Relevant bibliographies by topics / Gasoline Surrogate

Academic literature on the topic 'Gasoline Surrogate'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Gasoline Surrogate"

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Piehl, J. A., A. Zyada, L. Bravo, and O. Samimi-Abianeh. "Review of Oxidation of Gasoline Surrogates and Its Components." Journal of Combustion 2018 (December 6, 2018): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8406754.

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There has been considerable progress in the area of fuel surrogate development to emulate gasoline fuels’ oxidation properties. The current paper aims to review the relevant hydrocarbon group components used for the formulation of gasoline surrogates, review specific gasoline surrogates reported in the literature, outlining their utility and deficiencies, and identify the future research needs in the area of gasoline surrogates and kinetics model.
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Khan, Ahmed Faraz, Philip John Roberts, and Alexey A. Burluka. "Modelling of Self-Ignition in Spark-Ignition Engine Using Reduced Chemical Kinetics for Gasoline Surrogates." Fluids 4, no. 3 (August 17, 2019): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids4030157.

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A numerical and experimental investigation in to the role of gasoline surrogates and their reduced chemical kinetic mechanisms in spark ignition (SI) engine knocking has been carried out. In order to predict autoignition of gasoline in a spark ignition engine three reduced chemical kinetic mechanisms have been coupled with quasi-dimensional thermodynamic modelling approach. The modelling was supported by measurements of the knocking tendencies of three fuels of very different compositions yet an equivalent Research Octane Number (RON) of 90 (ULG90, PRF90 and 71.5% by volume toluene blended with n-heptane) as well as iso-octane. The experimental knock onsets provided a benchmark for the chemical kinetic predictions of autoignition and also highlighted the limitations of characterisation of the knock resistance of a gasoline in terms of the Research and Motoring octane numbers and the role of these parameters in surrogate formulation. Two approaches used to optimise the surrogate composition have been discussed and possible surrogates for ULG90 have been formulated and numerically studied. A discussion has also been made on the various surrogates from the literature which have been tested in shock tube and rapid compression machines for their autoignition times and are a source of chemical kinetic mechanism validation. The differences in the knock onsets of the tested fuels have been explained by modelling their reactivity using semi-detailed chemical kinetics. Through this work, the weaknesses and challenges of autoignition modelling in SI engines through gasoline surrogate chemical kinetics have been highlighted. Adequacy of a surrogate in simulating the autoignition behaviour of gasoline has also been investigated as it is more important for the surrogate to have the same reactivity as the gasoline at all engine relevant p − T conditions than having the same RON and Motored Octane Number (MON).
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Juárez-Facio, Ana Teresa, Tiphaine Rogez-Florent, Clémence Méausoone, Clément Castilla, Mélanie Mignot, Christine Devouge-Boyer, Hélène Lavanant, et al. "Ultrafine Particles Issued from Gasoline-Fuels and Biofuel Surrogates Combustion: A Comparative Study of the Physicochemical and In Vitro Toxicological Effects." Toxics 11, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010021.

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Gasoline emissions contain high levels of pollutants, including particulate matter (PM), which are associated with several health outcomes. Moreover, due to the depletion of fossil fuels, biofuels represent an attractive alternative, particularly second-generation biofuels (B2G) derived from lignocellulosic biomass. Unfortunately, compared to the abundant literature on diesel and gasoline emissions, relatively few studies are devoted to alternative fuels and their health effects. This study aimed to compare the adverse effects of gasoline and B2G emissions on human bronchial epithelial cells. We characterized the emissions generated by propane combustion (CAST1), gasoline Surrogate, and B2G consisting of Surrogate blended with anisole (10%) (S+10A) or ethanol (10%) (S+10E). To study the cellular effects, BEAS-2B cells were cultured at air-liquid interface for seven days and exposed to different emissions. Cell viability, oxidative stress, inflammation, and xenobiotic metabolism were measured. mRNA expression analysis was significantly modified by the Surrogate S+10A and S+10E emissions, especially CYP1A1 and CYP1B1. Inflammation markers, IL-6 and IL-8, were mainly downregulated doubtless due to the PAHs content on PM. Overall, these results demonstrated that ultrafine particles generated from biofuels Surrogates had a toxic effect at least similar to that observed with a gasoline substitute (Surrogate), involving probably different toxicity pathways.
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Machado, Guilherme Bastos, Tadeu C. Cordeiro de Melo, and Arthur C. de Albuquerque Fonseca Candido. "Flex-fuel engine: Influence of ethanol content on power and efficiencies." International Journal of Engine Research 22, no. 1 (March 12, 2019): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419833257.

