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Journal articles on the topic 'Gaseous soil pollutants'
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1
Al-Maliki, S. J. B., K. Jaafar, and B. I. Wahab. "The control of Industrial emission via the subsoil green filters." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1182, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1182/1/012003.
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Abstract The vast consumption of fossil fuel as an energy source for the various industrial, commercial and municipal activities, has led to the production of huge air pollutants, in a manner that needs more modern and effective efforts and technologies to prevent their hazardous consequences. This project aims to the use of the subsoil of nearby grounds as a natural filter to distribute these pollutants based on the soil`s high porosity and their ability to handle huge amounts of the gaseous effluents of the artificial projects. Soil properties such as the mechanical properties, porosity and ground water content were tested for different depths for two types of soils, in order to assess their readiness for the tentative use as a gaseous filter and to avoid the possible negative effects for the injection of gaseous pollutants on their biologic systems. An experimental system was made using a 5 KVA power generator, the gaseous emissions of which would be distributed through the subsoil via a buried pipe. The project also, included the precautions for the possible machine backpressure that may damage it. The wet clay type of soil has shown remarkable better performance than the dry sand type.
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Kumar Soni, Rajenda, Santosh Kumar Sar, and Shweta Singh. "APPLICATION OF BIOADSORBENT IN CONTROL OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION." Journal of Applied and Advanced Research 2, no. 1 (March 21, 2017): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21839/jaar.2017.v2i1.54.
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A material that has the ability to extract certain substances from gases, liquids, or solids by causing them to adhere to its surface without changing the physical properties of the adsorbent. Rapid urbanization, population growth, industrial expansion and waste generation from domestic and industrial sources have rendered waste which are hazardous to man and other living resources. Plants absorb carbon dioxide and supply us with oxygen in the process of photosynthesis. At the same time, they reduce pollutants in water and soil. They also remove significant amounts of gaseous pollutants and particles from the air. The microscopic plants in soil also reduce air pollutants and degrade many toxic chemicals that enter the soil.
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Baciak, Michał, Kazimierz Warmiński, and Agnieszka Bęś. "The effect of selected gaseous air pollutants on woody plants." Forest Research Papers 76, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/frp-2015-0039.
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Abstract The article discusses gaseous air pollutants that have the greatest impact on forest ecosystems. This group of pollutants ncludes sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitric oxides (NO and NO2) and ozone (O3). In the 20th century, the major contributor to forest degradation was sulfur dioxide, a gaseous substance with direct and powerful phytotoxic and acidifying effects. Since then, sulfur dioxide emissions have been significantly reduced in Europe and North America, but they continue to grow in East Asia along with China’s economic boom. Nitric oxides affect woody plants directly by entering through the stomata and indirectly through soil acidification and environmental eutrophication. Ozone, in turn, is found in photochemical smog and is produced by conversion of its precursors (nitric oxides, organic compounds and carbon monoxide). It is a strong oxidizing agent which disrupts various physiological processes, mostly photosynthesis and water use in plants, but is also the air pollutant that exerts the most toxic effect on forest ecosystems.
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Abdelouhab, Malya, Bernard Collignan, and Francis Allard. "Experimental study on passive Soil Depressurisation System to prevent soil gaseous pollutants into building." Building and Environment 45, no. 11 (November 2010): 2400–2406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.05.001.
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Czerwińska, Justyna, and Grzegorz Wielgosiński. "Changes in the pollution of Lodz voivodship rainwater as a result of changes in pollutant immissions." Acta Innovations, no. 30 (January 1, 2019): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32933/actainnovations.30.4.
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Increasing urbanization rates, particularly in cities, cause an increase in pollutant emissions into the environment. Immission of pollutants is the amount of particulate or gaseous pollutants that is received by the environment. Natural precipitation, i.e. rainwater, is polluted during the contact with air. As a result of atmospheric precipitation groundwater and soil become polluted. The pollutants also penetrate surface water, causing further contamination. In rainwater that goes to the sewage system, there are pollutants such as hydrocarbons, heavy metals, slurries, plant protection products and many more. This is largely dependent on the type of management of the catchment, its sanitary condition, and the time and intensity of precipitation. Another important factor is the composition of pollutants emitted into the atmospheric air in each area. The work shows changes in the pollution of rainwater in Lodz Voivodship in the years 2010-2016 and presents analysis of the data collected by the Regional Inspectorate for Environmental Protection. The analysis shows that the state of rainwater is steadily deteriorating which is directly related to air quality.
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Wu, Hai Long, Sheng Yong Lu, Xiao Dong Li, and Jian Hua Yan. "Removal of Pollutants from High Polychlorinated Biphenyl Level Contaminated Soil at Different Thermal Treated Time." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 1034–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.1034.
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High contaminated level of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) in soil could not be easily removed by routine method. Since thermal treatment technology becomes a promising method especially for removal of volatile organic compounds, it has not yet been widespread in China for some technical and economic reasons. Experiments were conducted in a horizontal quartz tube furnace with nitrogen as the unique carrier gas, and heating temperature was set at 500oC with retention time of flue gas desorbed from soil was about 1 min. It has been found that total removal efficiency of PCBs from soil increased with the heating time was prolonged. Thermal treated time of 60 min seems suitable for the removal of PCBs, with the removal efficiency of 95.8% in solid phase. It has also been concluded that the removal mechanism of PCBs from soil endures dechlorination and destruction reactions with anticipation of catalytic metals. Normal gaseous pollutants desorbed from soil were also studied, H2O evaporation was favored with at the beginning of thermal process; after H2O evaporation, the organic matters began to decompose; when the thermal treated time was longer than 20 min, the desorption of the normal gaseous pollutants were almost finished (except for NH3).
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Schulze, E. D., and P. H. Freer-Smith. "An evaluation of forest decline based on field observations focussed on Norway spruce, Picea abies." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 97 (1990): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000005339.
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SynopsisForest decline in Europe is centred around areas where air pollution is heaviest. Although statistical relations are still debatable at the stand level, they are a basis for the discussion of mechanisms by which air pollutants affect forest health. The aetiologies of different syndromes of decline are discussed. Exposure to large concentrations of gaseous pollutants appears to have short-term rather than long-lasting effects, whereas pathogens seem to be of only secondary importance. The deposition of sulphur and nitrogen (nitrate and ammonium) pollutants has significantly modified soil chemistry and plant nutrition. In acidic low-pH soils spruce roots, instead of utilising nitrate, preferentially take up ammonium which interferes with the uptake of other cations, notably magnesium. The nitrate remaining in soil solution, as a result of the preferential uptake of ammonium, is leached together with sulphate to groundwater, accelerating soil acidification and further decreasing the calcium and/or magnesium to aluminium ratios in soil solution. Soil solution chemistry affects root development, and thus water and nutrient uptake. Canopy uptake of nitrogen, especially of ammonium, which is additional to root uptake, may occur and appears to stimulate growth inciting a nitrogen to cation imbalance with the consequential production of decline symptoms.
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Marszałek, Marta, Zygmunt Kowalski, and Agnieszka Makara. "Emission of Greenhouse Gases and Odorants from Pig Slurry - Effect on the Environment and Methods of its Reduction." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 383–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2018-0026.
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Abstract Pig slurry is classified as a natural liquid fertilizer, which is a heterogeneous mixture of urine, faeces, remnants of feed and technological water, used to remove excrement and maintain the hygiene of livestock housing. The storage and distribution of pig slurry on farmland affect the environment as they are associated with, among others, the emission of various types of gaseous pollutants, mainly CH4, CO2, N2O, NH3, H2S, and other odorants. Methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are greenhouse gases (GHGs) which contribute to climate change by increasing the greenhouse effect. Ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are malodorous gases responsible for the occurrence of odour nuisance which, due to their toxicity, may endanger the health and lives of humans and animals. NH3 also influences the increase of atmosphere and soil acidification. The article presents the environmental impact of greenhouse gases and odorous compounds emitted from pig slurry. Key gaseous atmospheric pollutants such as NH3, H2S, CH4, CO2 and N2O have been characterized. Furthermore, methods to reduce the emission of odours and GHGs from pig slurry during its storage and agricultural usage have been discussed.
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Thomas, W. "Accumulation of Airborne Trace Pollutants by Arctic Plants and Soil." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0015.
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Plant and soil samples from 4 locations in Spitsbergen (Norway) were analysed for major ions, heavy metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and chlorinated pesticides. The results indicate that trace amounts of these substance groups result from a number of different sources, namely from subsoil material, local emissions and long range atmospheric transport. A comparison of inorganic and organic micropollutant concentrations allows a distinction between trace substance uptake from soil or air. The correlation of plant and air concentrations makes it obvious that elevated accumulation rates of heavy metals in plants result from low level transport of particles. PAH are very effectively retained by species with large surface areas and represent particle concentrations in the air. Benzohexachloride in plants results from precipitation water rather than from direct uptake of gaseous traces.
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Huang, P., S. L. Gong, T. L. Zhao, L. Neary, and L. A. Barrie. "GEM/POPs: a global 3-D dynamic model for semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants – Part 2: Global transports and budgets of PCBs." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, no. 15 (August 1, 2007): 4015–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4015-2007.
