Journal articles: 'Gauchos – Argentina – History'

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Escolar, Diego. "Huarpe Archives in the Argentine Desert: Indigenous Claims and State Construction in Nineteenth-Century Mendoza." Hispanic American Historical Review 93, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): 451–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-2210867.

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Abstract The narrative of indigenous extinction and the construction of a “white” Argentina entailed an ethnogeographic imaginary by which the territories of the former Spanish colonies were inhabited since the nineteenth century by gauchos or eventually peasants. The population classified as indigenous, in this view, was projected outside the central areas controlled by the nation-state, beyond the frontiers of the Pampas, Patagonia, and the Chaco. Historical writing accepted and contributed to the formation of this image by characterizing the political mobilization of gauchos or peasants (especially in their bellicosity as montoneras — irregular militia units) as a natural reflection of the projects of elites, factions, patrons, or parties. That historiography dismissed as irrelevant any demands stemming from the gauchos and peasantry themselves, such as those based on the long historical experience of indigenous peoples. Based on documents preserved by inhabitants of the travesía, or the desert, of Guanacache, in the central Cuyo region, the descendants of the Huarpe Indians who were considered extinct in the seventeenth century, this analysis stresses the continuity of indigenous claims and the political strategies of the communities of the countryside during the nineteenth century. While recognizing that other factors were involved in political mobilization, this analysis shows the primary importance of indigenous claims in an area of traditional montonero rebellion and civil conflict, and the active participation of the region in the construction of the state beginning in the 1820s. Indigenous leaders who also served as government officials pressed for institutionalized recognition of indigenous rights. That pressure eventually led to the acceptance of their claims and the maintenance of relative political autonomy until the 1870s.

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Rozenberg, Nataliya Abramovna. "The Concept of a Romantic Hero in the Sculpture of Argentina in the 20–40s of the 20th Century." Общество: философия, история, культура, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/fik.2020.12.24.

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The interest in the history and culture of Argentina in the Russian Federation today has a special char-acter. It is believed that the presence of a huge number of immigrants from Europe, including from Russia, distinguishes Argentina culturally from oth-er countries of the New World, makes its culture more understandable. There is a perception that this is the most Europeanized country in South America. To a large extent, this ideologeme is the result of foreign policy pursued by Argentina itself. At the same time, the process of the formation of national identity in here was complicated and did not end until the 40s of the 20th century. The relevance of the study is to reveal the inconsistency of this process on the material of sculpture as a document of the era, to show the rejection by masters from a remote region of the country, the province of Chaco, the prevailing ideas about the barbarity and savagery of the Indians and Gauchos, the original population of this province and part of other territories of the state. The novelty lies in the comparative compari-son of the positions of the academic art history of Argentina and academic art in the understanding of Indian themes and in how it was interpreted by re-gional masters – K. Dominguez (died in 1969), C. Schenone (1907–1963), J. de la Mena (1897–1954), as well as in the art history analysis of significant works of the considered problematic and the roman-tic tendencies manifested in them. It is advisable to correlate the process of “Europeanization” of Indi-ans, bloody and long-term hostilities in order to expel the gaucho and Indians from their ancestral lands with the understanding of who was the true hero of history in the creations of their descendants. The works of the sculptors Chaco, romantic in spirit, are related to the great J. Hernandez’s poem “Martin Fierro”. Today they are kept not only in the capital of Chaco, Resistencia, but also in museums in Buenos Aires and foreign collections

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Langer, Erick D. "The Eastern Andean Frontier (Bolivia and Argentina) and Latin American Frontiers: Comparative Contexts (19th and 20th Centuries)." Americas 59, no. 1 (July 2002): 33–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2002.0077.

