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1
Sych, O., A. Korniienko, and N. Yevtushenko. "FORENSIC INVESTIGATION OF PETROLEUM COMPONENTS OF MIXED MOTOR GASOLINES." Criminalistics and Forensics, no. 66 (2021): 860–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2020.66.64.
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The main types of petroleum components that are used in the manufacture of mixed motor gasolines are considered. For the manufacture of mixed motor gasolines, a low-octane base is used, to which high-octane components are added. In many cases, reformate (catalytic reforming gasoline) and isopentane (isopentane fraction) are used as high-octane components of mixed motor gasolines. Straight-run gasoline and stable gasoline are often used as the low-octane gasoline base of blended automobile gasolines. Reformate is a liquid mixture of aromatic and saturated hydrocarbons used as a high-octane component of automobile (aviation) gasolines and raw materials in the production of aromatic hydrocarbons (arenas). The reformate is obtained by catalytic reforming of straight-run gasoline fractions. Isopentane (2-methylbutane (CH3)2CHCH2CH3) is a colorless, flammable liquid. The technical product is a mixture of isomeric pentanes and boils within 24 - 34°C. The isopentane fraction can be isolated from gas gasoline, from gasoline direct distillation of oil and gasoline catalytic cracking. Straight-run gasoline (nefras) is obtained from the processing of crude oil or gas condensate, oil shale or coal, natural gas or oil and gas. Straight run gasoline contains light gasoline fractions of direct distillation of oil with a boiling range of 35 - 180°C. Gas gasoline (gas stable gasoline) is obtained from natural and petroleum gases containing vapors of gasoline hydrocarbons. To separate them, the gases are compressed and cooled (compression method) or absorbed with oil or activated carbon. Gas gasoline is similar in chemical composition to straight-run gasoline, but contains lighter hydrocarbon fractions. The article discusses the results of a study of the listed petroleum components of mixed gasoline by gas-liquid chromatography. This method allows you to establish the qualitative and quantitative composition of mixed motor gasolines and their components. It is shown that from readily available petroleum components (isopentane fraction, aromatic hydrocarbons and gas stable gasoline) without the use of sophisticated technological equipment, a gasoline mixture with high detonation resistance, which is falsified automobile gasoline, can be obtained by mixing method. When mixed in certain proportions of reformate, isopentane fraction and gas stable gasoline, it is possible to obtain marketable gasoline that will meet the requirements of regulatory documents for gasoline. The considered technology allows, when mixing commodity gasolines A-92 (A-95) with reformate, isopentane fraction and gasoline gas stable in the calculated proportions, to improve the operational characteristics (detonation resistance) of the obtained gasoline mixture or to increase the volume of the obtained gasoline mixture without improving its performance.
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Yefymenko, Valerii, Vira Rudenko, Olha Titova, Olena Kosenko, and Tetiana Kravchuk. "USE OF ALCOHOL ADDITIVES FOR ECOLOGICAL GASOLINE PRODUCTION." Proceedings of the National Aviation University 88, no. 3 (October 27, 2021): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18372/2306-1472.88.16006.
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The purpose of this article is to perform research to improve the stability, quality and efficiency of gasoline-alcohol fuel compositions, as well as obtaining high-octane gasolines corresponding to the modern standards with the addition of alcohols and their mixtures to these gasolines. Research methods: The article considers physicochemical methods for studying the stratification of alcohol-gasoline mixtures, determining the water content in them, as well as determining the octane number of alcohol-gasoline compositions. Results: The raw material base and possibilities of bioethanol production in Ukraine as an ecological additive to gasoline and as a way to increase their octane number were studied. Stratification temperatures of alcohol-gasoline mixtures and octane numbers of A-92 gasoline with different alcohol content were determined. Discussion: It is proposed to use higher concentrations of ethanol (bioethanol) in gasoline mixtures more than 40% of alcohol, because it does not require dehydration. It is proposed to use an additional fuel pump, which would work only for mixing the fuel mixture, to prevent stratification of the fuel-ethanol composition during its long-term storage in the car’s tanks.
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Zdanevuch, V., S. Yanyk, V. Malikov, and S. Litvinovski. "APPLICATION OF ALCOHOL-ACETONE SOLVENTS AS ADDITIVES TO GASOLINE." Collection of scientific works of Odesa Military Academy 1, no. 13 (December 30, 2020): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37129/2313-7509.2020.13.1.170-175.
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The article considers the influence of alcohol-acetone solvents on the performance properties of motor gasolines in order to be able to use methanol-acetone solvent as an additive to increase the detonation resistance of gasoline. Currently, there are biocompatible gasolines that contain a variety of aliphatic alcohols. Thus, according to DSTU 7687: 2015 in gasoline allowed methanol up to 3%, ethanol up to 10%, isopropyl alcohol up to 12%, isobutyl alcohol up to 15% and a significant amount of other oxygen-containing compounds. When using gasoline with a high end of boiling in internal combustion engines with spark ignition, soot is formed, which adversely affects the operation of the engine and largely depends on the composition of gasoline.The ability of the fuel to form a homogeneous, without detonation combustible mixture. To improve the energy properties of methanol it can be used as a solution with other hydrocarbons The reason of testing is the possibility of using methanol-acetone mixture to improve the performance of biocompatible gasolines, including pumping, evaporation, flammability, flammability, prone to compatibility and toxicity. Starting properties of gasoline, largely depend on the number of fractions that boil within the temperature range from the beginning of distillation to 10% of gasoline distillation, as well as determining the saturated vapor pressure, but in the presence of low-boiling fractions in gasoline, under certain operating conditions, can cause interruptions in the supply of gasoline, which is associated with the formation of steam plugs in the fuel system of engines. In the modern literature there is no analysis and the possibility of using alcohol-acetone solutions as additives to biogasolines in order to improve their performance. Keywords: production, application, alcohol-acetone solvents, biogasolines, oxygen-containing hydrocarbons, aliphatic alcohols, octane number
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Tselishchev, Aleksey, Marina Loriya, Sergey Boychenko, Sergey Kudryavtsev, and Vasil Laneckij. "RESEARCH OF CHANGE IN FRACTION COMPOSITION OF VEHICLE GASOLINE IN THE MODIFICATION OF ITS BIODETHANOL IN THE CAVITATION FIELD." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 5 (September 30, 2020): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2020.001399.