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Abstract. Global transports and budgets of three PCBs were investigated with a 3-D dynamic model for semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants – GEM/POPs. Dominant pathways were identified for PCB transports in the atmosphere with a transport flux peaking below 8 km for gaseous and 14 km for particulate PCB28, and peaking below 4 km for gaseous and 6 km for particulate PCB180. The inter-continental transports of PCBs in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) are dominated in the zonal direction with their route changes regulated seasonally by the variation of westerly jet. The transport pathways from Europe and North Atlantic contributed the most PCBs to the Arctic. Inter-hemispheric transports of PCBs originated from the regions of Europe, Asia and North America in three different flow-paths, accompanying with easterly jet, Asian monsoon winds and trade winds. PCBs from the Southern Hemisphere (SH) could also be exported into the NH. According to the PCB emissions of year 2000, Europe, North America and Asia are the three largest sources of the three PCBs, contributing to the global background concentrations in the atmosphere, soil and water. Globally, PCB28 in soil and water has become a comparable source to the anthropogenic emissions while heavier PCBs such as PCB153 and 180 are still transporting into soil and water. For all three congeners, particulate PCBs are concentrated in the higher levels than gaseous PCBs. More than half of the particulate PCB28 could reach up to the stratosphere, while most of the heavier counter-parts (PCB153 and PCB180) are stored in the troposphere including boundary layer with more than 99% gaseous PCB180 below 6 km.
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Kholdorov, Shovkat, Zafarjon Jabbarov, Ilhomjon Aslanov, Bakhrom Jobborov, and Zoyr Rakhmatov. "Analysing effect of cement manufacturing industry on soils and agricultural plants." E3S Web of Conferences 284 (2021): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128402005.
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Today, the study of the effects of dust and gaseous pollutants in the soil as a result of the cement industry, the justification of changes in their properties, the creation of appropriate reclamation technologies is an urgent issue. In the study area, the main source of soil contamination under the influence of the cement industry is dust. The dust mainly spread around the cement plant to a radius of 5,000 meters, causing the soils to become mostly polluted. In the morphological observation of the cross-sections taken by the soil samples, it was mainly influenced by the change in soil colour in the soil surface layer. The chemical and physical properties of the soil change under the influence of pollution, including the tendency to increase the amount of humus as it moves away from the object of study in a wavy pattern. The pH of the soil changed alkalinity. Changes in the agrochemical and other properties of the soil as a result of the cement industry adversely affected the vegetative development of the agricultural plants grown on it, disrupting the growing season and photosynthesis processes and resulting in reduced yields.
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Koziy, Ivan. "SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO SELECTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL EQUIPMENT." Technogenic and Ecological Safety, no. 11(1/2022) (April 7, 2022): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.52363/2522-1892.2022.1.7.
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The article considers the optimal choice of effective dust and gas cleaning equipment taking into account the actual environmental conditions and characteristics of pollutants. Deposition of pollutants from gaseous emissions leads to soil pollution and migration of heavy metals into groundwater and surface water, so the question of optimal choice of effective environmental equipment is relevant to the study. The problem of reasonable selection of optimal dust and gas cleaning equipment should consider the parameters of pollutants and environmental conditions of the cleaning process, which can be done using a mathematical apparatus. The article uses the algebra of expressions to formulate the gradualness and imitation of the algorithmic program for calculating the optimal dust and gas cleaning equipment based on the parameters of pollutants and environmental conditions. Graph analysis allows a quick algorithmic explanation of the optimal oriented choice of certain types of treatment equipment. Based on the study and visualizations of the hierarchical structure of the scheme of selecting dust and gas cleaning equipment, it is possible to conclude a convenient assessment of the effectiveness of the cleaning process.
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Kovacs, Helga, Katalin Szemmelveisz, and Alex Nemes. "Gaseous and Solid Air Pollutants Formed during the Combustion of Heavy Metal Contaminated Oak and Poplar." Advanced Materials Research 875-877 (February 2014): 743–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.743.
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In recent decades several industrial activities polluted the soil, which caused the accumulation of heavy metals to an extent greater than the natural concentration. This is mainly typical of countries, where mining and industry plays or has played an important role in the economy. The utilization of these lands is an economic interest, since locating the contamination, controlling its spreading and maintaining the area has costs. One of the methods for remediation is phytoextraction, during which heavy metals, especially harmful to water and soil, are removed from the soil by plants capable of accumulating contaminants. However, during the combustion of these plants their heavy metal content is replaced into the formed gaseous and solid combustion remains, so the hazard, composition and treating method of these remains must be defined by the appropriate examinations. In this article we present some part of the results of this research, where we examine the gaseous and solid pollutant content of flue gas formed during combustion, as well as the heavy metal content of fly ash. We made two different experiments for domestic and semiplant usage. We have used oak and poplar from a heavy metal contaminated area in both experiments. The domestic examination was conducted in a 7 kW hearth with a closed combustion chamber, the semiplant examination was carried out in a 0,5 MW capacity furnace equipped with an automatic fuel feeding system and a cyclone dust extractor. We have measured the composition of flue gas in both firing experiments with a HORIBA PG-250 type portable gas analyzer, in the case of the analysis of heavy metal content of fly ash DX4 EDAX EDS microprobe of an AMRAY 1830 I scanning electron microscope and ICP-AES, using a 720 ES instrument was used. Based on our results, it can be determined, that the combustion device used to burn biomass grown on heavy metal polluted areas – brownfield lands – must make it possible to separate fly ash from the flue gas and allow the handling of solid burning residues.
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Cichowicz, Robert, and Artur Stelegowski. "Selected air pollutants in urban and rural areas, under the influence of power plants." Acta Innovations, no. 29 (October 1, 2018): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32933/actainnovations.29.5.
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The operation of large power plants, including power stations, and combined heat and power stations, causes the emission of significant amounts of gaseous pollutants into the environment. As a result, in the urban and agricultural areas occurs a pollution of undesirable gaseous substances, such as nitrogen and sulfur oxides. This is especially dangerous for living organisms, soil and water, because, in combination with water vapor, these pollutants are the cause of acid rain. In addition, nitrogen oxides participate in the formation of ground-level ozone, which affects both human health and the condition of existing vegetation. Therefore, the distribution of air pollutants (NO2, SO2 and O3) in the selected urban and rural areas, under the influence of power plants, located in the Lodz Voivodeship, in Poland, in Central-Eastern Europe, was analyzed for a 10-year period (2007–2016). As a result, it was possible to evaluate the impact of the entry into force of Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 “on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe” on the changes in emissions and concentrations of pollutants in selected locations. As a result of the analysis, a significant decrease in the concentration of SO2 (by 75% in the urban area and by 59% in the rural area), and small changes (from - 8% to + 12%) in NO2 and O3 concentrations in ambient air were found. This indicates the effectiveness of actions aimed at reducing SO2 emissions, however the influence of the power plants on the concentration of air pollutants in these areas is not clear. At the same time, considering the criterion of permissible concentration of ozone and nitrogen dioxide, although the air quality did not improve, the air quality index can be considered as being in the category of "good".
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Delang, Claudio O. "Causes and distribution of soil pollution in China." Environmental & Socio-economic Studies 5, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/environ-2017-0016.
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AbstractChina is the most populated country in the world, but has relatively little fertile land, and even less water. Maintaining the quality of its agricultural land is of paramount importance if China wants to feed its very large and growing population. Yet, China is one of the countries with the largest amount of polluted soil. This paper looks at the causes and distribution of soil pollution in China. It first looks at the amount of organic and inorganic soil pollutants and their geographic distribution. It then looks at the causes of soil pollution, making the distinction between agricultural activities, industrial activities, and urbanization. Pollution from agricultural activities stems primarily from the excessive amounts of pesticides and fertilizers used on farmland, and is mainly located in the south, where most of the food is produced. Pollution from industrial activities is due to airborne industrial pollutants that fall on to the land, and is mainly located in the west of the country, where most manufacturing activities take place. Pollution from urbanization is mainly due to the very large amount of solid, liquid and gaseous waste generated in a small area with insufficient treatment facilities, and exhaust fumes from vehicles, and is located around the largest cities, or roads. The result is that one fifth of China’s farmland is polluted, and an area the size of Taiwan is so polluted that farming should not be allowed there at all.
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Huang, P., S. L. Gong, T. L. Zhao, L. Neary, and L. A. Barrie. "GEM/POPs: a global 3-D dynamic model for semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants – Part 2: Global transports and budgets of PCBs." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 2 (March 16, 2007): 3837–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-3837-2007.
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Abstract. Global transports and budgets of three PCBs were investigated with a 3-D dynamic model for semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants – GEM/POPs. Dominant pathways were identified for PCB transports in the atmosphere with a peak transport flux below 8 km and 14 km for gaseous and particulate PCB28, 4 km and 6 km for gaseous and particulate PCB180. The inter-continental transports of PCBs in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) are dominated in the zonal direction with their route changes seasonally regulated by the variation of westerly jet. The transport pathways from Europe and North Atlantic to the Arctic contributed the most PCBs over there. Inter-hemispheric transports of PCBs originated from the regions of Europe, Asia and North America in three different flow-paths, accompanying with easterly jet, Asian monsoon winds and trade winds. PCBs from the Southern Hemisphere (SH) could export into the NH. According to the PCB emissions of year 2000, Europe, North America and Asia are the three largest sources of the three PCBs, contributing to the global background concentrations in the atmosphere and soil and water. Globally, PCB28 in soil and water has become a comparable source to the anthropogenic emissions while heavier PCBs such as PCB153 and 180 are still transporting into soil and water. It is found that lighter PCBs have more long range transport potentials than their heavier counter-parts in the atmosphere.
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Morariu, Stelian Ioan, Letitia Doina Duceac, Alina Costina Luca, Florina Popescu, Liliana Pavel, and Cristina Maria Gavrilescu. "Soil Chemical Pollution and Aggressive Pathologies." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 8 (September 15, 2018): 2278–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.8.6515.