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The epic struggles between Mexicans and the Apaches and Comanches in the far northern reaches of the Spanish empire and the conflict between gauchos and Araucanians in the pampas in the far south are the images the mind conjures up when thinking of Latin American frontiers. We must now add for the twentieth century the dense Amazon jungle as one of the last frontiers in popular (and scholarly) minds. However, these images ignore the eastern Andean and Chaco frontier area, one of the most vital and important frontier regions in Latin America since colonial times, today divided up into three different countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay) in the heart of the South American continent. This frontier region has not received sufficient attention from scholars despite its importance in at least three different aspects: First, the indigenous peoples were able to remain independent of the Creole states much longer than elsewhere other than the Amazon. Secondly, indigenous labor proved to be vitally important to the economic development along the fringes, and thirdly, a disastrous war was fought over the region in the 1930s by Bolivia and Paraguay. This essay provides an overview based on primary and secondary sources of the history of the eastern Andean frontier and compares it to other frontiers in Latin America. It thus endeavors to contribute to frontier studies by creating categories of analysis that make possible the comparisons between different frontiers in Latin America and placing within the scholarly discussion the eastern Andean region during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

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Acree, William G. "On the Heels of Juan Moreira: Lessons for the Cultural History of Reading." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 134, no. 1 (January 2019): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2019.134.1.157.

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Between November 1879 and January 1880, the argentine author Eduardo Gutierrez published a serialized narrative of the life of Juan Moreira in the Buenos Aires newspaper La Patria Argentina. Titled simply Juan Moreira, the heroic tale of the real-life outlaw went like this: Moreira was a good gaucho gone bad, who fought to preserve his honor against the backdrop of modernizing forces that were transforming life in this part of South America. His string of crimes and ultimate downfall resulted from his unjust persecution by corrupt state officials. The success of the serial surpassed all expectations. The paper's sales skyrocketed, and the melodramatic narrative soon appeared in book form. Enterprising printers produced tens of thousands of authorized and pirated editions to sell in the Rio de la Plata (Argentina and Uruguay), making Juan Moreira a leading example of everyday reading for the region's rapidly growing literate population and one of Latin America's pre-twentieth-century bestsellers (Acree, Everyday Reading; Gutiérrez, The Gaucho Juan Moreira).

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Savage Lee, Susan. "“They Look Like They’re Trying to Pull Up Nails with Their Heels”: Ricardo Güiraldes’s Response to Cultural Appropriation in Don Segundo Sombra." Polish Journal for American Studies, no. 15 (Spring 2021) (November 20, 2021): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/pjas.15/1/2021.08.

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Cultural appropriation has often been linked to American treatment of indigenous cultures. In Playing Indian, for example, Philip J. Deloria investigates how images of Indianness, however inauthentic, stereotypical, or completely ethnocentric, work to help white Americans come to terms with their history of conquest and possession. While the term cultural appropriation has been linked to the conflict between dominant and indigenous cultures as Deloria suggests, it is used far less frequently with respect to American and Latin American cultural identities. Yet, the preponderance of movies and literary works in which Americans follow the same rubric – use Latin American culture to define American cultural identity – evoke the same sense of loss on the part of Latin Americans, in this case, Argentines. For over a century, for example, the gaucho has been examined, evaluated, and reevaluated by Argentines within gauchesque literature to make sense of modernization, notions of civilization versus barbarism, and what creates argentinidad, or what it means to be Argentine. Ricardo Güiraldes sought to respond to the cultural appropriation and misrepresentation of the gaucho, specifically that gaucho culture could be taken up by anyone and used for any purpose, no matter how benign; and that gauchos were a part of the past, eschewing modernization in forms such as industrial ranching and technology when, in fact, they embraced it. In Don Segundo Sombra, Güiraldes addresses these issues. Rather than permit cultural appropriation and ethnocentrism to remain unremarked upon, Güiraldes demonstrates that gaucho culture has remarkable qualities that cannot be imitated by novices, both foreign and native. He then examines gaucho culture, particularly the link between frontier life and economic displacement, in order to champion the gaucho and argentinidad as the models for Argentines to follow.

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Bilousova, Liliia. "Emigration of Jews from Odessa to Argentina in the Late 19th - Early 20th century." Mìžnarodnì zv’âzki Ukraïni: naukovì pošuki ì znahìdki, no. 29 (November 10, 2020): 35–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mzu2020.29.036.