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The influence of bioethanol content and parameters of the cavitation field on the quality indicators of motor gasolines: volatility and octane number is studied. Studying the effect of bioethanol and cavitation treatment of bioethanol-gasoline mixture will make it possible to produce automotive fuels for different climatic zones, or winter (summer) versions of gasolines. The use of bioethanol and cavitation treatment of a bioethanol-gasoline mixture affect the fractional composition of motor gasoline and its volatility. The optimal content of the biocomponent, at which there is an increase in the volatility of gasoline, is established Also the results of the octane number change are presented depending on the intensity of cavitation treatment for gas condensate with the addition of bioethanol. The influence of bioethanol content on the increase in octane number during cavitation treatment is determined. It is found that the introduction of bioethanol into the composition of gasoline leads to an improvement in its volatility. In this case, cavitation treatment makes it possible to obtain a mixture resistant to delamination. The addition of bioethanol leads to an adequate increase in light fractions during mechanical mixing and to a change in the fractional composition of the bioethanol-gasoline mixture during cavitation treatment. The addition of bioethanol in amounts up to 10% leads to a decrease in the saturated vapor pressure during cavitation treatment of bioethanol-gasoline mixtures, and an increase in the bioethanol content up to 20% leads to an increase in the saturated vapor pressure, which is explained by a change in the chemical composition of fuel components in comparison with the mechanical method of preparing mixtures. By cavitation treatment it is possible to change the fractional composition, the pressure of saturated vapors and the volatility of bioethanol-gasoline mixtures, making cavitation a promising energy-saving process for the production of gasoline for various climatic conditions
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Ibrahimov, R. G., Kh I. Abad-zade, A. N. Kerimov, and R. O. Mejidov. "Obtaining environment-friendly high-octane gasoline." Azerbaijan Oil Industry, no. 02 (February 15, 2022): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2022-02-47-54.
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As a result of theoretic and experimental studies carried out, the compounds have been developed based on the gasoline of catalytic cracking from hydraulic treated vacuum distillation of hard mode with supply of coking gasoline to the upper part of reactor, the reforming gasoline with clear rectification of raw of mild mode, gasoline fraction of -85 оС i.b.p of direct distillation with less toxic octane-increasing additive, as well as oxygenate additive (DIPE). On the basis of obtained compounds, A-92 and A-95 commercial gasolines fully meeting Euro-3 and Euro-4 requirements have been obtained. The content of benzole, aromatic hydrocarbons and sulphur in their composition comprised 1 %, 42.0 % and 10 ppm correspondingly.
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Schifter, Isaac, Luis Diaz, Uriel Gonzalez, Carmen Gonzalez-Macias, and Isidro Mejía-Centeno. "The effects of addition of co-solvents on the physicochemical properties of gasoline–methanol blended fuels." International Journal of Engine Research 20, no. 5 (February 22, 2018): 501–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418757855.
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The scope of the work carried out is aimed to evaluate the effects of blending methanol in the gasoline pool, particularly octane number and Reid vapor pressure increase when methanol is substituting methyl-tertiary-butyl ether in the formulation of Regular and Premium base gasolines. Isopropyl alcohol and ethanol have been investigated and found to be a promising co-blending alcohol to be mixed in gasoline methanol blends. Isopropyl alcohol is most effective below 3 vol%. Ethanol has been found to be the most promising co-blending alcohol able to reduce the Reid vapor pressure increase by 1.4 psi even with concentrations in the range of 2 vol%. The addition of isopropyl alcohol to the methanol–gasoline blends has shown the ability of a ternary mixture to further reduce the Reid vapor pressure of the finished gasoline and, subject to availability and price of isopropyl alcohol, could be of interest in further formulation studies focused on maximizing the saving on finished gasoline cost by reducing the Reid vapor pressure of base gasoline and/or increasing the methanol content.
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PG, Morais, Queto Cardoso EN, and José Alves Mendes Zacarias LF. "Evaluation of the Additive Power of Ethanol Obtained from Angola Grass in Direct Distillation Gasoline Samples, Case Study: Straight Run (SR) Gasoline Produced at Luanda Refinery." Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal 6, no. 2 (April 29, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000304.
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Alongside the process of blending naphtha, fuel anhydrous ethyl alcohol is an additive recurrently used to adjust commercial properties such as the octane index of gasolines during its formulation. This additive is environmentally recommended due to the promotion of decarbonization in gasolines that is evidenced in its consumption with the reduction of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, compared to the consumption of other gasolines. There are several ways to obtain the respective additive, the research leads to obtaining it from the Angolan grass (Brachiaria purpurascens "Forsk" Stapf). Angola grass has a low fiber and protein content, thus becoming with low preference in the choice for animal feed and has a significant content of nonnitrogen extractives giving it a high energy potential to be raw material for biofuel production Through an experimental study and on a laboratory scale, alcohol was produced, then the quantities of the two components of the mixture were determined using additive calculations, and then mixed in samples of Straight run (SR) gasolines direct distillation produced in Luanda Refinery. Next, octane index tests were performed in the final mixture by the RON method following ASTM D22699 and adulteration potencies were verified in the samples. The octane index defined to be reached was 95 octane and it was proven that alcohol produced from Angola grass has the potential to promote improvements in octane index, as we found increases in the octane index of additive gasoline shows. We recorded an improvement of the rate of 91% for sample 1 namely the mixture of anhydrous alcohol of grass and light gasoline (SR) of the Luanda Refinery and finally an improvement in the order of 81% for sample 2 namely the mixture of anhydrous alcohol of heavy gasoline grass of the Luanda Refinery. However, it is demonstrating in the first instance starting methodologies for the additive of gasoline samples, and in the second instance the "effect" of a fuel anhydrous alcohol derived from a "differentiated matter" called Angola grass, when used as an additive in direct distillation gasoline, which is concluded to be positive.
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Kudryavtsev, Sergey, Oleksii Tselishchev, Maryna Loriia, Yevhen Bura, and Maryna Tselishcheva. "Modification of gas condensate gasoline by single atomic alcohols with the use of cavitation." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 5, no. 6 (113) (October 29, 2021): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.242668.
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The process of modification of gas condensate gasolines with monohydric alcohols with subsequent cavitation treatment of these mixtures has been investigated. The expediency of using alcohol additives in fuels and the relevance of introducing into gasoline production such chemical technologies that use cavitation processing of raw materials and selective energy supply to the reaction zone have been substantiated. The expediency of the production of high-octane gasolines on the basis of a combination of the processes of mechanical mixing of hydrocarbon gasolines with alcohols and the processes of cavitation treatment of alcohol-gasoline mixtures is also substantiated. The description of the laboratory setup and the experimental methodology is given. The influence of the intensity of cavitation treatment on the increase in the octane number is studied and it is proved that there is some optimal intensity at which a constant value of the octane number of the mixture is achieved. With an increase in the content of bioethanol in the mixture, the number of cavitation cycles (intensity) required to achieve the steady-state value of the octane number decreases from 8 cycles of gas condensate without bioethanol to 4 cycles with a bioethanol content of 3% and more. To achieve the octane number of the mixture corresponding to gasoline A-92 and A-95, it is necessary to add 2% and 5% bioethanol, respectively. It is shown that the use of cavitation can increase the octane number up to 2.6 points in comparison with simple mechanical mixing of alcohol and gasoline. A comparison is made of the efficiency of using bioethanol and isobutanol for modifying gas condensate gasoline in a cavitation field. The effect of cavitation on the octane number was studied with a change in the concentration of alcohol in the mixture. A new way of modifying low-octane motor gasolines with bio-ethanol and other mixtures of alcohols of biochemical origin, which contain water impurities, is shown
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Trotsenko, O., and A. Grigorov. "IMPROVING THE ENVIRONMENTALITY OF MOTOR GASOLINE." Integrated Technologies and Energy Saving, no. 1 (June 21, 2022): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-5364.2022.1.01.
