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Journal articles on the topic 'Gaseous environment'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 21 November 2023

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1

Sokolov, G. M., A. V. Suvorov, and A. T. Logunov. "TOXICOLOGY OF GASEOUS ENVIRONMENT IN DECOMPRESSION CHAMBER." Marine Medicine 4, no. 3 (October 7, 2018): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2413-5747-2018-4-3-83-94.

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The paper presents basic concepts of toxicological problems under human containment in a closed hermetic hyperbaric volume basing on the literature data and our own long-term scientific and practical experience aimed at diving and diving medicine, development and testing of the decompression chambers. The paper describes the following essentials of the problem: gaseous atmospheric composition in closed hermetic volumes, evolution of exogenous gases in human organism under lowering in the chamber, evolving hazardous gaseous substances (HGS) in the closed volume, design average daily rate of HGS evolving, effect of conditions on HGS evolving, their maximum permissible concentrations, methods of СО2 and HGS removal in the chambers, and regulatory requirements. It is shown that the most of the modern existing chambers do not meet the regulatory requirements that may result in negative effects on human health. The ways to except the cases of human intoxication in the decompression chambers and systems are offered in the paper.

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2

KIMOTO, Yugo. "Space Environment: Measurement of the Gaseous Environment Surrounding Spacecraft." Journal of the Vacuum Society of Japan 51, no. 8 (2008): 546–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3131/jvsj2.51.546.

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3

Struk, P., T. Pustelny, K. Gołaszewska, M. A. Borysiewicz, and A. Piotrowska. "Optical investigations of ZnO layers affected by some selected gases in the aspect of their application in optical gas sensors." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 63, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 829–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bpasts-2015-0094.

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Abstract The paper presents the results of investigations of zinc oxide (ZnO) layers as a potential sensing material, being affected by certain selected gaseous environments. The investigations concerned the optical transmission through thin ZnO layers in wide spectral ranges from ultraviolet to the near infrared. The effect of the gaseous environment on the optical properties of zinc oxide layers with a thickness of ~ 400 nm was analyzed applying various technologies of ZnO manufacturing. Three kinds of ZnO layers were exposed to the effect of the gaseous environment, viz.: layers with relatively slight roughness (RMS several nm), layers with a considerable surface roughness (RMS some score of nm) and layers characterized by porous ZnO structures. The investigations concerned spectral changes in the transmission properties of the ZnO layers due to the effect of such gases as: ammonia (NH3), hydrogen (H2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the atmosphere of synthetic air. The obtained results indicated the possibility of applying porous ZnO layered structures in optical gas sensors.

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4

Feofilov, S. P., D. V. Arsentyev, A. B. Kulinkin, T. Gacoin, G. Mialon, R. S. Meltzer, and C. Dujardin. "Gaseous environment-sensitive fluorescence of YAG:Ce3+ nanocrystals." Journal of Applied Physics 107, no. 6 (March 15, 2010): 064308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3327449.

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5

Hyllested, Jes Aerøe, G. Prabhu Sai Balasubramanian, Elisabetta Maria Fiordaliso, Murat Yesibolati, Kristian Mølhave, and Marco Beleggia. "Electron Holography in Gaseous and Liquid Environment." Microscopy and Microanalysis 26, S2 (July 30, 2020): 2488–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927620021753.

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6

Ivanov, A. O., V. A. Petrov, A. Ye Yeroshenko, V. F. Belyaev, and Yu E. Barachevsky. "Аssessment of admissibility of 100-day human sealing in normobariс gaseous environments, increasing fire safety of habitated hermoobjects." Marine Medicine 8, no. 2 (July 28, 2022): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2413-5747-2022-8-2-77-87.

