Journal articles: 'Gastroenteritis Australia'

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GRACEY, M., and V. BURKE. "Gastroenteritis in Australia." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 27, no. 5 (October 1997): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.1997.tb00977.x.

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Hall, Gillian, Martyn D. Kirk, Niels Becker, Joy E. Gregory, Leanne Unicomb, Geoffrey Millard, Russell Stafford, and Karin Lalor. "Estimating Foodborne Gastroenteritis, Australia." Emerging Infectious Diseases 11, no. 8 (August 2005): 1257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1108.041367.

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HEYWORTH, J. S., P. BAGHURST, and K. A. McCAUL. "Prevalence of gastroenteritis among 4-year-old children in South Australia." Epidemiology and Infection 130, no. 3 (June 2003): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268803008288.

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The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of gastroenteritis among children aged 4 years in South Australia. A cross-sectional survey of 9543 South Australian children aged 4 years was undertaken. Parents completed a questionnaire on behalf of their child who had attended a pre-school health check in 1998. The questionnaire covered gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms experienced by the child in the previous 2 weeks and other risk factors for gastroenteritis. The 2-week prevalence of gastroenteritis among 4-year-old children was 14·2%. The major risk factors for gastroenteritis were presence of persons who had gastroenteritis inside the home, contact with persons who had gastroenteritis outside the home, antibiotic use and sore throat. Medical attention was sought for 20% of children who had gastroenteritis. Gastroenteritis is a significant cause of morbidity among young children and presents a considerable burden on the community. A substantial proportion of these occurrences of highly credible gastrointestinal symptoms may be manifestations of respiratory infections.

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HALL, G. V., I. C. HANIGAN, K. B. G. DEAR, and H. VALLY. "The influence of weather on community gastroenteritis in Australia." Epidemiology and Infection 139, no. 6 (August 9, 2010): 927–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268810001901.

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SUMMARYInfectious gastroenteritis is a common illness in Australia as elsewhere. Data from a year-long national gastroenteritis survey in 2001–2002 showed that gastroenteritis was more common in the northern and hotter part of Australia. These data were used to quantify associations between local weather variables and gastroenteritis in people aged >5 years while controlling for socioeconomic status. A distributed lag model was used to examine the influence of weather over a period of days prior to an event and the maximal effect was found at a lag of 2–5 days. The total effect over the preceding week indicated a relative increase from baseline in the probability of gastroenteritis of 2·48% (95% CI 1·01–3·97) for each degree rise (°C) over that period. Given the very high burden of gastroenteritis, this represents a substantial effect at the population level and has relevance for health predictions due to climate change.

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CHEN, Y., L. FORD, G. HALL, T. DOBBINS, and M. KIRK. "Healthcare utilization and lost productivity due to infectious gastroenteritis, results from a national cross-sectional survey Australia 2008–2009." Epidemiology and Infection 144, no. 2 (June 22, 2015): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268815001375.

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SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to estimate the healthcare usage and loss of productivity due to gastroenteritis in Australia using the National Gastroenteritis Survey II. In 2008–2009, 7578 participants across Australia were surveyed about infectious gastroenteritis by telephone interview. A gastroenteritis case was defined as a person experiencing ⩾3 loose stools and/or ⩾2 vomits in a 24-h period, excluding cases with a non-infectious cause for their symptoms, such as pregnancy or consumption of alcohol. Lost productivity was considered any lost time from full- or part-time paid work due to having gastroenteritis or caring for someone with the illness. Interference with other daily activities was also examined along with predictors of healthcare-seeking practices using multivariable regression. Results were weighted to obtain nationally representative estimates using Stata v. 13·1. Of the 341 cases, 52 visited a doctor due to gastroenteritis, 126 reported taking at least one medication for their symptoms and 79 cases reported missing ⩾1 days’ paid work due to gastroenteritis. Gastroenteritis results in a total of 13·1 million (95% confidence interval 6·7–19·5) days of missed paid work each year in Australia. The indirect costs of gastroenteritis are significant, particularly from lost productivity.

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SINCLAIR, MARTHA I., MARGARET E. HELLARD, RORY WOLFE, TERESA Z. MITAKAKIS, KARIN LEDER, and CHRISTOPHER K. FAIRLEY. "Pathogens causing community gastroenteritis in Australia." Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 20, no. 11 (November 2005): 1685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.04047.x.

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Gracey, M. "Hospitalisation for gastroenteritis in Western Australia." Archives of Disease in Childhood 89, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 768–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.2003.037531.