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The article considers measures aimed at improving the environmental situation of large cities by reducing the harmful effects of exhaust gases generated during the operation of road transport. It is substantiated that a direct increase in the environmental friendliness of motor gasoline is the most promising approach to reducing the toxicity of exhaust gases. This increase can be achieved by reducing dissolved hydrocarbon gases (C4H10 and iso-C4H10) and metals (Pb, Fe, Mn) in gasoline; facilitation of the fractional composition of gasoline (including the end-boiling temperature); reduction in gasoline content of sulfur, aromatic hydrocarbons and olefins. Reducing these undesirable, from an environmental point of view, components will improve the quality of gasoline to the Euro-5 requirements adopted in Ukraine, as well as significantly extend the service life of special catalysts installed on motor vehicles to clean exhaust gases.
The effect on the gasoline fraction (PK – 180 °C) and commercial gasoline A-95, oxygenates (methyl tert-butyl ether and ethyl alcohol) and 1,3-diphenyltriazene was studied. It is established that the use of 1% of the mass. 1,3-diphenyltriazene, in the composition of straight-run gasoline allows to increase its resistance to detonation by 12 points, reduce the toxicity of exhaust gases by 24% in terms of CO and 17% in terms of CH. It was determined that the addition of 1,3-diphenyltriazene to commercial gasoline A-95 in the amount of 1% by weight, in contrast to oxygenates, does not lead to a deterioration in the evaporation of gasolines and their physical stability.
The use of 1,3-diphenyltriazene in commercial gasoline, due to its positive properties, in the future will optimize the use of other additives, including oxygenates, which are widely used today in the technology of commercial gasoline.
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Bohács, Gy, Z. Ovádi, and A. Salgó. "Prediction of Gasoline Properties with near Infrared Spectroscopy." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 6, no. 1 (January 1998): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.155.
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The test measurements used for the analysis of gasoline quality are mostly complicated standard procedures which are time consuming and which require special equipment, large volume of samples and specialists. The standard test methods could be partly replaced with non-destructive near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic measurements which are fast and less expensive. The aim of this paper is to present a feasible procedure for the prediction of quality parameters of gasoline from its NIR spectrum in a large and very diverse sample set. 350 commercially available gasoline samples were collected from July 1996. The samples covered summer and winter grades of normal, super and superplus unleaded gasolines with minimum RON requirements of 91, 95 and 98, respectively. These fuels covered a wide range of samples from very different sources including Hungarian and foreign refineries and pumps. An InfraPrime Lab Analyser (Bran+Luebbe) with high quality optical fibres in combination with multivariate calibration (PLSR) was used to determine 12 different chemical and physical properties of gasolines including reseach octane number (RON), motor octane number (MON), benzene, methyl-tertier-buthyl-ether (MTBE), sulphur content, distillation characteristics, Reid vapour pressure (RVP) and density at 15°C. The developed NIR methods predicted four important gasoline properties (RON, MON, benzene and MTBE content) with reproducibilities equivalent to the standard test procedures. The standard errors of prediction were 0.34 for RON, 0.30 for MON, 0.13%(vv−1) for benzene and 0.21%(vv−1) for MTBE content. The correlation coefficients were better than 0.970 in these calibrations. Calibrations developed for other gasoline properties showed poor correlation coefficients and allowed each parameter to be predicted only with higher standard error than the reference values. The NIR methods described are suitable for routine selection measurements in large series of gasoline samples.
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Ichikawa, M., N. Nonaka, I. Takada, and S. Ishimori. "Estimation of the Octane Number of Automobile Gasoline by Fourier Transform Infrared Absorption Spectrometry." Applied Spectroscopy 46, no. 6 (June 1992): 966–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702924124303.
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A method to estimate the octane number of automobile gasoline by Fourier transform infrared absorption spectrometry has been studied. Thirty-six kinds of regular gasoline and 38 of unleaded premium gasoline, collected from the market from winter to summer, were used as samples, and the absorptions of the C-H stretching vibration in the 3150-2800 cm−1 range of their IR spectra were used to plot each sample in a two-dimensional space, followed by an attempt to graphically classify the two broad types. On the other hand, the IR spectra of other samples with known octane numbers (88.0 to 100.8 in octane number) and, on that basis, samples with known octane numbers, were mapped into the space in which the regular gasolines and the premium gasolines were classified to determine their dispersion in this space. A further attempt was made to formulate a linear regression equation for use in octane number estimation. As a result, it was found that regular and premium gasolines could be definitely distinguished from each other according to the C-H stretching vibration in the 3150-2800 cm−1 near-infrared range, and that the octane number could be visually estimated. The formulation of a satisfactory regression equation was also made possible. These results are reported.
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Cole, M., D. N. Herndon, M. H. Desai, and S. Abston. "Gasoline Explosions, Gasoline Sniffing." Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 7, no. 6 (November 1986): 532–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004630-198611000-00018.
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Lee, Chong Hyun, Yoon-Sang Jeong, and Hina Ashraf. "Cylindrical Cavity Sensor for Distinction of Various Driveability Index Gasoline with Temperature Robustness." Sensors 19, no. 21 (October 24, 2019): 4626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214626.
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In this paper, a cylindrical cavity sensor based on microwave resonant theory is proposed to distinguish between various driveability index gasolines under temperature variations. The working principle of the proposed sensor is based on the fact that the change in permittivity of gasoline samples inside cavity sensor will also cause a change in resonant frequency. The proposed sensor has good sensitivity in terms of resonant frequency separation, which enables it to capture the minute permittivity changes and distinguish different gasolines. By using a normal gasoline permittivity of 2.15 and changing sensor dimension parameters, the sensor was designed by high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS). The designed sensor has a resonant frequency of 7.119 GHz for the TM012 mode with a 19.2 mm radius, a 35 mm height, and one-port coupling probe of 8 mm height. The proposed cylindrical cavity sensor shows advantages of excellent resonant characteristics of small cavity size and small sample amount. To optimize and verify the parameters of the sensor, many experiments have been carried out using HFSS and a vector network analyzer (VNA). Consequently, the proposed sensor is proven to be robust to temperature changes in terms of resonant frequency separation. The minimum frequency separation to distinguish gasoline samples is found to be larger than 29 MHz with reflection coefficients under −11 dB for temperature changes from −35 °C to 0 °C. The consistency of experimental and theoretical results also are presented, which guarantees accuracy of the sensor for the distinction of gasoline.
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Metwally, Manal Mahmoud. "Approach to Accurate Octane Number Calculation for Gasoline Blending." Academic Research Community publication 2, no. 4 (January 1, 2019): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/archive.v2i4.395.
