение реализации аномально малых значений коэффициента γl в тонких пленках вследствие двух физических механизмов: изменения коэффициента Пуассона, вызванного изменением температуры Дебая при их деформации; уменшение эффективной толщины пленок вследствие диффузии поверхностных атомов на границы зерен.
Dissertation is devoted to research of electromechanical properties of two- and three-layer metal films and film-based alloys Fe and Pt, Gd or Ni and explain the physical effects that occur in films in the elastic, quasi-elastic and plastic deformation. The interrelation between structural-phase state studied the films and their elekromehanical properties. It was shown that reducing the size of grains leads to a reduction value of the transition from elastic to plastic deformation. First established patterns of occurrence of nonlinear effects in the electromechanical properties of thin films, the model that describes the realization of such effects in thin films. The explanation implementation abnormally low values of γl in thin films because of two physical mechanisms: the Poisson ratio changes caused by temperature changes in the Debye deformation; effectively reducing the film thickness due to diffusion of surface atoms at the grain boundaries.

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Anger, Philipp. "Probing Electroweak Gauge Boson Scattering with the ATLAS Detector at the Large Hadron Collider." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-151612.

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Electroweak gauge bosons as central components of the Standard Model of particle physics are well understood theoretically and have been studied with high precision at past and present collider experiments. The electroweak theory predicts the existence of a scattering process of these particles consisting of contributions from triple and quartic bosonic couplings as well as Higgs boson mediated interactions. These contributions are not separable in a gauge invariant way and are only unitarized in the case of a Higgs boson as it is described by the Standard Model. The process is tied to the electroweak symmetry breaking which introduces the longitudinal modes for the massive electroweak gauge bosons. A study of this interaction is also a direct verification of the local gauge symmetry as one of the fundamental axioms of the Standard Model. With the start of the Large Hadron Collider and after collecting proton-proton collision data with an integrated luminosity of 20.3/fb at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector, first-ever evidence for this process could be achieved in the context of this work. A study of leptonically decaying WWjj, same-electric-charge diboson production in association with two jets resulted in an observation of the electroweak WWjj production with same electric charge of the W bosons, inseparably comprising WW->WW electroweak gauge boson scattering contributions, with a significance of 3.6 standard deviations. The measured production cross section is in agreement with the Standard Model prediction. In the course of a study for leptonically decaying WZ productions, methods for background estimation, the extraction of systematic uncertainties and cross section measurements were developed. They were extended and applied to the WZjj final state whereof the purely electroweakly mediated contribution is intrinsically tied to the scattering of all Standard Model electroweak gauge bosons: Wγ->WZ and WZ->WZ. Three charged leptons and a neutrino from the decay of the final state bosons allow inferences about the scattering process. A distinct signature is provided by the two accompanying tagging jets as remnants of the incoming quarks radiating the initial electroweak gauge bosons. The cross section of the electroweak WZjj production was measured to σ(fiducial, observed) = (0.63 +0.32 -0.28 (stat.) +0.41 -0.24 (syst.)) fb and was found to be consistent with the Standard Model prediction at next-to-leading order in perturbative quantum chromodynamics, σ(fiducial, theory) = (0.31 +0.03 -0.05) fb. Unfolded differential cross sections of kinematic variables sensitive to models of new physics were derived. Anomalous quartic electroweak gauge couplings are introduced as dimensionless coupling parameters of additional operators within an effective field theory approach. Constraints on the parameters of operators with dimension eight were set employing a unitarization prescription based on form factors.

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Naeli, Kianoush. "Optimization of piezoresistive cantilevers for static and dynamic sensing applications." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28247.

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Thesis (M. S.)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Chair: Brand, Oliver; Committee Member: Adibi, Ali; Committee Member: Allen, Mark G.; Committee Member: Bottomley, Lawrence A.; Committee Member: Degertekin, F. Levent.

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Books on the topic "Gauge factor"

1

Stevano, Joseph A. Air pumps at U.S. gas stations: An investigation into factors associated with gauge accuracy. [Washington, D.C.]: National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Research and Development, 2002.

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Stevano, Joseph A. Air pumps at U.S. gas stations: An investigation into factors associated with gauge accuracy. [Washington, D.C.]: National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Research and Development, 2002.

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Leslie, Lynn D. Alaska Over-The-Horizon Backscatter Radar System: Climate factors analysis : a search for a gauge of bird collision potential. Anchorage, Alaska: University of Alaska, Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center, 1988.

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Skinner, John V. Model-B sediment-concentration gage: Factors influencing its readings and a formula for correcting its errors. St. Paul, Minn: U.S. Army Engineer District, 1989.

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Broadberry, Stephen N., Claire Giordano, and Francesco Zollino. Productivity. Edited by Gianni Toniolo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199936694.013.0007.