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OBGECTIVE: the assessment of admissibility of a human long-term stay in regulated normobaric hypoxic gaseous environments, increasing fire safety of habituated hermoobjects.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Men aged 25–32 (5 people) and 53 (1 person) were surveyed. Inside the test bench a gaseous environment was created with 19–18% vol. oxygen content — a continued stay room, or 17–16% vol.— periodical stay one (4 hours per day). The duration of the tests was 100 days. Once in 10 days there was the «regulation» (fast nitrogen input) of the gaseous environment with the decrease in oxygen concentration up to 15–12% vol., while the volunteers being in such conditions for 2 hours.RESULTS: During the whole period of 100-day sealing none of the volunteers experienced signs of somatic and mental health disorders; all the volunteers completed the testing program successfully.CONCLUSION: The results justify the admissibility of applying the technology of regulated normobaric hypoxic gaseous environments in the developed modes to increase fire safety of habituated hermoobjects, particularly in submarines.

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7

Sudarshan, T. S., and M. R. Louthan. "Gaseous environment effects on fatigue behaviour of metals." International Materials Reviews 32, no. 1 (January 1987): 121–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/095066087790150322.

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8

Mahapatra, Manoj K. "Review of corrosion of refractory in gaseous environment." International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology 17, no. 2 (November 29, 2019): 606–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijac.13418.

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9

HE, ChengMing, and Peng ZHANG. "Dynamics of binary droplet collision in gaseous environment." SCIENTIA SINICA Physica, Mechanica & Astronomica 47, no. 7 (June 6, 2017): 070013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/sspma2017-00041.

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10

Tang, Xiaohu, and David C. Joy. "Quantitative measurements of charging in a gaseous environment." Scanning 25, no. 4 (December 6, 2006): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sca.4950250406.

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11

Bara, Maciej, and Agata Janczak. "Toxicity of anesthetic gases: exposure in operating rooms and influence on the environment." Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences 21, no. 3 (July 26, 2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.56782/pps.157.

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Nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, isoflurane and desflurane are commonly used to provide anesthesia during surgical procedures. However, usage of inhaled anesthetics is not without its risks. Occupational exposure to those gases might have a harmful effect on medical personnel working not only at operating theaters, but also on post-operative wards and intensive care units. Long term exposure to volatile anesthetics may lead to liver and kidney damage and elevated plasma inflammatory markers. Episodes of misscarriage, preterm birth or congenital malformations have been observed in pregnant women. Neurotoxicity of these drugs also has been evidenced by recent studies. What is more, anesthetics are greenhouse gases that contribute to the climate crisis. Some of the gaseous anesthetics stay in the atmosphere for even 114 years after being released from the hospital environment. The aim of this paper is to review the dangers of occupational exposure to inhaled anesthetics and their impact on the environment, as well as to take a closer look at alternatives that could potentially replace the use of gaseous anesthetics.

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12

Chen, Ye Xin, and Xiao Ni Qiang. "Effect of Service Environment on Mechanical Properties of FeCoNiCrAl_0.1 Alloy." Materials Science Forum 913 (February 2018): 674–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.913.674.

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The effect of service environment on mechanical properties of recrystallizedFeCoNiCrAl0.1 alloy when tested in vacuum, air and gaseous hydrogen was studied in this paper. The results show that the elongations of FeCoNiCrAl0.1 alloy tested in air and gaseous hydrogen are higher than that tested in vacuum. But the tensile strengths of the alloy tested in air and gaseous hydrogen decrease appreciably comparing with that tested in vacuum. With the increase of the hydrogen pressure in the environment, the elongation of the alloy first increases quickly, but the increasing ratio of the elongation decreases obviously when the hydrogen pressure is more than 10 kPa, and the elongation gradually tends to a constant. The fracture modes of FeCoNiCrAl0.1 alloy are all ductile fractures when tested in vacuum, air and gaseous hydrogen, and there are some micro-voids on the fracture surfaces.

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13

Blecha, Tomas, Vaclav Smitka, Michal Bodnar, and Jiri Stulik. "Simultaneous Detection of NH3 and NO2 by Modified Impedance Spectroscopy in Sensors Based on Carbon Nanotubes." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 25, 2022): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030855.