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The octane number of gasoline is one of the most important measures of gasoline quality to predict accurately the octane ratings of blending gasolines. This measured on a scale that ranges from that equivalent to isooctane (octane number of 100) to that of n-heptane (octane number of zero) octane no is effected by the saturates, aromatics, and olefins contents of gasoline. We take it as a standard and measure octane number by comparison with this standard. The accurate octane blending method will optimize the blending of gasoline components, when gasoline components are blended together, we will calculate the octane number of the blend with different octane number of the component or if the four components are of equal octane number. The blend octane number may be greater than, equal to or less than that calculated from the volumetric average of the octane numbers of the blend components, which indicates nonlinear blending. Blending would be linear if octane number of a blend was equal to that predicted by summing the octane numbers of the components in proportion to their concentrations. In practices, the discrepancies between the octane numbers of blends and the linearly predicted values have been correlated by specific empirical equations and these have been used to correct the linear predictions.
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Bebeshko, G. I., G. G. Omel’yanyuk, O. V. Samoilova, and A. I. Usov. "Assessing the reliability of the forensic technique for the identification study of motor gasoline using gas-liquid chromatography." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 89, no. 12 (December 18, 2023): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-12-31-43.
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A new approach to solving the problems of forensic examination of petroleum products, fuels and lubricants associated with establishing whether motor gasoline belongs to a common/different identification set is proposed. A methodology for the identification of gasoline using quantitative results of chromatographic determination of controlled parameters and subsequent evaluation of the results in pairwise compared samples according to the established criteria. The following parameters were selected as controlled indicators: values of research octane number (RON), concentrations of hydrocarbon groups (paraffins, isoparaffins, arenes, naphthenes, olefins) and oxygenates. Their determination was carried out using standardized methods. We used the hardware and software complex of a Chromatek-Crystal 5000 series, including the Chromatek-DHA data processing program. Estimated criteria or decision- making rules regarding the issues posed to an expert were determined to classify gasoline under one product name (generic set), one production technology (group set) or a common source of origin (one production batch, storage tank, etc.). The reliability of the method was assessed using a validation procedure consisted of three stages. We used a collection of AI-92 motor gasoline, selected at gas stations of four oil companies during six months of 2022 in various districts of Moscow. At the first stage, the performer analyzed 12 aliquots of each of four gasoline samples (samples that previously belonged to the common volume) at different times. It was established that the quality indicators of the proposed methodology (standard deviation of the repeatability and reproducibility, expanded uncertainty, limits of the repeatability and reproducibility) for each of the determined controlled indicators did not exceed the permissible errors established by standardized methods. At the second stage of the experiment, the performer combined 12 test samples into four groups from each manufacturer (one production technology) with three samples of different production times (different batches). By comparing the discrepancies in the measured values of the same controlled indicators between pairs of samples within groups and the discrepancy in average indicators between pairs of groups, the contractor identified gasolines manufactured using the same technology; gasolines produced by the same technology, but at different times (different batches) and, with a probability of 95%, gasolines having a common source of origin (previously belonging to a common volume). The conclusions of the validation study matched the original data on the samples, which confirmed the correctness of the developed comparison criteria. At the third stage (blind test), the performer examined seven gasoline samples of, information about the composition and properties of which was not provided to him. The results of the blind test were considered satisfactory. Thus, the validation results indicate the suitability of the methodology for solving forensic identification problems in relation to motor gasoline and the competence of the performer sufficient for implementation of the methodology.
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Semar, Djainuddin, and Nur Ahadiat. "THE INFLUENCE OF GASOLINE’S AROMATIC CONTENT ON ENGINE COMBUSTION CHAMBER DEPOSIT FORMING." Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas 30, no. 1 (March 29, 2022): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29017/scog.30.1.973.
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Aromatic content in gasoline fuels should be limited due to its influencies to the cleanessof engine combustion chamber and emission of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide andhidrocarbon. Ussually the highest aromatic content mean more higher its benzene contentand it will couse increase of air pullotion. According to specification of gasoline 91(SKNo. 3674 k/24/DJM/2006), maximum aromatic content is 50 % volume. Those specificationconform to catagory 1 of World Wide Fuel Charter (WWFC). However, aromatic and benzenecontent test on domestic gasoline in Indonesia obviously fulfil maximum limit for gasolinecatagory 2 of WWCF. Effect of several volume variaties of aromatic content in gasoline91 againts deposit development and cleaness (rating) of engine combution chamberwill be discuss in this paper.
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Trost, Daniel, Adam Polcar, Dorin Boldor, Divine Bup Nde, Artur Wolak, and Vojtěch Kumbár. "Temperature Dependence of Density and Viscosity of Biobutanol-Gasoline Blends." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (April 2, 2021): 3172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073172.
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Butanol seems to be an eligible fuel for compensating for the increasing fuel consumption. Biobutanol could be produced from local sources in the place of use. Its properties show similar results to gasoline, so biobutanol could be added as a biocomponent into fuels. Important properties, in the case of blending biobutanol into gasoline, are its fluid properties and their dependence on the temperature. Therefore, in this paper, the volumetric mass density and viscosity of the selected ratios between biobutanol and gasoline (0, 5, 10, 85, 100 vol.%) were tested over the temperature range from −10 °C up to 40 °C. Gasolines with a 95 Research Octane Number (RON 95) and with a 98 Research Octane Number (RON 98) were used. It was observed that as the temperature increased, the viscosity and volumetric mass density of the samples decreased nonlinearly. Four mathematical models were used for modelling the viscosity. The accuracy of models was evaluated and compared according to the coefficient of determination R2 and sum of squared estimate of errors (SSE). The results show that blends with 5 vol.% and 10 vol.% of biobutanol promise very similar fluid properties to pure gasoline. In contrast, a blend with 85 vol.% of biobutanol shows different fluid properties from gasoline, especially in negative temperatures, a lot. For practical applications, mathematical polynomial multivariate models were created. Using these models, three-dimensional graphs were constructed.
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Bembenek, Michał, Vasyl Melnyk, Bolesław Karwat, Mariia Hnyp, Łukasz Kowalski, and Yurii Mosora. "Jerusalem Artichoke as a Raw Material for Manufacturing Alternative Fuels for Gasoline Internal Combustion Engines." Energies 17, no. 10 (May 15, 2024): 2378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17102378.
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The Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) is a high-yield crop, and a great source of fermentable sugars, which gives the plant the potential to be used as raw material for economical fuel alcohol production. In this article, the authors focus on the technological aspect of the biofuel manufacturing process and its properties. First, the fuel alcohol manufacturing process is described, afterwards assessing its characteristics such as kinematic viscosity, density and octane number. The amount of fuel alcohol obtained from 10 kg of biomass equals to 0.85 L. Afterwards, the mixtures of gasoline and obtained fuel alcohol are prepared and studied. Optimal alcohol and gasoline mixtures are determined to obtain biofuels with octane ratings of 92, 95 and 98. The kinematic viscosity of obtained mixtures does not differ significantly from its values for pure gasoline. The obtained biofuel mixture with 25% alcohol content yielded a decrease of sulfur content by 38%, an increase of vaporized fuel amount by 17.5% at 70 °C and by 10.5% at a temperature of 100 °C, which improves engine startup time and ensures its stable operation in comparison to pure gasoline. The alcohol obtained can be successfully used as a high-octane additive for gasolines.
