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Journal articles on the topic 'Gas'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Goto, Nobuharu, and Richard P. Pharis. "Role of gibberellins in the development of floral organs of the gibberellin-deficient mutant, ga1-1, of Arabidopsis thaliana." Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 7 (November 5, 1999): 944–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-090.

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The gibberellin-deficient mutant, ga1-1 (NG5) of Arabidopsis thaliana, when induced by 16-h-long days, will form floral buds. However, the flower stalk is very short and floral organs within the flowers remain undeveloped; petal growth is arrested, with the petals being scaly and translucent, the stamens are abortive, the filaments do not elongate, and the pollen does not mature. Sepals and pistils are also underdeveloped. All of the above defects of this mutant can be completely eliminated if certain gibberellins (GAs) are applied to the young floral buds. That is, the applied GA acts to normalize not only plant height but also development of floral organs, thereby yielding good seed set from self-pollination. There were appreciable differences in the efficacy of different GA structures in normalizing the various floral organs. For seed production, the order of efficacy was 2,2-dimethyl GA4 > GA7 > GA3 = GA4 > GA1 > GA5 = GA9. When 2,2-dimethyl GA4 was used to determine an optimal GA dose, the following pattern emerged: filament elongation and pollen development, 1-10 ng; petal and pistil growth, 1 ng; sepal growth, 0.1 ng; papilla elongation, 0.01 ng. However, one application at these doses was insufficient to normalize the flowers, which were formed one after another, and a continuing supply of GA at the optimal dose was required for normal flower development and seed set. We conclude from this work that GAs play an essential role in the development of floral organs of Arabidopsis and that petals and stamens (filaments and pollen) in particular develop normally only when GAs are present at the optimal level.Key words: Arabidopsis thaliana, floral organ development, gibberellin, gibberellin-deficient mutant, petal and pollen development, reproductive function.

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2

Tu, Yicheng, Peter Hirst, Ronald Coolbaugh, and Richard Pharis. "532 Endogenous Gibberellins in Developing Apple Seeds in Relation to Biennial Bearing." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 487B—487. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.487b.

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It is believed that gibberellins (GA) produced in apple seeds act as an inhibitory signal to flower induction in the neighboring buds. The alternate bearing behavior of an apple cultivar is therefore likely to be associated with the activity of endogenous GAs in the seeds of that cultivar. To elucidate the impact of GAs on the flowering of biennial and non-biennial apple cultivars, fruits were sampled from `Fuji' (biennial, on-year) and `Gala' (non-biennial) trees periodically during the early part of the growing season. Seeds were removed from fruits immediately, frozen in liquid Nitrogen and freeze dried. Full scan analysis for GAs using GC-MS identified 16 GAs: GA1, GA3, GA4, GA7, GA20, GA31, GA34, GA35, GA44, GA50, GA54, GA61, GA63, GA68, GA80, and GA88. In addition, we also traced a number of GA-like mass spectra that do not match any published GA mass spectrum reference. The possible structures of these GA-like compounds were also proposed. More types of GAs were found in `Fuji' seeds than in those of `Gala'. This suggests higher GA activity in `Fuji' considering almost all the GAs identified are biologically active. Unlike the results of recent researches on GAs in other apple cultivars, we found that the major GA types in both cultivars are GA80 and GA63, rather than GA4 and GA7. `Fuji' contained significant amounts of GA88, which did not appear in `Gala' samples. Other studies are currently underway to quantify specific GAs from these seeds using deuterated internal standards.

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3

Kamboj, Nitin, and Mohrana Choudhary. "Impact of solid waste disposal on ground water quality near Gazipur dumping site, Delhi, India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v5i2.322.

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The present study was carried out to study the impact of domestic wastes disposal on ground water quality at Delhi, India. Ground water is one of the major sources of drinking water in arid and semi-arid regions. Ground water quality data and its distributions are important for the purpose of planning and management. The samples of ground water were collected and analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters viz. conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, phosphate,fluoride, sodium and potassium. Among these parameters, TDS were found higher 1400, 1068, 1524, 1656, 840, 1106, 1540, 1330, 1900, 1960, 1914, 2061 mg/l at all the Ga1,Ga2, Ga3, Ga4, Ga5, Ga6, Ga7, Ga8, Ga9, Ga10, Ga11, Ga12, Ga13, Ga14, Ga15, Ga16 sampling sites respectively. TDS were observed beyond the desirable limits of BIS at all the sampling sites. Maximum value of TDS (2061 mg/l) was found at the sampling site Ga12 while the minimum value of TDS (1061 mg/l) was found at the sampling site Ga2. Maximum value of chloride (560 mg/l) wasfound at sampling site Ga4, while the minimum value of chloride (60 mg/l) was found at sampling site Ga5 and rest all other parameters were found within permissible limit. The present study concluded that the chloride and TDS in water samples were above to the desirable limit and below to the permissible limit of BIS and rest all other parameters were within desirable limit.