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HALL, G. V., M. D. KIRK, R. ASHBOLT, R. STAFFORD, and K. LALOR. "Frequency of infectious gastrointestinal illness in Australia, 2002: regional, seasonal and demographic variation." Epidemiology and Infection 134, no. 1 (July 22, 2005): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268805004656.

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SUMMARYTo estimate the frequency of infectious gastroenteritis across Australia, and to identify risk factors, we conducted a national telephone survey of 6087 randomly selected respondents in 2001–2002. The case definition was three or more loose stools and/or two or more vomits in a 24-hour period in the last 4 weeks, with adjustment to exclude non-infectious causes and symptoms secondary to a respiratory infection. Frequency data were weighted to the Australian population. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess potential risk factors including season, region, demographic and socioeconomic status. Among contacted individuals, 67% responded. The case definition applied to 7% of respondents (450/6087) which extrapolates to 17·2 million (95% CI 14·5–19·9 million) cases of gastroenteritis in Australia in one year, or 0·92 (95% CI 0·77–1·06) cases/person per year. In the multivariate model, the odds of having gastroenteritis were increased in summer and in the warmest state, in young children, females, those with higher socioeconomic status and those without health insurance.

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Robins-Browne, Roy M., Anne-Marie Bordun, Marija Tauschek, Vicki R. Bennett-Wood, Jacinta Russell, Frances Oppedisano, Nicole A. Lister, et al. "Escherichia coliand Community-acquired Gastroenteritis, Melbourne, Australia." Emerging Infectious Diseases 10, no. 10 (October 2004): 1797–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1010.031086.

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Wang, K., K. K. W. Yau, and A. H. Lee. "Factors Influencing Hospitalisation of Infants for Recurrent Gastroenteritis in Western Australia." Methods of Information in Medicine 42, no. 03 (2003): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1634357.

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Summary Objective: To determine factors affecting length of hospitalisation of infants for recurrent gastroenteritis using linked data records from the Western Australia heath information system. Methods: A seven-year retrospective cohort study was undertaken on all infants born in Western Australia in 1995 who were admitted for gastroenteritis during their first year of life (n = 519). Linked hospitalisation records were retrieved to derive the outcome measure and other demographic variables for the cohort. Unlike previous studies that focused mainly on a single episode of gastroenteritis, the durations of successive hospitalisations were analysed using a proportional hazards model with correlated frailty to determine the prognostic factors influencing recurrent gastroenteritis. Results: Older children experienced a shorter stay with an increased discharge rate of 1.9% for each month increase in admission age. An additional comorbidity recorded in the hospital discharge summary slowed the adjusted discharge rate by 46.5%. Aboriginal infants were readmitted to hospital more frequently, and had an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.253, implying a much higher risk of prolonged hospitalisation compared to non-Aborigines. Conclusions: The use of linked hospitalisation records has the advantage of providing access to hospital-based population information in the context of medical informatics. The analysis of linked data has enabled the assessment of prognostic factors influencing length of hospitalisations for recurrent gastroenteritis with high statistical power.

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Cooper, Elizabeth, and Stephen Blarney. "A Norovirus Gastroenteritis Epidemic in a Long-Term–Care Facility." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 26, no. 3 (March 2005): 256–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502535.

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AbstractBackground:In Victoria, Australia, from July to December 2002, 126 outbreaks of viral and suspected viral gastroenteritis were reported in healthcare institutions. Norovirus was found to account for at least 77 of the 126 outbreaks.Methods:In October 2002, the infection control unit investigated an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis on three wards in a 500-bed, long-term-care facility in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Cohorting and other infection control measures were initiated.Results:The outbreak was controlled 32 days after the first symptoms of acute gastroenteritis were identified. Fifty-two patients and 11 staf f members were affected. Norovirus genotype 2 was detected on two of the three wards. Norovirus was not isolated in the third ward but was suspected to be the causative organism.Conclusions:Outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis can cause significant morbidity in a long-term-care facility, affecting both patients and staff. In addition, the transmission of viral pathogens can be well established before there is recognition of an outbreak.

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HEYWORTH, J. S., H. CUTT, and G. GLONEK. "Does dog or cat ownership lead to increased gastroenteritis in young children in South Australia?" Epidemiology and Infection 134, no. 5 (March 29, 2006): 926–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268806006078.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between dog and cat ownership and gastroenteritis in young children. A diary study of 965 children aged 4–6 years living in rural or semi-rural South Australia was undertaken. Data were collected on pet ownership, drinking water and other risk factors for gastroenteritis. Overall 89% of households had pets and dog ownership was more common than cat ownership. The multivariable models for gastroenteritis and pet ownership indicated that living in a household with a dog or cat was associated with a reduced risk of gastroenteritis (adj. OR 0·71, 95% CI 0·55–0·92; OR 0·70, % CI 0·51–0·97 respectively). This paper adds to the evidence that pets are not a major source of gastroenteritis in the home and lends support to the health benefits of pet ownership. However, this must be weighed against the potential negative consequences, such as dog bites, particularly for this age group.