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The article deals with the history of emigration of Jews from the south of Ukraine to Argentina in the late 19th - early 20th century and the role of Odessa in the organizational, economic and educational support of the resettlement process. An analysis of the transformation of the idea of the Argentine project from the beginning of compact settlements to the possibility of creating a Jewish state in Patagonia is given. There are provided such aspects as reasons, preconditions and motives of emigration, its stages and results, the exceptional contribution of the businessman and philanthropist Maurice de Hirsch to the foundation of Jewish settlements in Argentina. There are reflected a legislative aspect, in particular, the first attempt of Russian government to regulate migration abroad with the Regulations for activity in Russia of the Jewish Colonization Association founded in Great Britain; various forms and directions of the work of Odessa JCA committee; the activities of the Argentine Vice-Consulate (1906-1909) and the Consul General of Argentina in Odessa (1909-1917). There are also presented some valuable archival genealogical documents from the State Archives of the Odessa Region, namely the lists of immigrants on the steamer "Bosfor" in April 30, 1894. The article highlights the conditions in which the emigrants started their activities in Argentina in 1888, establishment of the first Jewish colony of Moisesville, the difficulties in economic arrangement and social adaptation, and the process of settlement development from the first unsuccessful attempts to cultivate virgin lands to the numerous farms and ranches with effective economic activities. An interesting social phenomenon of interethnic diffusion of indigenous and jewish cultures and the formation of a unique "Gaucho Jews" group of population is covered. It is provided information on the current state of Jewish settlements in Argentina and fixing their history in literature, music, cinema, documentary. It is emphasized that using historical research and direct contacts with the descendants of emigrants to Argentina could be very useful and actual for increasing the efficiency and development of Ukrainian-Argentine economic and cultural ties

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Yolis, Máximo. "Del gaucho literario al gaucho "real": un aporte a su construcción en Argentina (1845-1913)." História da Historiografia: International Journal of Theory and History of Historiography 7, no. 16 (December 9, 2014): 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15848/hh.v0i16.845.

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Zalla, Jocelito. "Folclorismo, literatura popular e invenção de tradições gaúchas na Primeira República: o Cancioneiro Guasca (1910-1917), de Simões Lopes Neto." Topoi (Rio de Janeiro) 23, no. 49 (April 2022): 240–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-101x02304910.

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RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o projeto folclorista de João Simões Lopes Neto (1865-1916), redesenhando suas conexões com movimentos contemporâneos de definição da cultura popular, além de seus contatos com práticas de representação letrada baseadas na cultura campesina dos países vizinhos, Argentina e Uruguai. Metodologicamente, explorarei a materialidade/edição e a economia textual de seu livro Cancioneiro Guasca (1910-1917). É possível concluir que existiu um projeto coletivo de invenção de tradições gaúchas no Rio Grande do Sul da Primeira República, suportado pelas práticas do folclorismo mais amplo, do qual participou o esforço simoniano. Essa variação de identidade gaúcha também observava o projeto castilhista-positivista de modernização conservadora, além de integrar a patrulha nacionalista de suas fronteiras simbólicas.

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Moreno, José Luis. "Gauchos et Peones du Rio de la Plata Réflexions sur l'histoire rurale de l'Argentine coloniale." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 50, no. 6 (December 1995): 1351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ahess.1995.279435.

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De récentes études consacrées à l'Argentine coloniale ont remis en question la naissance du latifundio au 18e siècle comme élément de l'héritage espagnol et, qui plus est, elles laissent entendre aussi que le gaucho, archétype et quintessence de la toute nouvelle nationalité argentine, n'a pas été le seul et unique moteur de l'occupation de l'espace et du déplacement de la frontière. Qu'est-il arrivé pour qu'en si peu de temps des pans aussi essentiels de notre histoire aient connu des ouragans aussi dévastateurs ? Assurément, il n'existe pas d'explications univoques mais plutôt une série de questions de caractère différent liées aux problèmes idéologiques de notre classe d'éleveurs et des secteurs du pouvoir qui lui sont relatifs. Ces groupes sociaux se considèrent eux-mêmes comme les dépositaires d'une nationalité enracinée dans la période coloniale. Rien n'est plus éloigné de la vérité historique, mais toujours est-il qu'on a fait croire que la majorité de la société argentine était d'origine européenne et issue de l'immigration massive qui allait commencer à la fin du siècle dernier (dans les années 1880), et que tel cela avait été. Personne n'aurait osé faire remarquer que beaucoup de patronymes de lignées de propriétaires terriens étaient apparus également au 19e et qu'ils n'étaient même pas d'origine espagnole.