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Gasoline is a complex mixture of different hydrocarbons, with a wide spectrum of constituents. Surrogate fuels have a reduced number of chemical components and therefore are used to model commercial fuels and enhance the understanding of fuel behavior in internal combustion engines. Surrogates also allow better fuel property control. In previous work, a surrogate fuel blend of iso-octane, n-heptane, toluene and ethanol was found to be suitable for commercial, high-octane, oxygenated Brazilian gasoline. This article investigates the influence on a Flex-fuel engine power and efficiencies of different ethanol levels in this surrogate fuel blend. The study found some different trends when comparing to other works in the literature. This article intends to make contributions presenting more detailed analyses of how fuel properties can influence several Flex-fuel engine performance parameters.
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Sarathy, S. Mani, Aamir Farooq, and Gautam T. Kalghatgi. "Recent progress in gasoline surrogate fuels." Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 65 (March 2018): 67–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2017.09.004.

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Mariani, Valerio, Leonardo Pulga, Gian Marco Bianchi, Stefania Falfari, and Claudio Forte. "Machine Learning-Based Identification Strategy of Fuel Surrogates for the CFD Simulation of Stratified Operations in Low Temperature Combustion Modes." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 4623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154623.

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Many researchers in industry and academia are showing an increasing interest in the definition of fuel surrogates for Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation applications. This need is mainly driven by the necessity of the engine research community to anticipate the effects of new gasoline formulations and combustion modes (e.g., Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition, Spark Assisted Compression Ignition) to meet future emission regulations. Since those solutions strongly rely on the tailored mixture distribution, the simulation and accurate prediction of the mixture formation will be mandatory. Focusing purely on the definition of surrogates to emulate liquid phase and liquid-vapor equilibrium of gasolines, the following target properties are considered in this work: density, Reid vapor pressure, chemical macro-composition and volatility. A set of robust algorithms has been developed for the prediction of volatility and Reid vapor pressure. A Bayesian optimization algorithm based on a customized merit function has been developed to allow for the efficient definition of surrogate formulations from a palette of 15 pure compounds. The developed methodology has been applied on different real gasolines from literature in order to identify their optima surrogates. Furthermore, the ‘unicity’ of the surrogate composition is discussed by comparing the optimum solution with the most different one available in the pool of equivalent-valuable solutions. The proposed methodology has proven the potential to formulate surrogates characterized by an overall good agreement with the target properties of the experimental gasolines (max relative error below 10%, average relative error around 3%). In particular, the shape and the end-tails of the distillation curve are well captured. Furthermore, an accurate prediction of key chemical macro-components such as ethanol and aromatics and their influence on evaporative behavior is achieved. The study of the ‘unicity’ of the surrogate composition has revealed that (i) the unicity is strongly correlated with the accuracy and that (ii) both ‘unicity’ and accuracy of the prediction are very sensitive to the high presence of aromatics.
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Yin, Peng, Wenfu Liu, Yong Yang, Haining Gao, and Chunhua Zhang. "An Experimental and Modeling Study on the Combustion of Gasoline-Ethanol Surrogates for HCCI Engines." Security and Communication Networks 2022 (February 21, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5362928.