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Maintaining the soil in optimal parameters is vital for mankind, given its essential role in providing the alimentary base, as well as its extremely slow formation and regeneration (hundreds or thousands of years). The direct and indirect pollution of the soil and especially its chemical pollution represent a corollary of other types of pollution, given that it is produced by solid, liquid and gaseous residues. It may be involved in a wide range of diseases (respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, renal, haematological, osteoarticular, neurological) of allergic, infectious, degenerative or neoplastic nature, from infancy to the old age. Although there are natural causes of soil pollution (e.g. volcanic eruptions), most pollutants come from human activities, which are the most incriminated in its pollution, degradation and erosion at an accelerated pace. The growing concern of all nations for the adoption of measures to limit the chemical pollution of the soil is partially found so far in viable and effective solutions intended to combat soil contamination and degradation and ensure its restoration. Chemical industrialization leads to technical and scientific progress, but at the same time it can develop related pathologies, which means that the role of the occupational health physician is essential in ensuring prophylaxis and the early detection of occupational diseases. Besides that, the role of the pediatrician is equally precious for the detection of specific diseases caused by chemical pollutants to children, because they will develop into adults with pathological stigma.The chemical pollution of the soil is a major challenge for ecologists, given that it is an important risk factor for many types of afflictions. It requires maximum attention from civil society, health care professionals and government institutions. The specialist in occupational medicine, as well as the pediatrician bear an essential responsibility in both, prevention and treatment.
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Janas, Monika, and Alicja Zawadzka. "Assessment of environmental impact of agricultural biogas plants." Acta Innovations, no. 27 (April 1, 2018): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32933/actainnovations.27.3.
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Operation of biogas plants, anaerobic fermentation processes, collection and purification of biogas and its subsequent combustion may be a source of environmental hazard. The construction and operation of biogas plants is inextricably connected with the generation and emission of solid, liquid and gaseous pollutants into the environment. The aim of the work is to analyze environmental hazards resulting from the construction and operation of biogas plants. As part of the work, a comprehensive analysis of their impact on individual components of the environment was made. The effect of biogas plants on atmospheric air, soil and water environment and acoustic climate was analyzed and the potential range of these impacts was presented.
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Gui, P., R. Inamori, M. Matsumura, and Y. Inamori. "Evaluation of constructed wetlands by wastewater purification ability and greenhouse gas emissions." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 3 (August 1, 2007): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.517.
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Domestic wastewater is a significant source of nitrogen and phosphorus, which cause lake eutrophication. Among the wastewater treatment technologies, constructed wetlands are a promising low-cost means of treating point and diffuse sources of domestic wastewater in rural areas. However, the sustainable operation of constructed wetland treatment systems depends upon a high rate conversion of organic and nitrogenous loading into their metabolic gaseous end products, such as N2O and CH4. In this study, we examined and compared the performance of three typical types of constructed wetlands: Free Water Surface (FWS), Subsurface Flow (SF) and Vertical Flow (VF) wetlands. Pollutant removal efficiency and N2O and CH4 emissions were assessed as measures of performance. We found that the pollutant removal rates and gas emissions measured in the wetlands exhibited clear seasonal changes, and these changes were closely associated with plant growth. VF wetlands exhibited stable removal of organic pollutants and NH3-N throughout the experiment regardless of season and showed great potential for CH4 adsorption. SF wetlands showed preferable T-N removal performance and a lower risk of greenhouse gas emissions than FWS wetlands. Soil oxidation reduction potential (ORP) analysis revealed that water flow structure and plant growth influenced constructed wetland oxygen transfer, and these variations resulted in seasonal changes of ORP distribution inside wetlands that were accompanied by fluctuations in pollutant removal and greenhouse gas emissions.
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Fenn, Mark E., and Mark A. Poth. "A Case Study of Nitrogen Saturation in Western U.S. Forests." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.280.
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Virtually complete nitrification of the available ammonium in soil and nitrification activity in the forest floor are important factors predisposing forests in the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California to nitrogen (N) saturation. As a result, inorganic N in the soil solution is dominated by nitrate. High nitrification rates also generate elevated nitric oxide (NO) emissions from soil. High-base cation saturation of these soils means that soil calcium depletion or effects associated with soil acidification are not an immediate risk for forest health as has been postulated for mesic forests in the eastern U.S. Physiological disturbance (e.g., altered carbon [C] cycling, reduced fine root biomass, premature needle abscission) of ozone-sensitive ponderosa pine trees exposed to high N deposition and high ozone levels appear to be the greater threat to forest sustainability. However, N deposition appears to offset the aboveground growth depression effects of ozone exposure. High nitrification activity reported for many western ecosystems suggests that with chronic N inputs these systems are prone to N saturation and hydrologic and gaseous losses of N. High runoff during the winter wet season in California forests under a Mediterranean climate may further predispose these watersheds to high nitrate leachate losses. After 4 years of N fertilization at a severely N saturated site in the San Bernardino Mountains, bole growth unexpectedly increased. Reduced C allocation below- ground at this site, presumably in response to ozone or N or both pollutants, may enhance the bole growth response to added N.
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Gong, S. L., P. Huang, T. L. Zhao, L. Sahsuvar, L. A. Barrie, J. W. Kaminski, Y. F. Li, and T. Niu. "GEM/POPs: a global 3-D dynamic model for semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants – 1. Model description and evaluations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 2 (March 2, 2007): 3397–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-3397-2007.
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Abstract. GEM/POPs was developed to simulate the transport, deposition and partitioning of semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the atmosphere within the framework of Canadian weather forecasting model GEM. In addition to the general processes such as anthropogenic emissions, atmosphere/water and atmosphere/soil exchanges, GEM/POPs incorporates a dynamic aerosol module to provide the aerosol surface areas for the semi-volatile POPs to partition between gaseous and particle phases and a mechanism for particle-bound POPs to be removed. Simulation results of three PCBs (28, 153 and 180) for year 2000 indicate that the model captured the main features of global atmospheric PCBs when compared with observations from EMEP, IADN and Alert stations. The annual averaged concentrations and the fractionation of the three PCBs as a function of latitudes are agreed reasonably well with observations. The impacts of atmospheric aerosols on the transports and partitioning of the three PCBs are reasonably simulated. The ratio of particulate to gaseous PCBs ranges from less than 0.1 for PCB28 to as high as 100 for PCB180, increasing from the warm lower latitudes to the cold high latitudes. Application of GEM/POPs in a study of the global transports and budgets of various PCBs accompanies this paper.
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Kim, Tae-Han, Boo-Hun Choi, and Joongjin Kook. "Analysis of Chemical Compounds of Gaseous and Particulate Pollutants from the Open Burning of Agricultural HDPE Film Waste." Journal of People, Plants, and Environment 24, no. 6 (December 31, 2021): 585–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.11628/ksppe.2021.24.6.585.
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Background and objective Illegal open-air incineration, which is criticized as a leading source of air pollutants among agricultural activities, currently requires constant effort and attention. Countries around the world have been undertaking studies on the emission of heavy metal substances in fine dust discharged during the incineration process. A precise analytical method is required to examine the harmful effects of particulate pollutants on the human body. Methods In order to simulate open-air incineration, the infrastructure needed for incineration tests complying with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 5G was built, and a large-area analysis was conducted on particulate pollutants through automated scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). For the test specimen, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) waste collected by the DangJin Office located in Choongcheongnam-do was used. To increase the identifiability of the analyzed particles, the incineration experiment was conducted in an incinerator three times after dividing the film waste into 200 g specimens. Results Among the metal particulate matters detected in the HDPE waste incineration test, transition metals included C (20.8–37.1 wt%) and O (33.7–37.9 wt%). As for other chemical matters, the analysis showed that metal particulate matters such as metalloids, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and transition metals reacted to C and C-O. Si, a representative metalloid, was detected at 14.8–20.8 wt%, showing the highest weight ratio except for C and O. Conclusion In this study, the detection of metal chemicals in incinerated particulate matters was effectively confirmed through SEM-EDS. The results of this study verified that HDPE waste adsorbs metal chemicals originating from soil due to its own properties and deterioration, and that when incinerated, it emits particulate matters containing transition metals and other metals that contribute to the excessive production and reduction of reactive oxygen species.
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Gong, S. L., P. Huang, T. L. Zhao, L. Sahsuvar, L. A. Barrie, J. W. Kaminski, Y. F. Li, and T. Niu. "GEM/POPs: a global 3-D dynamic model for semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants – Part 1: Model description and evaluations of air concentrations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, no. 15 (August 1, 2007): 4001–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4001-2007.
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Abstract. GEM/POPs was developed to simulate the transport, deposition and partitioning of semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the atmosphere within the framework of Canadian weather forecasting model GEM. In addition to the general processes such as anthropogenic emissions, atmosphere/water and atmosphere/soil exchanges, GEM/POPs incorporates a dynamic aerosol module to provide the aerosol surface areas for the semi-volatile POPs to partition between gaseous and particle phases and a mechanism for particle-bound POPs to be removed. Simulation results of three PCBs (28, 153 and 180) for the year 2000 indicate that the model captured the main features of global atmospheric PCBs when compared with observations from EMEP, IADN and Alert stations. The annual averaged concentrations and the fractionation of the three PCBs as a function of latitudes agreed reasonably well with observations. The impacts of atmospheric aerosols on the transports and partitioning of the three PCBs are reasonably simulated. The ratio of particulate to gaseous PCBs in the atmospheric column ranges from less than 0.1 for PCB28 to as high as 100 for PCB180, increasing from the warm lower latitudes to the cold high latitudes. Application of GEM/POPs in a study of the global transports and budgets of various PCBs accompanies this paper.
