Journal articles: 'Gastrointestinal system Diseases Australia'

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Nelson, Michelle, Alejandro Nunez, Sarah A. Ngugi, and Timothy P. Atkins. "The lymphatic system as a potential mechanism of spread of melioidosis following ingestion of Burkholderia pseudomallei." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): e0009016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009016.

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Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, which is a Gram negative, facultative intracellular bacterium. Disease is prevalent in SE Asia and in northern Australia, as well as in other tropical and subtropical regions. Recently, there is an increasing awareness of the importance of bacterial ingestion as a potential route of infection, particularly in cases of unexplained origin of the disease. The marmoset is a New World Monkey (NWM) species that is being developed as an alternative NHP model to complement the more traditionally used Old World Monkeys (OWM). Models have been developed for the traditional routes of disease acquisition, subcutaneous and inhalational. This manuscript details the development and characterisation of an ingestion model of melioidosis. Dose-ranging study assessed the lethality of B. pseudomallei and disease progression was assessed by euthanizing animals at predetermined time points, 12, 36, 48 and 54 hours post-challenge. Challenge doses of greater than 6.2 x 106 cfu resulted in an acute, lethal, febrile disease. Following challenge the lung was the first organ, outside of the gastrointestinal tract, to become colonised. Enteritis (duodenitis, ileitis and/or jejunitis) was observed in sections of the small intestine from animals that succumbed to disease. However, the most severe pathological features were observed in the mesenteric lymph nodes from these animals. These findings are consistent with lymphatic draining as route of dissemination.

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Schmidt-Ukaj, S., M. Hochleithner, B. Richter, C. Hochleithner, D. Brandstetter, and Z. Knotek. "A survey of diseases in captive bearded dragons: a retrospective study of 529 patients." Veterinární Medicína 62, No. 9 (September 20, 2017): 508–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/162/2016-vetmed.

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The aim of this clinical retrospective study was to analyse the prevalence of common disorders in 529 captive bearded dragons that were presented to three exotic animal clinics in Central Europe (Austria and Czech Republic) over a period of three years. A diagnosis was made on the basis of the presenting clinical signs and physical examination in 30.8% of the cases, whereas various additional diagnostic tests were performed in the other cases (69.2%). These included diagnostic imaging (radiography, ultrasound and computed tomography), examination of faecal samples for the presence of parasites, a blood-profile analysis, histological, as well as bacteriological and mycological examinations and necropsy. Gastrointestinal diseases (42.67%) like endoparasitism, constipation, sand ingestion, tympany and meteorism were the most common disorders. In 51.92% of the cases of constipation, endoparasites were present, whereas in 38.46% of the cases of constipation, metabolic bone diseases and imbalances in calcium and phosphorus levels were detected. Most of the analysed faecal samples (83.27%) were positive for the presence of endoparasites (48.7% pinworms, 25.39% coccidians and 16.06% flagellates). Dermatological problems (22.4%) contained skin tumours, which were observed in adult lizards (age range from three to eight years) and included spindle cell tumour on the eyelid, as well as spindle cell sarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma on the trunk. Osteodystrophy, limb fractures and various types of necrosis on the limbs and tail were frequently observed musculoskeletal disorders (18.93%). Over half of all animals (57.14%) that underwent a blood test, showed a deviation in the calcium-phosphorus ratio, 63.98% showed hypocalcaemia and 26.71% hyperphosphataemia. Diseases of the urogenital system (9.47%) included renal diseases and dystocia. Neoplastic diseases besides skin tumours included two cases of leukaemia in 4-year-old bearded dragons, one of these with lymphoma in kidneys, lungs and liver and one ganglioneuroma in the body cavity of a bearded dragon of unknown age. Orthopaedic surgeries were most frequently performed to amputate the limbs or tail, whereas soft-tissue surgeries most often included the treatment of skin wounds and correction of cloacal prolapse, in addition to ovariectomy, salpingotomy or salpingectomy in female bearded dragons. Similar to the situation in Australia and the USA, infectious as well as non-infectious diseases are common in captive bearded dragons in Central Europe. Due to the high occurrence of endoparasitism, skin diseases and metabolic bone diseases in this present study, regular veterinary controls in bearded dragons including parasitological faecal examinations and optimisation of feeding and housing are necessary to improve the standard of health of bearded dragons kept as pet lizards in Europe.

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Islam, Abul F. M. W., Nathan D. Moss, Yung Dai, Murray S. R. Smith, Andrew M. Collins, and Graham D. F. Jackson. "Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Biliary Factors Enhance Invasion of Salmonella enteritidis in a Rat Model." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.1.1-5.2000.

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ABSTRACT In this study, the role of the hepatobiliary system in the early pathogenesis of Salmonella enteritidis infection was investigated in a rat model. Intravenous (i.v.) challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has previously been shown to enhance the translocation of normal gut flora. We first confirmed that LPS can similarly promote the invasion of S. enteritidis. Oral infection of outbred Australian Albino Wistar rats with 106to 107 CFU of S. enteritidis led to widespread tissue invasion after days. If animals were similarly challenged after intravenous administration of S. enteritidis LPS (3 to 900 μg/kg of body weight), significant invasion of the livers and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) occurred within 24 h, with invasion of the liver increasing in a dose-dependent fashion (P< 0.01). If bile was prevented from reaching the intestine by bile duct ligation or cannulation, bacterial invasion of the liver and MLN was almost totally abrogated (P < 0.001). As i.v. challenge with LPS could induce the delivery of inflammatory mediators into the bile, biliary tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) concentrations were measured by bioassay. Biliary concentrations of TNF-α rose shortly after LPS challenge, peaked with a mean concentration of 27.0 ng/ml at around 1 h postchallenge, and returned to baseline levels (3.1 ng/ml) after 2.5 h. Although TNF-α cannot be directly implicated in the invasion process, we conclude that the invasiveness of the enteric pathogen S. enteritidis is enhanced by the presence of LPS in the blood and that this enhanced invasion is at least in part a consequence of the delivery of inflammatory mediators to the gastrointestinal tract by the hepatobiliary system.