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As an effective clean fuel, ethanol has the characteristics of improving antiknock quality and reducing emissions. It is an ideal antiknock additive for Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engines. The oxidation of gasoline-ethanol surrogates in HCCI engines is a very complex process which is dominated by the reaction kinetics. This oxidation process directly determines the performance and emissions of HCCI engines. Coupling the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model with the gasoline-ethanol surrogate mechanism can be used for fuel design, so the construction of a reduced mechanism with high accuracy is necessary. A mechanism (278 species, 1439 reactions) at medium and low temperatures and experiments in a HCCI engine for the oxidation of gasoline-ethanol surrogates were presented in this paper. Directed relation graph with error propagation (DRGEP) method and quasi-steady-state assumption (QSSA) method were used in order to get a reduced model. Then, the kinetics of the vital reactions related to the formation and consumption of H and OH were adjusted. To validate the model, the HCCI experiments for the oxidation of gasoline-ethanol surrogates were conducted under different operating conditions. The verification result indicated that the present model can predict the oxidation process of gasoline-ethanol effectively.
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Yang, Chao, and Zhaolei Zheng. "Construction of a Chemical Kinetic Model of Five-Component Gasoline Surrogates under Lean Conditions." Molecules 27, no. 3 (February 6, 2022): 1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031080.

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The requirements for improving the efficiency of internal combustion engines and reducing emissions have promoted the development of new combustion technologies under extreme operating conditions (e.g., lean combustion), and the ignition and combustion characteristics of fuels are increasingly becoming important. A chemical kinetic reduced mechanism consisting of 115 species and 414 elementary reactions is developed for the prediction of ignition and combustion behaviors of gasoline surrogate fuels composed of five components, namely, isooctane, n-heptane, toluene, diisobutylene, and cyclohexane (CHX). The CHX sub-mechanism is obtained by simplifying the JetSurF2.0 mechanism using direct relationship graph error propagating, rate of production analysis, and temperature sensitivity analysis and CHX is mainly consumed through ring-opening reactions, continuous dehydrogenation, and oxygenation reactions. In addition, kinetic parameter corrections were made for key reactions R14 and R391 based on the accuracy of the ignition delay time and laminar flame velocity predictions. Under a wide range of conditions, the mechanism’s ignition delay time, laminar flame speed, and the experimental and calculated results of multi-component gasoline surrogate fuel and real gasoline are compared. The proposed mechanism can accurately reproduce the combustion and oxidation of each component of the gasoline-surrogate fuel mixture and real gasoline.
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Cicci, Francesco, and Giuseppe Cantore. "Preliminary study on the influence of Octane Sensitivity on knock statistics in a GDI engine." E3S Web of Conferences 312 (2021): 07020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131207020.

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In the 3D-CFD practice, actual gasoline fuels are usually replaced by surrogate blends composed of Iso-Octane, n-Heptane and Toluene (Toluene Reference Fuels, TRFs). In this work, the impact of surrogate formulation on the probability of end-gas auto-ignition is investigated in a single cylinder engine. CFD simulations are run on equal charge stratification to discern the effect of fuel reactivity from that of evaporation and mixing. Blends are formulated using an internal methodology, coupled with a proprietary method to predict knock statistical occurrence within a RANS framework. Chemical kinetics calculations of Ignition delay times are performed in a 0D constant pressure reactor using a mechanism for gasoline surrogates, proposed by the Clean Combustion Research Center of King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), consisting of 2406 species and 9633 reactions. Surrogates mimic a commercial European gasoline (ULG95). Five different formulations are presented. Three are characterised by equal RON (95) with progressively decreasing Octane Sensitivity S. The fourth and the fifth have a sensitivity of 10 but with lower RON (92.5 and 90). The combinations allow the reader to separate the effects of octane sensitivity from those of RON quality of the tested fuels. Applying the different surrogates, changes in each of autoignition phasing, magnitude and statistical probability are investigated. Results confirm the dependency of knock occurrence on the Octane Sensitivity, as well as the need to include engine-specific and operation-specific characteristics in the analysis of knock. The Octane Index (OI) formulation developed by Kalghatgi is discussed.
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Kong, Jun, Yanxin Qin, and Zhaolei Zheng. "Method for determining gasoline surrogate component proportions and development of reduced chemical kinetics model of the determined surrogate fuel." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 14 (February 18, 2019): 3658–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019828852.