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Barker, S. Fiona, Ella Zomer, Joanne O’Toole, Martha Sinclair, Katherine Gibney, Danny Liew, and Karin Leder. "Cost of gastroenteritis in Australia: A healthcare perspective." PLOS ONE 13, no. 4 (April 12, 2018): e0195759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195759.

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TALBOT-SMITH, A., and J. HEYWORTH. "Antibiotic use, gastroenteritis and respiratory illness in South Australian children." Epidemiology and Infection 129, no. 3 (December 2002): 507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268802007628.

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This study examines the incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD) in children in the community setting. Parents of 965 children aged 4–6 years and resident in rural/semi-rural South Australia completed a questionnaire on socio-demographic factors, and a 6-week daily diary detailing symptoms of gastroenteritis, antibiotic use, respiratory illness, and contact with someone with gastroenteritis. The incidence of AAD was 32·3%, falling to 23·5% when episodes associated with a respiratory illness were excluded. Respiratory illness in the previous 3 days (OR 6·76, 95% CI 4·87, 9·38), and contact with someone with gastroenteritis in the previous 14 days (OR 1·8, 95% CI 1·48, 2·19), were both associated with gastroenteritis. After adjusting for these, only the first day of antibiotic use was associated with gastroenteritis (OR 3·8, 95% CI 1·8, 8·06). Potential confounding factors, in particular inter-current respiratory illness, need to be considered when examining AAD.

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Kirk, M. D., C. R. M. Moffatt, G. V. Hall, N. Becker, R. Booy, L. Heron, R. MacIntyre, D. E. Dwyer, and R. Lindley. "The Burden of Infectious Gastroenteritis in Elderly Residents and Staff of Long-Term Care Facilities, Australia." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 31, no. 8 (August 2010): 860–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/654000.

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We estimated the incidence of gastroenteritis in 16 Australian long-term care facilities. During 12 months' surveillance, 245 (96%) of 254 episodes of gastroenteritis among long-term care residents were associated with 17 outbreaks in 11 facilities. Incidence in long-term care residents was 0.64 episodes per 1,000 bed-days (95% confidence interval, 0.29-1.42).

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HELLARD, M. E., and C. K. FAIRLEY. "Gastroenteritis in Australia: who, what, where, and how much?" Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 27, no. 2 (April 1997): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.1997.tb00929.x.

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White, Peter, John-Sebastian Eden, and Grant Hansman. "Molecular epidemiology of noroviruses and sapoviruses and their role in Australian outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis." Microbiology Australia 33, no. 2 (2012): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma12070.

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Every winter since 2004, (except 2005) there have been outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis across Australia, caused by norovirus (NoV). These outbreaks are frequently seen in aged-care facilities, hospitals and cruise ships. Why has this become the norm and what has happened in virological terms to cause this? A single genetic lineage of NoV has emerged as the major cause of pandemic and epidemic viral gastroenteritis. The first reported pandemic of acute gastroenteritis occurred in 1996, discovered through the advent of molecular detection assays. Following a second pandemic in 2002, NoV-associated pandemics of gastroenteritis have occurred with increasing frequency. Here we describe the current molecular epidemiological trends of human NoV, and its milder cousin, sapovirus (SaV), and explain why, in particular, NoV has become the biggest player in the field of viral gastroenteritis. With encouraging results from the first vaccine trial recently reported and continuing research towards the development of vaccines and antiviral agents, we ask whether better weapons to fight and deter gastroenteritis viruses will be available in the future?

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Bishop, Ruth, and Carl Kirkwood. "Rotavirus diarrhoea and Aboriginal Children." Microbiology Australia 30, no. 5 (2009): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma09205.

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Rotavirus is the most common cause of paediatric gastroenteritis worldwide. In Australia, Aboriginal children are at the greatest risk of severe disease. The continual changes in dominant strains pose challenges to vaccine success. However, early evidence suggests that rotavirus vaccination will be successful in reducing the impact of rotavirus disease on Australia?s most susceptible population.

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HALL, G., L. McDONALD, S. E. MAJOWICZ, E. SCALLAN, M. KIRK, P. SOCKETT, and F. J. ANGULO. "Respiratory symptoms and the case definition of gastroenteritis: an international analysis of the potential impact on burden estimates." Epidemiology and Infection 138, no. 1 (June 4, 2009): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268809990112.