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Domínguez Rubio, Lucas. "Sobre los inicios de un revisionismo filosófico en Argentina y sus derivas políticas: Homero Guglielmini, Saúl Taborda y Carlos Astrada." Catedral Tomada. Revista de crítica literaria latinoamericana 8, no. 14 (August 7, 2020): 60–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ct/2020.420.

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This article analyzes the theoretical and ideological interests of the first philosophical essays in Argentina from an intellectual-history perspective. Saúl Taborda (1885-1943), Homero Guglielmini (1903-1968) and Carlos Astrada (1894-1971) had similar theoretical and political trajectories. From the 1920s, when they were in charge of incipient philosophical and avant-garde magazines, they were influenced by the writings of Nietzsche and Sorel. Later, they were interested in German romanticism and Heidegger's work, in the moment when Astrada and Guglielmini became two of the most important intellectuals of Juan Domingo Perón's government. While the so-called historical revisionism has received a remarkable attention, we only have a few works on this philosophical revisionism in Argentina. It is necessary, thus, to differentiate these early revisionist writings from their counterparts dedicated to history. The philosophers did not react to the continuous waves of immigration but rather to liberal political innovations taken as "foreign ideas". They focused especially on the figure of the gaucho and proposed a non-Catholic reading of Hispanicism. In a nutshell, they argued against individualism and forth theoretical tools to think a collective subject. Therefore, this work describes a theoretical trajectory that is well known at the European level, ranging from vitalist and aestheticist irrationalism to nationalist and strongly anti-individualist organisationalist positions.

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Rea, Lauren. "Education, popular literature and future citizenship in Argentina’s Billiken children’s magazine (1919–1944)." Global Studies of Childhood 8, no. 3 (September 2018): 281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2043610618797403.

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This article places the study of Argentina’s Billiken magazine, the world’s longest-running children’s weekly, at the intersection between Popular Culture Studies and Childhood Studies to uncover how historical understandings of Argentine popular culture are challenged and transformed when the popular culture in question is made for children. Billiken is identified with the promotion of Argentine culture and history yet excludes the ultimate expression of Argentine national identity, the gaucho, from its popular literary content in favour of characters taken from, or inspired by, European children’s literature. This editorial decision is determined by Billiken’s construction of the child reader in terms of his or her future potential. Billiken’s self-imposed educational remit extends to the magazine’s popular cultural content which it employs as a way of socialising the child reader and forming notions of taste. The editorial construction of children as future citizens is used here as the lens through which to view the different and, at times, contradictory, ideological, pedagogical and commercial agendas found within this product of children’s popular culture.

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mangino, marcela baruch. "Martíín Fierro: A Uruguayan Classic." Gastronomica 8, no. 4 (2008): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2008.8.4.83.

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The popular Uruguayan dessert, Martíín Fierro, takes its name from the famous hero of Argentine writer Joséé Hernandez's epic poem. The poem is regarded as a masterpiece of the gauchesque genre and a symbol of Argentine (and Uruguayan) identity. Hernáández's past as politician, poet and writer is explored in relation to his work, in particular, the epic poem, Martíín Fierro and The Return of Martíín Fierro. The Martíín Fierro dessert evolved from Hernandez's preference for a popular Argentinean dessert of cheese and sweet potato called "Vigilante" to the Uruguayan version of cheese with quince paste, and was thus named in his honor. The influence of the Spanish and Swiss in the history of the dessert's main ingredients, Colonia cheese and quince paste, highlights the adaptation of the Uruguayan cuisine to European traditions, and the adoption of the gaucho literary hero as their own underscores Uruguayan identity with the (Southern cone) region.

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Plesch, Melanie. "Demonizing and redeeming the gaucho: social conflict, xenophobia and the invention of Argentine national music." Patterns of Prejudice 47, no. 4-5 (September 2013): 337–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0031322x.2013.845425.

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Guardino, Peter F., and Ariel de la Fuente. "Children of Facundo: Caudillo and Gaucho Insurgency during the Argentine State-Formation Process (La Rioja, 1853-1870)." American Historical Review 106, no. 5 (December 2001): 1845. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2692854.