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Hao, Xiao-Dong, and Zhi-Jun Duan. "Serotonin signaling system and gastrointestinal diseases." World Chinese Journal of Digestology 25, no. 19 (2017): 1697. http://dx.doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v25.i19.1697.

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Gibney, Katherine B., Joanne O’Toole, Martha Sinclair, and Karin Leder. "Disease burden of selected gastrointestinal pathogens in Australia, 2010." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 28 (November 2014): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2014.08.006.

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Davies, Gwynivere A., Adam R. Bryant, John D. Reynolds, Frank R. Jirik, and Keith A. Sharkey. "Prion Diseases and the Gastrointestinal Tract." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 20, no. 1 (2006): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2006/184528.

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The gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays a central role in the pathogenesis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. These are human and animal diseases that include bovine spongiform encephalopathy, scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. They are uniformly fatal neurological diseases, which are characterized by ataxia and vacuolation in the central nervous system. Alhough they are known to be caused by the conversion of normal cellular prion protein to its infectious conformational isoform (PrPsc) the process by which this isoform is propagated and transported to the brain remains poorly understood. M cells, dendritic cells and possibly enteroendocrine cells are important in the movement of infectious prions across the GI epithelium. From there, PrPscpropagation requires B lymphocytes, dendritic cells and follicular dendritic cells of Peyer’s patches. The early accumulation of the disease-causing agent in the plexuses of the enteric nervous system supports the contention that the autonomic nervous system is important in disease transmission. This is further supported by the presence of PrPscin the ganglia of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves that innervate the GI tract. Additionally, the lymphoreticular system has been implicated as the route of transmission from the gut to the brain. Although normal cellular prion protein is found in the enteric nervous system, its role has not been characterized. Further research is required to understand how the cellular components of the gut wall interact to propagate and transmit infectious prions to develop potential therapies that may prevent the progression of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.

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Sui, Guo-Yan, Feng Wang, Jin Lee, and Yoon Seok Roh. "Mitochondrial Control in Inflammatory Gastrointestinal Diseases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23 (November 28, 2022): 14890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314890.

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Mitochondria play a central role in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC). The maintenance of mitochondrial function is necessary for a stable immune system. Mitochondrial dysfunction in the gastrointestinal system leads to the excessive activation of multiple inflammatory signaling pathways, leading to IBD and increased severity of CRC. In this review, we focus on the mitochondria and inflammatory signaling pathways and its related gastrointestinal diseases.

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HEYWORTH, J. S., P. BAGHURST, and K. A. McCAUL. "Prevalence of gastroenteritis among 4-year-old children in South Australia." Epidemiology and Infection 130, no. 3 (June 2003): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268803008288.

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The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of gastroenteritis among children aged 4 years in South Australia. A cross-sectional survey of 9543 South Australian children aged 4 years was undertaken. Parents completed a questionnaire on behalf of their child who had attended a pre-school health check in 1998. The questionnaire covered gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms experienced by the child in the previous 2 weeks and other risk factors for gastroenteritis. The 2-week prevalence of gastroenteritis among 4-year-old children was 14·2%. The major risk factors for gastroenteritis were presence of persons who had gastroenteritis inside the home, contact with persons who had gastroenteritis outside the home, antibiotic use and sore throat. Medical attention was sought for 20% of children who had gastroenteritis. Gastroenteritis is a significant cause of morbidity among young children and presents a considerable burden on the community. A substantial proportion of these occurrences of highly credible gastrointestinal symptoms may be manifestations of respiratory infections.

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Stachow, Ela. "Exercise and the gastrointestinal system." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 12, no. 9 (June 10, 2019): 517–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738019855412.

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Physical exercise can have both acute and enduring effects on the gastrointestinal system. Physiological changes occur during exercise and as a result of repetitive physical activity. As a lifestyle measure, routine exercise has been associated with a reduced risk of developing certain gastrointestinal diseases. Exercise can also be beneficial for patients with gastrointestinal disease. Unpleasant gastrointestinal symptoms during vigorous exercise may limit athletes in competition and conversely, competitive sport can have adverse effects on the gastrointestinal tract. This article aims to explore the relationship between exercise and the gastrointestinal system and to prepare clinicians for discussion of pertinent aspects of this relationship with patients.

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Stark, Damien, Joel Barratt, John Ellis, John Harkness, and Deborah Marriott. "Repeated Dientamoeba fragilis infections: a case report of two families from Sydney, Australia." Infectious Disease Reports 1, no. 1 (November 10, 2009): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/idr.2009.1280.

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We report cases of two unrelated families who both presented with recurrent Dienta-moeba fragilis infections. Subsequent antimicrobial therapy resulted in the clearance of D. fragilis and total resolution of gastrointestinal symptoms in both families. This report highlights the potentially recurrent nature of D. fragilis infections and the need for laboratories to routinely test for this organism.

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HALL, G. V., M. D. KIRK, R. ASHBOLT, R. STAFFORD, and K. LALOR. "Frequency of infectious gastrointestinal illness in Australia, 2002: regional, seasonal and demographic variation." Epidemiology and Infection 134, no. 1 (July 22, 2005): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268805004656.

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SUMMARYTo estimate the frequency of infectious gastroenteritis across Australia, and to identify risk factors, we conducted a national telephone survey of 6087 randomly selected respondents in 2001–2002. The case definition was three or more loose stools and/or two or more vomits in a 24-hour period in the last 4 weeks, with adjustment to exclude non-infectious causes and symptoms secondary to a respiratory infection. Frequency data were weighted to the Australian population. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess potential risk factors including season, region, demographic and socioeconomic status. Among contacted individuals, 67% responded. The case definition applied to 7% of respondents (450/6087) which extrapolates to 17·2 million (95% CI 14·5–19·9 million) cases of gastroenteritis in Australia in one year, or 0·92 (95% CI 0·77–1·06) cases/person per year. In the multivariate model, the odds of having gastroenteritis were increased in summer and in the warmest state, in young children, females, those with higher socioeconomic status and those without health insurance.