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SUMMARYEstimates of the burden of foodborne disease rely on attributing a proportion of syndromic gastroenteritis to foodborne transmission. Persons with syndromic diarrhoea/vomiting can also present with concurrent respiratory symptoms that could be due to respiratory infections, gastrointestinal infections, or both. This distinction is important when estimating the foodborne disease burden but has rarely been considered. Using data from population surveys from Australia, Canada and the USA we describe the effect of excluding persons with respiratory and associated symptoms from the case definition of gastroenteritis. Excluding persons first with respiratory symptoms, or second with respiratory symptoms plus fever and headache, resulted in a decrease in the weighted estimates of acute gastroenteritis of about 10–50% depending on the exclusion criteria. This has the potential to have a very significant impact on estimates of the burden of foodborne infections using syndromic case definitions of acute gastroenteritis.

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Li, Linlin, Joseph Victoria, Amit Kapoor, Olga Blinkova, Chunlin Wang, Farbod Babrzadeh, Carl J. Mason, et al. "A Novel Picornavirus Associated with Gastroenteritis." Journal of Virology 83, no. 22 (September 16, 2009): 12002–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01241-09.

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ABSTRACT A novel picornavirus genome was sequenced, showing 42.6%, 35.2%, and 44.6% of deduced amino acid identities corresponding to the P1, P2, and P3 regions, respectively, of the Aichi virus. Divergent strains of this new virus, which we named salivirus, were detected in 18 stool samples from Nigeria, Tunisia, Nepal, and the United States. A statistical association was seen between virus shedding and unexplained cases of gastroenteritis in Nepal (P = 0.0056). Viruses with approximately 90% nucleotide similarity, named klassevirus, were also recently reported in three cases of unexplained diarrhea from the United States and Australia and in sewage from Spain, reflecting a global distribution and supporting a pathogenic role for this new group of picornaviruses.

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Moffatt, Cameron R. M., Emily Fearnley, Robert Bell, Rose Wright, Joy Gregory, Timothy Sloan-Gardner, Martyn Kirk, and Russell Stafford. "Characteristics of Campylobacter Gastroenteritis Outbreaks in Australia, 2001 to 2016." Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 17, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 308–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2019.2731.

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Field, E. J., H. Vally, K. Grimwood, and S. B. Lambert. "Pentavalent Rotavirus Vaccine and Prevention of Gastroenteritis Hospitalizations in Australia." PEDIATRICS 126, no. 3 (August 23, 2010): e506-e512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-0443.

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Bruggink, Leesa D., Natalie L. Dunbar, and John A. Marshall. "Emergence of GII.Pg norovirus in gastroenteritis outbreaks in Victoria, Australia." Journal of Medical Virology 88, no. 9 (March 11, 2016): 1521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.24511.

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FORD, LAURA, PHILIP HAYWOOD, MARTYN D. KIRK, EMILY LANCSAR, DEBORAH A. WILLIAMSON, and KATHRYN GLASS. "Cost of Salmonella Infections in Australia, 2015." Journal of Food Protection 82, no. 9 (August 22, 2019): 1607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-105.

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ABSTRACT Gastroenteritis caused from infections with Salmonella enterica (salmonellosis) causes significant morbidity in Australia. In addition to acute gastroenteritis, approximately 8.8% of people develop irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and 8.5% of people develop reactive arthritis (ReA). We estimated the economic cost of salmonellosis and associated sequel illnesses in Australia in a typical year circa 2015. We estimated incidence, hospitalizations, other health care usage, absenteeism, and premature mortality for four age groups using a variety of complementary data sets. We calculated direct costs (health care) and indirect costs (lost productivity and premature mortality) by using Monte Carlo simulation to estimate 90% credible intervals (CrI) around our point estimates. We estimated that 90,833 cases, 4,312 hospitalizations, and 19 deaths occurred from salmonellosis in Australia circa 2015 at a direct cost of AUD 23.8 million (90% CrI, 19.3 to 28.9 million) and a total cost of AUD 124.4 million (90% CrI, 107.4 to 143.1 million). When IBS and ReA were included, the estimated direct cost was 35.7 million (90% CrI, 29.9 to 42.7 million) and the total cost was AUD 146.8 million (90% CrI, 127.8 to 167.9 million). Foodborne infections were responsible for AUD 88.9 million (90% CrI, 63.9 to 112.4 million) from acute salmonellosis and AUD 104.8 million (90% CrI, 75.5 to 132.3 million) when IBS and ReA were included. Targeted interventions to prevent illness could considerably reduce costs and societal impact from Salmonella infections and sequel illnesses in Australia.