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There are many gaseous substances that need to be monitored for possible damage to health or the environment. This requires many sensors. The solution to reducing the number of sensors is to use one sensor to detect several gaseous substances simultaneously. Efforts to simplify sensor systems thus lead to the use of a sensor with a suitable sensitive layer and to finding a suitable method of detecting individual gaseous substances within one sensor. The aim is to find a suitable method to detect various gaseous substances acting on the sensor. For this purpose, modified impedance spectroscopy in the high-frequency range is applied, where the scattering parameters of the sensor based on carbon nanotubes are measured under the action of NO2 and NH3 gases. For this method of detection of gaseous substances, a suitable sensor platform structure was designed to enable the measurement of the electrical properties of the sensor in the GHz range. Based on the obtained results, it is possible to use one sensor to detect different types of gaseous substances.

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14

Hoang, Long Vuong, and Minh Quang Chau. "THE FORMATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT FOR GASEOUS CARBONIZING WHEN USING SOME DIFFERENT GASES." Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research & Developments 42, no. 5 (August 29, 2019): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/jmerd.05.2019.38.41.

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15

Bass, V. P. "Proposals for the ISS: Investigation of the gaseous and plasma environment of the ISS by means of contact diagnostics («Environment» Project)." Kosmìčna nauka ì tehnologìâ 6, no. 4 (July 30, 2000): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/knit2000.04.055.

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16

Rashid, Amirul Abdul, Saad Nor Hayati, Nik Nur Afiqah Nik Azlan, and Farrahshaida Mohd Salleh. "Hydro-Petrol Engine: Study on Fuel Consumption and Effect on Environment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 393 (September 2013): 505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.393.505.

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Over the years, global energy demand has been enormously increased as a result of industrial development and population growth. Supply of energy is far less than the actual demand which contributes to unstable worlds oil price. Furthermore, it is proven that fossil fuel is the major contributor for harmful aspects of human activity and biophysical environment issues. This paper attempts to investigate performance of hydro-petrol engine system as an alternative to reduce dependencies to fossil fuel; emitting less harmful gaseous to the environment. For this system, Oxy-hydrogen (HHO) or also known as brown gas was produced through electrolysis method before channeled into air intake manifold of a typical 4 strokes petrol engine. The research measured petrol consumption as well as the by product gaseous. It was found that the fuel consumption reduced to 22% while the CO2 and HC gases reduced to 15% and 20% respectively when compared to unmodified engine system. Feasibility of the concluded research data will become a pathway for more comprehensive and in depth study on Hydro-petrol engine to prove its capability to reduce dependencies on fossil fuel and provide alternatives for a more environmental friendly energy approach.

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17

Heiles, Sven, Richard J. Cooper, Matthew J. DiTucci, and Evan R. Williams. "Hydration of guanidinium depends on its local environment." Chemical Science 6, no. 6 (2015): 3420–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sc00618j.

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18

Sakelliou, Irini, and Michael R. Merrifield. "The distorted jets and gaseous environment of 3C 465." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 305, no. 2 (May 1999): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02427.x.

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19

Mamedov, N. V., V. A. Kurnaev, D. N. Sinelnikov, and D. V. Kolodko. "Surface diagnostics by ion scattering spectroscopy in gaseous environment." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 666 (January 11, 2016): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/666/1/012027.

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20

Musgrave, Mary E., Anxiu Kuang, and Sharon W. Matthews. "Plant reproduction during spaceflight: importance of the gaseous environment." Planta 203, S1 (August 1997): S177—S184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00008107.

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21

Marszałek, Marta, Zygmunt Kowalski, and Agnieszka Makara. "Emission of Greenhouse Gases and Odorants from Pig Slurry - Effect on the Environment and Methods of its Reduction." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 383–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2018-0026.