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Italy's economic growth over its 150 years of unified history did not occur at a steady pace, nor was it balanced across sectors. Relying on an entirely new input (labor and capital) database, this chapter evaluates the different labor productivity growth trends within the Italian economy's sectors, as well as the contribution of structural change to productivity growth. Italy's performance is then set in an international context: a comparison of sectoral labor productivity growth rates and levels within a selected sample of countries (United Kingdom, United States, Germany, Japan, India) allows us to better time, quantify, and gauge the causes of Italy's catching-up process and subsequent more recent slowdown. Finally, the paper analyzes the proximate sources of Italy's growth, relative to the other countries, in a standard growth accounting framework, in an attempt also to disentangle the contribution of both total factor productivity growth and capital deepening to the country's labor productivity dynamics.

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Stevano, Joseph A. Air Pumps at U.s. Gas Stations: An Investigation into Factors Associated With Gauge Accuracy. Diane Pub Co, 2002.

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Mercati, Flavio. Relativity Without Relativity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789475.003.0007.

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This chapter describes the program, dubbed ‘Relativity without Relativity’, of deriving all the fundamental accepted facts at the basis of modern field theory from relational principles. A best-matching action based on Jacobi’s principle is in fact sufficient to derive the universality of the light cone (Special Relativity), the correct form of Maxwell’s action and its gauge invariance, as well as the Yang–Mills theory. Faraday is credited with the introduction of the concept of field in physics. He found it extremely useful, in particular for the description of magnetic phenomena, to use the concept of lines of force (1830s).

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Barthelmes, Jens, and Isabella Sudano. Cardiovascular response to mental stress. Edited by Guido Grassi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0027.

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Mental stress, intrinsically subjective, lacks clear operationalization by any universally accepted gauge in routine clinical practice. There is not even an accepted single conceptualization of mental stress as opposed to the classic risk factors measured by, for example, resting blood pressure or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol among others. Yet, the link between psychosocial stress and cardiovascular events is a century-old intuition substantiated by many studies. Likely, mental stress affects cardiovascular health over the whole course of at-risk-stage up to cardiovascular events. This chapter discusses the major pathophysiologic effects of mental stress on cardiovascular pathogenesis.

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Warner, Rebecca. Attracting the Family Market. Edited by Robert Gordon and Olaf Jubin. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988747.013.26.

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The musical aimed at the family market is an important part of the landscape of the British musical. This paper seeks to explore some of the key characteristics that can make a musical appeal to a hybrid, cross-generational audience. By employing Tony Graham’s five-step gauge for considering the suitability of particular works for capturing a child’s interest as a framework, the essay explores the musicals Honk!, Mary Poppins, Matilda, and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory as case studies. Special attention is paid to ideas of imagination, transcendence, and the use of a universal topic to appeal to the family market.

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O’Neal, M. Angela. Ringing in the Ears and Pain in the Head. Edited by Angela O’Neal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190609917.003.0015.

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The case illustrates the classic clinical features of a low-pressure headache. The pathophysiology results from the loss of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This causes sagging of the brain, stretching of the bridging veins, and venodilatation. The clinical history is of a headache that is worse in the upright position and remits when the patient is supine. Due to the connection of the perilymphatic fluid and CSF, postural tinnitus is a frequent symptom. Risk factors for low-pressure headache include those that are patient-specific: female sex, low body mass index, prior history of a low-pressure headache, and an underlying headache disorder. Operator-specific factors that decrease the risk of a postdural puncture headache (PDPH) include greater operator experience and the use of a smaller-gauge, non-cutting lumbar puncture needle. The best treatment for low-pressure headache is a blood patch with resolution in over 90% of low-pressure headaches.

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Book chapters on the topic "Gauge factor"

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Eargle, John M. "Loudspeaker Damping Factor as a Function of Line Length and Wire Gauge." In Electroacoustical Reference Data, 242–43. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2027-6_117.

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Park, Dong Joon, and Min Yoon. "Optimum Confidence Interval Analysis in Two-Factor Mixed Model with a Concomitant Variable for Gauge Study." In Intelligent Systems, Control and Automation: Science and Engineering, 53–68. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8044-5_4.

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Andraos, John. "CHAPTER 3. Application of Step, Cumulative, and Global E-factor and Process Mass Intensity Metrics to Gauge Synthesis Efficiency: l-DOPA and Apixaban Pharmaceutical Examples." In Green Chemistry Series, 39–52. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788016131-00039.

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Mortimer, Rudolf G. "Beginning with a Malfunctioning Fuel Gauge and Ending with a Pedestrian Casualty." In Forensic Human Factors and Ergonomics, 257–70. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2018. | Series: Human factors and ergonomics: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429462269-17.

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Haberzettl, H., C. Bennhold, T. Mart, and T. Feuster. "Kaon Photoproduction with Form Factors in a Gauge-invariant Approach." In Few-Body Problems in Physics ’98, 515–18. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6798-4_102.