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Carias, Cristina, Susanne Hartwig, M. Nabi Kanibir, and Ya-Ting Chen. "1381. Rotavirus Gastroenteritis among older adults: discussion based on a systematic literature review." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S700—S701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1563.

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Abstract Background While the burden of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis (RGE) is well recognized in young children, it is less so in older adults. However, older adults are also at high-risk of Acute Gastroenteritis (AGE) severe outcomes. In this review, we thus aimed to comprehensively assess RGE burden and vaccination impact in older individuals. Methods We performed a systematic literature review with PubMed and Scopus, from 2000 to 2019, using MESH and free-range terms. We included only studies that reported the incidence, and/or RV vaccination impact, in adults aged 60 and above and using regional specific data-sources. Results We analyzed 11 manuscripts for individuals aged 60 and above (Figure 1). Studies spanned Australia, Sweden, Netherlands, Canada (2), Germany (2), UK (2), and the US (2). Yearly inpatient RV incidence varied between 1.6 per 100,000 in Australia for those 65+ (retrospective database analyses, pre-vaccine); and 26 per 100,000 for those 85+ in Canada (modeling estimates for 2006-10, pre-vaccine). The incidence rate ratio for inpatient RGE between the post and pre-vaccine periods for those 65+ was 0.57 [95% CI: 0.10 – 3.15] in Canada, but 2.24 [95%CI: 1.78-2.83] in Australia, which may be due to increased testing for RV in the elderly post-vaccine. Reductions in the post-vaccination burden of RV and AGE among 60+ were reported in the UK (2 studies), and the US (2 studies) via retrospective database analyses In the UK, post-vaccine reductions in AGE health care-utilization were reported in the Emergency Department (21%), and outpatient centers (walk-in centers: 47%; general practice consultations: 36%). Retrospective database analyses documenting the incident rate ratio (IRR) of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis (RGE) and Acute Gastroenteritis (AGE) in older adults between the pre and post-vaccine period. Retrospective database analyses documenting the incident rate ratio (IRR) of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis (RGE) and Acute Gastroenteritis (AGE) in older adults between the pre and post-vaccine period. Conclusion While the burden of RGE mainly falls on young children, it also affects older adults. Retrospective database analyses reveal that, likely due to indirect vaccination benefits, increases in RV vaccination coverage have had an impact on lowering RGE, and AGE cases and healthcare utilization in older adults, a group at high-risk of severe outcomes for AGE. Disclosures Cristina Carias, PhD, Merck (Employee, Shareholder) Susanne Hartwig, n/a, MSD Vaccins (Employee) M.Nabi Kanibir, MD, Merck/MSD (Employee, Shareholder) Ya-Ting Chen, PhD, Merck & Co., Inc. (Employee, Shareholder)

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He, Wen-Qiang, Martyn D. Kirk, John Hall, and Bette Liu. "Prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs for Acute Gastroenteritis, Primary Care, Australia, 2013–2018." Emerging Infectious Diseases 27, no. 5 (May 2021): 1462–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2705.203692.

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Mullins, Raymond J., Paul J. Turner, Elizabeth H. Barnes, and Dianne E. Campbell. "Allergic gastroenteritis hospital admission time trends in Australia and New Zealand." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 54, no. 4 (October 31, 2017): 398–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpc.13767.

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Fearnley, E. J., A. Lal, J. Bates, R. Stafford, M. D. Kirk, and K. Glass. "Salmonella source attribution in a subtropical state of Australia: capturing environmental reservoirs of infection." Epidemiology and Infection 146, no. 15 (August 14, 2018): 1903–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268818002224.

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AbstractSalmonellosis is a leading cause of hospitalisation due to gastroenteritis in Australia. A previous source attribution analysis for a temperate state in Australia attributed most infections to chicken meat or eggs. Queensland is in northern Australia and includes subtropical and tropical climate zones. We analysed Queensland notifications for salmonellosis and conducted source attribution to compare reservoir sources with those in southern Australia. In contrast to temperate Australia, most infections were due to non-Typhimurium serotypes, with particularly high incidence in children under 5 years and strong seasonality, peaking in summer. We attributed 65.3% (95% credible interval (CrI) 60.6–73.2) of cases to either chicken meat or eggs and 15.5% (95% CrI 7.0–19.5) to nuts. The subtypes with the strongest associations with nuts were Salmonella Aberdeen, S. Birkenhead, S. Hvittingfoss, S. Potsdam and S. Waycross. All five subtypes had high rates of illness in children under 5 years (ranging from 4/100 000 to 23/100 000), suggesting that nuts may be serving as a proxy for environmental transmission in the model. Australia's climatic range allows us to conduct source attribution in different climate zones with similar food consumption patterns. This attribution provides evidence for environment-mediated transmission of salmonellosis in sub-tropical regions.