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Abstract Pig slurry is classified as a natural liquid fertilizer, which is a heterogeneous mixture of urine, faeces, remnants of feed and technological water, used to remove excrement and maintain the hygiene of livestock housing. The storage and distribution of pig slurry on farmland affect the environment as they are associated with, among others, the emission of various types of gaseous pollutants, mainly CH4, CO2, N2O, NH3, H2S, and other odorants. Methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are greenhouse gases (GHGs) which contribute to climate change by increasing the greenhouse effect. Ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are malodorous gases responsible for the occurrence of odour nuisance which, due to their toxicity, may endanger the health and lives of humans and animals. NH3 also influences the increase of atmosphere and soil acidification. The article presents the environmental impact of greenhouse gases and odorous compounds emitted from pig slurry. Key gaseous atmospheric pollutants such as NH3, H2S, CH4, CO2 and N2O have been characterized. Furthermore, methods to reduce the emission of odours and GHGs from pig slurry during its storage and agricultural usage have been discussed.

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22

Voinea, Sanda, Theodor Axenie, Alexandra Serban, and Cornelia Nichita. "Evaluation of the Environmental Impact by FTIR Gas Analysis of Organic Solvents Used in the Pharmaceutical Industry." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 12 (January 15, 2019): 3616–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.12.6804.

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This paper presents the impact on the atmospheric environment of organic solvents used in pharmaceutical industry, investigated by FTIR gas analysis. The experimental data emphasized that this technique represents a fast and efficient method of analysis for gaseous emissions from studied solvents (ethanol, methanol, acetic acid). The study of the spectra samples indicates a good capability of the method to detect gases in indoor air from different concentrations and volumes of solvents in mixed solutions up to units of ppm and hundreds of micro liters. The results emphasized a good correlation between the concentrations of the solvents in the gaseous phase from the environment and the concentration of the solvent from the analyzed solutions. Moreover, the study shows the persistence in time of the air pollution in the technological areas of pharmaceutical and chemical industries.

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23

Lobach, Yu M., and V. M. Shevel. "Radioactive gaseous-aerosol releases from the WWR-M research reactor." Nuclear Physics and Atomic Energy 24, no. 3 (September 20, 2023): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/jnpae2023.03.247.

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The radiation impact of the WWR-M research reactor is possible due to the release of radioactive substances into the environment, which are generated during both operation and decommissioning. One of the operator's responsibilities is to take measures to avoid or optimize the generation and management of radioactive waste to minimize the overall impact on the environment. Gaseous and airborne wastes are released into the environment through ventilation and air cleaning systems, which are essentials of the overall reactor design. The main method for preventing radioactive contamination spread to the environment is the combination of a well-designed ventilation system having thorough cleaning of the exhaust air. An analysis of the source terms of the gaseous-aerosol emissions, a description of the existing radiation control system and special ventilation system, and an analysis of the actual gaseous-aerosol emissions are presented. The total amount of gaseous-aerosol emissions during the planned reactor dismantling activity is estimated. The sufficiency and effectiveness of the existing system to ensure the required level of reactor safety are shown.

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24

Procek, M., T. Pustelny, A. Stolarczyk, and E. Maciak. "Studies of changes in electrical resistance of zinc oxide nanostructures under the influence of variable gaseous environments." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 635–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bpasts-2014-0069.

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Abstract The paper deals with the investigations concerning the influence of the changing gas environment on electrical resistance of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures. The investigated structures are wide-gap semiconductors with the morphology of ZnO flower-shaped agglomerates of nanostructures. The resistance changes of these nanostructures were tested under the influence of various gases such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), hydrogen (H2), ammonia (NH3) and also of humidity changes of carrier gases. To clarify the mechanisms of physicochemical processes in ZnO nanostructures during their interaction with gaseous environments, investigations were performed in two different carrier gases, viz. in synthetic air and in nitrogen. The study was carried out at a structure temperature of 200◦C.