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Kim, Jemin, Sujin Lee, and Kiyon Rhew. "Association between Gastrointestinal Diseases and Migraine." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7 (March 28, 2022): 4018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074018.

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Migraine is a common disease worldwide, and recent studies showed that the incidence of migraine was increased in patients with gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. In addition, preclinical evidence suggested a bidirectional relationship between the GI nervous system and the central nervous system called the gut–brain axis. This study aimed to determine the association between several high-prevalence GI diseases and migraine. Patients diagnosed with migraine or GI diseases were classified as the patient group at least twice a year. We included peptic ulcer disease, dyspepsia, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and gastroesophageal disease as GI diseases. A total of 781,115 patients from the HIRA dataset were included in the study. The prevalence of migraine was about 3.5 times higher in patients with one or more GI diseases after adjusting for age, gender, and insurance type (adjusted odds ratio (ORadj = 3.46, 95% CI: 3.30–3.63, p < 0.001). In addition, the prevalence of migraine was increased as the number of comorbid GI diseases increased. The prevalence of GI disease was also higher in patients with medication for migraine, both preventive and acute treatment, compared to patients with either acute preventive or acute treatment. There was a statistically significant association between the prevalence of GI diseases and migraine, and the higher the number of accompanying GI diseases, the higher the correlation was in patients using both preventive and acute treatment drugs for migraine.

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ATAMAN, Esra, and Murat Derya ERÇAL. "Genetic Approach to Frequently Seen Pediatric Gastrointestinal System Diseases: Review." Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Pediatrics 25, no. 3 (2016): 159–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/pediatr.2015-44876.

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Schicho, Rudolf, and Martin Storr. "Targeting the endocannabinoid system for gastrointestinal diseases: future therapeutic strategies." Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology 3, no. 2 (March 2010): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/ecp.09.62.

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Lychkova, A. E. "Role of Serotoninergic System in the Development of Gastrointestinal Diseases." Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 147, no. 2 (February 2009): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10517-009-0471-9.

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Plotnikova, E. Y., T. Y. Gracheva, and Y. V. Moskvina. "The role of psychosomatic factors in the formation of diseases of the digestive system." Bulletin of the Club of Pancreatologists 42, no. 4 (December 6, 2018): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33149/vkp.2018.04.09.

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Psychosomatic disorders are frequent in gastroenterological practice. Visceral pain and motor-evacuation disorders of the gastrointestinal tract is a common symptom of functional gastrointestinal disorders which have a multifactorial etiology. Many patients with these diseases have comorbid behavioral disorders, such as anxiety or depression, and functional gastrointestinal disorders are described as disorders of the “gastrointestinal tract-brain” axis. Chronic stress can change the central pattern of pain, as well as motor activity and permeability of the gastrointestinal tract. The multidirectional treatment for these diseases should include psychotropic drugs and groups of somatic antipsychotics and antidepressants.

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D, Kirkik. "Covid-19 Infection and Gastrointestinal System." Gastroenterology & Hepatology International Journal 7, no. 1 (March 4, 2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ghij-16000194.

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A pneumonia outbreak of unknown etiology and pathology spread to the whole world in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and this outbreak is called as COVID-19. COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and it can cause various clinical pictures such as respiratory, enteric, hepatic, nephrotic, and neurological involvement in humans and animals. This outbreak has caused the death of millions of people. Vaccination studies have continued today, and vaccination of all humanity may take a long time. The best prophylactic approach to reduce the severity of such viral diseases is to enhance human host immunity. We will summarize effects of COVID-19 infection on the gastrointestinal system and we will remark the importance of probiotics in this manuscript.

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Osadchuk, M. A., A. A. Svistunov, E. D. Mironova, I. N. Vasil’eva, and N. V. Kireeva. "Diseases of biliary tract in the context of association with oncological diseases of the digestive system." Terapevticheskii arkhiv 91, no. 12 (December 15, 2019): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2019.12.000455.

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Cancers of the gastrointestinal tract are widespread among the population and cause significant damage to the health care system. In order to improve the strategy of preventive measures and the detection of oncological diseases at the early stages, it is necessary to provide timely impact on possible risk factors contributing to the onset and progression of malignant neoplasms. This review demonstrates the association between the pathology of the biliary tract and oncological diseases of the digestive system, discusses the possible mechanisms of the influence of cholelithiasis and cholecystectomy on the development of malignant neoplasms of various parts of the gastrointestinal tract.

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TOYRAN, Tuğba. "Practical approach to gastrointestinal system lymphoproliferative lesions." Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi 31, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 213–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17827/aktd.1140953.

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The gastrointestinal tract is the primary localization site of lymphoproliferative lesions ranging from reactive lymphoid hyperplasia to lymphoma. Diagnosis of these diseases is difficult, especially in small endoscopic biopsies. And integrated approach based on clinical, morphological, immunohistochemical and molecular data is needed for accurate diagnosis. In this review, the basic histological features of non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the gastrointestinal tract and the entities included in the differential diagnosis are discussed.

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Manderson, Lenore. "Women's Health and Applied Anthropology in Australia." Practicing Anthropology 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.23.1.f731326242186g48.

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Biological, medical and public, health investments, and changes in social and political organization over the past century, have had dramatic influences on the distribution and impact of infectious disease. Everywhere, life style diseases have increased with greater sedentarism, industrialization, pollution, and changes in taste. Yet at the same time, in poor countries and in niches within the richest countries of the world, infectious diseases still account for most of morbidity and early mortality. Control of the many common causes of death and disability—respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, vector-borne and other parasitic infections, and viruses—is still a long way off. Limits to the effectiveness of biochemical interventions mean that public health interventions remain a priority in addressing differences in the distribution, treatment, prognosis and prevention of disease in rich and poor countries, and between rich and poor people, and in general to improve people's health.