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MAJOWICZ, S. E., G. HALL, E. SCALLAN, G. K. ADAK, C. GAUCI, T. F. JONES, S. O'BRIEN, O. HENAO, and P. N. SOCKETT. "A common, symptom-based case definition for gastroenteritis." Epidemiology and Infection 136, no. 7 (August 9, 2007): 886–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268807009375.

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SUMMARYNational studies determining the burden of gastroenteritis have defined gastroenteritis by its clinical picture, using symptoms to classify cases and non-cases. The use of different case definitions has complicated inter-country comparisons. We selected four case definitions from the literature, applied these to population data from Australia, Canada, Ireland, Malta and the United States, and evaluated how the epidemiology of illness varied. Based on the results, we developed a standard case definition. The choice of case definition impacted on the observed incidence of gastroenteritis, with a 1·5–2·1 times difference between definitions in a given country. The proportion of cases with bloody diarrhoea, fever, and the proportion who sought medical care and submitted a stool sample also varied. The mean age of cases varied by <5 years under the four definitions. To ensure comparability of results between studies, we recommend a standard symptom-based case definition, and minimum set of results to be reported.

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Gracey, M., and J. Cullinane. "Gastroenteritis and environmental health among Aboriginal infants and children in Western Australia." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 39, no. 6 (August 2003): 427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1754.2003.00182.x.

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Kirkwood, Carl, Nada Bogdanovic-Sakran, Graeme Barnes, and Ruth Bishop. "Rotavirus Serotype G9P[8] and Acute Gastroenteritis Outbreak in Children, Northern Australia." Emerging Infectious Diseases 10, no. 9 (September 2004): 1593–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040040.

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Bruggink, Leesa, Kristie Witlox, Bixing Huang, David Warrilow, and John Marshall. "GII.4 norovirus recombinant causes gastroenteritis epidemic in Eastern Australia, winter 2017." Journal of Medical Virology 90, no. 6 (March 13, 2018): 1168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25063.

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INGLIS, E., A. KESSON, A. T. NEWALL, K. MACARTNEY, and C. R. MacINTYRE. "The burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children presenting to a paediatric hospital." Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 7 (November 21, 2008): 943–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268808001520.

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SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to determine the burden, management and outcomes of rotavirus infection in young children presenting to a tertiary paediatric hospital in Sydney, Australia. All laboratory-confirmed cases of rotavirus in children aged <5 years were identified and medical records reviewed. In 2004, 80 children aged <5 years presented to the hospital with rotavirus gastroenteritis confirmed by stool testing. Infants aged <24 months comprised 75% of cases, with more males than females affected. Most children (86%) acquired rotavirus infection in the community, with a mean length of hospital admission of 2·3 days. There were eight cases of nosocomial infection at a rate of 3/10 000 admissions. The rates of intravenous fluid management (46%) and antibiotic use (28%) were high, reflecting the severity of disease presenting in a hospital setting. These data will help inform the assessment of the recently introduced rotavirus vaccination programme in Australia.

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Jones, B. J., J. Flint, J. Collins, P. A. White, J. H. Lun, and D. N. Durrheim. "Gastroenteritis outbreak at a health function caused by an emerging recombinant strain of Norovirus GII.P16/GII.4 Sydney 2012, Australia." Epidemiology and Infection 146, no. 8 (April 16, 2018): 970–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268818000869.

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AbstractAn emerging recombinant norovirus GII.P16/GII.4 Sydney 2012 strain caused a gastroenteritis outbreak amongst attendees at a large health function in regional New South Wales, Australia. This was the third outbreak caused by the recombinant GII.P16/GII.4 Sydney 2012 strain in this region in 2017, which appears to be emerging as a common strain in the Hunter New England region.

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Matsushima, Yuki, Etsuko Nakajima, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Hideaki Shimizu, Atsuko Kano, Yoko Ishimaru, Tung Gia Phan, and Hiroshi Ushijima. "Genome Sequence of an Unusual Human G10P[8] Rotavirus Detected in Vietnam." Journal of Virology 86, no. 18 (August 23, 2012): 10236–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01588-12.