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25

Januszewicz, Katarzyna, Marek Klein, and Ewa Klugmann-Radziemska. "Gaseous Products from Scrap Tires Pyrolisis." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 19, no. 3 (January 1, 2012): 451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10216-011-0035-6.

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Gaseous Products from Scrap Tires Pyrolisis In European Union 75% of used tires should be recycled. The most common method of used tires disposal, is burning in cement kilns, which does not solve the problem. Pyrolysis process can be an alternative way of utilization of tires. The aim of the researches was to check the influence of pyrolysis products (gas and oil fractions) on environment. Samples from pyrolysis process, like light oil fractions or pyrolysis gases were analyzed using gas chromatography. The pyrolysis installation should be hermetical, because of the PAHs which were detected in a light fraction of oil. In exhaust gases BTEX and PAHs were not detected.

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26

Popovic, Marko. "Equation of state in form which relates mol fraction and molarity of two (or more) component thermodynamic system consisted of ideal gases, and it’s applications." Thermal Science 14, no. 3 (2010): 859–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci100325009p.

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Most people would face a problem if there is a need to calculate the mole fraction of a substance A in a gaseous solution (a thermodynamic system containing two or more ideal gases) knowing its molarity at a given temperature and pressure. For most it would take a lot of time and calculations to find the answer, especially because the quantities of other substances in the system aren?t given. An even greater problem arises when we try to understand how special relativity affects gaseous systems, especially solutions and systems in equilibrium. In this paper formulas are suggested that greatly shorten the process of conversion from molarity to mole fraction and give us a better insight into the relativistic effects on a gaseous system.

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27

KALLITHRAKAS-KONTOS, N., and A. A. KATSANOS. "K-SHELL X-RAY PRODUCTION BY PROTONS IN VACUUM AND GASEOUS ENVIRONMENT." International Journal of PIXE 03, no. 01 (January 1993): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083593000033.

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The yields of Kα x-ray production from the bombardment of metal targets with protons were measured in vacuum and in gaseous environment (external beam technique) for proton energies between 1.5 and 8 MeV. For the measurements in gaseous environment the influence of the secondary electrons (delta electrons) emitted from the gas, to the x-ray yields was investigated. For this purpose a suitable model was introduced and tested experimentally. Finally, the experimental K shell ionization and x-ray production cross sections were calculated for the same targets and compared with three theoretical and two semiempirical approximations.

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28

HARASHIMA, Hiroshi, Hisahiro EINAGA, and Kazuhide ITO. "Study on using gaseous ozone for decontamination in indoor environment." Indoor Environment 18, no. 2 (2015): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.7879/siej.18.89.

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29

SACKETT, B. A. M., G. W. FRONTING, J. A. DESHAZER, and F. J. STRUWE. "Effect of Gaseous Preslaughter Environment on Chicken Broiler Meat Quality." Poultry Science 65, no. 3 (March 1986): 511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0650511.

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30

Ogungbe, A. S., O. H. Akintoye, and B. A. Idowu. "Effects of Gaseous Ions on the Environment and Human Performance." Trends in Applied Sciences Research 6, no. 2 (February 1, 2011): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/tasr.2011.130.133.

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31

Usgaocar, A. R., Harold M. H. Chong, and C. H. de Groot. "Modulation of Carbon Nanotube Metal Contacts in Gaseous Hydrogen Environment." Journal of Nanoscience 2014 (March 27, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/404519.

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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), contacted by electrodeposited Pd0.59Ni0.41 alloys, are characterised using electrical measurements and Raman spectroscopy. The high workfunctions of Nickel and Palladium form an ohmic contact with the CNT valence band, but the contact properties change on Hydrogen exposure due to a reduction in the PdNi workfunction and the realignment of the PdNi Fermi level with the CNT band structure. A PdNi contacted semiconducting CNT exhibited significantly lower currents after Hydrogen exposure while a metallic CNT exhibited a small current increase. The semiconducting and metallic natures of the CNTs are confirmed by their Raman spectra. This study demonstrates a technique for modulating the PdNi-CNT contact and differentiating between semiconducting and metallic CNTs via contact modulation. It also provides experimental evidence of the theoretical allocation of features in the CNT Raman spectra.