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Sklyarenko, А. V., and V. P. Bessonova. "Accumulation of sulfur and glutathione in leaves of woody plants growing under the conditions of outdoor air pollution by sulfur dioxide." Biosystems Diversity 26, no. 4 (December 16, 2018): 334–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/011849.
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In the course of human industrial activity, atmospheric air is polluted by gaseous pollutants, among which sulfur compounds, and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in particular, play a key role. Vegetation is a universal filter that is capable, in conjunction with certain technical facilities, of protecting the environment from pollution by the ingredients of industrial emissions. The purpose of this work is to determine the level of accumulation of sulfur and glutathione in the leaves of woody plants growing in the areas of sanitary protection zones of enterprises of the city of Zaporizhzhya in order to develop recommendations for the creation of an effective biofilter. The objects of the study were the woody plant species growing in the area of protective plantations of a number of enterprises in Zaporizhzhya: RE Zaporizhzhya Titanium & Magnesium Combine, Zaporizhzhya Aluminium Plant PJSC, Zaporizhzhya Abrasive Plant PJSC, Zaporizhstal PJSC, Zaporizhzhya Ferroalloy Plant PJSC, Zaporizhvohnetryv PJSC, PrJSC "Ukrgrafit" and Zaporizhtransformator PJSC. The control area was a forest belt located 12 km away from the source of pollution. At each site 5 model trees of a given age category of each species were selected. The leaves needed in order to determine the sulfur content were taken from the south-eastern side of the crown at a distance of 2 m above the soil surface under the same lighting conditions. We have established that the accumulation of sulfur in leaves of woody plants which grow under the conditions of outdoor air pollution by sulfur dioxide (SO2) occurs during the entire vegetation period, with the young leaves that have just finished growing being the most affected. The maximum amount of sulfur is observed at the end of the growing season. The greater concentration of sulfur in the leaves of woody plants in the areas of sanitary protection zones of industrial enterprises is linked to the higher level of gaseous pollutant emissions in the atmosphere of a given enterprise, but the degree of increase in the content of the pollutant in the leaves of plants of various protective plantations is not proportional to the quantitative indicators of the level of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the air. Woody plant species were divided into three groups according to the amount of sulfur accumulated in their leaves: І – the maximum level – Betula pendula, Tilia cordata, Salix alba, Robinia pseudoacacia, Populus alba, P. simonii, P. nigra, ІІ – medium – Acer platanoides, A. negundo, Fraxinus lanceolata, Catalpa bignonioides, ІІІ – the smallest – Morus alba, Ailanthus altissima, Elaeagnus angustifolia and Ulmus carpinifolia. The increase in sulfur content in the leaves of woody plants growing in the area of sanitary protection zones is consistent with the increase in glutathione content compared to our control parameters, which is not only of high physiological significance, but its formation can also be one of the ways of metabolizing this element. The obtained results can be used for the development of recommendations with the purpose of selecting the assortment of woody plants for the reconstruction of green plantations growing in the area of sanitary protection zones of enterprises. In a subsequent study, the accumulation of gaseous pollutants such as chlorine and phenol in the leaves of woody plants growing in and around protective forest belts will be examined.
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Khomko, Natalia. "ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF THE PAPER ENTERPRISE ON THE ENVIRONMENT." Environmental Problems 5, no. 4 (2020): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ep2020.04.185.
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Pulp and paper enterprises are of great importance for sustainable economic and environmental development of certain regions and the economy of Ukraine. Man uses many natural resources during the lifetime, creating a burden on nature. As the world's population increases, this load increases, leading to a shortage of resources and deterioration in the environment. The main activity of Kokhavynska Paper Mill PJSC is the production of sanitary products for the domestic market and export. Rational use of secondary raw materials helps to cut the use of forest resources and reduce the amount of waste paper utilized in landfills. 15291.76 t of pollutants from the sources of the enterprise emissions enter the air each year. A total of 9 standardized and 3 non-standardized substances (greenhouse gases) are released into the atmosphere, namely nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, nitrogen (1) oxide (N 2 O) (greenhouse gas), carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas), methane (greenhouse gas), iron and its compounds, manganese and its compounds, hexavalent chromium (expressed in terms of chromium trioxide), gaseous fluorides, hydrogen sulfide, saturated hydrocarbons C12- C19. There is no excess of the established maximum concentration limits at all emission sources at this enterprise. To assess the impact of the enterprise on soils, the content of heavy metals Zn, Cr (VI), Co, Cu, Pb, Mn, and Fe at the border of the sanitary protection zone of the enterprise was determined and the maximum multi plicity of the excess of MPC of heavy metals was calculated. The content of heavy metals in the selected soil samples was determined using a spectrophotometer atomic absorption C-115-M1. Evaluation of soils for heavy metals showed that the soils at the border of the sanitary protection zone of the enterprise are contaminated with heavy metals. The maximum multiplicity of the excess of the MPC of heavy metals in the soil is 1.04 times for lead; 0.43 times for zinc; 0.37 times for chromium; 0.93 times for copper; 1.85 times for manganese; 0.35 times for cobalt. Maximum concentrations of heavy metals exceed their background content: 1.6 times for lead; 1.8 times for zinc; 1.16 times for chromium; 0.77 times for copper; 3.9 times for manganese; 9.7 times for iron; 1.2 times for cobalt.
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Atamanyuk, O. A. "ANALYSIS AND PROSPECTS OF SEPARATE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION SYSTEMS AT COAL MINING AND COAL PROCESSING ENTERPRISES OF UKRAINE." Journal of Coal Chemistry 5 (2021): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31081/1681-309x-2021-0-5-15-25.
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The article describes the organizational regional structure of industrial waste management in modern Ukraine, which will improve the efficiency of industrial waste management systems and industrial energy facilities in Ukraine. The structure of industrial waste management at different system levels, from the national to the level of an industrial enterprise, is described. The data on the recommendations of the World Health Organization on the emissions of toxicants into the air and the data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine on the content of the main pollutant gases in air emissions from stationary sources of Ukraine from 1990 to 2018 are presented. The scheme of the negative impact on the environment of emissions of pollutants from stationary sources – production facilities of coal mining and coal processing is characterized. Comparative data on the indicators of the volumes of toxic waste generation at the enterprises of European countries and the heavy industry of Ukraine are given. It is shown that the main sources of the impact of coal processing enterprises and coal processing industries on all spheres of the environment are organized and unorganized dust and gas emissions, discharges of process wastewater and effluents from the surface and from the volumes of dumps and sludge collectors of coal processing plants. As a result of comprehensive research by the authors, a number of coal dumps of concentrating factories in Eastern Ukraine have been studied, migration routes and concentration of rare and heavy metal compounds in the soil near coal dumps have been investigated. Rather stringent standards for the content of hazardous substances in industrial waste require special methods for neutralizing coal sludge before final disposal and / or disposal.of the raw materials used to obtain humic acids. The corresponding equations are given. Keywords: coal sludge, coal preparation plants, coal dumps, sludge collectors, surface runoff, environmental pollution, emissions into the atmosphere, gaseous, liquid and solid toxicants. Corresponding author O.М. Kasimov, e-mail: nto@ukhin.org.ua
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Roy, Akanksha, and Umesh C. Kulshrestha. "Interlinkages Between Total Nitrogen and DOC Levels at an Urban Site of Saharsa District of Bihar (India)." Current World Environment Special Issue, no. 1 (June 16, 2021): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.16.special-issue1.07.
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Nitrogen is an element essential for building fundamental blocks of life. When present in excess amount in air, it causes adverse effects for the environment and human health.Different air pollutants when scavenged through rains are deposited on the surface. The chemical composition of rain water is an indicator of the levels of different air pollutants in the region. The present study reports the concentrations of Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) and the reactive nitrogen species (NO3- and NH4+) in rain water at an urban site located in the Saharsa district of Bihar. The sampling was carried out during July 2018 to October 2018.Total 18 samples were collected during this period. Results showed that the concentration of NO3- was considerably higher (2.91 mg/L)ranging from 0.26 to 11.84 mg/L than the NH4+(0.84 mg/L) ranging from 0.00 to 3.2 mg/L.The pH value in the samples ranged from 5.50 to 7.68 with a mean value of 6.52.The DOC in rain water has been estimated by using the Shimadzu TOC analyzer. Apart from DOC, total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN) & inorganic carbon (IC) have also been also analyzed by Shimadzu TOC analyzer. The results showed that both anthropogenic and natural sources contributed to the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in rain water. The linkages between the sources and the transformations of gaseous NH3 with DOC have been established considering the fact that most of TN is represented by NH3.Airmass back trajectory analysis showed that the site has trans-boundary source influence from Bay of Bengal and Bangladesh. The study suggests that there is need of continuous monitoring of these parameters in air in order to notice any impact on human health, soil and vegetation.
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Bian, Q., X. H. H. Huang, and J. Z. Yu. "One-year observations of size distribution characteristics of major aerosol constituents at a coastal receptor site in Hong Kong – Part 1: Inorganic ions and oxalate." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 2 (January 17, 2014): 1443–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-1443-2014.