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A rare human G10P[8] rotavirus with a reassortment between bovine and human viruses was detected from a patient with acute gastroenteritis in Vietnam. Genetic analysis using complete coding sequences of all segments showed a genomic constellation of this virus of G10-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1. Its VP7 region was genetically related to that of a bovine rotavirus derived from Australia (strain VICG10.01), whereas all other genes were identical to those of a human rotavirus derived from Australia (strain Victoria/CK00047). These results indicate a possibility that the reassortment of the rotavirus was caused by immune escape in Australia and the rotavirus was carried to Vietnam. Additionally, this finding will help further understanding the evolution of rotaviruses circulating in Vietnam.

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Eden, John-Sebastian, Kun Lee Lim, and Peter A. White. "Complete Genome of the Human Norovirus GIV.1 Strain Lake Macquarie Virus." Journal of Virology 86, no. 18 (August 23, 2012): 10251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01604-12.

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Norovirus is an important human pathogen that is now recognized as the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis globally. Six viral genogroups have been described, although only genogroups GI, GII, and GIV are known to infect humans, with the GII viruses most commonly identified in both outbreak and sporadic settings. In contrast, infections by GIV viruses are rarely reported, and their overall prevalence in the community is unknown. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of the human GIV.1 strain Lake Macquarie virus, which caused two linked outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in aged-care facilities in the Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia. The Lake Macquarie virus genome was 7,527 nucleotides (nt) in length and shared highest identity (70%) with the recently completed feline GIV.2 virus genome.

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Grohmann, G., R. I. Glass, J. Gold, M. James, P. Edwards, T. Borg, S. E. Stine, C. Goldsmith, and S. S. Monroe. "Outbreak of human calicivirus gastroenteritis in a day-care center in Sydney, Australia." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 29, no. 3 (1991): 544–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.29.3.544-550.1991.

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Kirk, Martyn D., Kathleen E. Fullerton, Gillian V. Hall, Joy Gregory, Russell Stafford, Mark G. Veitch, and Niels Becker. "Surveillance for Outbreaks of Gastroenteritis in Long‐Term Care Facilities, Australia, 2002–2008." Clinical Infectious Diseases 51, no. 8 (October 15, 2010): 907–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/656406.

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Heyworth, JS, G. Glonek, EJ Maynard, PA Baghurst, and J. Finlay-Jones. "Consumption of untreated tank rainwater and gastroenteritis among young children in South Australia." International Journal of Epidemiology 35, no. 4 (May 24, 2006): 1051–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyl105.

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Donato, Celeste, Nevada Pingault, Elena Demosthenous, Susie Roczo-Farkas, and Julie Bines. "Characterisation of a G2P[4] Rotavirus Outbreak in Western Australia, Predominantly Impacting Aboriginal Children." Pathogens 10, no. 3 (March 16, 2021): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030350.

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In May, 2017, an outbreak of rotavirus gastroenteritis was reported that predominantly impacted Aboriginal children ≤4 years of age in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. G2P[4] was identified as the dominant genotype circulating during this period and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the majority of samples exhibited a conserved electropherotype. Full genome sequencing was performed on representative samples that exhibited the archetypal DS-1-like genome constellation: G2-P[4]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2 and phylogenetic analysis revealed all genes of the outbreak samples were closely related to contemporary Japanese G2P[4] samples. The outbreak samples consistently fell within conserved sub-clades comprised of Hungarian and Australian G2P[4] samples from 2010. The 2017 outbreak variant was not closely related to G2P[4] variants associated with prior outbreaks in Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory. When compared to the G2 component of the RotaTeq vaccine, the outbreak variant exhibited mutations in known antigenic regions; however, these mutations are frequently observed in contemporary G2P[4] strains. Despite the level of vaccine coverage achieved in Australia, outbreaks continue to occur in vaccinated populations, which pose challenges to regional areas and remote communities. Continued surveillance and characterisation of emerging variants are imperative to ensure the ongoing success of the rotavirus vaccination program in Australia.

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Hone, J. "A mathematical model of detection and dynamics of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis." Epidemiology and Infection 113, no. 1 (August 1994): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800051608.

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SUMMARYTransmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) is a viral disease causing dehydration, diarrhoea and death in pigs. The disease is widespread in pig-producing areas of the world but does not occur in Australia. A mathematical model of TGE spread within a pig herd is proposed and calibrated by reference to published data. The model is then applied to two situations of special interest; first to estimate the delay before detection of TGE (6 to over 30 days) when infection is first introduced into a herd of domestic or feral pigs, and second the effect of the disease in a population of feral pigs (could become endemic if transmission is high).

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MOFFATT, C. R. M., A. GREIG, M. VALCANIS, W. GAO, T. SEEMANN, B. P. HOWDEN, and M. D. KIRK. "A large outbreak ofCampylobacter jejuniinfection in a university college caused by chicken liver pâté, Australia, 2013." Epidemiology and Infection 144, no. 14 (June 16, 2016): 2971–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816001187.