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32

Hou, L. G., and X. Y. Gao. "A statistical study of gaseous environment of Spitzer interstellar bubbles." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 438, no. 1 (December 2013): 426–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt2212.

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33

Schmid, S., P. Senn, and C. Hierold. "Electrostatically actuated nonconductive polymer microresonators in gaseous and aqueous environment." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 145-146 (July 2008): 442–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2008.01.010.

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34

Nie, Yihan, Haifei Zhan, Zhuoqun Zheng, Arixin Bo, Edmund Pickering, and Yuantong Gu. "How Gaseous Environment Influences a Carbon Nanotube-Based Mechanical Resonator." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 123, no. 42 (October 2019): 25925–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b06221.

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35

Wight, S. A. "Electron behavior in the gaseous environment of the ESEM chamber." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 838–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100166658.

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Measurements of electrons striking the sample in the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) are needed to begin to understand the effect of the presence of the gas on analytical measurements. Accurate beam current is important to x-ray microanalysis and it is typically measured with a faraday cup. A faraday cup (Figure 1) was constructed from a carbon block embedded in non-conductive epoxy with a 45 micrometer bore platinum aperture over the hole. Currents were measured with an electrometer and recorded as instrument parameters were varied.Instrument parameters investigated included working distance, chamber pressure, condenser percentage, and accelerating voltage. The conditions studied were low vacuum with gaseous secondary electron detector (GSED) voltage on; low vacuum with GSED voltage off; and high vacuum (GSED off). The base conditions were 30 kV, 667 Pa (5 Torr) water vapor, 100,000x magnification with the beam centered inside aperture, GSED voltage at 370 VDC, condenser at 50%, and working distance at 19.5 mm. All modifications of instrument parameters were made from these conditions.

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36

Tonini, S., and G. E. Cossali. "An analytical model of liquid drop evaporation in gaseous environment." International Journal of Thermal Sciences 57 (July 2012): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2012.01.017.

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37

Danilatos, Gerasimos D. "Radiofrequency Gaseous Detection Device." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, no. 1 (January 2000): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600000027.

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A radiofrequency gaseous detection device is proposed for use with instruments employing charged particle beams, such as electron microscopes and ion beam technologies, as well as for detection of ionizing radiations as in proportional counters. An alternating (oscillating) electromagnetic field in the radiofrequency range is applied in a gaseous environment of the instrument. Both the frequency and amplitude of oscillation are adjustable. The electron or ion beam interacts with a specimen and releases free electrons in the gas. Similarly, an ionizing radiation source releases free electrons in the gas. The free electrons are acted upon by the alternating electromagnetic field and undergo an oscillatory motion resulting in multiple collisions with the gas molecules, or atoms. At sufficiently low pressures, the oscillating electrons also collide with surrounding walls. These processes result in an amplified electron signal and an amplified photon signal in a controlled discharge. The amplified signals, which are proportional to the initial number of free electrons, are collected by suitable means for further processing and analysis.

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38

Follett, R. F., and J. L. Hatfield. "Nitrogen in the Environment: Sources, Problems, and Management." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 920–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.269.