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4

Shiraiwa, Nobutaka, Kaori Kikuchi, Ichiro Honda, Masayoshi Shigyo, Hiroko Yamazaki, Daisuke Tanaka, Kenji Tanabe, and Akihiro Itai. "Characterization of Endogenous Gibberellins and Molecular Cloning of a Putative Gibberellin 3-Oxidase Gene in Bunching Onion." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 136, no. 6 (November 2011): 382–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.136.6.382.

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To clarify the role of gibberellin (GA) in the growth of bunching onion (Allium fistulosum), identification of endogenous GAs and expression analysis of a putative gibberellin 3-oxidase (AfGA3ox1) were conducted. GA1, GA3, GA4, GA9, GA20, and GA34 were identified with levels of GA4 and GA9 being higher than those of GA1, GA3, and GA20. The young seedlings were clearly elongated by exogenous GA4 treatment but not by GA3. These results indicate that the 13-non-hydroxylation pathway of GA biosynthesis may be predominant in shoots with GA4 playing an important role in the growth of bunching onion. Expression of AfGA3ox1 was higher in leaf sheaths than leaf blades during vegetative growth. In reproductive organs, expression of AfGA3ox1 was higher at early and middle development stages in the stalks but was detected at a late development stage in the umbels. AfGA3ox1 was mapped on chromosome 7A from shallot, a bunching onion-related species.

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5

Rebers, Mariken, Evert Vermeer, Erik Knegt, and Linus H. W. van der Plas. "Gibberellin Levels Are Not a Suitable Indicator for Properly Cold-treated Tulip Bulbs." HortScience 31, no. 5 (September 1996): 837–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.5.837.

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To find a suitable indicator for properly cold-treated tulip bulbs (Tulipa gesneriana L. cv. Apeldoorn), the content of the endogenous free gibberellins (GAs) GA1, GA4, GA9, GA24, and GA34 was investigated. GA levels were measured in the shoots and basal plates at the start and at the end of a complete cold treatment of 12 weeks at 5 °C by combined gas chromatography–mass spectrometry using deuterated internal standards. Bulbs stored at 17 °C for 12 weeks served as controls and the experiment was repeated three times. Before the cold treatment, GA1 and GA4 were the major occurring GAs in the shoots. After 12 weeks, GA4 was the main GA component and the levels of GA1 were low in precooled and nonprecooled bulb shoots. The levels of GA4, GA9, GA24, and GA34 in precooled and nonprecooled bulb shoots and basal plates were similar. Hence, no direct correlation between cold-stimulated growth and a change in the endogenous GA status in shoots or basal plates was determined during the cold treatment. The free GA content in shoots or basal plates at the end of bulb storage cannot be used as a marker in a test for properly cold-treated `Apeldoorn' tulip bulbs.

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6

Yang, Xiaohua, Susan K. Brown, and Peter J. Davies. "The Content and In Vivo Metabolism of Gibberellin in Apple Vegetative Tissues." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 138, no. 3 (May 2013): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.138.3.173.

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Despite the demonstrated importance of gibberellins (GAs) as regulators of fruit tree stature, information on their in vivo metabolism in apple vegetative tissues is still lacking. To determine whether the GA content and metabolism differs between dwarf and standard phenotypes and the influence of rootstocks, [14C]GA12, a common precursor of all GAs in higher plants, was applied to vigorously growing apple (Malus ×domestica) shoots collected from the scion cultivar Redcort on MM.106, a growth-promoting rootstock, and dwarf and standard seedlings on their own roots from progeny 806 (a cross between a breeding selection with reduced stature and an advanced breeding selection with a standard tree form). Twenty-one metabolites were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and used as tracers for the purification of endogenous GAs. The existence of endogenous and [2H]-labeled GA12, GA15, GA53, GA44, GA19, GA20, and GA3 was demonstrated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS); GA20 was the major GA present, with slightly less GA19 and GA44, and with GA3 present at approximately one-third the level of GA20. Despite specific searching, neither GA4, GA7, GA1, nor GA29 was found, showing that [14C]GA12 is metabolized mainly through the 13-hydroxylation pathway and that GA3 is a bioactive GA in apple vegetative tissues. The invigorating rootstock led to a slow GA metabolic rate in ‘Redcort’. For self-rooted plants, the same GAs were identified in dwarf and standard seedlings from progeny 806, although standard plants metabolized at twice the speed of dwarf plants. Young branches of dwarf 806 plants treated with GA3 were one-third longer with more nodes but similar in internode length. We conclude that the dwarf phenotype in progeny 806 is not caused by a lack of certain GAs in the GA biosynthesis pathway downstream of GA12.