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Abstract. Size distribution data of major aerosol constituents are essential in source apportioning of visibility degradation, testing and verification of air quality models incorporating aerosols. We report here one-year observations of mass size distributions of major inorganic ions (sulfate, nitrate, chloride, ammonium, sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium) and oxalate at a coastal suburban receptor site in Hong Kong, China. A total of 43 sets of size segregated samples in the size range of 0.056–18 μm were collected from March 2011 to February 2012. The size distributions of sulfate, ammonium, potassium and oxalate were characterized by a dominant droplet mode with a mass mean aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) in the range of ~0.7–0.9 μm. Oxalate had a slightly larger MMAD than sulfate on days with temperatures above 22 °C as a result of the process of volatilization and repartitioning. Nitrate was mostly dominated by the coarse mode but enhanced presence in fine mode was detected on winter days with lower temperature and lower concentrations of sea salt and soil particles. This data set reveals an inversely proportional relationship between the fraction of nitrate in the fine mode and product of the sum of sodium and calcium in equivalent concentrations and the dissociation constant of ammonium nitrate (i.e., (1/[Na+] + 2[Ca2+]) × (1/Ke')). The seasonal variation observed for sea salt aerosol abundance, with lower values in summer and winter, is possibly linked with the lower marine salinities in these two seasons. Positive matrix factorization was applied to estimate the relative contributions of local formation and transport to the observed ambient sulfate level through the use of the combined datasets of size-segregated sulfate and select gaseous air pollutants. On average, the regional/super-regional transport of air pollutants was the dominant source at this receptor site, especially on high sulfate days, while local formation processes contributed approximately 30% of the total sulfate. This work provides field measurement-based evidence for importance of understanding both local photochemistry and regional/super-regional transport in order to properly simulate sulfate aerosols in air quality models.
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Myrzalieva, S. K., J. T. Bagasharova, and Sh K. Akilbekova. "Study of the possibility of using zeolite and diatomite in the treatment of oil-contaminated wastewater." Kompleksnoe Ispolʹzovanie Mineralʹnogo syrʹâ/Complex Use of Mineral Resources/Mineraldik Shikisattardy Keshendi Paidalanu 322, no. 3 (May 2, 2022): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31643/2022/6445.26.
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Numerous harmful substances of anthropogenic origin that are released into the environment, including petroleum products, are the result of the uncontrolled discharge of industrial wastewater into natural water bodies. Operation of oil refining and petrochemical industry enterprises, gaseous emissions and effluents of industrial enterprises, numerous oil and NP spills as a result of accidents and fires at oil storage facilities and oil refineries lead to pollution of water and soil with considerable amounts of crude oil and products of its processing and create a serious threat to the ecology of regions of Kazakhstan. A cardinal solution to the problem of protection of water bodies from pollution by wastewater polluted by oil and NP is to organize such water management of enterprises, under which the system of recycling water supply is developed as much as possible and the discharge of wastewater into water bodies is minimized. Currently, the sorption method of water purification is the most environmentally safe and expedient. When selecting a sorbent for sorption much attention is paid to its sorption characteristics and the availability of raw materials. In addition, the choice of a sorbent depends on such factors as the quality requirement for purification, the condition of pollutants, the stages of purification and others. A wide range of natural sorption materials used in water treatment and water treatment is known. Natural materials based on modified diatomites and zeolites from Kazakhstan deposits are investigated in this work.
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Bian, Q., X. H. H. Huang, and J. Z. Yu. "One-year observations of size distribution characteristics of major aerosol constituents at a coastal receptor site in Hong Kong – Part 1: Inorganic ions and oxalate." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 17 (September 2, 2014): 9013–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9013-2014.
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Abstract. Size distribution data of major aerosol constituents are essential in source apportioning of visibility degradation, testing and verification of air quality models incorporating aerosols. We report here 1-year observations of mass size distributions of major inorganic ions (sulfate, nitrate, chloride, ammonium, sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium) and oxalate at a coastal suburban receptor site in Hong Kong, China. A total of 43 sets of size-segregated samples in the size range of 0.056–18 μm were collected from March 2011 to February 2012. The size distributions of sulfate, ammonium, potassium and oxalate were characterized by a dominant droplet mode with a mass mean aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) in the range of ~ 0.7–0.9 μm. Oxalate had a slightly larger MMAD than sulfate on days with temperatures above 22 °C as a result of the process of volatilization and repartitioning. Nitrate was mostly dominated by the coarse mode but enhanced presence in fine mode was detected on winter days with lower temperature and lower concentrations of sea salt and soil particles. This data set reveals an inversely proportional relationship between the fraction of nitrate in the fine mode and product of the sum of sodium and calcium in equivalent concentrations and the dissociation constant of ammonium nitrate (i.e., (1/([Na+] + 2[Ca2+]) × (1/Ke')) when Pn_fine is significant (> 10%). The seasonal variation observed for sea salt aerosol abundance, with lower values in summer and winter, is possibly linked with the lower marine salinities in these two seasons. Positive matrix factorization was applied to estimate the relative contributions of local formation and transport to the observed ambient sulfate level through the use of the combined data sets of size-segregated sulfate and select gaseous air pollutants. On average, the regional/super-regional transport of air pollutants was the dominant source at this receptor site, especially on high-sulfate days while local formation processes contributed approximately 30% of the total sulfate. This work provides field-measurement-based evidence important for understanding both local photochemistry and regional/super-regional transport in order to properly simulate sulfate aerosols in air quality models.
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Riek, Winfried, Alexander Russ, and Marc Marx. "Concentrations of Inorganic and Organic Pollutants in Forest Soils as an Archive of Anthropogenic Inputs in the State of Brandenburg, Germany." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031189.
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An important component of the National Forest Soils Inventory (NFSI) is the investigation of inorganic and organic pollutants. Forests are able to filter out large quantities of these substances from the atmosphere and incorporate them into the soil for a long time. The aim of this study was the integrative evaluation of organic and inorganic pollutant concentrations in forest soils in the state of Brandenburg, Germany. With the help of principle component analysis, the pollutant concentrations can essentially be explained by three significant environmental components, which explain 76% of the total variance of all pollutants examined within the scope of the NFSI. The first component characterizes the extent of the atmospheric pollution caused by flue gases and fly ash from lignite combustion in the 1970s and 1980s and is mainly charged by the organic pollutants HCB and PAH, and the elements arsenic and chromium. This component shows positive relation to both spatially interpolated calcium-deposition data from the 1980s (as an indicator for the dust emission from coal combustion) and crown defoliation data of pine stands from the forest condition survey in the early 1990s. The depositions of zinc and cadmium from industrial sources, vehicle traffic and the use of fertilizers in agriculture mainly characterize the second principle component. The use of the pesticides DDT and lindane in the early 1980s and the associated pollutants input into the forest soils are expressed by the third component. In expanding the term archiving function of soils, the results illustrate their particular importance for the long-term archiving of anthropogenic inputs and the associated potential stress factors for forests.
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Sowlat, Mohammad Hossein, Sina Hasheminassab, and Constantinos Sioutas. "Source apportionment of ambient particle number concentrations in central Los Angeles using positive matrix factorization (PMF)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 8 (April 20, 2016): 4849–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4849-2016.
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Abstract. In this study, the positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor model (version 5.0) was used to identify and quantify major sources contributing to particulate matter (PM) number concentrations, using PM number size distributions in the range of 13 nm to 10 µm combined with several auxiliary variables, including black carbon (BC), elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC), PM mass concentrations, gaseous pollutants, meteorological, and traffic counts data, collected for about 9 months between August 2014 and 2015 in central Los Angeles, CA. Several parameters, including particle number and volume size distribution profiles, profiles of auxiliary variables, contributions of different factors in different seasons to the total number concentrations, diurnal variations of each of the resolved factors in the cold and warm phases, weekday/weekend analysis for each of the resolved factors, and correlation between auxiliary variables and the relative contribution of each of the resolved factors, were used to identify PM sources. A six-factor solution was identified as the optimum for the aforementioned input data. The resolved factors comprised nucleation, traffic 1, traffic 2 (with a larger mode diameter than traffic 1 factor), urban background aerosol, secondary aerosol, and soil/road dust. Traffic sources (1 and 2) were the major contributor to PM number concentrations, collectively making up to above 60 % (60.8–68.4 %) of the total number concentrations during the study period. Their contribution was also significantly higher in the cold phase compared to the warm phase. Nucleation was another major factor significantly contributing to the total number concentrations (an overall contribution of 17 %, ranging from 11.7 to 24 %), with a larger contribution during the warm phase than in the cold phase. The other identified factors were urban background aerosol, secondary aerosol, and soil/road dust, with relative contributions of approximately 12 % (7.4–17.1), 2.1 % (1.5–2.5 %), and 1.1 % (0.2–6.3 %), respectively, overall accounting for about 15 % (15.2–19.8 %) of PM number concentrations. As expected, PM number concentrations were dominated by factors with smaller mode diameters, such as traffic and nucleation. On the other hand, PM volume and mass concentrations in the study area were mostly affected by sources with larger mode diameters, including secondary aerosols and soil/road dust. Results from the present study can be used as input parameters in future epidemiological studies to link PM sources to adverse health effects as well as by policymakers to set targeted and more protective emission standards for PM.
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Cheng, I., X. Xu, and L. Zhang. "Overview of receptor-based source apportionment studies for speciated atmospheric mercury." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 14 (July 17, 2015): 7877–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7877-2015.