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Gracey, Michael. "Gastrointestinal Disease in Malnourished Children." Paediatrica Indonesiana 15, no. 1-2 (May 29, 2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi15.1-2.1975.25-33.

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In communities where malnutrition is common, gastrointestinal diseases are prominent and contribute largely to unfavourable morbidity and mortality statistics. Patterns of gastrointestinal disease were studied in two such cotnmunities; Aboriginal children in Western Australia and children admitted to the Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta.Two hundred and fifty one (251) young Aborigines were studied. Forty percent of them malnourished, 37% were anaemic and more than 50% had enteric pathogens in their stools. Sugar intolerance was also common (25%). Similar clinical features are seen in the children from Jakarta but more severe forms of malnutrition and gross vitamin deficiency occurred more often.Thirteen of the Aboriginal children died; at necropsy the most remarkable finding wass fatty infiltration of the liver which some cases was extreme. This, of course, is characteristic of protein-calorie malnutrition add has been well documented in other studies. Other pathological findings included severe purulent infections, septic infarcts, haemolysis, acanthocytosis, thrombocytopenia and vascular catastrophes.

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Lee, C. Y., K. A. Munyard, K. Gregg, J. D. Wetherall, M. J. Stear, and D. M. Groth. "The Influence of MHC and Immunoglobulins A and E on Host Resistance to Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Sheep." Journal of Parasitology Research 2011 (2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/101848.

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Gastrointestinal nematode parasites in farmed animals are of particular importance due to their effects on production. In Australia, it is estimated that the direct and indirect effects of parasite infestation cost the animal production industries hundreds of millions of dollars each year. The main factors considered by immunologists when studying gastrointestinal nematode infections are the effects the host's response has on the parasite, which immunological components are responsible for these effects, genetic factors involved in controlling immunological responses, and the interactions between these forming an interconnecting multilevel relationship. In this paper, we describe the roles of immunoglobulins, in particular IgA and IgE, and the major histocompatibility complex in resistance to gastrointestinal parasites in sheep. We also draw evidence from other animal models to support the involvement of these immune components. Finally, we examine how IgA and IgE exert their influence and how methods may be developed to manage susceptible animals.

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Firsova, L. A., M. M. Gurova, and A. N. Zavyalova. "Chronic kidney disease and comorbid diseases of gastrointestinal tract." Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-197-1-110-119.

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Nowadays the patient more often has a comorbid pathology. The combinations of two or more chronic diseases, which are either pathologically interlaced or exist simultaneously, may worsen the case of each individual disease. Kidney diseases are often associated with gastrointestinal disorders, cardiovascular and endocrine diseases, because of the same immunological features of etiology and pathogenesis. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires correction of lifestyle and implementation of control over the physical development in children from the first stages of the disease. CKD C4-C5 leads to unbalance in homeostasis and to increased level of toxic substances in blood, that is why doctors can see changes in different organs and systems especially in gastrointestinal tract. The urinary system and the gastrointestinal tract have a common plan of structure, functioning and regulation. It determines the general mechanisms of etiology and pathogenesis. There is a direct correlation between the stage of CKD and the damage level of the gastrointestinal system. This article covers the pathophysiological mechanisms of digestive system damage in advanced stages of CKD. Special attention is paid to changes in microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract. In turn, it affects to systemic inflammation, which is an aggravating factor in course of the CKD and its progression. The emphasis is made on involvement of the gastrointestinal tract in varying degrees in children with CKD C4-C5.

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Kucukakkas, Okan, Teoman Aydin, and Mehmet Gultekin. "Ultrasonographic evaluation of gastrointestinal system involvement in chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases." Annals of Medical Research 27, no. 6 (2020): 1776. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/annalsmedres.2019.12.894.

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Shabalinа, A. O. "Thyroid status of children and adolescents with diseases upper gastrointestinal system." Journal of scientific articles "Health and Education millennium" 19, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26787/nydha-2226-7425-2017-19-1-61-64.

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Przerwa, Filip, Arnold Kukowka, Katarzyna Kotrych, and Izabela Uzar. "Probiotics in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases." Herba Polonica 67, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hepo-2021-0012.

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Summary The human microbiota has a tremendous effect on our health. In the last decades, our knowledge about interactions between bacteria and humans have grown greatly. Not only is it necessary for humans to synthesize vitamins, to have tight intestinal barriers or protect from pathogens, it also has an impact on our immune system and thus plays an important role in autoimmune diseases and prevention of excessive inflammatory response. The idea of probiotics is to restore the balance in humans digestive microbiota. There is a growing number of scientific papers that proves a positive impact of using probiotics in various diseases. However, there are still questions that need to be answered before probiotics play a bigger role in the treatment. This paper presents the information about the use of probiotics in most common diseases of gastrointestinal tract.

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Rashid, Mohammed H., Mark A. Stevenson, Jane L. Vaughan, Muhammad A. Saeed, Angus J. D. Campbell, Ian Beveridge, and Abdul Jabbar. "Epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematodes of alpacas in Australia: II. A longitudinal study." Parasitology Research 118, no. 3 (February 9, 2019): 901–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06236-7.

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Lechin, Fuad, and Bertha van der Dijs. "Central Nervous System Plus Autonomic Nervous System Disorders Responsible for Gastrointestinal and Pancreatobiliary Diseases." Digestive Diseases and Sciences 54, no. 3 (July 16, 2008): 458–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10620-008-0369-9.

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Nagy, Dániel Tamás, Béla Fülesdi, and Judit Hallay. "Role of selenium in gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases." Orvosi Hetilap 154, no. 41 (October 2013): 1636–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2013.29728.