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7

Kosakivska, I. V. "GIBBERELLINS IN REGULATION OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT UNDER ABIOTIC STRESSES." Biotechnologia Acta 14, no. 2 (February 2021): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/biotech14.02.005.

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Background. Gibberellins (GAs), a class of diterpenoid phytohormones, play an important role in regulation of plant growth and development. Among more than 130 different gibberellin molecules, only a few are bioactive. GA1, GA3, GA4, and GA7 regulate plant growth through promotion the degradation of the DELLA proteins, a family of nuclear growth repressors – negative regulator of GAs signaling. Recent studies on GAs biosynthesis, metabolism, transport, and signaling, as well as crosstalk with other phytohormones and environment have achieved great progress thanks to molecular genetics and functional genomics. Aim. In this review, we focused on the role of GAs in regulation of plant gtowth in abiotic stress conditions. Results. We represented a key information on GAs biosynthesis, signaling and functional activity; summarized current understanding of the crosstalk between GAs and auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid and other hormones and what is the role of GAs in regulation of adaptation to drought, salinization, high and low temperature conditions, and heavy metal pollution. We emphasize that the effects of GAs depend primarily on the strength and duration of stress and the phase of ontogenesis and tolerance of the plant. By changing the intensity of biosynthesis, the pattern of the distribution and signaling of GAs, plants are able to regulate resistance to abiotic stress, increase viability and even avoid stress. The issues of using retardants – inhibitors of GAs biosynthesis to study the functional activity of hormones under abiotic stresses were discussed. Special attention was focused on the use of exogenous GAs for pre-sowing priming of seeds and foliar treatment of plants. Conclusion. Further study of the role of gibberellins in the acquisition of stress resistance would contribute to the development of biotechnology of exogenous use of the hormone to improve growth and increase plant yields under adverse environmental conditions.

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8

Pang, Yongqi, Jintong Li, Bishu Qi, Mi Tian, Lirong Sun, Xuechen Wang, and Fushun Hao. "Aquaporin AtTIP5;1 as an essential target of gibberellins promotes hypocotyl cell elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana under excess boron stress." Functional Plant Biology 45, no. 3 (2018): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp16444.

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Aquaporins play essential roles in growth and development including stem elongation in plants. Tonoplast aquaporin AtTIP5;1 has been proposed to positively regulate hypocotyl elongation under high concentrations of boron (high-B) in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. However, the mechanism underlying this process remains unanswered. Here, we show that paclobatrazol, an inhibitor of GA biosynthesis, significantly suppressed the hypocotyl cell elongation of wild-type (WT) seedlings, and more strongly suppressed that of AtTIP5;1 overexpressors under high-B stress. Two AtTIP5;1 null mutants displayed arrested elongation of cells in the upper part of hypocotyls compared with the WT in the presence of high-B or GA3. Moreover, paclobatrazol treatment completely inhibited the increases in AtTIP5;1 transcripts induced by high-B, whereas GA3 application upregulated AtTIP5;1 expression in the WT. In addition, treatment with high-B remarkably elevated the expression levels of GA3ox1, GA20ox1 and GA20ox2 – key biosynthesis genes of GAs – in WT seedlings. The GA3 and GA4 content also increased in WT seedlings grown in MS medium containing high-B. Additionally, application of high-B failed to enhance AtTIP5;1 expression in the double mutant rga-24–gai-t6 of DELLA genes. Together, these results suggest that AtTIP5;1 is an essential downstream target of GAs. High-B induces the accumulation of GAs, which activates AtTIP5;1 through modulation of the DELLA proteins Repressor of ga1–3 and GA-insensitive, further promoting hypocotyl elongation in A. thaliana.

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9

Milovanov, Y. S. "Influence of gas adsorption on the impedance of porous GaAs." Functional materials 23, no. 4 (March 24, 2017): 052–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fm24.01.052.

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10

Samba, Mohammed Alsharif, Ibrahim Aldokali, and Mahmoud Omran Elsharaf. "A New EOR Technology: Gas Alternating Gas Injection." Journal of Earth Energy Engineering 8, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jeee.2019.vol8(1).2354.

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A new method of enhanced oil recovery has been developed and applied to a simulation using some of data from the fifth SPE paper " template from CMG ". The simulator was used in this paper is GEM in the Computer Modelling Group (CMG) advanced equation-of-state (EOS) compositional simulator. The new method is called Gas alternating gas injection(GAG). The Gas Alternating Gas process is a cyclic method of injecting alternating cycles of gas followed by gas and repeating. Sensitivity analysis showed this method can give a much better recovery factor for GAG compared with single continues gas injection. GAG benefits that will give low water cut and high oil recovery due to gas segregation between two gases and that will prevent heavier gas to go the top layers. This work indicate that the GAG injection is an economic method compared with continues injection. Especially when we use GAG (Air + CO2).

