Academic literature on the topic 'Gastroinestinal tract'

Introduction. The goal of the study was to investigate the frequency of urogenital congenital abnormalities among atresias of the digestive system and analyze fetal maldevelopment. The study also deals with gastrointestinal and urogenital embryology. Material and methods. This retrospektive study analyzed the clinical status of 55 new-borns admitted to the Pediatric Surgery Clinic in Novi Sad due to atresia of the gastrointestinal tract during 1995-2003. All atresias were classified at primordial gut levels (foregut, midgut and hindgut). The incidence of associated abnormalities, especially urogenital, was analyzed. Diagnostic procedures included standard methods: clinical investigation, ultrasound, native and contrast medium radiography, etc. Results. Results showed that urogenital anomalies were present in 21 (38.18%) newborns with gastrointestinal atresia. Foregut atresia was diagnosed in 14 newborns and it was associated with urogenital congenital anomalies in 9 (64.28%) newborns. Midgut atresias were found in 15 patients and in 4 (22.22%) they were associated with urogenital anomalies. Hindgut atresias were established in 23 and in 8 (34.78%) cases they were associated with urogenital anomalies. Discussion and conclusions. It was confirmed that foregut atresias are commonly accompanied by associated abnormalities. That is why the fourth gestational week is important when both gastroinestinal and urogenital systems are developed. When midgut differentiates into its own derivates, the frequency of congenital anomalies decreases for a short period, and then increases again during foregut development (seventh and eighth gestational weeks). There were no information on environmental teratogenic factors in maternal history. These abnormalities may be explained by complex urorectal development and separation of two systems. .

Introduction: Lesions in the gastroinestinal (GI) tract that are distal to the Treitz ligament are what cause the lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGB) system. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), mortality rates, length of hospital stays, need for intensive care, need for blood products, and surgical rates in patients with acute LGB. Material and Method: Retrospective research was done on patients who had lower GI bleeding and had been seen in our gastroenterology clinic between 2015 and 2021. We looked into the impact of CCI on patients' follow-up after LGB. Results: The mean age of the 210 patients who had lower GI bleeding was 67.70±13.67 years. For all of the patients, the median CCI value was 4.00. (2.00-5.00). While 16 study participants (group 1) passed away, 194 participants (group 2) were released from the hospital. The variance in the median CCI values between the two groups was statistically significant (p>0.001). The results of a multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that CCI was a reliable predictor of mortality (p>0.001). Conclusion: It was found that CCI was an accurate predictor of mortality. CCI ought to be regarded as a crucial factor in the treatment of patients who are bleeding from their lower gastrointestinal tract.

Abstract Background Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the condition in which there is decrease in the number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. It is caused by insufficient dietary intake and absorption of iron, or iron loss from bleeding. Bleeding can be from a range of sources such as the intestinal, uterine or urinary tract. Aim of the Work to compare the efficacy and the safety of lactoferrin versus ferrous sulphate for the treatment of iron deficiency pregnant women. Patients and Methods This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 98 women selected from pregnant women attending the antenatal outpatient clinic of Ain Shams University Maternity hospital. All patients were divided into two groups; the first group included 49 pregnant women who received lactoferrin (Pravotin100 mg sachets, Hygint pharmaceuticals, Egypt) twice daily orally for 30 days which was dissolved in 1/4 glass of water before meals by 15 minutes. The second group included 49 pregnant women who received 520 mg of dried ferrous sulphate tablets (Feosol tablets, Meda pharmaceuticals, Egypt) once daily orally for 30 days on empty stomach but may be taken with meals to avoid stomach upset. Results Total increase in HB after 1month with lactoferrin was higher compared to ferrous sulfate (-13.572 gdl)(p < 0.001). Gastroinestinal adverse events occurred more frequently with ferrous sulfate than the lactoferrin group (p < 0.001).The number of women requesting change the drug was higher in the ferrous sulfate group(p < 0.001). Conclusion Oral lactoferrin was better tolerated and more acceptable with higher increase in mean hemoglobin when compared to oral iron therapy over one month treatment. Oral lactoferrin can be used as a good substitute to oral iron therapy in iron deficiency during pregnancy.

Abstract Background Gastroinestinal nematodes (GIN) are one of the major health problem in grazing sheep. Although genetic variability of the resistance to GIN has been documented, traditional selection is hampered by the difficulty of recording phenotypes, usually fecal egg count (FEC). To identify causative mutations or markers in linkage disequilibrium (LD) to be used for selection, the detection of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for FEC based on linkage disequilibrium-linkage analysis (LDLA) was performed on 4097 ewes (from 181 sires) all genotyped with the OvineSNP50 Beadchip. Identified QTL regions (QTLR) were imputed from whole-genome sequences of 56 target animals of the population. An association analysis and a functional annotation of imputed polymorphisms in the identified QTLR were performed to pinpoint functional variants with potential impact on candidate genes identified from ontological classification or differentially expressed in previous studies. Results After clustering close significant locations, ten QTLR were defined on nine Ovis aries chromosomes (OAR) by LDLA. The ratio between the ANOVA estimators of the QTL variance and the total phenotypic variance ranged from 0.0087 to 0.0176. QTL on OAR4, 12, 19, and 20 were the most significant. The combination of association analysis and functional annotation of sequence data did not highlight any putative causative mutations. None of the most significant SNPs showed a functional effect on genes’ transcript. However, in the most significant QTLR, we identified genes that contained polymorphisms with a high or moderate impact, were differentially expressed in previous studies, contributed to enrich the most represented GO process (regulation of immune system process, defense response). Among these, the most likely candidate genes were: TNFRSF1B and SELE on OAR12, IL5RA on OAR19, IL17A, IL17F, TRIM26, TRIM38, TNFRSF21, LOC101118999, VEGFA, and TNF on OAR20. Conclusions This study performed on a large experimental population provides a list of candidate genes and polymorphisms which could be used in further validation studies. The expected advancements in the quality of the annotation of the ovine genome and the use of experimental designs based on sequence data and phenotypes from multiple breeds that show different LD extents and gametic phases may help to identify causative mutations.