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The cell-membrane toxicity of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) plays an increasing role in the pathomechanism of gastrointestinal tract diseases. Trace elements are important parts of antioxidant protecting system, especially the selenium (Se), which, in the form of glutathione peroxidase contributes to the immunity of the gut (GALT). Due to the absorptional disorders and consequent malnutrition observed in the course of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) an important role is associated with nutritional therapy, including energy-, protein- and trace element-support. Human studies show, that IBD is mostly accompanied by lower serum Se concentrations, reduced antoxidant and increased proinflammatory activity. Adequate Se-replacement may reduce the severity of organ failure and infections, but not mortality. However, it is encouraging that in animal studies obvious preventive effect of Se has been found on IBD and chronic inflammation induced colon cancer (CICC). Orv. Hetil., 154 (41), 1636–1640.

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Holland, Amy Marie, Ana Carina Bon-Frauches, Daniel Keszthelyi, Veerle Melotte, and Werend Boesmans. "The enteric nervous system in gastrointestinal disease etiology." Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 78, no. 10 (March 26, 2021): 4713–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-021-03812-y.

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AbstractA highly conserved but convoluted network of neurons and glial cells, the enteric nervous system (ENS), is positioned along the wall of the gut to coordinate digestive processes and gastrointestinal homeostasis. Because ENS components are in charge of the autonomous regulation of gut function, it is inevitable that their dysfunction is central to the pathophysiology and symptom generation of gastrointestinal disease. While for neurodevelopmental disorders such as Hirschsprung, ENS pathogenesis appears to be clear-cut, the role for impaired ENS activity in the etiology of other gastrointestinal disorders is less established and is often deemed secondary to other insults like intestinal inflammation. However, mounting experimental evidence in recent years indicates that gastrointestinal homeostasis hinges on multifaceted connections between the ENS, and other cellular networks such as the intestinal epithelium, the immune system, and the intestinal microbiome. Derangement of these interactions could underlie gastrointestinal disease onset and elicit variable degrees of abnormal gut function, pinpointing, perhaps unexpectedly, the ENS as a diligent participant in idiopathic but also in inflammatory and cancerous diseases of the gut. In this review, we discuss the latest evidence on the role of the ENS in the pathogenesis of enteric neuropathies, disorders of gut–brain interaction, inflammatory bowel diseases, and colorectal cancer.

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HOLMES, J. D., and G. C. SIMMONS. "Gastrointestinal illness associated with a long-haul flight." Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 3 (August 8, 2008): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268808001027.

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SUMMARYAn in-flight incident of vomiting in the cabin and toilet on a trans-Pacific aircraft flight resulted in an outbreak of gastrointestinal (GI) illness among passengers, some of whom subsequently joined a 14-day cruise in New Zealand and Australia. A retrospective cohort analysis of illness occurring in aircraft passengers was undertaken using routine GI illness surveillance data collected by medical staff on a cruise vessel. This was supplemented with data collected from some other passengers and crew on the aircraft. Information was gathered on 224 of the 413 (54·2%) people on the flight (222 passengers and 2 crew members). GI illness within 60 h of arrival in Auckland was reported by 41 of the 122 (33·6%, Fisher's 95% confidence interval 25·3–42·7) passengers seated in the two zones adjacent to the vomiting incident. The pattern of illness suggests a viral infection and highlights the potential of aerosol transmission as well as surface contamination in a closed environment. The spread of infection may have been enhanced by cross-contamination in the toilet cubicle. The significance of the vomiting event was not recognized by the aircraft cabin crew and no pre-arrival information about on-board illness was given to airport health authorities. Isolation of vomiting passengers, where possible, and promotion of appropriate hand hygiene on aircraft has the potential to reduce the spread of infection in passengers on long-haul flights.

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BROOKE, C. J., A. N. CLAIR, A. S. J. MIKOSZA, T. V. RILEY, and D. J. HAMPSON. "Carriage of intestinal spirochaetes by humans: epidemiological data from Western Australia." Epidemiology and Infection 127, no. 2 (October 2001): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880100588x.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate carriage of intestinal spirochaetes by selected population groups in Western Australia. Stool specimens from 293 rural patients with gastrointestinal disorders, and from 227 healthy migrants from developing countries were cultured. Spirochaete isolates were identified using PCR, and typed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Brachyspira aalborgi was not isolated. Brachyspira pilosicoli was recovered from 15 rural patients, all Aboriginal. Prevalence was 9·9% in 151 Aboriginals and 0% in 142 non-Aboriginals. Carriage of B. pilosicoli amongst migrants was 10·6% (24/227). Carriage was significantly increased in Aboriginal children aged 2–5 years (P = 0·0027) and in migrant individuals from the Middle East and Africa (P = 0·0034). Carriage was significantly associated with detection of faecal protozoa in both Aboriginals (P = 0·0021) and migrants (P = 0·012). PFGE results indicated that the B. pilosicoli strains were genetically diverse.

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Manapova, R. M., Alaudin M. Aliskandiev, and M. I. Izrailov. "RISK FACTORS FOR GASTRODUODENAL PATHOLOGY IN CHILDREN WITH PERINATAL DAMAGE TO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM." Russian Pediatric Journal 21, no. 6 (April 30, 2019): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9561-2018-21-6-345-349.

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It is generally accepted the risk factors for the development of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) diseases to have a hereditary predisposition, unfavorable environmental conditions, eating disorders, emotional stress, excessive body weight, and inactivity. Also in a number of studies, it was convincingly shown the perinatal central nervous system (CNS) damage to be a risk factor for the development of GIT diseases; in the history of children with perinatal CNS lesions, chronic gastrointestinal diseases develop 3-4 times more often than in children without it in the history. Perinatal CNS damage leading to the development of a number of disorders of the nervous system is revealed in the history of the majority of children with gastrointestinal diseases, while the severity of neurological manifestations is directly related to the duration and severity of gastroenterological diseases.