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SUMMARYIn October 2013, public health authorities were notified of a suspected outbreak of gastroenteritis in students and guests following a catered function at a university residential college. A retrospective cohort study was undertaken to examine whether foods served at the function caused illness. A total of 56 cases of gastroenteritis, including seven laboratory-confirmed cases ofCampylobacter jejuniinfection, were identified in 235 eligible respondents. Univariate analysis showed a significant association with a chicken liver pâté entrée [relative risk (RR) 3·64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·03–6·52,P< 0·001], which retained significance after adjustment for confounding via multivariable analysis (adjusted RR 2·80, 95% CI 1·26–6·19,P= 0·01).C. jejuniandC. coliwere also isolated in chicken liver pâté recovered from the college's kitchen. Subsequent whole genome multilocus sequence typing (wgMLST) of clinical and food-derivedC. jejuniisolates showed three genetically distinct sequence types (STs) comprising ST528, ST535 (both clinically derived) and ST991 (food derived). The study demonstrates the value of utilizing complementary sources of evidence, including genomic data, to support public health investigations. The use of wgMLST highlights the potential for significantC. jejunidiversity in epidemiologically related human and food isolates recovered during outbreaks linked to poultry liver.

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MITAKAKIS, TERESA Z., MARTHA I. SINCLAIR, CHRISTOPHER K. FAIRLEY, PAMELA K. LIGHTBODY, KARIN LEDER, and MARGARET E. HELLARD. "Food Safety in Family Homes in Melbourne, Australia." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 818–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.4.818.

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Poor food handling practices in the home are a likely cause of gastroenteritis. This study examined how often reported practices in Australian homes met public health food safety recommendations. During 1998 in Melbourne, Australia, food handling and food storage questionnaires were completed by an adult member in 524 and 515 families, respectively. Each family consisted of at least two adults and two children. Respondents were surveyed regarding washing of hands, cutting boards, and fresh produce; use of kitchen cloths; egg storage; where cooked foods were cooled; the duration before refrigeration of cooked foods; where food types were positioned in the refrigerator; and the method of thawing chicken. Nearly every household reported handling food in a way that could cause food to become contaminated. Overall, 99.0% of respondents reported some form of mishandling, which encompassed 70.3% who handled food preparation surfaces poorly, 46.6% who did not wash their hands appropriately or in a timely manner, 41.7% who mishandled raw foods, and 70.1% who mishandled cooked foods. Food was inappropriately located in the refrigerator by 81.2%, and chicken was thawed using unsafe means by 76.3% of respondents. People preparing food in the home need to be reminded of the increased risk of disease that can arise from poor food handling practices.

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Dey, Aditi, Han Wang, Robert Menzies, and Kristine Macartney. "Changes in hospitalisations for acute gastroenteritis in Australia after the national rotavirus vaccination program." Medical Journal of Australia 197, no. 8 (October 2012): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja12.10062.

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CRAWLEY, J. M. S., R. F. BISHOP, and G. L. BARNES. "Rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants aged 0–6 months in Melbourne, Australia: Implications for vaccination." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 29, no. 3 (June 1993): 219–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.1993.tb00491.x.

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Dale, K., R. Wolfe, M. Sinclair, M. Hellard, and K. Leder. "Sporadic Gastroenteritis and Recreational Swimming in a Longitudinal Community Cohort Study in Melbourne, Australia." American Journal of Epidemiology 170, no. 12 (November 11, 2009): 1469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp297.

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MULLAN, BP, GT DAVIES, and RS CUTLER. "Simulation of the economic impact of transmissible gastroenteritis on commercial pig production in Australia." Australian Veterinary Journal 71, no. 5 (May 1994): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1994.tb03370.x.

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Coutts, Shaun, Kaye Sturge, Karin Lalor, John Marshall, Leesa Bruggink, Nela Subasinghe, and Marion Easton. "An outbreak of foodborne norovirus gastroenteritis linked to a restaurant in Melbourne, Australia, 2014." Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal 8, no. 2 (May 5, 2017): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5365/wpsar.2017.8.1.008.

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Lee, A. "Recurrent gastroenteritis among Infants in Western Australia: A seven-year hospital-based cohort study." Annals of Epidemiology 14, no. 2 (February 2004): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1047-2797(03)00127-3.

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Marshall, John A., Anna Dimitriadis, and Peter J. Wright. "Molecular and epidemiological features of norovirus-associated gastroenteritis outbreaks in Victoria, Australia in 2001." Journal of Medical Virology 75, no. 2 (2004): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.20274.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Gastroenteritis Australia'

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