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Kuzminskaya, A. M., M. V. Buzaeva, and O. V. Ageeva. "Modern methods to reduce evaporation and ensure safety when storing petroleum products in tanks." Technology of technosphere safety 94 (2021): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/tts.2021.4.94.65-75.
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Introduction. With long-term storage of gasoline in large-capacity tanks, the problem associated with their volatility becomes urgent. Evaporation of petroleum products and gasoline leads to a change in their physical and chemical properties, a decrease in the yield of light petroleum products during oil refining, and a deterioration in the performance characteristics of engines. In this regard, it becomes difficult to start engines, their reliability, fuel consumption increases and the service life is reduced. Lost light hydrocarbons pollute the environment and increase the fire hazard of enterprises. The aim of the work is to identify effective, inexpensive and safe methods for reducing the volatility of oil products, including gasoline, when stored in tanks. Research methods. A retrospective analysis of studies on the problems of reducing losses of petroleum products during their storage, transportation and use is carried out. Technical and organizational methods for reducing the evaporation of fuels and the use of chemical additives as an inexpensive and effective method for solving the problem of the volatility of gasolines are considered. The conclusion about the efficiency of using chemical additives to fuels to reduce volatility has been substantiated. Results and their discussion. Conclusions are made about the possibility of using surfactants as additives to reduce the evaporation of gasolines during long-term storage in tanks. The analysis of the main components and methods for the synthesis of surfactant compositions capable of creating a surfactant film at the liquid-atmosphere interface, which protects the liquid from evaporation. Conclusion. Reducing the volatility of gasoline with the use of inexpensive and effective additives introduced into the fuel in small quantities, not only reduces the explosion and fire hazard during storage in large tanks, reduces losses, but also prevents the negative impact on the environment from the ingress of low molecular hydrocarbons into it. Key words: volatility of petroleum products, losses during storage of gasoline, methods of reducing volatility, additives.
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Smolikov, M. D., D. I. Kiryanov, V. A. Shkurenok, L. I. Bikmetova, E. A. Belopukhov, S. S. Yablokova, K. V. Kazantsev, et al. "The integrated reforming and isomerization of gasoline fractions for the production of eco-friendly motor gasolines." Kataliz v promyshlennosti 22, no. 1 (January 28, 2022): 40–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0387-2022-1-40-56.
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The paper reports data on the development and investigation of the advanced catalysts for reforming and isomerization of gasoline fractions, which were performed at the Center of New Chemical Technologies BIC SB RAS, particularly the commercial operation of the reforming catalyst PR-81. A new catalyst with an increased acidity, which provides a decrease in the content of aromatic hydrocarbons in reformate by 3–5 wt.%, was developed for the reforming of gasoline fractions. A new sulfated zirconia catalyst supported on the porous alumina matrix was devised for isomerization of the fraction of C5–C6 hydrocarbons. An efficient tungstated zirconia catalyst was suggested for isomerization of the fraction of C7 hydrocarbons. The indicated catalysts are employed in the proposed scheme of integrated reforming and isomerization processes, which ensures the production of motor gasolines Euro-5 and 6, as well as the promising gasolines with a decreased content of aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Tang, Susan Xu, and David L. Sjoquist. "Differential Effects of Federal and State Gasoline Taxes on Gasoline Consumption." Revista Hacienda Pública Española 229, no. 2 (June 2019): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7866/hpe-rpe.19.2.1.
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MASSENOVA, A. T., M. K. KALYKBERDIYEV, D. Sh KASSENOVA, and Kh MАKANOV. "CATALYTIC TECHNOLOGIES FOR INCREASING QUALITY OF MOTOR FUELS." Neft i gaz 2, no. 116 (April 15, 2020): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37878/2708-0080/2020.008.
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The aim of the work was to study the process of hydrodearomatization and alkylation of gasoline fractions under increased hydrogen pressure. It has been used Rh-Pt (9:1)/Al2O3 catalyst in the work. It has been studied the hydrogenation of three gasoline fractions of «Atyrau Oil Refinery» LLP and Pavlodar Petrochemical Plant LLP. Technological parameters of the process of hydrodearomatization for the production of environmentally friendly fuels, containing no benzene and low in aromatic hydrocarbons have been worked out (pressure, temperature). Data on group composition of organic substances in gasolines demonstrate that after catalytic hydrogenation benzene in final samples of two fractions is absent. For hydrogenizate, the aromatic content decreased from 11.12 weight % to 2.20 weight %. For stable catalysate, the amount of aromatics decreased from 51.5 weight % to 10.96 weight %. Catalytic systems based on zeolites ZSM5 and Y modified with Mg, La, and Ce were tested during the alkylation of 2 gasoline fractions of Atyrau Oil Refinery LLP. It was established that benzene fractions was removed by 30–37% from gasoline and the content of aromatic hydrocarbons, toluene and cumene decreased by 6–10%.The catalysts were studied by BET, porometry and EM methods, which established a uniform formation of nanoscale particles on the catalyst surface.
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Costa, Joaquim, Jorge Martins, Tiago Arantes, Margarida Gonçalves, Luis Durão, and Francisco P. Brito. "Experimental Assessment of the Performance and Emissions of a Spark-Ignition Engine Using Waste-Derived Biofuels as Additives." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 23, 2021): 5209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165209.
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The use of biofuels for spark ignition engines is proposed to diversify fuel sources and reduce fossil fuel consumption, optimize engine performance, and reduce pollutant emissions. Additionally, when these biofuels are produced from low-grade wastes, they constitute valorisation pathways for these otherwise unprofitable wastes. In this study, ethanol and pyrolysis biogasoline made from low-grade wastes were evaluated as additives for commercial gasoline (RON95, RON98) in tests performed in a spark ignition engine. Binary fuel mixtures of ethanol + gasoline or biogasoline + gasoline with biofuel incorporation of 2% (w/w) to 10% (w/w) were evaluated and compared with ternary fuel mixtures of ethanol + biogasoline + gasoline with biofuel incorporation rates from 1% (w/w) to 5% (w/w). The fuel mix performance was assessed by determination of torque and power, fuel consumption and efficiency, and emissions (HC, CO, and NOx). An electronic control unit (ECU) was used to regulate the air–fuel ratio/lambda and the ignition advance for maximum brake torque (MBT), wide-open throttle (WOT)), and two torque loads for different engine speeds representative of typical driving. The additive incorporation up to 10% often improved efficiency and lowered emissions such as CO and HC relative to both straight gasolines, but NOx increased with the addition of a blend.
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Faustino Cruz, Edgar Ivan. "LA RELACIÓN ENTRE LA INFLACIÓN Y EL PRECIO DE LA GASOLINA EN MÉXICO." Investigación Económica 83, no. 328 (March 30, 2024): 79–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fe.01851667p.2024.328.86385.