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Response surface method is used to build models for predicting an octane number and determining the component proportions of a gasoline surrogate fuel. The fuel is synthesized using toluene, iso-octane, and n-heptane and is referred to as toluene reference fuel. The built models include second-order model and third-order model. Both models can excellently predict the octane number of the toluene reference fuel with known component proportions. Moreover, the third-order model is more accurate than second-order model in determining the component proportions of the toluene reference fuel, and the relative error is less than 8%. Therefore, the third-order model can accurately predict the octane number and determine the component proportions of the toluene reference fuel. Moreover, a new reduced mechanism of the toluene reference fuel is proposed and validated by using shock tube ignition delay and in-cylinder pressure in a homogeneous charge compression ignition engine. The toluene reference fuel mechanism coupled with third-order model is used to simulate the ignition delay of American gasoline (RD387) and the homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion behaviors of European gasoline (ULG95). Both cases are simulated thoroughly.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gasoline Surrogate"

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Kruse, Stephan [Verfasser]. "Soot Formation of Gasoline Surrogate Components in Laminar and Turbulent Flames / Stephan Kruse." Düren : Shaker, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1196487294/34.

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Kruse, Stephan [Verfasser], Heinz Günter [Akademischer Betreuer] Pitsch, and Bassam [Akademischer Betreuer] Dally. "Soot formation of gasoline surrogate components in laminar and turbulent flames / Stephan Kruse ; Heinz Günter Pitsch, Bassam Dally." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2019. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2020052606332609186321.

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Kruse, Stephan Verfasser], Heinz Günter [Akademischer Betreuer] [Pitsch, and Bassam [Akademischer Betreuer] Dally. "Soot formation of gasoline surrogate components in laminar and turbulent flames / Stephan Kruse ; Heinz Günter Pitsch, Bassam Dally." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1210929139/34.

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Atef, Nour. "Numerically investigating the effects of gasoline surrogate physical and chemical properties in a gasoline compression ignition (GCI) engine." Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10754/628032.

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Gasoline compression ignition (GCI) engines show promise in meeting stringent new environmental regulations, as they are characterized by high efficiency and low emissions. Simulations using chemical kinetic models provide an important platform for investigating the behaviors of the fuels inside these engines. However, because real fuels are complex, simulations require surrogate mixtures of small numbers of species that can replicate the properties of real fuels. Accordingly, the development of high fidelity, well-validated kinetic models for surrogates is critical in order to accurately replicate the combustion chemistry of different fuels under engine-related conditions. This work focuses on the development of combustion kinetic models to better understand gasoline fuel combustion in GCI engines. An updated iso-octane detailed kinetic model was developed based on new thermodynamic group values and recently evaluated rate coefficients from literature. The model was validated against a wide range of experimental data and conditions. The iso-octane model was further used in 0D simulations for a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine. The results showed that the low-temperature heat release in engines increases with engine boosting when the addition of alky radicals to molecular oxygen is more favored. Ethanol addition was also found to act as a radical sink which inhibits the radical pool formation and results in lower reactivity. Although detailed models provide clarification of the combustion chemistry, their high computational cost impedes their utilization in 3-D engine simulations. Hence, a reduced model for toluene primary reference fuels was developed and validated against ignition delay time and flame speed experiments from literature. The model was then used in numerically investigating the effects of the fuel’s physical properties using hollow-cone and multi-hole injectors in a partially premixed compression ignition (PPCI) engine. It was concluded that the effects of physical properties are evident in multi-hole injection cases, which is attributable to the differences in mixture stratification. Finally, reduced models for multi-components surrogates for three full-blend fuels (light naphtha-Haltermann straight-run naphtha and GCI fuels) were developed. The models were validated against ignition delay time experiments from the literature and tested in 3D engine simulations.
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Chen, Bingjie. "Gasoline Combustion Chemistry in a Jet Stirred Reactor." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10754/631969.