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Meisel, Seth. "Children of Facundo: Caudillo and Gaucho Insurgency during the Argentine State-Formation Process (La Rioja, 1853–1870)." Hispanic American Historical Review 83, no. 4 (November 1, 2003): 771–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-83-4-771.

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Delaney, Jeane. "Making Sense of Modernity: Changing Attitudes toward the Immigrant and the Gaucho in Turn-of-the-Century Argentina." Comparative Studies in Society and History 38, no. 3 (July 1996): 434–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500020016.

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The experience of modernity is one that cuts across national boundaries. Regardless of where it occurs, modernization—defined here as the nexus of changes that includes technological innovation, economic rationalization, demographic change, the bureaucratization of the state, and the triumph of science—has certain inevitable consequences. To live in a modern society means to live in a constantly changing world, in which the forces of modernity have dissolved old forms of community, altered traditional notions of work, undermined social hierarchies, produced new social spaces, and transformed the sights, sounds, and even smells of everyday life. Modernization also engenders its own response. Societies in the throes of rapid modernization inevitably have their critics: individuals who for a variety of reasons object to the myriad of changes that accompany this process. Recoiling from the present, these antimodernists take refuge in an often idealized past, longing for what they believe to be a simpler, purer way of life.

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Sheinin, David. "The Invention of the Jewish Gaucho. Villa Clara and the Construction of Argentine Identity." Journal of Modern Jewish Studies 10, no. 2 (July 2011): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14725886.2011.555179.

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Bockelman, Brian. "Between the Gaucho and the Tango: Popular Songs and the Shifting Landscape of Modern Argentine Identity, 1895–1915." American Historical Review 116, no. 3 (June 2011): 577–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.116.3.577.

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Barral, Maria Elena. "CURA GAUCHO, CURA SANTO, CURA DE LAS SIERRAS… JOSÉ GABRIEL BROCHERO EN UN VALLE CORDOBÉS (ARGENTINA, FINES DEL SIGLO XIX Y PRINCIPIOS DEL XX)." Temas Americanistas, no. 49 (2022): 88–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/temas-americanistas.2022.i49.05.

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Este artículo estudia algunas formas de intervención social del clero durante el siglo XIX y, en particular, en la segunda mitad del mismo, cuando en determinadas figuras eclesiásticas coexistieron algunos rasgos del párroco colonial junto con los mandatos a los que debieron ajustarse en el proceso de construcción del Estado nacional. El sacerdocio del José Gabriel Brochero, canonizado en 2016, resulta adecuado para examinar la cohabitación de estos perfiles en su prolongado ejercicio de ministerio parroquial en una región del interior de la Argentina.

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Mateo Pietro, Graciela. "Iguales problemas, idénticas soluciones. El Monte de Piedad de Buenos Aires y su respuesta a la usura (1877-1904)." Áreas. Revista Internacional de Ciencias Sociales, no. 41 (September 15, 2021): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/arics.471491.