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11

MacKenzie, Debora. "GAS! GAS! GAS!" New Scientist 228, no. 3044 (October 2015): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(15)31467-6.

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12

Khan, Muhammad Aaqil, Muhammad Hamayun, Amjad Iqbal, Sumera Afzal Khan, Anwar Hussain, Sajjad Asaf, Abdul Latif Khan, Byung-Wook Yun, and In-Jung Lee. "Gibberellin application ameliorates the adverse impact of short-term flooding on Glycine max L." Biochemical Journal 475, no. 18 (September 19, 2018): 2893–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20180534.

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Flooding is an abiotic stress that creates hypoxic conditions triggered by redox potential leading to restricted growth and grain yield in plants. In the current study, we have investigated the effect of exogenous gibberellins (GA4+7) on soybean under flooding stress. A regulatory role of GAs on biochemical changes in soybean plants [including chlorophyll contents, endogenous bioactive GA1 and GA4, endogenous jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA)] has been elucidated after 3 and 6 h of flooding stress. The modulation of stress-related bio-chemicals and their genetic determinants [for instance, ABA (Timing of CAB expression1—TOC1, ABA-receptor—ABAR) and NO (S-nitrosoglutathione reductase—GSNOR1, NO overproducer1—NOX, and nitrite reductase—NR)] in response to short-term flooding stress were also explored. The current study showed that exogenous GAs rescued chlorophyll contents, enhanced endogenous bioactive GA1 and GA4 levels, endogenous jasmonic acid (JA) and checked the rate of ABA biosynthesis under short-term flooding. The exo-GAs induced the glutathione activity and reduced the resulting superoxide anion contents during short-term flooding in Pungsannamul soybean. Exo-GAs also triggered the endogenous S-nitrosothiols (precursor for increased NO production) that have been decreased over the time. Moreover, the exo-GAs could impinge a variety of biochemical and transcriptional programs that are ameliorative to plant growth during short-term flooding stress. The presence of GA1 and GA4 also confirms the presence of both C13-hydroxylation pathway and non-C13-hydroxylation pathway in soybean, respectively.

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13

Benavides Morejon, Evelyn, and Inés Villacís-Altamirano. "Análisis de las técnicas adhesivas en sellantes dentales: un estudio experimental en premolares." Odontología 26, no. 1 (January 15, 2024): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29166/odontologia.vol26.n1.2024-e5909.

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Objetivo: Identificar cuál de las técnicas adhesivas presenta mayor microfiltración. Metodología: Estudio experimental in vitro, fueron usados 60 premolares divididos aleatoriamente en 4 grupos. Grupo 1 (TC): técnica convencional, acondicionamiento con ácido ortofosfórico al 37% y sellante, Grupo 2 (GAA): acondicionamiento ácido, aplicación de adhesivo de grabado y lavado y sellante, Grupo 3 (GAS): aplicación de adhesivo universal y sellante, Grupo 4 (GAAS): acondicionamiento ácido, adhesivo universal y sellante. Se termociclaron las muestras por 10000 ciclos; después fueron inmersas durante 24 horas en azul de metileno al 0.5% y finalmente seccionadas en sentido bucolingual para evaluar la microfiltración en estereomicroscopio. Se evaluaron los datos en el programa estadístico Minitab 19 con una confianza de 95%. Se aplicó un análisis de ANOVA con un post-hoc de Tukey (α=0.05). Resultados: el grupo GAS fue el que presentó el mayor grado de microfiltración (media de 1,667), a diferencia del grupo GAA que tuvo el menor grado de microfiltración (media de 1,000). No presentaron diferencias entre los grupos GAS, TC Y GAAS, ni entre los grupos TC, GAAS Y GAA. Conclusiones: El uso de sellante resinoso con adhesivo universal sin grabado ácido previo GAS fue el que mayor microfiltración presentó.

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14

Salmanov, V. M., A. G. Guseinov, R. M. Mamedov, F. Sh Ahmedova, and A. M. Aliyeva. "Photoluminescence of GaS-GaSe heterostructures upon twoand three-photon excitation by laser radiation." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Fizika, no. 9 (2022): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/00213411/65/9/54.

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Nonlinear absorption in GaS-GaSe heterostructures under the action of a Nd:YAG laser with built-in generators of the 2nd and 3rd harmonics, designed to generate radiation with a wavelength of 1064, 532, and 335 nm, is experimentally studied. It is shown that the appearance of characteristic radiation in the luminescence spectra and the behavior of the dependence of luminescence on the excitation intensity indicate the presence of two- and three-quantum absorption processes in GaS-GaSe heterostructures.

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15

Wiseman, Nadine J., and Colin G. N. Turnbull. "Endogenous gibberellin content does not correlate with photoperiod-induced growth changes in strawberry petioles." Functional Plant Biology 26, no. 4 (1999): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp98002.