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Blutt, Sarah E., James R. Broughman, Winnie Zou, Xi-Lei Zeng, Umesh C. Karandikar, Julie In, Nicholas C. Zachos, Olga Kovbasnjuk, Mark Donowitz, and Mary K. Estes. "Gastrointestinal microphysiological systems." Experimental Biology and Medicine 242, no. 16 (May 23, 2017): 1633–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370217710638.

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Gastrointestinal diseases are a significant health care and economic burden. Prevention and treatment of these diseases have been limited by the available human biologic models. Microphysiological systems comprise organ-specific human cultures that recapitulate many structural, biological, and functional properties of the organ in smaller scale including aspects of flow, shear stress and chemical gradients. The development of intestinal microphysiological system platforms represents a critical component in improving our understanding, prevention, and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. This minireview discusses: shortcomings of classical cell culture models of the gastrointestinal tract; human intestinal enteroids as a new model and their advantages compared to cell lines; why intestinal microphysiological systems are needed; potential functional uses of intestinal microphysiological systems in areas of drug development and modeling acute and chronic diseases; and current challenges in the development of intestinal microphysiological systems. Impact statement The development of a gastrointestinal MPS has the potential to facilitate the understanding of GI physiology. An ultimate goal is the integration of the intestinal MPS with other organ MPS. The development and characterization of nontransformed human intestinal cultures for use in MPS have progressed significantly since the inception of the MPS program in 2012, and these cultures are a key component of advancing MPS. Continued efforts are needed to optimize MPS to comprehensively and accurately recapitulate the complexity of the intestinal epithelium within intestinal tissue. These systems will need to include peristalsis, flow, and oxygen gradients, with incorporation of vascular, immune, and nerve cells. Regional cellular organization of crypt and villus areas will also be necessary to better model complete intestinal structure.

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Rashid, Mohammed H., Jane L. Vaughan, Mark A. Stevenson, Angus J. D. Campbell, Muhammad A. Saeed, Léa Indjein, Ian Beveridge, and Abdul Jabbar. "Epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematodes of alpacas in Australia: I. A cross-sectional study." Parasitology Research 118, no. 3 (February 4, 2019): 891–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06235-8.

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Weber, Thabata Koester, and Isabel Polanco. "Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Some Children Diseases: A Review." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/676585.

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The bacterial colonization is defined immediately after birth, through direct contact with maternal microbiota and may be influenced during lactation. There is emerging evidence indicating that quantitative and qualitative changes on gut microbiota contribute to alterations in the mucosal activation of immune system leading to intra- or extra-intestinal diseases. A balance between pathogenic and beneficial microbiota throughout childhood and adolescence is important to gastrointestinal health, including protection against pathogens, inhibition of pathogens, nutrient processing (synthesis of vitamin K), stimulation of angiogenesis, and regulation of host fat storage. Probiotics can promote an intentional modulation of intestinal microbiota favoring the health of the host. This paper is a review about modulation of intestinal microbiota on prevention and adjuvant treatment of pediatric gastrointestinal diseases.

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Aykan, Duygun, and Yusuf Ergun. "Teratogenic evaluation of drugs used by pregnant patients with gastrointestinal system diseases." Annals of Medical Research 25, no. 4 (2018): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/annalsmedres.2018.07.140.

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Deretzi, G., J. Kountouras, S. A. Polyzos, C. Zavos, E. Giartza-Taxidou, E. Gavalas, and I. Tsiptsios. "Gastrointestinal Immune System and Brain Dialogue Implicated in Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Diseases." Current Molecular Medicine 11, no. 8 (November 1, 2011): 696–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156652411797536660.

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Schicho, Rudolf, and Martin Storr. "Alternative Targets Within the Endocannabinoid System for Future Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 25, no. 7 (2011): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/953975.

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Many beneficial effects of herbal and synthetic cannabinoids on gut motility and inflammation have been demonstrated, suggesting a vast potential for these compounds in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. These effects are based on the so-called ‘endocannabinoid system’ (ECS), a cooperating network of molecules that regulate the metabolism of the body’s own and of exogenously administered cannabinoids. The ECS in the gastrointestinal tract quickly responds to homeostatic disturbances by de novo synthesis of its components to maintain homeostasis, thereby offering many potential targets for pharmacological intervention. Of major therapeutic interest are nonpsychoactive cannabinoids or compounds that do not directly target cannabinoid receptors but still possess cannabinoid-like properties. Drugs that inhibit endocannabinoid degradation and raise the level of endocannabinoids are becoming increasingly promising alternative therapeutic tools to manipulate the ECS.

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Nurpolatova, S., J. Jaibergenova, and G. Karimov. "Analysis of the Prevalence of Digestive System Diseases in the Republic of Karakalpakstan." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 5 (May 15, 2019): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/42/11.

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The analysis of the incidence rate associated with disorders in the gastrointestinal tract among the population of the Republic of Karakalpakstan for the period 2016–2017 is presented. Patients who received treatment in the Department of Gastroenterology of the Khalmuratov Republican Multidisciplinary Medical Center. Studies have shown an increase in the number of patients with a diagnosis of ulcerative colitis, chronic cholecystitis, chronic pancreatitis, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver. In order to prevent diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, it is necessary to carry out measures for early diagnosis using the latest technologies and treatment of diseases at the initial development stage

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Kurnik-Łucka, Magdalena, Paweł Pasieka, Patrycja Łączak, Marcin Wojnarski, Michał Jurczyk, and Krzysztof Gil. "Gastrointestinal Dopamine in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 23 (November 29, 2021): 12932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312932.