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“Al rico nunca le ofrezcan / y al pobre jamás le falten”. Estos versos del Martín Fierro -obra maestra de la narrativa gauchesca argentina- remiten al Monte de Piedad de Buenos Aires: por un lado, esencializan la función social como institución proveedora de crédito a los sectores desamparados de la sociedad, y por otro permiten identificar a su autor, José Hernández, como miembro del Consejo de Administración de la entidad y tenaz defensor de su continuidad.El presente artículo estudia, a partir de los antecedentes del crédito pignoraticio y del rol desempeñado por los montepíos nativos a mediados del siglo XIX, el origen y la trayectoria del Monte de Piedad de Buenos Aires, destinado a aliviar las penurias de los sectores vulnerados, tanto nativos como inmigrantes, evitando que sean víctimas de la usura. En tal sentido y desde una perspectiva macro que dé cuenta de la situación económico- financiera del país y particularmente de la provincia de Buenos Aires, se privilegia el análisis micro de las distintas etapas de la historia de este entidad y de su función social; desde su fundación en 1877 dependiente del Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, su incorporación una década después al patrimonio municipal y su conversión en 1904 en Banco Municipal de Préstamos. El punto de partida es un estado de la cuestión sobre el tema. Las fuentes primarias (Libros de Actas, Memorias y balances, Cartas orgánicas, Reglamentos de la institución, Diario de Sesiones de la Legislatura bonaerense y del Consejo Deliberante de la ciudad de Buenos Aires) así como algunas publicaciones periódicas de la época, resultan sustantivas para lograr el objetivo propuesto. “Never offer to the rich /and may the poor never lack” These verses by Martín Fierro -a masterpiece of Argentine gaucho narrative- represent the Monte de Piedad in Buenos Aires and its development. In a way, they essentialize the social function of this institution that provides credit to the underprivileged sectors of society. Besides, this affirmation allows to identify its author, José Hernández, as a member of the entity’s Board of Directors and a tenacious defender of its continuity.This article is based on the antecedents of the pledge credit and the role played by the native montepíos in the mid-19th century. Its focused in the study of the origin and trajectory of Monte de Piedad in Buenos Aires, as an institution which alleviated the hardships of the vulnerable sectors, both natives and immigrants, and prevented them from being victims of usury. Both macro and micro perspectives converge in this analysis. Firstly, the argentine economic and financial situation is taken into account to get to Buenos Aires’ province evaluation. Secondly, the history of this entity’s social function is examined since it was founded in 1877 (under the Bank of the Province of Buenos Aires), to its incorporation a decade later into the municipal patrimony and its conversion into the Municipal Bank of Loans, in 1904.The article starts with a bibliographic review of this particular subject. The proposed objective is achieved by analyzing diverse primary sources (Minutes Books, Memories and balances, Organic Letters, Institution Regulations, Journal of Sessions of the Buenos Aires Legislature and the Deliberative Council of the city of Buenos Aires) as well as the main periodical publications of the time.

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Rock, D. "Children of Facundo. Caudillo and Gaucho Insurgency during the Argentine State-Formation Process (La Rioja), 1853-1870. By Ariel de la Fuente (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2001. 249 pp. $18.95)." Journal of Social History 35, no. 4 (June 1, 2002): 1017–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh.2002.0060.

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Szuchman, Mark D. "Children of Facundo: Caudillo and Gaucho Insurgency During the Argentine State-Formation Process (La Rioja, 1853-1870). By Ariel de la Fuente. Durham: Duke University Press, 2000. Pp. xiii, 249. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $54.95 cloth; $18.95 paper." Americas 58, no. 2 (October 2001): 328–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2001.0121.

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Rein, Raanan. "The Invention of the Jewish Gaucho: Villa Clara and the Construction of Argentine Identity. By Judith Noemi Freidenberg. Foreword by June Nash. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2009. Pp. xx, 184. Photographs. Notes. Glossary of Terms. Bibliography. Index. $55.00 cloth." Americas 67, no. 3 (January 2011): 427–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500000237.

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Pite, Rebekah E. "The Rural Woman Enters the Frame: A Visual History of Gender, Nation, and the Goodbye Mate in the Postcolonial Río de la Plata." Journal of Social History, September 4, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shaa021.

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Abstract Around the turn of the twentieth century, the image of a rural woman handing a gaucho on horseback a drink before he trotted away began to circulate with increasing frequency in the Río de la Plata region. The drink the woman passed the man was the local infusion yerba mate, and, in earlier illustrations, it had been served by another man. This gendered shift occurred alongside a dramatic expansion of common peoples’ access to images via photographs and postcards. Tracing the social and visual history of the goodbye mate ritual from the early nineteenth century through the mid-twentieth reveals the quotidian manner in which locals in this region constructed, consumed, and circulated overlapping visions of their nations. As the gaucho become a popular and contested national symbol in Argentina and Uruguay alike, the rural woman (then referred to as la china, but now largely unnamed) became a local one whose faithfulness to the gaucho and, by extension, the nation, was coveted by men across the sociopolitical divide. This article is, on the one hand, a microhistory of the goodbye mate ritual and, on the other, an argument about how centering visual sources and marginal figures, like the china, allows us to better understand the historical and hierarchical construction of national identities and icons.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Gauchos – Argentina – History'

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