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El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la relación entre la inflación y el precio de la gasolina en México, especialmente en periodos de alta volatilidad, con modelos de cambio de régimen de Markov. Además, se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados para la política económica nacional. Concluimos que los estímulos fiscales sobre el precio final de la gasolina otorgados por el gobierno federal tienen un impacto directo en la contención de la inflación, pero se deben tener en cuenta las limitaciones del estudio. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INFLATION AND GASOLINE PRICES IN MEXICO ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between inflation and gasoline prices in Mexico, particularly in periods of high volatility. Markov regime-switching models are used to examine this relationship. Additionally, the implications of the results for national economic policy are discussed, concluding that subsidies provided by the federal government have a direct impact on containing general inflation, but the limitations of the study should be taken into account.
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Kim, Joohan, and Kyoungdoug Min. "Modeling laminar burning velocity of gasoline using an energy fraction-based mixing rule approach." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 5 (May 4, 2018): 1245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018768396.
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To determine an optimum combustion chamber design and engine operating strategies, computational fluid dynamics simulations of direct-injection spark-ignition engines have become an indispensable step in the powertrain development process. The laminar burning velocity of gasoline is known as an essential input parameter for combustion simulations. In this study, a new methodology for modeling the laminar burning velocity of gasoline for direct-injection spark-ignition engine simulations is proposed. Considering the gasoline as a complex mixture of hydrocarbon fuel, three hydrocarbons, iso-octane, n-heptane, and toluene were incorporated as surrogate fuel components to represent gasoline with distinct aromatic laminar flame characteristics compared to alkane. A mixing rule, based on energy fractions, was adopted to consider the compositional variation of gasoline. The laminar burning velocities of iso-octane, n-heptane, and toluene were calculated under wide thermo-chemical conditions in conjunction with detailed chemical reaction kinetics in the premixed flame simulation. Finally, a set of laminar burning velocity model equations was derived by curve-fitting the flame simulation results of each hydrocarbon component in consideration of the effect of temperature, pressure, and diluent. The laminar burning velocity model was validated against the measurement data of gasoline’s laminar burning velocity found in the literature, and was applied to the computational fluid dynamics simulation of a direct-injection spark-ignition engine under the various operating conditions to explore the prediction capability.
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Li, Yu, Jinke Gong, Wenhua Yuan, Jun Fu, Bin Zhang, and Yuqiang Li. "Experimental investigation on combustion, performance, and emissions characteristics of butanol as an oxygenate in a spark ignition engine." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 9, no. 2 (February 2017): 168781401668884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814016688848.
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Ethanol is known as the most widely used alternative fuel for spark-ignition engines. Compared to it, butanol has proved to be a very promising renewable fuel in recent years for desirable properties. The conjoint analysis on combustion, performance, and emissions characteristics of a port fuel injection spark-ignition engine fueled with butanol–gasoline blends was carried out. In comparison with butanol–gasoline blends with various butanol ratio (0–60 vol% referred as G100~B60) and conventional alcohol alternative fuels (methanol, ethanol, and butanol)–gasoline blends, it shows that B30 performs well in engine performance and emissions, including brake thermal efficiency, brake-specific fuel consumption, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides. Then, B30 was compared with G100 under various equivalence ratios ( Φ = 0.83–1.25) and engine loads (3 and 5-bar brake mean effective pressure). In summary, B30 presents an advanced combustion phasing, which leads to a 0.3%–2.8% lower brake thermal efficiency than G100 as the engine was running at the spark timing of gasoline’s maximum brake torque (MBT). Therefore, the sparking timing should be postponed when fueled with butanol–gasoline blends. For emissions, the lower carbon monoxide (2.3%–8.7%), unburned hydrocarbons (12.4%–27.5%), and nitrogen oxides (2.8%–19.6%) were shown for B30 compared with G100. Therefore, butanol could be a good alternative fuel to gasoline for its potential to improve combustion efficiency and reduce pollutant emissions.
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Izzi, Matt. "Gasoline." Massachusetts Review 60, no. 2 (2019): 299–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mar.2019.0046.
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Choudhury, Ratna, and Tanusree Mandal. "METHANOL TO GASOLINE: IMPROVED GASOLINE YIELDS." Fuel Science and Technology International 8, no. 9 (January 1990): 1021–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08843759008915971.
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Jones, J. C. "On the performance of gasolines and alcohol–gasoline blends." Fuel 89, no. 10 (October 2010): 3147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.02.026.
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Muhammad, Solin, Iyd Maree, and Ramzi Ibraheem. "Influence of intake air temperature on the performance of gasoline engines using a different type of fuel." Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences 15, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30772/qjes.v15i4.806.
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The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of Intake air temperature on the performance of gasoline engines. Various factors are taken that affect the performance of four-stroke gasoline engines. Changes in air intake temperature have a significant impact on the performance of a petrol engine. Consequently, an increase or decrease in the global ambient temperature will impact the performance and air quality of gasoline engines in particular. therefore, this investigation will discover the hot value of intake air temperatures that effects engine performance. This study tested two Kurdistan-Iraq gasoline kinds at different intake temperatures (25Co, 35Co, 45Co, and 50Co). Experiments utilized a four-stroke spark ignition _engine that operated at various rates of speeds (1300, 1500, 1800, 2000, 2300 and 2500 revolutions per minute) under a half load with a 50% throttle opening. The experimental outcomes were compared with Ricardo Wave software simulations. The Ricardo Wave's theoretical outcomes were in good agreement with the experiment data it showed a near 5% to 10% variance between simulation and practical data. Additionally, utilizing fuels having higher RON increases brake power owing to gasoline's greater hydrogen content and the engine's high octane fuel requirement. Also, lower inlet air temperatures would be denser (more oxygen) and offer a larger mass flow during each piston cycle. Hence, due to those factors, brake power was enhanced by reducing intake temp and raising RON. Generally, the experiment results demonstrated that utilizing higher octane number gasoline under lower intake temperature improved engine performance which demonstrates higher power, torque, and efficiency with lower bsfc compared to utilizing higher intake temperature and lower octane gasoline.
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Ametova, D. M. "Hich-octane gasoline production processes using catalysts containing platinum." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Chemistry. Geography. Ecology Series 137, no. 4 (2021): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6771-2021-137-4-16-21.
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The catalytic reforming process is designed to increase the detonation resistance of gasolines and to obtain individual aromatic hydrocarbons, mainly benzene, toluene, xylenes - petrochemical feedstocks. It is important to obtain a cheap hydrogen-containing gas in the process for use in other hydrocatalytic processes. The importance of catalytic reforming processes in oil refining increased significantly in the 1990s. due to the need to produce unleaded high-octane gasoline.
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Ametova, D. M. "Hich-octane gasoline production processes using catalysts containing platinum." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Chemistry. Geography. Ecology Series 137, no. 4 (2021): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6771-2022-137-4-16-21.
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The catalytic reforming process is designed to increase the detonation resistance of gasolines and to obtain individual aromatic hydrocarbons, mainly benzene, toluene, xylenes - petrochemical feedstocks. It is important to obtain a cheap hydrogen-containing gas in the process for use in other hydrocatalytic processes. The importance of catalytic reforming processes in oil refining increased significantly in the 1990s. due to the need to produce unleaded high-octane gasoline.