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Davidson, M., A. Gilbertson, and M. Dougherty. "Investigation of Factors Affecting the Calibration of Strain Gage Based Transducers (‘Goodzeit Gages’) for SSC Magnets." In Supercollider 3, 1077–85. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3746-5_99.

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Djoukbala, Omar, Mahmoud Hasbaia, Oussama Benselama, Boutaghane Hamouda, Salim Djerbouai, and Ahmed Ferhati. "Water Erosion and Sediment Transport in an Ungauged Semiarid Area: The Case of Hodna Basin in Algeria." In Natural Disaster Science and Mitigation Engineering: DPRI reports, 439–54. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2904-4_17.

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AbstractThis study aims to estimate the eroded and transported sediment yields from the The Hodna basin (26,000 km2) situated in central Algeria by two approaches. In the first model, the data of the gauged subbasins are extrapolated to the ungauged areas based on the homogeneity of factors that influence the water erosion-sediment transport process. In this approach, the specific eroded and transported sediment yield in the Hodna basin is estimated to be 425 t/km2/yr. In an alternative approach, the eroded yield is estimated by mapping erosion using the (RUSLE) in a GIS environment. The obtained results show a high eroded sediment yield of approximately 610 t/km2/yr.The observed difference between the results of the two approaches can be explained by the amount of sediment that is eroded but is not transported by runoff.These two methods show high eroded and transported sediment yield values in the Hodna basin region; these high yields may seriously threaten the central flat zone with progressive deposition.

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Tassinari, Giorgio, and Demetrio Panarello. "The effectiveness of marketing tools in a consumer goods market in Italy during the Great Recession (2010-2015)." In Proceedings e report, 105–10. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-461-8.20.

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In the case of markets characterized by a stationary primary demand, the relevant dimension for measuring a company’s success is represented by market shares. The paper aims to build and comment on a model that gauges the competitive effects of marketing maneuvers on market shares, with reference to tea-based beverages in Italy in the period November 2010 – October 2015. This analysis will be instrumental in establishing the effectiveness of marketing policies based on promotions or advertising. We estimate such a model on weekly data provided by IRI Infoscan and Nielsen, involving the top five brands in the Italian market. After a descriptive analysis and a stationarity test, we estimate a Multinomial Logit model, making use of the Seemingly Unrelated Regressions method. The results allow us to identify the effectiveness of each brand’s marketing policies. Moreover, they enable us to derive the matrices of direct and cross elasticities of brands’ market shares with respect to the main marketing tools (price, promotions, distribution, advertising investments) and to compare basic and average market shares. Based on these results, it is therefore possible to identify the market’s competitive structure, revealing the most incisive factors to be price and weighted distribution, while advertising investments are significant in only a few cases and elasticities are remarkably low. The competitive structure appears to be of a horizontal type (i.e., cross elasticities do not vary greatly).

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CASTRO-ALVAREDO, OLALLA A., and ANDREAS FRING. "ASPECTS OF LOCALITY IN THE FORM FACTOR PROGRAM." In From Integrable Models to Gauge Theories, 99–124. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812777478_0006.

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AMBJORN, J., SH KHACHATRYAN, and A. SEDRAKYAN. "3D ISING MODEL ON DUAL BCC LATTICE: THE SIGN-FACTOR." In From Integrable Models to Gauge Theories, 1–13. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812777478_0001.

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Conference papers on the topic "Gauge factor"

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Hosseinzadegan, H., C. Todd, A. Lal, M. Pandey, M. Levendorf, and J. Park. "Graphene has ultra high piezoresistive gauge factor." In 2012 IEEE 25th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memsys.2012.6170262.

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Quandt, Markus, Giuseppe Burgio, Songvudhi Chimchinda, and Hugo Reinhardt. "Coulomb gauge ghost propagator and the Coulomb form factor." In VIIIth Conference Quark Confinement and the Hadron Spectrum. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.077.0066.

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Li, Jinggao, Jon P. Longtin, Szymon Tankiewicz, Andrew Gouldstone, and Sanjay Sampath. "Characterization of Interdigital Capacitive Strain Gauges by Direct Write Technology." In ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72769.

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Interdigitated capacitive strain gauges have several distinct advantages over resistive-based strain gauges, particularly for applications in harsh environments, such as high-temperature environments. In this work capacitive strain gauges have been fabricated using thermal spray technology. Gauges are fabricated using both a direct-write approach where the gauge is fabricated using a computer-controlled deposition system and by ultrafast laser micromachining in which blanket coatings sprayed onto a substrate are subsequently laser micrornachined. Silver coatings were sprayed onto plastic, polymer, composites, fiberglass and alumina to form the strain gauges. An ultrafast laser machining technique was used to fabricate capacitive strain gauges on copper coated printed circuit boards as well as NiCr coatings on alumina substrate. The typical capacitance of strain gauge was in the range of 5∼25 pF. Mechanical tests included gauge factor, linearity and zero shift. Temperature-based measurements include the temperature coefficient of capacitance (TCC) measurements and thermal cycling tests. The devices show promise for use in wireless strain monitoring applications.