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Nitrogen (N) is applied worldwide to produce food. It is in the atmosphere, soil, and water and is essential to all life. N for agriculture includes fertilizer, biologically fixed, manure, recycled crop residue, and soil-mineralized N. Presently, fertilizer N is a major source of N, and animal manure N is inefficiently used. Potential environmental impacts of N excreted by humans are increasing rapidly with increasing world populations. Where needed, N must be efficiently used because N can be transported immense distances and transformed into soluble and/or gaseous forms that pollute water resources and cause greenhouse effects. Unfortunately, increased amounts of gaseous N enter the environment as N2O to cause greenhouse warming and as NH3to shift ecological balances of natural ecosystems. Large amounts of N are displaced with eroding sediments in surface waters. Soluble N in runoff or leachate water enters streams, rivers, and groundwater. High-nitrate drinking water can cause methemoglobinemia, while nitrosamines are associated with various human cancers. We describe the benefits, but also how N in the wrong form or place results in harmful effects on humans and animals, as well as to ecological and environmental systems.

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39

Danilatos, Gerasimos D. "Radiofrequency Gaseous Detection Device." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, no. 1 (January 2000): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100059910001.

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Abstract A radiofrequency gaseous detection device is proposed for use with instruments employing charged particle beams, such as electron microscopes and ion beam technologies, as well as for detection of ionizing radiations as in proportional counters. An alternating (oscillating) electromagnetic field in the radiofrequency range is applied in a gaseous environment of the instrument. Both the frequency and amplitude of oscillation are adjustable. The electron or ion beam interacts with a specimen and releases free electrons in the gas. Similarly, an ionizing radiation source releases free electrons in the gas. The free electrons are acted upon by the alternating electromagnetic field and undergo an oscillatory motion resulting in multiple collisions with the gas molecules, or atoms. At sufficiently low pressures, the oscillating electrons also collide with surrounding walls. These processes result in an amplified electron signal and an amplified photon signal in a controlled discharge. The amplified signals, which are proportional to the initial number of free electrons, are collected by suitable means for further processing and analysis.

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40

French, Ainslie D., Marco Marini, and Attilio Cretella. "NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF WATER COOLING OF THE PLUME OF AN EXPERIMENTAL SOLID ROCKET MOTOR." International Journal of Energetic Materials and Chemical Propulsion 22, no. 2 (2023): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.v22.i2.40.

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Typical solid rocket motor exhaust emissions consist of high temperature gaseous pollutants including hydrochloric acid, chlorine, and alumina particles. A scrubber is developed to treat the gaseous and particle pollutants present-reducing the detrimental impact of such testing on the environment. A series of water spray configurations are studied to cool the plume without alumina particle modelling. A system consisting of two jets oriented at 60 degrees offers the best performance without compromising safety; the exhaust gases are cooled from over 3000 K to ambient over a distance of 1 meter from the nozzle exit. This paper is published with the permission of the authors granted to 3AF - Association Aéronautique et Astronautique de France (www.3AF.fr) organizer of the Space Propulsion International Conference.

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Kharal, Kamran, Ullah, Saleem, and Alvi. "Environment-Friendly and Efficient Gaseous Insulator as a Potential Alternative to SF6." Processes 7, no. 10 (October 14, 2019): 740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7100740.

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Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is commonly used in electrical insulation networks due to its superior dielectric properties. However, it possesses a high Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 22,800 times compared to CO2 (at equal mass over a time span of 100 years) and a high atmospheric lifetime. This alarming metric prompted investigation for substitute gases with minor environmental influences. The overall objective of this research is to evaluate refrigerant R152a as a potential alternative for SF6 in electrical insulation systems. R152a gas has a significantly reduced value of GWP (140) and is a cheap insulation medium as compared to SF6. In this paper, dielectric breakdown testing of R152a and a mixture of CO2 with different concentrations have been tested. The dielectric strength of R152a/CO2 gas shows a saturated growth trend with increasing the gap difference, gas pressure and mixing ratio of R152a. Based on our experimental conditions, R152a/CO2 gas reveals good dielectric properties, and insulation performance can reach up to 96% of SF6. Finally, this work will bring a cost-effective and environment-friendly gaseous insulator for utility companies and power equipment manufacturers.