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Background: an increased prevalence of gastro-duodenal ulceration was described almost sixty years ago as prodromal to idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, while duodenal ulcers have been rarely diagnosed in patients with schizophrenia. The cytoprotective role of dopamine in animal models of gastrointestinal ulcerations has also been described. Interestingly, Parkinson’s disease (PD) might share common pathophysiological links with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as epidemiological and genetic links already suggest. Thus, the aim of our study was to review the existing literature on the role of the gastrointestinal dopaminergic system in IBD pathogenesis and progression. Methods: a systematic search was conducted according to the PRISMA methodology. Results: twenty-four studies satisfied the predetermined criteria and were included in our qualitative analysis. Due to different observations (cross-sectional studies) as well as experimental setups and applied methodologies (in vivo and in vitro studies) a meta-analysis could not be performed. No ongoing clinical trials with dopaminergic compounds in IBD patients were found. Conclusions: the impairment of the dopaminergic system seems to be a significant, yet underestimated, feature of IBD, and more in-depth observational studies are needed to further support the existing preclinical data.

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Mustika, Syifa, and Tiar Oktavian Effendi. "Chronic Lung and Gastrointestinal Diseases: Take a Broader Perspective." Jurnal Respirasi 8, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jr.v8-i.1.2022.52-59.

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Chronic lung diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are often found with gastrointestinal symptoms or even gastrointestinal diseases as one of its comorbid. Vice versa, many cases of gastrointestinal diseases such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) have developed respiratory dysfunction later. The connection between these two systems has become interesting lately and has led to several studies to prove the association. Several theories have emerged to explain this association. This includes changes in microbiota, the mucosa-related immune system of both systems, side effects of the therapeutic given, and pathomechanism related to gastrointestinal diseases such as GERD. Many studies try to prove the connection between the microbiota in the respiratory and gastrointestinal system, and changing the abundance in one of the systems can affect another. Both of the systems also have a similar mucosal membrane in their lining. Those membranes have an immune defence called Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT). Lymphatic and circulatory systems facilitate the migration between two mucosal, and these interconnections influence each other. Although the side effect of the therapeutic agent in respiratory diseases (such as inhaled corticosteroid, beta-2 agonist, or anti-cholinergic) is thought to be one of the causative mechanisms, discontinuation of therapy is the second option. Probiotic supplementation to improve microbiota is still not a strong recommendation for management.

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Montoro-Huguet, Miguel A. "Dietary and Nutritional Support in Gastrointestinal Diseases of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract (I): Esophagus." Nutrients 14, no. 22 (November 14, 2022): 4819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14224819.

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The esophagus is the centerpiece of the digestive system of individuals and plays an essential role in transporting swallowed nutrients to the stomach. Diseases of the esophagus can alter this mechanism either by causing anatomical damage that obstructs the lumen of the organ (e.g., peptic, or eosinophilic stricture) or by generating severe motility disorders that impair the progression of the alimentary bolus (e.g., severe dysphagia of neurological origin or achalasia). In all cases, nutrient assimilation may be compromised. In some cases (e.g., ingestion of corrosive agents), a hypercatabolic state is generated, which increases resting energy expenditure. This manuscript reviews current clinical guidelines on the dietary and nutritional management of esophageal disorders such as severe oropharyngeal dysphagia, achalasia, eosinophilic esophagitis, lesions by caustics, and gastroesophageal reflux disease and its complications (Barrett’s esophagus and adenocarcinoma). The importance of nutritional support in improving outcomes is also highlighted.

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Antipov, M. O. "Influence of Infectious Diseases Incidence on Epidemic Situation with Chronic Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract." Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention 19, no. 5 (November 11, 2020): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2020-19-5-61-68.

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Aim. To study the relationship of the incidence of infectious and non-infectious diseases of the digestive system.Materials and methods. A retrospective epidemiological analysis of the incidence of the population of the Russian Federation by diseases of the digestive system of an infectious and non-infectious nature for the period of 2002-2019. The data were sampled from state statistics forms No. 2, No. 23; determining the relationships between these disease groups using Pearson correlation methods and linear regression. A case-control study by questioning a sample of 107 people.Results. A parallel increase in the incidence of diseases of the digestive system of a non-infectious and infectious nature is observed. The most pronounced increase is in the incidence of viral infections. Strong correlation exists between rotavirus infection and diseases of the liver, pancreas, intestines; between norovirus infection and diseases of the liver, pancreas; enterovirus infection and pancreatic disease; as well as hepatitis A and gallbladder diseases. Patients suffering from chronic non-infectious diseases of the digestive system, with a reliably high chance, often suffer from acute intestinal infections, rotavirus infection, hepatitis A, and are also better aware of their etiology than those who do not have such diseases.Conclusion. Prevention of infectious diseases of the digestive system will reduce the incidence of noncommunicable diseases associated with them.

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Wolfe, William, Ze Xiang, Xi Yu, Ping Li, Hao Chen, Mingfei Yao, Yiqiu Fei, Yilun Huang, Yeshi Yin, and Hang Xiao. "The Challenge of Applications of Probiotics in Gastrointestinal Diseases." Advanced Gut & Microbiome Research 2023 (January 18, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/1984200.

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Gastrointestinal disease is characterized by gastrointestinal dysfunction with dysbiosis of the microbiome. Probiotics may act as biological agents in treating gastrointestinal diseases through modifying gut microbiota. However, several challenges, including safety, stress resistance, postcolonization quantification, and evaluation models, may hinder the application of probiotics in gastrointestinal diseases. This review introduces the emerging methods for delivering probiotics as well as available materials. Furthermore, we elucidated bacteriocins and their role in helping probiotics obtain a competitive advantage over other strains and challenges of large-scale application. Bacteriocins produced by probiotics also showed promising efficacy in gastrointestinal diseases including the capacity of immune stimulation, intestinal barrier protection, and cytotoxicity against intestinal tumorigenesis. For the quantification of probiotics in complex microbiomes and evaluation methods of probiotic encapsulated delivery systems, recent fluorescent labeling technology and various in vitro and in vivo models were also reviewed. Given the widespread use of probiotic agents in the microecological therapy of gastrointestinal diseases, further understanding of the multiple challenges of probiotic application and the updated methods to improve the colonization and evaluation system of probiotics is of great significance for probiotics as live biotherapeutics.