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We have examined whether gibberellins (GAs) mediate photoperiodic growth responses in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) by measuring GA content and GA metabolism in petioles with accurately defined growth rates. Gibberellin A1 , GA8 , GA19 , GA20 , GA29 , GA34 , and tentatively GA17 , were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and GA4 was detected by selected ion monitoring. Although petiole growth rates were reduced within 2 d of a long-day to short-day transfer, we found no consistent changes in GA content until 8 d, when GA1 , GA8 , GA29 and GA34 were reduced by about two-fold in short days. GA20 concentration was always low regardless of age or treatment, typically 10-fold less than GA1 and 40-fold less than GA19 . Application of paclobutrazol (25 g plant–1 ) reduced growth rate by 43%, somewhat greater than the effect of short days (23%), but resulted in a six-fold decrease in GA1 content, much greater than the maximum two-fold effect of short days. However, paclobutrazol-treated petioles in long and short days differed in growth rate by 30%, yet had no difference in GA1 content. [2H]GA19 and [2H]GA20 were metabolised to GA1 , GA8 and GA29 , although conversion of GA19 was slow. GA4 was converted to GA 34 but not to GA1 or GA8 . Photoperiod had little effect on any of these metabolic steps. For the following reasons, we suggest that the photoperiod growth response is not mediated primarily through altered GA concentrations: (1) a lack of a rapid photoperiod effect on GA concentrations or metabolism, (2) changes in growth before or independent of changes in GA concentrations and (3) a normal photoperiod effect on growth in petioles with artificially lowered GA content.

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16

Jaegle, Martin, and Klaus Steiner. "Gas-sensitive GaAs-MESFETs." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 34, no. 1-3 (August 1996): 543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4005(96)01859-x.

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17

King, RW, C. Blundell, and LT Evans. "The Behaviour of Shoot Apices of Lolium temulentum in vitro as the Basis of an Assay System for Florigenic Extracts." Functional Plant Biology 20, no. 3 (1993): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9930337.

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Previous experiments have shown that shoot apices excised from plants of L. temulentum that had been exposed to one long day (LD) could form inflorescence primordia in vitro if gibberellic acid (GA3) was present in the medium whereas apices from plants in short days (SD) could not. We show here that apices from older plants grown under high irradiance can undergo inflorescence differentiation in vitro after one LD even in the absence of GA3, as can apices from plants in SD if GA3 is present in the medium. For apices excised from both SD and one LD plants, the order of effectiveness of gibberellins for inflorescence induction was 2,2-dimethyl GA4 > GA5 > GA3 > GA1, in agreement with their ranking for effectiveness on intact plants. Application of GA3 to leaves before apex excision can substitute for GA3 in the growth medium. The presence of GA3 in the medium is not required until 4-6 days after excision from plants given one LD, and appears to be necessary for differentiation beyond the spikelet primordia stage. Three hypotheses concerning the relation between GAs and the LD stimulus to flowering, as affected by plant age, are considered.

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18

Junttila, O., R. W. King, A. Poole, G. Kretschmer, R. P. Pharis, and L. T. Evans. "Regulation in Lolium temulentum of the Metabolism of Gibberellin A20 and Gibberellin A1 by 16,17-Dihydro GA5 and by the Growth Retardant, LAB 198 999." Functional Plant Biology 24, no. 3 (1997): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp96031.

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The ring D-modified gibberellin [GA], 16,17-dihydro GA5, can retard stem growth in Lolium temulentum L. while promoting flowering (Evans et al., 1994, Planta193, 107–114). Using [1,2,3-3 H]GA20 to study the final biosynthetic step to GA1 (a known effector of shoot elongation in higher plants), it was shown that C-3b-hydroxylation of GA20 to GA1 is blocked by 16,17-dihydro GA5 but is little affected by GA5. Another late-stage biosynthetic inhibitor, the acylcyclohexanedione, LAB 198 999, also blocked GA1 formation. Furthermore, endogenous levels of GA20 built up after application of 16,17-dihydro GA5. Consequently, growth retardation by 16,17-dihydro GA5 and LAB 198 999 is likely to be the result of their inhibition of GA20 3b-hydroxylation to GA1. Another fate for GA20 in Lolium is its C-2b-hydroxylation to growth-inactive GA29. This conversion was also inhibited by 16,17-dihydro GA5 but less so by LAB 198 999. The analogous step involving 2b-hydroxylation of GA1 to GA8 appeared to be insensitive to either growth retardant. When [3H]GA20 was injected into the cavity within the young intact sheathing leaves, there was an appreciable metabolism of this GA20 to GA1 and thence to GA8 (ca 10% and 30% respectively within 5 h). For excised shoot tips, however, [3H]GA20 was converted rapidly and virtually completely to GA29 in 3–5 h. Interestingly, with these excised shoot tips, GA3 and GA5 as well as 16,17-dihydro GA5 when applied via the agar strongly inhibited 2b-hydroxylation of GA20 to GA29. In contrast, while 16,17-dihydro GA5 blocked GA20 metabolism to GA29 in intact sheath/stem tissue, this conversion was not inhibited by GA5. These differences in structural specificity for GAs which inhibit 2b-hydroxylation as opposed to 3b-hydroxylation are in accordance with these two Ring-A hydroxylation steps being catalysed by different enzymes. Finally, the differences in GA20 metabolism between intact versus excised tissue raise the possibility that tissue wounding with excision enhanced the activity of the GA20 2b-hydroxylase(s).