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Pollutant control and efficiency improvement propel the need for clean combustion research on internal combustion engines. To design cleaner fuels for advanced combustion engines, gasoline combustion chemistry must be both understood and developed. A comprehensive examination of gasoline combustion chemistry in a jet stirred reactor is introduced in this dissertation. Real gasoline fuels have thousands of hydrocarbon components, which complicate numerical simulation. To mimic the behavior of real gasoline fuels, surrogates, composed of a few hydrocarbon components, are offered as a viable approach. In this dissertation, combustion chemistry of n-heptane, a key surrogate component, is investigated first, followed by an evaluation of a surrogate kinetic model. Finally, real gasoline fuels are assessed with the surrogate kinetic model. Mass spectrometry was employed to measure intermediates in n-heptane low temperature chemistry. Reaction pathways of the observed intermediates were proposed and clarified. n-Heptane low temperature oxidation reaction scheme was expanded by the proposed reactions. After surrogate proposal and formation, a surrogate kinetic model was examined. Low temperature and high temperature chemistry were observed and predicted. The octane number and composition effect on low temperature oxidation reactivity were revealed. High temperature combustion chemistry was found to be similar among the different surrogates, and the surrogate kinetic model reproduced surrogate behavior well in both low and high temperatures. Finally, the proposed surrogate model was examined using real gasoline fuels. Five real FACE (fuel for advanced combustion engines) gasolines were selected as target fuels to cover a wide range of octane number, sensitivity and hydrocarbon compositions. Low temperature oxidation chemistry was investigated for two intermediate octane number gasolines, FACE A and C. For a high octane number gasoline, FACE F, key pollutant production pathways were the focus of high temperature combustion chemistry. Two low octane number gasolines, FACE I and J, were compared with three other FACE gasolines to clarify gasoline combustion chemistry over a wide range. The gasoline surrogate chemical kinetic model proved to be a comprehensive, viable, accurate and powerful approach for numerical simulations. The proposed gasoline surrogate chemical kinetic model can aid in the numerical design of advanced combustion engines.
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Javed, Tamour. "Combustion Kinetic Studies of Gasolines and Surrogates." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10754/621837.

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Future thrusts for gasoline engine development can be broadly summarized into two categories: (i) efficiency improvements in conventional spark ignition engines, and (ii) development of advance compression ignition (ACI) concepts. Efficiency improvements in conventional spark ignition engines requires downsizing (and turbocharging) which may be achieved by using high octane gasolines, whereas, low octane gasolines fuels are anticipated for ACI concepts. The current work provides the essential combustion kinetic data, targeting both thrusts, that is needed to develop high fidelity gasoline surrogate mechanisms and surrogate complexity guidelines. Ignition delay times of a wide range of certified gasolines and surrogates are reported here. These measurements were performed in shock tubes and rapid compression machines over a wide range of experimental conditions (650 – 1250 K, 10 – 40 bar) relevant to internal combustion engines. Using the measured the data and chemical kinetic analyses, the surrogate complexity requirements for these gasolines in homogeneous environments are specified. For the discussions presented here, gasolines are classified into three categories: (i) Low octane gasolines including Saudi Aramco’s light naphtha fuel (anti-knock index, AKI = (RON + MON)/2 = 64; Sensitivity (S) = RON – MON = 1), certified FACE (Fuels for Advanced Combustion Engines) gasoline I and J (AKI ~ 70, S = 0.7 and 3 respectively), and their Primary Reference Fuels (PRF, mixtures of n-heptane and iso-octane) and multi-component surrogates. (ii) Mid octane gasolines including FACE A and C (AKI ~ 84, S ~ 0 and 1 respectively) and their PRF surrogates. Laser absorption measurements of intermediate and product species formed during gasoline/surrogate oxidation are also reported. (iii) A wide range of n-heptane/iso-octane/toluene (TPRF) blends to adequately represent the octane and sensitivity requirements of high octane gasolines including FACE gasoline F and G (AKI ~ 91, S = 5.6 and 11 respectively) and certified Haltermann (AKI ~ 87, S = 7.6) and Coryton (AKI ~ 92, S = 10.9) gasolines. To assess conditions where shock tubes may not be ideal devices for ignition delay measurements, this work also presents a detailed discussion on shock tube pre-ignition affected ignition data and the ignition regimes in homogeneous environments. The shock tube studies on pre-ignition and associated bulk ignition advance may help engines research community understand and control super-knock events.
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Almalki, Maram M. "Oxidation and pyrolysis study on different gasoline surrogates in the jet-stirred reactor." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10754/628067.