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CHEREDNIKOV, I. O., and N. G. STEFANIS. "TRANSVERSE-MOMENTUM PARTON DENSITIES: GAUGE LINKS, DIVERGENCES AND SOFT FACTOR." In Proceedings of the 4th Workshop. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814329569_0039.

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LI, HUA-ZHONG. "QUANTUM NON-INTEGRABLE PHASE FACTOR AND INTEGRAL FORMALISM FOR GAUGE FIELD." In In Celebration of the 80th Birthday of C N Yang. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812791207_0037.

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Fuji, Y., M. Hara, Y. Higashi, S. Kaji, K. Masunishi, T. Nagata, A. Yuzawa, et al. "An ultra-sensitive spintronic strain-gauge sensor with gauge factor of 5000 and demonstration of a Spin-MEMS Microphone." In 2017 19th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems (TRANSDUCERS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/transducers.2017.7993988.

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Heckmann, Ulrike, Ralf Bandorf, Mirjana Petersen, Virginia Gwozdz, and Gunter Brauer. "Matching of maximum gauge factor and TCR zero crossing of Me-DLC." In 2011 IEEE Sensors. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsens.2011.6126973.

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Madhi, E., P. B. Nagy, Donald O. Thompson, and Dale E. Chimenti. "MATERIAL GAUGE FACTOR OF DIRECTIONAL ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DROP SENSORS FOR CREEP MONITORING." In REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION: Volume 30A; Volume 30B. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3592075.

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Madhi, E., P. B. Nagy, Donald O. Thompson, and Dale E. Chimenti. "GEOMETRICAL GAUGE FACTOR OF DIRECTIONAL ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DROP SENSORS FOR CREEP MONITORING." In REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION: Volume 30A; Volume 30B. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3592123.

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Haibin, Pan, Yang Chunsong, Wang Xiaofei, and Li Boquan. "A Novel Measurement System for Hydrogenated Nanocrystalline Silicon Thin Films' Gauge Factor." In 2010 International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering (ICECE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icece.2010.56.

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Reports on the topic "Gauge factor"

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Binger, Michael, and Stanley J. Brodsky. The Form Factors of the Gauge-Invariant Three-Gluon Vertex. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/876593.

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Alexander, Serena E., Mariela Alfonzo, and Kevin Lee. Safeguarding Equity in Off-Site Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) Mitigation in California. Mineta Transportation Institute, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2027.

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Historically, the State of California assessed the environmental impacts of proposed developments based on how it was projected to affect an area’s level of service (LOS). However, as LOS focused on traffic delays, many agencies simply widened roads, which was an ineffective way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). With the passage of Senate Bill (SB)743 in 2013, LOS was replaced by Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) as a more appropriate metric by which to gauge the environmental impacts of proposed development. Additionally, SB 743 presented an opportunity for off-site VMT mitigation strategies through banking and exchanges– allowing multiple development projects to fund a variety of strategies to reduce VMT elsewhere in the city or region. While the shift from LOS to VMT has generally been lauded, concerns remain about how to apply SB 743 effectively and equitably. This study aimed to: 1) understand how local governments are addressing this shift toward VMT while ensuring equity, including its approaches to off-site VMT mitigation; and 2) evaluate the various built environment factors that impact VMT, which should be considered by local governments, using both qualitative and quantitative research designs. The study posited that both micro and macro level aspects of the built environment needed to be considered when evaluating the impacts of proposed development on VMT, not only to ensure higher accuracy VMT models, but also because of the potential equity implications of off-site mitigation measures. Using multiple linear regression, the study shows that macroscale built environment features such as land use, density, housing, and employment access have a statistically significant impact on reducing VMT (35%), along with transit access (15%), microscale features such as sidewalks, benches, and trees (13%), and income (6%). More notably, a four-way interaction was detected, indicating that VMT is dependent on the combination of macro and micro level built environment features, public transit access, and income. Additionally, qualitative interviews indicate that transportation practitioners deal with three types of challenges in the transition to VMT impact mitigation: the lack of reliable, standardized VMT measure and evaluation tools; the lack of a strong legal foundation for VMT as a component of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA); and the challenge of distributing off-site VMT mitigation equitably. Overall, findings support a nuanced, multi-factor understanding of the context in which new developments are being proposed, both in terms of modeling VMT, but also when considering whether offsite mitigation would be appropriate. The results of this study can help California ensure equitable VMT mitigation that better aligns with the state’s climate goals.

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