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19

Reinoso, Herminda, Virginia Luna, Carlos Dauría, Richard P. Pharis, and Rubén Bottini. "Dormancy in peach (Prunus persica) flower buds. VI. Effects of gibberellins and an acylcyclohexanedione (trinexapac-ethyl) on bud morphogenesis in field experiments with orchard trees and on cuttings." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 664–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-051.

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The effects of several gibberellins (GAs), exo-16,17-dihydro GA5, 2,2-dimethyl GA4, and GA3, and trinexapac-ethyl (an acylcyclohexanedione inhibitor of late-stage GA biosynthesis), were assessed for their effects on flower bud development during and after winter dormancy in peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.) in three field trials and one experiment using cuttings. At late developmental stages, GA3 hastened floral bud development and shortened the time to anthesis, whereas early-stage applications of GA3 either had no effect or delayed floral bud development. In contrast, an exceptionally growth-active GA, 2,2-dimethyl GA4, promoted floral bud development (tested only on cuttings) across a range of application dates. However, it also induced a high percentage of bud abscission and remaining buds had a necrotic gynoecium and alterations in the androecium. Surprisingly, trinexapac-ethyl also promoted floral bud development, although it was not as effective as GA1. Trinexapac-ethyl-treated buds also showed morphological alterations and gynoecium necrosis. However, the best and most consistent treatment for enhancing floral bud development and hastening flower anthesis was 16,17-dihydro GA5. It stimulated floral bud development in up to 80% of the treated buds. Further, the promotive effect of 16,17-dihydro GA5 was maintained through to anthesis across three years of field experiments on intact trees, as well as with cuttings. Whether 16,17-dihydro GA5, a competitive inhibitor of the 3β-hydroxylation step in GA biosynthesis, acts per se, acts via a metabolite (such as 16,17-dihydro GA3), or acts by modifying endogenous GA metabolism is not yet known.Key words: gibberellins, trinexapac-ethyl, floral bud morphogenesis, peach.

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20

Newnham, David. "It’s a gas, gas, gas." Nursing Standard 30, no. 29 (March 16, 2016): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.30.29.27.s27.

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21

Ziemba, Rachel. "It's a Gas, Gas, Gas!" Wilmott 2012, no. 59 (May 2012): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wilm.10109.

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22

Saitoh, Keijiro, Eisaku Ito, Koichi Nishida, Satoshi Tanimura, and Keizo Tsukagoshi. "A105 DEVELOPMENT OF COMBUSTOR WITH EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION SYSTEM FOR THE NEXT GENERATION GAS TURBINE(Gas Turbine-2)." Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering (ICOPE) 2009.1 (2009): _1–47_—_1–52_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicope.2009.1._1-47_.

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23

Babenko, Olena. "ADJUSTMENT OF REAL GAS EQUATIONS TO CALCULATION OF GAS JET PUMPS." Problems and prospects of the oil and gas industry, no. 4 (September 30, 2020): 106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32822/naftogazscience.2020.04.106.

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24

Fang, Ping, and Yu Chen. "A Review on Gas Supply System of Liquefied Natural Gas Vehicle." International Journal of Materials, Mechanics and Manufacturing 7, no. 1 (February 2019): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijmmm.2019.7.1.429.

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25

KANEKO, Shigehiko, and Yudai YAMASAKI. "4A11 Control of micro gas turbine generator fueled by biomass gas." Proceedings of the Symposium on the Motion and Vibration Control 2010 (2010): _4A11–1_—_4A11–13_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemovic.2010._4a11-1_.

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26

García, E., P. Miranzo, and M. I. Osendi. "Quemadores de gas cerámicos." Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 42, no. 5 (October 30, 2003): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/cyv.2003.v42.i5.630.

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27

Makarov, Nikolai, and Vladimir Makarov. "Local diffusion airfoil control as an effective way of increasing the adaptability of gas air cooler fan unit." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal 1 (February 15, 2022): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2022-1-72-83.