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Lee, Yunna, Jeongbin Jo, Hae Young Chung, Charalabos Pothoulakis, and Eunok Im. "Endocannabinoids in the gastrointestinal tract." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 311, no. 4 (October 1, 2016): G655—G666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00294.2015.

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The endocannabinoid system mainly consists of endogenously produced cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) and two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2). This system also includes enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of endocannabinoids and molecules required for the uptake and transport of endocannabinoids. In addition, endocannabinoid-related lipid mediators and other putative endocannabinoid receptors, such as transient receptor potential channels and other GPCRs, have been identified. Accumulating evidence indicates that the endocannabinoid system is a key modulator of gastrointestinal physiology, influencing satiety, emesis, immune function, mucosal integrity, motility, secretion, and visceral sensation. In light of therapeutic benefits of herbal and synthetic cannabinoids, the vast potential of the endocannabinoid system for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases has been demonstrated. This review focuses on the role of the endocannabinoid system in gut homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of intestinal disorders associated with intestinal motility, inflammation, and cancer. Finally, links between gut microorganisms and the endocannabinoid system are briefly discussed.

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Fatenkov, O. V., E. А. Sadomova, and O. A. Rubanenko. "METHOD OF GRAVITATIONAL THERAPY IN TREATMENT OF GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT DISORDERS." Science and Innovations in Medicine 1, no. 4 (December 15, 2016): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35693/2500-1388-2016-0-4-14-17.

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Aim - to increase the efficiency of treatment of patients with gastrointestinal tract disorders by including the method of gravitational therapy into the treatment complex. Methods. The method of gravitational therapy was used to achieve beneficial impact on the diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Results. The paper presents the relevance of the treatment of gastrointestinal tract diseases and the search for new treatment options that have fewer side effects and reduce the cost of treatment. It also explores the influence of gravitational therapy on diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, and further introduction of this method in the treatment regimens. It specifies the importance of complementing medical treatment of gastrointestinal tract diseases with the physiotherapy methods. We present indications for diseases of the digestive system and contraindications for gravitational therapy. Conclusion.Positive influence of gravitational therapy in cases of gastrointestinal tract disorders was revealed.

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Rashid, Mohammed H., Ian Beveridge, Jane L. Vaughan, and Abdul Jabbar. "Worm burdens and associated histopathological changes caused by gastrointestinal nematodes in alpacas from Australia." Parasitology Research 118, no. 3 (February 8, 2019): 1031–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06237-6.

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Spackova, Michaela, Doris Altmann, Tim Eckmanns, Judith Koch, and Gerard Krause. "High Level of Gastrointestinal Nosocomial Infections in the German Surveillance System, 2002–2008." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 31, no. 12 (December 2010): 1273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/657133.

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Objective.Surveillance of nosocomial infections (NIs) is well established in many countries but often does not include gastrointestinal infections. We sought to determine the proportion of NIs among all hospitalized cases for the 4 most prevalent types of gastrointestinal infections in Germany.Methods.We analyzed all notifications of laboratory-confirmed or epidemiologically linked gastrointestinal infections due to norovirus, rotavirus,Salmonellaspecies, andCampylobacterspecies reported to the Robert Koch Institute in Berlin, Germany, from 2002 through 2008. Infections were considered nosocomial if disease onset was more than 2 days after hospitalization for norovirus, rotavirus, andSalmonellainfection and more than 5 days after hospitalization forCampylobacterinfection.Results.During the study period, 710,725 norovirus, 394,500 rotavirus, 395,736Salmonella, and 405,234Campylobactergastrointestinal infections were reported. Excluding cases for which nosocomial status could not be determined, we identified 39,424 (49%) of 80,650 norovirus, 11,592 (14%) of 83,451 rotavirus, 3,432 (8%) of 43,348Salmonella, and 645 (2%) of 33,503Campylobactergastrointestinal infections as definite nosocomial cases. Multivariate analysis confirmed higher risk of gastrointestinal NIs for patients aged more than 70 years (relative risk [RR], 7.0 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 6.7–7.2];P< .001) and residents of western states (RR, 1.3 [95% CI, 1.2–1.3];P< .001) and lower risk for female patients (RR, 0.9 [95% CI, 0.9–0.9;P< .001). Yearly NI proportions remained stable except for norovirus.Conclusions.The investigated gastrointestinal NIs in Germany do not show a clear trend, but they are at high level, revealing potential for public health action and improvement of hospital infection control mainly among older patients. National prevalence studies on gastrointestinal NIs would be of additional value to give more insight on how and where to improve hospital infection control.

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Sternini, Catia. "III. μ-Opioid receptors in the enteric nervous system." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 281, no. 1 (July 1, 2001): G8—G15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.1.g8.

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G protein-coupled receptors are cell surface signal-transducing proteins, which elicit a variety of biological functions by the activation of different intracellular effector systems. Many of these receptors, including the μ-opioid receptor (μOR), have been localized in the gastrointestinal tract. μOR is the target of opioids and alkaloids, potent analgesic drugs with high potential for abuse. μOR is expressed by enteric neurons, and it undergoes ligand-selective endocytosis. It is of clinical importance because it mediates tolerance and other major side effects of opiate analgesics, including impairment of gastrointestinal propulsion. An important observation of μOR is its differential trafficking and desensitization properties in response to individual agonists, which might have long-term physiological consequences and be involved in the development of opiate side effects. Receptor activation by agonists is the basis for signaling, and alterations of the mechanisms controlling cellular responses of G protein-coupled receptors to agonists might be the basis of several diseases, including gastrointestinal diseases. Therefore, understanding these basic cellular mechanisms is important for developing appropriate therapeutic agents.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Gastrointestinal system Diseases Australia'

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