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Abstract. Receptor-based source apportionment studies of speciated atmospheric mercury are not only concerned with source contributions but also with the influence of transport, transformation, and deposition processes on speciated atmospheric mercury concentrations at receptor locations. Previous studies applied multivariate receptor models including principal components analysis and positive matrix factorization, and back trajectory receptor models including potential source contribution function, gridded frequency distributions, and concentration–back trajectory models. Combustion sources (e.g., coal combustion, biomass burning, and vehicular, industrial and waste incineration emissions), crustal/soil dust, and chemical and physical processes, such as gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) oxidation reactions, boundary layer mixing, and GEM flux from surfaces were inferred from the multivariate studies, which were predominantly conducted at receptor sites in Canada and the US. Back trajectory receptor models revealed potential impacts of large industrial areas such as the Ohio River valley in the US and throughout China, metal smelters, mercury evasion from the ocean and the Great Lakes, and free troposphere transport on receptor measurements. Input data and model parameters specific to atmospheric mercury receptor models are summarized and model strengths and weaknesses are also discussed. Multivariate models are suitable for receptor locations with intensive air monitoring because they require long-term collocated and simultaneous measurements of speciated atmospheric Hg and ancillary pollutants. The multivariate models provide more insight about the types of Hg emission sources and Hg processes that could affect speciated atmospheric Hg at a receptor location, whereas back trajectory receptor models are mainly ideal for identifying potential regional Hg source locations impacting elevated Hg concentrations. Interpretation of the multivariate model output to sources can be subjective and challenging when speciated atmospheric Hg is not correlated with ancillary pollutants and when source emissions profiles and knowledge of Hg chemistry are incomplete. The majority of back trajectory receptor models have not accounted for Hg transformation and deposition processes and could not distinguish between upwind and downwind sources effectively. Ensemble trajectories should be generated to take into account the trajectory uncertainties where possible. One area of improvement that applies to all the receptor models reviewed in this study is the greater focus on evaluating the accuracy of the models at identifying potential speciated atmospheric mercury sources, source locations, and chemical and physical processes in the atmosphere. In addition to receptor model improvements, the data quality of speciated atmospheric Hg plays an equally important part in producing accurate receptor model results.
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Samek, Lucyna, Katarzyna Styszko, Zdzislaw Stegowski, Miroslaw Zimnoch, Alicja Skiba, Anna Turek-Fijak, Zbigniew Gorczyca, Przemyslaw Furman, Anne Kasper-Giebl, and Kazimierz Rozanski. "Comparison of PM10 Sources at Traffic and Urban Background Sites Based on Elemental, Chemical and Isotopic Composition: Case Study from Krakow, Southern Poland." Atmosphere 12, no. 10 (October 19, 2021): 1364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101364.
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In large urban agglomerations, car traffic is one of the main sources of particulate matter. It consists of particulate matter directly generated in the process of incomplete liquid fuel burning in vehicle engine, secondary aerosols formed from exhaust gaseous pollutants (NOx, SO2) as well as products of tires, brake pads and pavement abrasion. Krakow is one of the cities in Europe with the highest concentrations of particulate matter. The article presents the results of combined elemental, chemical and isotopic analyses of particulate matter PM10 at two contrasting urban environments during winter and summer seasons. Daily PM10 samples were collected during the summer and winter seasons of 2018/2019 at two stations belonging to the network monitoring air quality in the city. Mean PM10 concentrations at traffic-dominated stations were equal to 35 ± 7 µg/m3 and 76 ± 28 µg/m3 in summer and winter, respectively, to be compared with 25.6 ± 5.7 µg/m3 and 51 ± 25 µg/m3 in summer and winter, respectively, recorded at the urban background station. The source attribution of analyzed PM10 samples was carried out using two modeling approaches: (i) The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) method for elemental and chemical composition (concentrations of elements, ions, as well as organic and elemental carbon in daily PM10 samples), and (ii) Isotope Mass Balance (IMB) for 13C and 14C carbon isotope composition of carbonaceous fraction of PM10. For PMF application, five sources of particulate matter were identified for each station: fossil fuel combustion, secondary inorganic aerosols, traffic exhaust, soil, and the fifth source which included road dust, industry, construction work. The IMB method allowed the partitioning of the total carbon reservoir of PM10 into carbon originating from coal combustion, from biogenic sources (natural emissions and biomass burning) and from traffic. Both apportionment methods were applied together for the first time in the Krakow agglomeration and they gave consistent results.
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Xie, Z., B. P. Koch, A. Möller, R. Sturm, and R. Ebinghaus. "Transport and fate of hexachlorocyclohexanes in the oceanic air and surface seawater." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 3 (June 9, 2011): 5537–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-5537-2011.
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Abstract. Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) are ubiquitous organic pollutants derived from pesticide application. They are subject to long-range transport, persistent in the environment, and capable of accumulation in biota. Shipboard measurements of HCH isomers (α-, γ- and β-HCH) in surface seawater and boundary layer atmospheric samples were conducted in the Atlantic and the Southern Ocean in October to December of 2008. ΣHCHs concentrations (the sum of α-, γ- and β-HCH) in the lower atmosphere ranged from 11.8 to 36.9 pg m−3 (mean: 26.6 ± 11.0 pg m−3) in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), and from 1.5 to 4.0 pg m−3 (mean: 2.8 ± 1.1 pg m−3) in the Southern Hemisphere (SH), respectively. Water concentrations were: α-HCH 0.33–46.8 pg l−1, γ-HCH 0.02–33.2 pg l−1 and β-HCH 0.11–2 pg l−1. HCH concentrations decreased from the North Atlantic to the Southern Ocean, indicating historical use of HCHs in the NH. Spatial distribution showed increasing concentrations from the equator towards North and South latitudes illustrating the concept of cold condensation and less interhemispheric mixing process. In comparison to concentrations measured in 1987–1999/2000, gaseous HCHs were slightly lower, while dissolved HCHs decreased by factor of 2–3 orders of magnitude. Air-water exchange gradients suggested net deposition for α-HCH (mean: 3759 pg m−2 day−1) and γ-HCH (mean: 1987 pg m−2 day−1), whereas β-HCH varied between equilibrium (volatilization: <0–12 pg m−2 day−1) and net deposition (range: 6–687 pg m−2 day−1), indicating a multi-hopper transport behavior. Climate change may significantly accelerate the releasing process of "old" HCHs from continental storage (e.g. soil, vegetation and high mountains) and drive long-range transport from sources to deposition in the open oceans. Biological productivities may interfere with the air-water exchange process as well. Consequently, further investigation is necessary to elucidate the long term trends and the biogeochemical turnover of HCHs in the oceanic environment.
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Xie, Z., B. P. Koch, A. Möller, R. Sturm, and R. Ebinghaus. "Transport and fate of hexachlorocyclohexanes in the oceanic air and surface seawater." Biogeosciences 8, no. 9 (September 19, 2011): 2621–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-2621-2011.
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Abstract. Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) are ubiquitous organic pollutants derived from pesticide application. They are subject to long-range transport, persistent in the environment, and capable of accumulation in biota. Shipboard measurements of HCH isomers (α-, γ- and β-HCH) in surface seawater and boundary layer atmospheric samples were conducted in the Atlantic and the Southern Ocean in October to December of 2008. ΣHCHs concentrations (the sum of α-, γ- and β-HCH) in the lower atmosphere ranged from 12 to 37 pg m−3 (mean: 27 ± 11 pg m−3) in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), and from 1.5 to 4.0 pg m−3 (mean: 2.8 ± 1.1 pg m−3) in the Southern Hemisphere (SH), respectively. Water concentrations were: α-HCH 0.33–47 pg l−1, γ-HCH 0.02–33 pg l−1 and β-HCH 0.11–9.5 pg l−1. Dissolved HCH concentrations decreased from the North Atlantic to the Southern Ocean, indicating historical use of HCHs in the NH. Spatial distribution showed increasing concentrations from the equator towards North and South latitudes illustrating the concept of cold trapping in high latitudes and less interhemispheric mixing process. In comparison to concentrations measured in 1987–1999/2000, gaseous HCHs were slightly lower, while dissolved HCHs decreased by factor of 2–3 orders of magnitude. Air-water exchange gradients suggested net deposition for α-HCH (mean: 3800 pg m−2 day−1) and γ-HCH (mean: 2000 pg m−2 day−1), whereas β-HCH varied between equilibrium (volatilization: <0–12 pg m−2 day−1) and net deposition (range: 6–690 pg m−2 day−1). Climate change may significantly accelerate the release of "old" HCHs from continental storage (e.g. soil, vegetation and high mountains) and drive long-range transport from sources to deposition in the open oceans. Biological productivities may interfere with the air-water exchange process as well. Consequently, further investigation is necessary to elucidate the long term trends and the biogeochemical turnover of HCHs in the oceanic environment.
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Cizdziel, James, Yi Jiang, Divya Nallamothu, J. Brewer, and Zhiqiang Gao. "Air/Surface Exchange of Gaseous Elemental Mercury at Different Landscapes in Mississippi, USA." Atmosphere 10, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090538.
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Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant with human health and ecological impacts. Gas exchange between terrestrial surfaces and the atmosphere is an important route for Hg to enter and exit ecosystems. Here, we used a dynamic flux chamber to measure gaseous elemental Hg (GEM) exchange over different landscapes in Mississippi, including in situ measurements for a wetland (soil and water), forest floor, pond, mowed field and grass-covered lawn, as well as mesocosm experiments for three different agricultural soils. Fluxes were measured during both the summer and winter. Mean ambient levels of GEM ranged between 0.93–1.57 ng m−3. GEM emission fluxes varied diurnally with higher daytime fluxes, driven primarily by solar radiation, and lower and more stable nighttime fluxes, dependent mostly on temperature. GEM fluxes (ng m−2 h−1) were seasonally dependent with net emission during the summer (mean 2.15, range 0.32 to 4.92) and net deposition during the winter (−0.12, range −0.32 to 0.12). Total Hg concentrations in the soil ranged from 17.1 ng g−1 to 127 ng g−1 but were not a good predictor of GEM emissions. GEM flux and soil temperature were correlated over the forest floor, and the corresponding activation energy for Hg emission was ~31 kcal mol−1 using the Arrhenius equation. There were significant differences in GEM fluxes between the habitats with emissions for grass > wetland soil > mowed field > pond > wetland water ≈ forest ≈ agriculture soils. Overall, we demonstrate that these diverse landscapes serve as both sources and sinks for airborne Hg depending on the season and meteorological factors.