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Okpoko, J. S., and H. A. P. Audu. "Geostatistical Modelling and Mapping of the Concentration of Gaseous Pollutants." October 2018 2, no. 2 (October 2018): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2018.02.0084.

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In this study, the prediction of the concentration of gaseous pollutants around Ughelli West gas flow station in Delta State of Nigeria was carried out using Geostatistical technique in GIS environment. Since air pollutants negatively affect quality of air, lives and the environment, there is therefore the need to frequently monitor air quality, have thorough understanding of the pollutants’ concentration and their spatial distribution in an environment. The gaseous pollutants data of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), methane (CH4), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3), were obtained using Multi-parameter gas monitor while that of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was obtained with SPM meter for a period of three months. Thermo Anemometer was used to obtain the values of wind speed, ambient temperature, atmospheric pressure and relative humidity. Artificial Neural Network designer software (Pythia) was used to validate the acquired field data; predict the concentration of the gaseous pollutants at selected distances from the flow station. The geospatial coordinates of the flow station were obtained using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers; the geospatial modelling and analysis were performed with ArcGIS software and ordinary kriging method of Geostatistical techniques. The results of the maximum concentration for the gaseous pollutants in the study area were 28.17 µg/m3, 19.44 µg/m3, 0.37 µg/m3, 49.81 µg/m3, 0.061 µg/m3 and 0.047µg/m3 for VOCs, CH4, NO2, PM2.5, O3 and SO2 respectively. The root mean square error for the concentration of the gaseous pollutants, ozone and sulphur (IV) oxide in the study area were 0.01618 and 0.008417 indicating a good interpolation model, while their root mean square standard errors, which show the reliability of the predicted values, were 0.70513551 and 0.8459251 respectively. These results conform with the report of other researchers that a better kriging method yields a smaller root mean square and a standard root mean square closer to one. The developed prediction maps for the gaseous pollutants in this study revealed that the study area will experience lower concentration of gaseous pollutants at a distance of 400 m and above.

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Schastlivtseva, D. V., T. I. Kotrovskaya, and Yu A. Bubeev. "CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HUMAN EEG-REACTION TO HYPERBARIC ARTIFICIAL GASEOUS ENVIRONMENT." Aerospace and Environmental Medicine 52, no. 1 (2018): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21687/0233-528x-2018-52-1-48-55.

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Rozman, K. A., R. P. Oleksak, Ö. N. Doğan, M. Detrois, P. D. Jablonski, and J. A. Hawk. "Creep of MARBN-type 9Cr martensitic steel in gaseous CO2 environment." Materials Science and Engineering: A 826 (October 2021): 141996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.141996.

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Pickett, Jolene S., Gerald B. Murphy, and William S. Kurth. "Gaseous environment of the Shuttle early in the Spacelab 2 mission." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 25, no. 2 (March 1988): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.25966.

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Najjar, Yousef S. H. "Gaseous Pollutants Formation and Their Harmful Effects on Health and Environment." Innovative Energy Policies 1 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4303/iep/e101203.

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Rosocha, L. A. "Nonthermal plasma applications to the environment: gaseous electronics and power conditioning." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 33, no. 1 (February 2005): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2004.841800.

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Zakladnoy, G. A. "Forming of the Gaseous Environment by Insects in the Intergranular Air." Entomological Review 99, no. 1 (January 2019): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0013873819010044.

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Schastlivtseva, D. V., T. I. Kotrovskaya, and Yu A. Bubeev. "Characteristics of the Human EEG Reaction to Artificial Hyperbaric Gaseous Environment." Human Physiology 45, no. 7 (December 2019): 718–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0362119719070156.

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Sarazin-Baudoux, Christine, Catherine Gardin, Tuan-Hiep Pham, Gaëlle Chrétien, Jean Petit, Van-Xuan Tran, and Guillaume Benoit. "Fatigue Crack Propagation in Gaseous Hydrogen Environment in Low Alloy Steel." Procedia Engineering 114 (2015): 354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.079.

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