This thesis includes a series of clinical studies, focussing on the pivotal role of gastrointestinal (GI) function, particularly gastric emptying and GI hormones (e.g. glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)), in the regulation of postprandial glycaemia, energy expenditure and energy intake in both health and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The key themes relate to evaluation of: 1) gastric emptying of solid and liquid meals in healthy individuals and subjects with T2D, 2) the bidirectional relationship between gastric emptying and postprandial secretion of GLP-1, 3) the role of endogenous GLP-1 signalling in the regulation of postprandial glycaemia and energy expenditure in T2D, and 4) effects of intestinal bitter taste signalling on GI hormone secretion, gastric emptying, postprandial blood glucose and energy intake in health and T2D. Gastric emptying is a major determinant of the blood glucose response to dietary carbohydrate in both health and diabetes. The interaction of luminal nutrients and bioactive compounds with the intestines gives rise to the secretion of numerous GI hormones. Of particular importance to glycaemic control in T2D is the so-called incretin hormone, GLP-1, which has the capacity to stimulate insulin, suppress glucagon secretion and energy intake and slow gastric emptying. In T2D, gastric emptying is frequently abnormal, but may be either delayed, unchanged or accelerated. This discrepancy has reflected the substantial heterogeneity in subject characteristics (e.g. age, duration of diabetes, glycaemic status, pharmacotherapy and presence or absence of diabetic complications) of cohorts studied and the test meals employed (e.g. emptying of solid and liquid test meals is frequently disconcordant). The study reported in Chapter 4 evaluated gastric emptying of a semisolid high carbohydrate meal in a group of community-based individuals with relatively well-controlled T2D (HbA1c ≤ 7.9%), managed by diet or metformin monotherapy, in comparison with a cohort of age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched healthy subjects, and a group of healthy young subjects. The study described in Chapter 5, evaluated the gastric emptying of an oral glucose drink in two groups of community-based individuals with relatively well- (HbA1c ≤ 7.9%) and poorly- (HbA1c ≥ 9%) controlled T2D managed by diet or metformin alone, together with young and older subjects without diabetes. There is a complex bidirectional relationship between gastric emptying and the secretion of GLP-1 after a meal. In a given individual, the magnitude of GLP-1 secretion is related to the rate of nutrient delivery into the small intestine (i.e. gastric emptying); conversely, GLP-1 signalling slows gastric emptying. Gastric emptying exhibits a relatively modest intra-individual, but substantial inter-individual, variation. It remains unknown whether the latter reflects the differences in the ‘intestinal sensitivity’ to nutrients and hence secretion of GLP-1. In Chapter 6, the relationship between gastric emptying and the postprandial GLP-1 response was evaluated in subjects with T2D, the inter- and intra-individual variations in plasma GLP-1 response to enteral nutrient infusions were evaluated in health and T2D, and the relationship between gastric emptying of a glucose drink and the responsiveness of GLP-1 to intestinal glucose was further evaluated in subjects with and without T2D. Subsequent to its secretion, GLP-1 is rapidly degraded by the enzyme, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4). DPP-4 inhibitors are therefore a logical treatment option to augment intact GLP-1 levels for glycaemic control in T2D. In healthy humans, a single dose of DPP-4 inhibitor was shown to lower the blood glucose response to fat and increase energy expenditure and the thermic effect of feeding; the latter would favour a reduction in body weight with sustained use of DPP-4 inhibitors. The fact that DPP-4 inhibitors are weight neutral in subjects with T2D suggests that the effect of DPP-4 inhibition on energy expenditure may be compromised in this disorder. The study reported in Chapter 7, therefore, evaluated the effect of DPP-4 inhibition on the glycaemic and energy expenditure responses to an intraduodenal fat in subjects with T2D, including the role of endogenous GLP-1, assessed using the GLP-1 receptor antagonist, exendin (9-39). There is emerging evidence from preclinical studies suggesting that stimulation of GI bitter taste receptors (BTRs) has the potential to reduce postprandial glycaemia and suppress energy intake by modulating the secretion of GI hormones and slowing gastric emptying. The study reported in Chapter 8 evaluates the effects of a non-nutritive bitter taste compound, denatonium benzoate (DB), encapsulated for oral administration, on gastric emptying, postprandial glycaemia and energy intake in subjects with T2D. In Chapter 9, the effects of DB and a bitter tasting bile acid, taurocholic acid, administered via rectal perfusion, on GLP-1 and peptide YY secretion were evaluated in the presence or absence of a BTR antagonist, probenecid, in healthy humans.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Adelaide Medical School, 2021