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Gerke, Jörg. "The Central Role of Soil Organic Matter in Soil Fertility and Carbon Storage." Soil Systems 6, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems6020033.
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The aim of the paper is to give an overview on the chemistry of soil organic carbon (SOC) affecting nutrient availability, the emission of greenhouse gases and detoxifying harmful substances in soil. Humic substances represent the stable part of SOC, accounting for between 50 and more than 80% of organically bound carbon in soil. Humic substances strongly affect the soil solution concentration of several plant nutrients and may increase P-, Fe-, and Cu- solubility, thereby increasing their plant availability. Soil organic carbon, mainly humic substances, can detoxify monomeric Al in acid soils, can strongly bind toxic heavy metals, making them unavailable to the plant roots, and may strongly bind a vast variety of harmful organic pollutants. Increasing SOC is an important goal in agriculture. The inclusion of mixtures of semi-perennial plant species and cultivars may strongly increase SOC and humic substance content in soils. To increase SOC, farmyard manure and its rotted or composted forms are superior compared to the separate application of straw and slurry to soil. The storage of carbon, mainly in organic form, in soils is very important in the context of the emission of greenhouse gases. Worldwide, soils release about 10 times more greenhouse gases compared to fossil fuel combustion. Small increments in SOC worldwide will strongly affect the concentration of atmospheric CO2. The public discussion on soil fertility and greenhouse gas emissionshas been politically controlled in a way that leaves the important and positive contribution of soil organic carbon and mainly humic substances partly misinterpreted and partly underestimated.
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Donovan, S. M., A. M. Skartsila, M. K. Head, and N. Voulvoulis. "An Initial Investigation into the Use of a Flux Chamber Technique to Measure Soil-Atmosphere Gas Exchanges from Application of Biosolids to UK Soils." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/957181.
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While a significant amount of work has been conducted to assess the concentration of pollutants in soils and waterways near land that has been amended with biosolids, a relatively small body of research investigating emissions to atmosphere is available in the literature. Some studies have indicated that while the CO2emissions from soils decrease with fertiliser application, the CH4and N2O emissions might be increased, offsetting the benefit. The objective of the research presented in this paper was to address this gap, by the use of a flux chamber technique to measure soil-atmosphere gas exchanges from the application of biosolids to land. This was done by applying three different types of biosolids to soils and measuring gases at the soil-atmosphere interface. The measurements were taken on areas with three different types of vegetation. The gases were collected using a flux chamber technique and analysed by gas chromatography. The results presented here are preliminary findings of an ongoing experiment. Insignificant variation appeared to occur between different areas of vegetation; however, small variations in gas concentrations were observed indicating a need for continued monitoring of soil-atmosphere gas exchanges to determine the long-term impacts on the atmosphere and the environment.
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Postevaya, Marina Alexeevna, and Zakhar Ivanovich Slukovskii. "Analysis of atmospheric emissions in Murmansk and their relationship with pollution of urban lakes." Vestnik MGTU 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.21443/1560-9278-2021-24-2-190-201.
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The main sources of anthropogenic emissions into the atmosphere of Murmansk are emissions from thermal power plants and boiler houses operating on fuel oil. As a result of the analysis of the dynamics of pollutant emissions from stationary anthropogenic sources for the period 1997-2019 it has been established that the level of air pollution is assessed as low; there is a tendency towards a decrease in gross emissions from stationary sources. The main pollutants from thermal power plants are sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, and benzo(a)pyrene. Together with gaseous and liquid substances, fuel oil ash and products of incomplete underburning of fuel, which include heavy metals V, Ni, Cr, Pb, Fe, Sn, enter the atmospheric air. Technogenic compounds of heavy metals and other pollutants from the enterprises of the power unit, falling out with dust or precipitation on the surface and catchment areas of lakes, affect the formation of the chemical composition of surface soils, waters and bottom sediments of water bodies. This is reflected in an increase in the concentration of heavy metals (in particular, V and Ni) in the water and bottom sediments of the lakes of Murmansk in comparison with the background values.
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Uttarotai, Toungporn, Boyd A. McKew, Farid Benyahia, J. Colin Murrell, Wuttichai Mhuantong, Sunanta Wangkarn, Thararat Chitov, Sakunnee Bovonsombut, and Terry J. McGenity. "Isoprene-Degrading Bacteria from Soils Associated with Tropical Economic Crops and Framework Forest Trees." Microorganisms 9, no. 5 (May 10, 2021): 1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9051024.
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Isoprene, a volatile hydrocarbon emitted largely by plants, plays an important role in regulating the climate in diverse ways, such as reacting with free radicals in the atmosphere to produce greenhouse gases and pollutants. Isoprene is both deposited and formed in soil, where it can be consumed by some soil microbes, although much remains to be understood about isoprene consumption in tropical soils. In this study, isoprene-degrading bacteria from soils associated with tropical plants were investigated by cultivation and cultivation-independent approaches. Soil samples were taken from beneath selected framework forest trees and economic crops at different seasons, and isoprene degradation in soil microcosms was measured after 96 h of incubation. Isoprene losses were 4–31% and 15–52% in soils subjected to a lower (7.2 × 105 ppbv) and a higher (7.2 × 106 ppbv) concentration of isoprene, respectively. Sequencing of 16S rRNA genes revealed that bacterial communities in soil varied significantly across plant categories (framework trees versus economic crops) and the presence of isoprene, but not with isoprene concentration or season. Eight isoprene-degrading bacterial strains were isolated from the soils and, among these, four belong to the genera Ochrobactrum, Friedmanniella, Isoptericola and Cellulosimicrobium, which have not been previously shown to degrade isoprene.
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Boyko, O., O. Honchar, O. Havrysh, M. Nebilitsa, and T. Osokina. "Ways to reduce the impact of livestock facilities on the environment." Agroecological journal, no. 1 (February 14, 2022): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.1.2022.257118.
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The results of the study of the impact of livestock facilities on the state of the environment are presented. To ensure environmental safety, pollutant emissions are regulated by implementing environmental protection policies. Therefore, there is a need to develop scientifically sound approaches to improve methods of regulating emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from low-capacity livestock facilities, which determines the relevance of this work. The analysis of the existing researches taking into account the European system of inventory of EMEP («CORINAIR») is carried out. A number of measures have been identified to reduce emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from livestock facilities. It is established that for the last 16 years there is a tendency to reduce the number of farm animals, in particular: cattle by 41.4% and pigs by 21.4%. The exception is poultry, which increased by 28.5% during this period. At the same time, as a result of economic activity of livestock facilities such pollutants as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane, alcohols (methanol, ethanol, etc.), phenols, esters, carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones), carbon acids, sulfides and disulfides, mercaptans, amines, carbon dioxide. The efficiency of introduction of entomological method of utilization of organic waste of animal husbandry which allows receiving simultaneously protein of animal origin and organic fertilizers with the improved physical and mechanical properties is established. Pig manure after processing by larvae of flies becomes a valuable organic fertilizer that has a nematodicidal effect. It is especially valuable for indoor use. Application of biohumus to the soil at the rate of 400 g/m2 reduces the number of nematodes and delays its emergence. Thus, obtaining humus is essentially a solution to the problem of using the ecological mechanism of soil fertility restoration. This addresses the issue of humus biotechnology, which is an alternative to soil chemicalization and creates the conditions for biologization and greening of agriculture. Also, one of the ways to reduce the negative impact on the environment is to dispose of waste in agriculture by producing biogas. This allows you to get a fuel mixture of gases with a heat of combustion of about 20–25 MJ/m3 and methane content in the range of 60–75%, as well as reduce the load of polluting gases on the environment.
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Zavadskiy, Sergey, and Evgeniy Abizov. "Accumulation of heavy metals by silverberry softwood shoots cultivated in urban environments." Farmacevticheskoe delo i tehnologija lekarstv (Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology), no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-13-2002-05.
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Vehicle emissions make up to 50% of total pollutant emissions in Russia. The main roadside pollutants are heavy metals, petrol oil, lubricants and different readily soluble salts. Silverberry or Elaeagnus argentea Pursh is a deciduous shrub with height up to 4 meters, spreading crown, silver leaves and fruits. It originates from North America and is known since 1813. Its specific features are rather slow growth and ability to grow due to abundant root system. It reproduces itself by seeds, shoots and root suckers. It tolerates transplantation and cutting well. Due to such features as decorative effect, frost resistance, unpretentiousness to soil, resistance to drought, smoke and gases, some researchers recommend to use Elaeagnus argentea Pursh in urban greening. This kind is quite common in single or multiple plantings in Moscow such as green hedges in parks and along roads. Elaeagnus argentea Pursh is not only ornamental but also a medicinal plant.
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Albu, Madalina. "Sustainable Remediation of Soils Contaminated with Petroleum Products." Advanced Engineering Forum 42 (September 7, 2021): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.42.151.