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A better understanding and control of internal combustion engine pollutants require more insightful investigation of gasoline oxidation chemistry. An oxidation study has been done on n-heptane, iso-octane, their binary mixtures (Primary Reference Fuel, (PRF)), and nine hydrocarbon mixtures which represent the second generation of gasoline surrogates (multi-component surrogates). This study aims to develop a better understanding of the combustion reaction by studying the oxidation reaction of different fuels inside a jet-stirred reactor and numerically simulating the reaction using different models under the following conditions: pressure 1 bar, temperature 500-1050K, residence time 1.0 and 2.0s, and two fuel-to-oxygen ratios (ϕ=0.5 and 1.0). Intermediate and product species mole fractions versus temperature profiles were experimentally measured using a GC (gas chromatograph). The experiment was performed within the high and low-temperature regions, where the high-temperature oxidation showed similar behavior for different compositions but the low-temperature oxidation showed significant dependence on the composition of the surrogates. Additionally, the effect of octane number on oxidation chemistry has been investigated and it was found that the low octane number surrogates were more reactive than high octane number surrogates during the low temperature regime. Furthermore, Kinetic analysis was conducted to provide insightful understanding of different factors of fuel reactivity. In addition, the pyrolysis of two TPRF, (Toluene primary reference fuels) mixtures (TPRF70 and TPRF97.5), representing low octane (research octane number 70) and high octane (research octane number 97.5) gasoline, was also studied in jet-stirred reactor coupled with gas chromatography (GC) analysis to investigate the formation of soot and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) formation.
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Book chapters on the topic "Gasoline Surrogate"

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Cracknell, Roger F., Jack Scrutton, and Sandro Gail. "Explicit Equations for Designing Surrogate Gasoline Formulations Containing Toluene, n-Heptane and Iso-pentane." In Energy, Environment, and Sustainability, 351–67. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8717-4_14.

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Nagata, Y., and K. Ishii. "A Study on Soot Formation Characteristics of a Gasoline Surrogate Fuel Using a Shock Tube." In 31st International Symposium on Shock Waves 1, 169–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91020-8_18.

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Singh, Harsimran, and Avinash Kumar Agarwal. "Reaction Mechanisms and Fuel Surrogates for Naphtha/Low Octane Fractions-Application for Gasoline Compression Ignition Engine." In Gasoline Compression Ignition Technology, 301–32. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8735-8_11.

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Kalvakala, Krishna C., and Suresh K. Aggarwal. "Effect of Composition and Octane Sensitivity of Gasoline Surrogates on PAH Emissions." In Sustainable Development for Energy, Power, and Propulsion, 177–98. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5667-8_8.

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Ali, Tasabeh H. M., Robert E. Franzoi, and Brenno C. Menezes. "Surrogate modeling for nonlinear gasoline blending operations." In Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 1783–88. Elsevier, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-85159-6.50297-9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Gasoline Surrogate"

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Bhattacharya, Atmadeep, Ossi Kaario, Ville Vuorinen, Rupali Tripathi, and Teemu Sarjovaara. "Analysis of Gasoline Surrogate Combustion Chemistry with a Skeletal Mechanism." In SAE Powertrains, Fuels & Lubricants Meeting. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-2004.