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SHVYRKOV, S., I. APANASENKO, A. TRETYAKOV, S. MAKAROV, A. FESCHENKO, and S. VOEVODA. "EXPERIMENTAL INSTALLATION FOR DETERMINING CRITICAL INTENSITY OF FOAM DISCHARGE TO A TANK WITH HIGH-OCTANE GASOLINE." Fire and Emergencies: prevention, elimination 3 (2021): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/fe.2021.3.30-36.
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Purpose. The analysis of normative documents regulating the amount of foam supply intensity for extinguishing high-octane gasoline was carried out in the research. The developed technique of determining foam supply critical intensity by various methods depending on the initial heating of high-octane gasoline is described, as well as the experimental installation that allows implementing a combined foam discharge method whereby foam is simultaneously discharged both onto the surface of the combustible liquid and under the layer. Methods. The authors analyzed normative documents regulating fire extinguishment of oil and petrochemicals. The study was carried out at the experimental installation developed according to the appropriate test method. Findings. The analysis of normative documents indicated differences in the criteria for choosing foam discharge intensity for high-octane gasoline. It was decided to determine the possibility of applying increasing factors for standard values of foam discharge intensity depending on time of free fire development in a high-octane gasoline tank. The experimental installation was based on the standardized installation according to GOST R 50588, which was modernized for possible foam discharge in a combined way. Fuel is preheated to determine the heating temperature effect on foam application rate. Model foam generators with a flow rate of 1.8-2.2 g/s and pans of various diameters were used to change the intensity of foam discharge. Research application field. This technique will be used for obtaining data on determining the most effective method of extinguishing high-octane gasoline at different time intervals. The experimental installation will allow obtaining new data on choosing intensity and methods of foam discharge for modern mixed gasolines. Conclusions. The carried-out work showed the relevance of conducted research work aimed at assessing the value of foam discharge critical intensity applying various methods depending on the initial heating temperature of high-octane gasoline in the tank. To determine the target value, the experimental stand and the corresponding test procedure have been developed, the results of which will be given in further publications.
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Shevchenko, K. V., and A. B. Grigorov. "SECONDARY POLYMERS AS A PROSPECTIVE RAW MATERIAL FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HIGH-OCTANE AUTOMOBILE GASOLINE." Integrated Technologies and Energy Saving, no. 1 (June 28, 2024): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-5364.2024.1.09.
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The article analyzes the possibility of expanding the raw material base of the production process of commercial high-octane automobile gasoline of the A-92 and A-95 brands due to the involvement of secondary polymer raw materials. The types of raw materials that will make it possible to obtain basic fractions or components of commercial gasolines that will be used in the production of commercial automobile gasolines that, according to their chemical composi- tion and properties, will meet the requirements of environmental safety standards adopted in Ukraine and the countries of the European Union have been determined. It was established that the main raw material capable of replacing oil and gas condensate is secondary polyolefin raw material, represented by polyethylene (HDPE and LDPE) and polypropylene (PP), and the main process of its processing is thermal or thermocatalytic pyrolysis. Priority is given to raw materials that are directly generated in production in the form of waste and raw materials that come from sorting points. At the same time, secondary polymer raw materials, regardless of their source of origin, must undergo a stage of preliminary preparation, which includes sorting, crushing, washing and drying of raw materials. Practical studies have shown that this process is implemented on reactor-type installations at temperatures of 320–450 °C and pressures of 0.1–3.5 MPa and allows obtaining a significant yield (35–70 %) of the liquid product of pyrolysis – a gasoline fraction with a boiling point of 30–200 °C. Along with liquid products, more than 15 % of gases (ethylene, propylene and butylene) are formed, which should be processed into polymer gasoline (base fraction) and high-octane components – alkylates. As a result of the research, a scheme for the production of commercial high-octane automobile gasoline from secondary polymer raw materials (HDPE, LDPE and PP) is proposed, which is based on the rational use of production resources and production by-products.
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Marinho Fonseca, Rafaela, Jéssica Cristine da Silva Evangelista, Vanessa de Freitas Cunha Lins, Renata Braga Soares, Beatriz Araújo Batista, Lucas Henrique Oliveira Souza, and Ricardo Adriano Dorledo de Faria. "Electrochemical Behavior of AISI 1020 Steel in Type C Commercial Gasolines." Chemical & biochemical engineering quarterly 33, no. 2 (2019): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15255/cabeq.2019.1618.
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In the present paper, the corrosion behavior of 1020 carbon steel in commercial gasoline-ethanol blends was investigated. The composition of each gasoline-ethanol blend was evaluated by infrared spectroscopy, and the ethanol content was determined by the ABNT 13992 reference method. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization methods were employed to evaluate corrosion resistance and penetration rates. Statistical analyses revealed that the gasoline’s solution resistance governs the corrosion process, the RON (Research Octane Number) and MON (Motor Octane Number) numbers as well as the olefin content being more related to the corrosion rates. The polarization resistance had minor impact on the corrosion process.
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Yoshida, Hiroaki, and Shinichi Suzuki. "Discrimination between Regular Gasoline and Premium Gasoline." Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology 16, no. 1 (2011): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3408/jafst.16.49.
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Burbacher, T. M. "Neurotoxic effects of gasoline and gasoline constituents." Environmental Health Perspectives 101, suppl 6 (December 1993): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.93101s6133.
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Prihatin, Edi, and Nazarudin Nazarudin. "The Synthesis of Cr/SiO2 Catalyst from a Mixture of Palm Waste Ash - Charcoal and Its Application for the Catalytic Cracking of CPO into Gasoline." Journal BiGME 3, no. 1 (January 8, 2024): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/bigme.v3i1.31060.
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Due to the increasing reduction in non-renewable natural resources such as petroleum and the increasing amount of ash and charcoal waste from palm oil mills that has not been utilized, the author synthesizes the silica content from a mixture of ash and charcoal from palm oil waste to be used as a Cr/SiO2 catalyst which will be used for cracking. catalytic from CPO (Crude Palm Oil) to gasoline. This research aims to determine whether a mixture of waste ash and charcoal from the PTP VI Sungai Bahar factory waste can be used as a silica source to produce Cr/SiO2 catalysts and to determine its activity in the catalytic cracking of CPO into gasoline. The cracking process was carried out in a fixed bed reactor which consists of a horizontal reactor and a vertical reactor and equipped with an electric heater and temperature controller. Catalytic cracking was carried out with several ratios of catalyst : CPO, namely 1:20, 1:25, and 1:30. Similar cracking process without catalyst (the thermal cracking) was also carried out as a comparison. The conversion of CHP into gasoline using ratios 1:20, 1:25, 1:30 were 13.67%, 10.78%, 11.59% respectively. Meanwhile, the gasoline conversion produced by thermal cracking was only 9.46%, 9.95%, 6.86%. These results show that catalytic cracking produced more gasoline than thermal  cracking.
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Tao, Xingzhen, Yue Liu, Haiping Li, Yufei Xie, Lin Peng, Chao Li, Lingling Guo, and Yinling Zhang. "Applying Machine Learning to Chemical Industry: A Self-Adaptive GA-BP Neural Network-Based Predictor of Gasoline Octane Number." Mobile Information Systems 2022 (April 22, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8546576.