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Problem statement. Industrial safety and compressed gas cooling efficiency at compressor stations of the main gas pipeline is an essential task that gives urgency to the issue of mathematical modeling of energy conversion control in the impellers of gas air cooler (GAC) fan units. GAC fan units are high-speed and adaptable. So, they can make the Russian oil and gas complex highly competitive globally. Research objective is to develop a method of controlling the diffusion airfoil of the impeller blade profiles, which is the main reason for GAC fan units’ low adaptability. Methods of research. To calculate the majorant of fan unit adaptability control, we accepted a hydrodynamic analog of local diffusion airfoil, namely, flow velocity change on the blade profile. Having applied conformal transformations, hydrodynamic analogy, and S. A. Chaplygin singular points, we have developed a method of local diffusion airfoil control which consists in changing the flow velocity using sources of influence on the blade profiles flow. Results. It has been proved that the intensity of the sources distributed along the impeller blade profile is the majorant of local diffusion airfoil control. The sources determine the diffusion airfoil of the flow and, therefore, the velocity change around the profile. The experiment confirmed that the profiles constructed according to the proposed method reduce the profile drag coefficient of GAC fan unit impeller blades by more than three times, increasing the cost-effective performance by at least 43%. Scope of results. The result obtained can be used at the enterprises of the Russian oil and gas complex when cooling the compressed gas with the main gas pipeline compressor station GACs.

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Gotoh, Jin'ichiro, Shinya Imano, Hidetoshi Kuroki, and Yasushi Hayasaka. "OS12W0356 Remote damage-diagnosis of hot-gas-path components of gas turbines." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2003.2 (2003): _OS12W0356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2003.2._os12w0356.

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29

Zhong, Zhicong. "Evaluation Method for Gas Injection and Production Capacity of PG2 Gas Storage." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12, no. 3 (March 5, 2023): 1204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr23320200501.

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30

Zars, Troy. "Working Memory: It’s a Gas, Gas, Gas." Current Biology 27, no. 5 (March 2017): R179—R181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.005.

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31

Jiang, Sha, Tamaki Honma, Teruko Nakamura, Ikuo Furukawa, and Fukuju Yamamoto. "Regulation by Uniconazole-P and Gibberellins of Morphological and Anatomical Responses of Fraxinus Mandshurica Seedlings to Gravity." IAWA Journal 19, no. 3 (1998): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001537.

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The present study deals with roles of gibberellins (GAs) in gravitropic responses of woody sterns of horizontally-positioned, 2-year-old seedling of Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. var.japonica Maxim. The application of uniconazole-P, an inhibitor of GAs biosynthesis, to stern nodes at various concentrations significantly inhibited not only righting the sterns but also wood formation. The application of GAs (GA3 and GA4) in combination with uniconazole-P negated the inhibitory effect of the treatment of uniconazole-P alone. The GAs alone did not affect wood formation, however, both GAs increased wood formation on both the upper and lower sides of horizontal sterns with an increase in the concentration of combined uniconazole-P. In all of the seedlings, tension wood was formed on the upper side of sterns. The application of uniconazole-P alone at various concentrations did not inhibit the formation of tension wood fibres.

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32

VM, Aroutiounian. "Hydrogen Peroxide Gas Sensors." Physical Science & Biophysics Journal 5, no. 2 (2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/psbj-16000194.

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The results of studies of many types of semiconductor H 2 O 2 sensors are discussed in this review of 195 articles about hydrogen peroxide. The properties of electrochemical detectors, sensors based on organic and inorganic materials, graphene, and nano-sensors are analyzed. Optical and fluorescent sensors, detectors made of porous materials, quantum dots, fibers, and spheres are briefly discussed. The results of our studies in the YSU of hydrogen peroxide sensors made from solid solutions of carbon nanotubes with semiconducting metal oxides are also presented in the review. The fundamentals of the manufacture of biomarkers of respiration containing hydrogen peroxide vapors, which make it possible to judge the degree of a person’s illness with various respiratory diseases (asthma, lung cancer, etc.), are discussed.

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33

Turnbull, Matthew H., Richard P. Pharis, Leonid V. Kurepin, Michal Sarfati, Lewis N. Mander, and Dave Kelly. "Flowering in snow tussock (Chionochloa spp.) is influenced by temperature and hormonal cues." Functional Plant Biology 39, no. 1 (2012): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp11116.

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Snow tussocks (Chionochloa spp.) in New Zealand exhibit extreme mast (episodic) seeding which has important implications for plant ecology and plant–insect interactions. Heavy flowering appears to be triggered by very warm/dry summers in the preceding year. In order to investigate the physiological basis for mast flowering, mature snow tussock plants in the field and younger plants in a glasshouse and shadehouse were subjected to a range of manipulative treatments. Field treatments included combinations of warming, root pruning and applications of two native gibberellins (GAs) GA3, which is known to be highly floral inductive and GA4, which is associated with continued floral apex development in another long-day grass. Warming, GA3 alone and especially warming + GA3, significantly promoted flowering, as did applications of GA4 alone and GA4 + CCC (2-chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride, which is a known synergist of GA3-induced flowering in the annual grass, Lolium temulentum L.). Our results provide support for the concept that mast flowering events in tussock species are causally related to high temperature-induced increases in endogenous gibberellin levels. It is likely that GAs (endogenous or applied) promote the continued development of a previously long-day induced floral apex. In addition to the promotion of flowering, applied GA3 also disturbed the plant’s innate resource threshold requirements, as shown by the death, over winter, of many non-flowering tillers. Applied GA4 did not show this effect, likely due to its rapid catabolic metabolism to an inactive form. High temperature-induced flowering mediated by elevated levels of endogenous floral-promotive GAs could have important implications for regulating the evolutionary interaction between these masting plants and their seed predators.