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Solaka Aronsson, Hadeel, Martin Tuner, and Bengt Johansson. "Using Oxygenated Gasoline Surrogate Compositions to Map RON and MON." In SAE 2014 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1303.

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Heghes, C., N. Morgan, U. Riedel, J. Warnatz, R. Quiceno, and R. F. Cracknell. "Development and Validation of a Gasoline Surrogate Fuel Kinetic Mechanism." In SAE World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-0934.

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Truedsson, Ida, Martin Tuner, Bengt Johansson, and William Cannella. "Emission Formation Study of HCCI Combustion with Gasoline Surrogate Fuels." In SAE/KSAE 2013 International Powertrains, Fuels & Lubricants Meeting. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-2626.

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Machado, Guilherme Bastos, José Eduardo Mautone Barros, Sérgio Leal Braga, and Carlos Valois Maciel Braga. "SI Engine Performance and Emissions using Surrogate Fuel for Oxygenated Gasoline." In 25th SAE BRASIL International Congress and Display. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-36-0240.

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Truedsson, Ida, Martin Tuner, Bengt Johansson, and William Cannella. "Pressure Sensitivity of HCCI Auto-Ignition Temperature for Gasoline Surrogate Fuels." In SAE 2013 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-1669.

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Solaka, Hadeel, Martin Tuner, Bengt Johansson, and William Cannella. "Gasoline Surrogate Fuels for Partially Premixed Combustion, of Toluene Ethanol Reference Fuels." In SAE/KSAE 2013 International Powertrains, Fuels & Lubricants Meeting. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-2540.

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Pitz, W. J., N. P. Cernansky, F. L. Dryer, F. N. Egolfopoulos, J. T. Farrell, D. G. Friend, and H. Pitsch. "Development of an Experimental Database and Chemical Kinetic Models for Surrogate Gasoline Fuels." In SAE World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-0175.

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Puduppakkam, Karthik V., Chitralkumar V. Naik, Cheng Wang, and Ellen Meeks. "Validation Studies of a Detailed Kinetics Mechanism for Diesel and Gasoline Surrogate Fuels." In SAE 2010 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-0545.

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Richter, Sandra, Marina Braun-Unkhoff, Jürgen Herzler, Torsten Methling, Clemens Naumann, and Uwe Riedel. "An Investigation of Combustion Properties of a Gasoline Primary Reference Fuel Surrogate Blended With Butanol." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-90911.

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Abstract:
Abstract Currently, many research studies are exploring opportunities for the use of novel fuels and of their blends with conventional, i.e. petroleum-based fuels. To pave the way for their acceptance and implementation in the existing energy market, a comprehensive knowledge about their combustion properties is inevitable, among others. Within this context, alcohols, with butanol in particular, are considered as attractive candidates for the needed de-fossilization of the energy sector. In this work, we report on the oxidation of mixtures of n-heptane/i-octane (PRF90, primary reference fuel, a gasoline surrogate) and addition of n-butanol, 20% and 40%, respectively, in a combined experimental and modeling effort. The focus was set on two fundamental combustion properties: (i) Ignition delay times measured in a shock tube, at ambient and elevated pressures, for stoichiometric mixtures, and (ii) Laminar burning velocities, at ambient and elevated pressures. Moreover, two detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanisms, with an in-house model among them, have been used for investigating and analyzing the combustion of these mixtures. In general, the experimental data agree well with the model predictions of the in-house reaction model, for the temperatures, pressures, and fuel-air ratios studied. Room for improvements is seen for PRF90. The results achieved were also compared to those of n-butanol reported recently; the findings demonstrated clearly the effect of the n-butanol sub model on binary fuel-air mixtures consisting of PRF and n-butanol. From the present work it can be concluded that the addition of n-butanol to gasoline appears to be an attractive alternative fuel for most types of heat engines.
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