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Octane number is a measure of gasoline’s ability to resist detonation and combustion in the cylinder; the higher the value, the better the resistance to detonation. The accurate prediction of octane loss during gasoline refining could facilitate production management and ensure gasoline octane. The backpropagation neural network is a traditional method adopted for the octane loss prediction, but there exists the issues of low training accuracy and poor generalization in the traditional BP neural network model caused by randomly generated weights and thresholds at input. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to optimize the weights and thresholds for gasoline octane number prediction based on a self-adaptive genetic algorithm. The experimental result shows that the proposed model outperforms in accuracy and generalization in the competition with the traditional BP neural network. The coefficient of determination R 2 of the performance index in the experiment is improved from 0.81502 to 0.95628, and the average prediction error among 10 groups of experiments was reduced from 0.0061 to 0.0041.
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Khodyakov, V. A., V. A. Rachkova, V. V. Bernatskiy, S. V. Khlopkov, and R. Kh Abu-Nidzhim. "Absorption of gasoline vapors in automobile adsorber with a carbon filter." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 11, no. 4 (December 15, 2017): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-66862.
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Modification of the component composition of gasoline, associated with the use of spirits and ethers (oxygenates) in modern fuels, as well as an increased content of combustible aromatic hydrocarbons may influence the dynamic activity of the coal filter. Therefore, the absorption of gasoline vapors with activated carbon (a coal filter) has been studied. The subjects of the study were samples of gasoline RON 95, RON 98, purchased at different times at gas stations in Russia and Spain. To carry out the tests a carbon filter (activated carbon) of the adsorber of the CITROEN C4 was used. Before filling the sorbent in a dynamic tube, it was regenerated, consisted of heating the coal to temperatures of 250 ... 3000С and forcing it to shake through the container with air material. Experiments on the absorption of gasoline vapors were carried out on a plant consisting of a rotameter, a Drexler bottle, a pressure stabilizer, and a dynamic tube. It has been established that, unlike other samples, two fuel samples have certain features that manifest themselves, in particular, in the values of the boiling temperature, in the value of the octane number, in the acidity parameters and in the remainder in the flask. Activated carbon has a higher adsorption and retention capacity with respect to the components of these gasolines. It is shown that this ability is a reflection of the increased content in the fuel of organic compounds with a higher molecular mass. Such substances include aromatic hydrocarbons and series of compounds containing polar substituents, for example methyl tert-butyl ether.
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Shi, Wei Bo, and Xiu Min Yu. "Efficiency and Emissions of Spark Ignition Engine Using Hydrogen and Gasoline Mixtures." Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (December 2014): 1835–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.1835.
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This paper reviews and summarizes recent developments in hydrogen and gasoline mixtures powered engine research. According to the hydrogen and gasoline injection location, engine can be divided into three categories: hydrogen intake port injection, gasoline direct injection; Hydrogen direct injection, gasoline intake port injection; hydrogen and gasoline intake port injection. Different gasoline and hydrogen injection location determines the engines have different advantages. Follow an overview of spark ignition engine using hydrogen and gasoline mixtures, general trade-off when operating engine on hydrogen and gasoline mixtures are analyzed and highlights regarding accomplishments in efficiency improvement and emissions reduction are presented. These include estimates of efficiency potential of hydrogen and gasoline engines, fuel economy and emissions.
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Kalghatgi, Gautam, and Bengt Johansson. "Gasoline compression ignition approach to efficient, clean and affordable future engines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 1 (April 3, 2017): 118–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017694275.
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The worldwide demand for transport fuels will increase significantly but will still be met substantially (a share of around 90%) from petroleum-based fuels. This increase in demand will be significantly skewed towards commercial vehicles and hence towards diesel and jet fuels, leading to a probable surplus of lighter low-octane fuels. Current diesel engines are efficient but expensive and complicated because they try to reduce the nitrogen oxide and soot emissions simultaneously while using conventional diesel fuels which ignite very easily. Gasoline compression ignition engines can be run on gasoline-like fuels with a long ignition delay to make low-nitrogen-oxide low-soot combustion very much easier. Moreover, the research octane number of the optimum fuel for gasoline compression ignition engines is likely to be around 70 and hence the surplus low-octane components could be used without much further processing. Also, the final boiling point can be higher than those of current gasolines. The potential advantages of gasoline compression ignition engines are as follows. First, the engine is at least as efficient and clean as current diesel engines but is less complicated and hence could be cheaper (lower injection pressure and after-treatment focus on control of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions rather than on soot and nitrogen oxide emissions). Second, the optimum fuel requires less processing and hence would be easier to make in comparison with current gasoline or diesel fuel and will have a lower greenhouse-gas footprint. Third, it provides a path to mitigate the global demand imbalance between heavier fuels and lighter fuels that is otherwise projected and improve the sustainability of refineries. The concept has been well demonstrated in research engines but development work is needed to make it feasible on practical vehicles, e.g. on cold start, adequate control of exhaust carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons and control of noise at medium to high loads. Initially, gasoline compression ignition engines technology has to work with current market fuels but, in the longer term, new and simpler fuels need to be supplied to make the transport sector more sustainable.
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Zhu, Rong Fu, Mei Yu Shi, Yun Long Wang, and Jian Wei Tan. "Performance Comparisons of Spark-Ignition Engine Fueled with Butanol/Gasoline and Ethanol/Gasoline Blends." Applied Mechanics and Materials 730 (January 2015): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.730.275.
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The performance comparisons of engine fueled with butanol/gasoline and ethanol/gasoline blends were tested. It was indicated from the experimental results that, compared with pure gasoline, power and fuel economy of engine fueled with butanol/gasoline and ethanol/gasoline blends reduced slightly, while HC and CO emission reduced significantly, and NO emission increased. It can be concluded that, the performance of engine fueled with butanol/gasoline blends was better than ethanol/gasoline blends, and B20 was better than B30.
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Maffeo, Richard. "Gasoline Exposure." American Journal of Nursing 96, no. 8 (August 1996): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-199608000-00032.
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Shallenberger, Leba G. "Gasoline Studies." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 32, no. 4 (April 1990): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00043764-199004000-00087.
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WEAVER, NEILL K. "Gasoline Toxicology." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 534, no. 1 Living in a C (June 1988): 441–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb30133.x.
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Hewitt, Paul. "Radioactive Gasoline." Physics Teacher 42, no. 5 (May 2004): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.1737958.
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ANDERSON, EARL. "REFORMULATED GASOLINE." Chemical & Engineering News 70, no. 41 (October 12, 1992): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v070n041.p008.
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Williams, James B., David H. Ahrenholz, Lynn D. Solem, and William Warren. "Gasoline Burns." Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 11, no. 5 (September 1990): 446–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004630-199009000-00013.
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Roberie, T. "Reformulated gasoline." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 2, no. 4 (September 1993): N34—N35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0926-3373(93)80013-4.
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