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In nature, it acts, simultaneously or successively, synergistically or antagonistically, on small or larger spaces, for a long or very short time, numerous natural or artificial processes that pollute, leading to the alteration of the quality of the environment. The basic activity carried out within the oil scaffolding consists in the extraction of crude oil and gases from the deposits in their exploitation, their collection, separation of phases (crude oil, reservoir water, gas), crude oil treatment, storage and sending to users. Contamination of the field related to drilling-extraction wells with crude oil, heavy petroleum products, salt water, various chemicals, etc. has a random character, but with undesirable implications on soil, surface water and / or groundwater, depending on the nature of the pollutant, its quantity and area of spread Pollution sources in the oil industry, both systematic and accidental, have a greater or lesser spread, depending on the size of the field, the type and composition of the extracted fluids, the extraction technology used, the age of oil exploitation in the area, relief and hydrographic network. Having available the data provided by the pollution diagnosis, it is possible to assess the risk that the investigated pollution represents for the people on the site and for the natural environment. If it turns out that the risk is significant, then the decision is made to switch to depollution works. The choice of an appropriate depollution path is made on the basis of relevant technical and economic criteria, which is a feasibility study. The proposed depollution technology must be the most appropriate for the case at hand and, at the same time, be available on the technology market. The most important part of the paper is dedicated to presenting the results of an experimental study on the depollution of soils contaminated with liquid petroleum products by sparging technologies, in order to ensure a sustainable remedy. The results of the soil analysis used in the experimental determination are presented, as well as the physic - chemical characteristics of the main soil pollutants. In the experimental part, laboratory decontamination of systems consisting of polluted soils was performed at the laboratory level, using air as a depollution agent. The processing of the data obtained from the experimental determinations allowed obtaining qualitative and quantitative information related to the decontamination speed depending on the nature of the soil, the nature and concentration of the pollutant and the temperature of the decontamination air. Estimating the cost places this technology at a low level compared to thermal technologies and slightly higher than microbiological technologies.
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Ayobami, Aigberua Omozemoje, and Okumoko Pearce Dokumo. "Distribution Spread and Environmental Risk Status of Pb, Cd And Cr in Soils of an Open-Air Waste Dumpsite along Tombia/Amassoma Road in Yenagoa Metropolis." Journal of Plant and Animal Ecology 1, no. 3 (April 20, 2020): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2637-6075.jpae-20-3322.
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In spite of the popularity of open-air waste dumping in Nigeria, it remains a relatively less effective waste management option across the globe because of its associated environmental impacts which includes the release of green house gases (GHGs), persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and metal micro-pollutants amongst others. This study aims to assess the potential environmental risks associated to metals released and vertically delineated across the soil profile within surroundings of dumpsite. Heavy metals in soil samples were acid-digested using the aqua-regia mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acid, followed by instrumentation analysis using the GBC 908 PBMT model atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Contaminated sites showed metal concentrations ranging from 1.493 to 109.460 mg/kg, 0.133 to 4.237 mg/kg, and 5.200 to 25.367 mg/kg for lead, cadmium and chromium respectively, with location 1 land area showing the most contamination. Only soil chromium was observed within regulatory stipulations in all cases. There was significant variation (p < 0.05) between the different sample locations, thereby indicating variations in composition of dumped wastes. Lead and cadmium showed the strongest positive correlation (r = 0.855, p < 0.01) and the application of some heavy metal pollution indicators revealed relatively higher metal loads and degree of contamination, as well as depicting potential ecological risk for soils of location 1. The significant heavy metal contamination of soils in the Tombia-Amassoma waste dumpsite requires that the local environmental sanitation and regulatory authorities take necessary remedial action to forestall the escalation of public health concerns that may emanate from this open-air dump.
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Zgorelec, Željka, Gordana Pehnec, Milan Mesić, Mateja Kolman, and Marija Galić. "Nitrogen Oxide Soil Emission Measurements Using Passive Samplers and Static Chamber Method." Kemija u industriji 70, no. 3-4 (2021): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15255/kui.2020.057.
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Nitrogen oxides play a major role in atmospheric chemistry, like primary pollutants, in the formation of secondary air pollutants or greenhouse gases (GHGs). This research study was conducted in the Western Pannonian sub-region of Croatia with the aim to determine the suitability of our internally developed passive sampler and static chamber method for N-NO2 concentration measurement. The aim was also to determine the impact of mineral soil fertilization on the N-NO2 flux during triticale vegetation. The research showed that the method used was suitable. Average daily N-NO2 flux ranged from 2.78 to 5.09 mg ha–1 day–1 depending on phenophase and treatment. Statistically significant differences in N-NO2 flux between two monitored treatments (300 kg N ha–1 and 0 kg N ha–1) were not observed, nor between two investigated phenophases.
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Zhang, Gang, Xuhang Zhou, Xu Li, Lei Wang, Xiangyun Li, Zheng Luo, Yangjie Zhang, et al. "Gaseous Elemental Mercury Exchange Fluxes over Air-Soil Interfaces in the Degraded Grasslands of Northeastern China." Biology 10, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10090917.
Full textAbstract:
Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant that may potentially have serious impacts on human health and ecologies. The gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) exchanges between terrestrial surfaces and the atmosphere play important roles in the global Hg cycle. This study investigated GEM exchange fluxes over two land cover types (including Artemisia anethifolia coverage and removal and bare soil) using a dynamic flux chamber attached to the LumexR RA915+ Hg analyzer during the growing season from May to September of 2018, in which the interactive effects of plant coverage and meteorological conditions were highlighted. The daily mean ambient levels of GEM and the total mercury concentrations of the soil (TSM) were determined to be 12.4 ± 3.6 to 16.4 ± 5.6 ng·m−3 and 32.8 to 36.2 ng·g−1, respectively, for all the measurements from May to September. The GEM exchange fluxes (ng·m−2·h−1) during the five-month period for the three treatments included the net emissions from the soil to the atmosphere (mean 5.4 to 7.1; range of −27.0 to 47.3), which varied diurnally, with releases occurring during the daytime hours and depositions occurring during the nighttime hours. Significant differences were observed in the fluxes between the vegetation coverage and removal during the growing months (p < 0.05). In addition, it was determined that the Hg fluxes were positively correlated with the solar radiation and air/soil temperature levels and negatively correlated with the air relative humidity and soil moisture under all the conditions (p < 0.05). Overall, the results obtained in this study demonstrated that the grassland soil served as both a source and a sink for atmospheric Hg, depending on the season and meteorological factors. Furthermore, the plants played an important inhibiting role in the Hg exchanges between the soil and the atmosphere.
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Abadin, Zain ul, Saman Khalid, Syed Naveed Qamar, Hussain Ahmed Makki, Kaleem Ullah, Muhammad Tahir, Ammara Ahsan, and Muhammad Adil. "Risks Factors of Environment Pollutants, Forest and Soil Conservation through Advanced Agriculture Techniques and Future Perspective." Haya: The Saudi Journal of Life Sciences 6, no. 12 (December 7, 2021): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjls.2021.v06i12.002.
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Climate change affects the plant growth by inhibiting the genes involved for promoting the roots, shoots, leaves and reproduction. Toxic gases that accumulated in the air due to heavy chimneys can cause serious environmental and health hazards. Wastewater released from industries can increase the risk of environmental pollution that can be treated through highly effective treatments plants. Soil conservation helps to mitigate these threats of climate change and traditional farming practices by replacing the traditional farming methods employed for agriculture land. Soil conversation through green manure practices required less labor and lower costs that increase farmers profits. Microbial biomass also increases the soil fertility relative to conventional agricultural systems by marinating the nutritional balance between crops and microorganisms. CRISPR is the latest technology for controlling the different microorganisms that causes soil salinity and abnormal growth of seed developments. Nitrogenous fertilizers contribute substantially to the greenhouse gas emissions that promote climate change.
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Nadporozhskaya, Marina, Ninel Kovsh, Roberto Paolesse, and Larisa Lvova. "Recent Advances in Chemical Sensors for Soil Analysis: A Review." Chemosensors 10, no. 1 (January 16, 2022): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10010035.
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The continuously rising interest in chemical sensors’ applications in environmental monitoring, for soil analysis in particular, is owed to the sufficient sensitivity and selectivity of these analytical devices, their low costs, their simple measurement setups, and the possibility to perform online and in-field analyses with them. In this review the recent advances in chemical sensors for soil analysis are summarized. The working principles of chemical sensors involved in soil analysis; their benefits and drawbacks; and select applications of both the single selective sensors and multisensor systems for assessments of main plant nutrition components, pollutants, and other important soil parameters (pH, moisture content, salinity, exhaled gases, etc.) of the past two decades with a focus on the last 5 years (from 2017 to 2021) are overviewed.
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Ge, Pengxiang, Mindong Chen, Yan Cui, and Dongyang Nie. "The Research Progress of the Influence of Agricultural Activities on Atmospheric Environment in Recent Ten Years: A Review." Atmosphere 12, no. 5 (May 17, 2021): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12050635.
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In recent years, the industrial emission of air pollution has been reduced via a series of measures. However, with the rapid development of modern agriculture, air pollution caused by agricultural activities is becoming more and more serious. Agricultural activities can generate a large amount of air pollutants, such as ammonia, methane, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, and persistent organic pollutants, the sources of which mainly include farmland fertilization, livestock breeding, pesticide use, agricultural residue burning, agricultural machinery, and agricultural irrigation. Greenhouse gases emitted by agricultural activities can affect regional climate change, while atmospheric particulates and persistent organic pollutants can even seriously harm the health of surrounding residents. With the increasing threat of agricultural air pollution, more and more relevant studies have been carried out, as well as some recommendations for reducing emissions. The emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases can be significantly reduced by adopting reasonable fertilization methods, scientific soil management, and advanced manure treatment systems. Regarding pesticide use and agricultural residues burning, emission reduction are more dependent on the restriction and support of government regulations, such as banning certain pesticides, prohibiting open burning of straw, and supporting the recycling and reuse of residues. This review, summarizing the relevant research in the past decade, discusses the current situation, health effects, and emission reduction measures of agricultural air pollutants from different sources, in order to provide some help for follow-up research.