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Betts, Natalie S., Christoph Dockter, Oliver Berkowitz, Helen M. Collins, Michelle Hooi, Qiongxian Lu, Rachel A. Burton, et al. "Transcriptional and biochemical analyses of gibberellin expression and content in germinated barley grain." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 6 (December 10, 2019): 1870–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz546.

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Abstract Mobilization of reserves in germinated cereal grains is critical for early seedling vigour, global crop productivity, and hence food security. Gibberellins (GAs) are central to this process. We have developed a spatio-temporal model that describes the multifaceted mechanisms of GA regulation in germinated barley grain. The model was generated using RNA sequencing transcript data from tissues dissected from intact, germinated grain, which closely match measurements of GA hormones and their metabolites in those tissues. The data show that successful grain germination is underpinned by high concentrations of GA precursors in ungerminated grain, the use of independent metabolic pathways for the synthesis of several bioactive GAs during germination, and a capacity to abort bioactive GA biosynthesis. The most abundant bioactive form is GA1, which is synthesized in the scutellum as a glycosyl conjugate that diffuses to the aleurone, where it stimulates de novo synthesis of a GA3 conjugate and GA4. Synthesis of bioactive GAs in the aleurone provides a mechanism that ensures the hormonal signal is relayed from the scutellum to the distal tip of the grain. The transcript data set of 33 421 genes used to define GA metabolism is available as a resource to analyse other physiological processes in germinated grain.

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35

AOKI, Shigeki, Kiyoshi MATSUMOTO, Yasushi DOUURA, Takeo ODA, Masahiro Ogata, and Yasuhiro KINOSHITA. "A106 Upgraded lineup of KAWASAKI Green Gas Turbine combustion systems(Gas Turbine-2)." Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering (ICOPE) 2009.1 (2009): _1–53_—_1–57_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicope.2009.1._1-53_.

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36

Hoffmann, Roald. "Old Gas, New Gas." American Scientist 94, no. 1 (2006): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2006.57.16.

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37

Hoffmann, Roald. "Old Gas, New Gas." American Scientist 94, no. 1 (2006): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2006.57.3476.

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38

Jevtovic-Todorovic, Vesna. "Good Gas, Bad Gas." Anesthesia & Analgesia 118, no. 6 (June 2014): 1160–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ane.0000000000000235.

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39

Kentish, Sandra, and Vaughan Beck. "Unconventional gas: shale gas and coal seam gas." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 126, no. 2 (2014): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs14027.

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The Australian Council of Learned Academies (ACOLA1), Securing Australia’s Future, Project 6 report, entitled Engineering energy: unconventional gas production, explored the scientific, social, cultural, technological, environmental and economic issues surrounding alternative energy sources, with particular reference to shale gas production. The project was one of a series of strategic research projects for the Prime Minister’s Science, Engineering and Innovation Council. The project report made 51 key findings considering the potential technological, environmental, social and economic impacts of an Australian shale gas industry. Recommendations arising from the report were developed by the Office of the Chief Scientist in consultation with relevant government departments. The symposium presentation was based on the ACOLA project report.

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40

Zhang, Caixi, Kenji Tanabe, Hiroko Tani, Hiromitsu Nakajima, Minori Mori, and Emi Sakuno. "Biologically Active Gibberellins and Abscisic Acid in Fruit of Two Late-maturing Japanese Pear Cultivars with Contrasting Fruit Size." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 132, no. 4 (July 2007): 452–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.132.4.452.

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Both ‘Atago’ and ‘Shinkou’ are late-season japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) cultivars with russet-brown fruit, and the progenies of crosses made between ‘Nijisseiki’ and unknown cultivars, but they display different growth habit, fruit size, and fruit quality. To clarify the difference in fruit development between the two cultivars, the levels of endogenous gibberellins (GA1, GA3, and GA4) and abscisic acid (ABA) in fruit were identified and quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and a histological study of fruit was carried out. The results showed that cell number rather than cell size of mesocarp is responsible for the difference in fruit size between the two cultivars. Furthermore, analysis of endogenous bioactive gibberellins revealed that ‘Atago’ fruit has much higher levels of GA1, GA3, and GA4 than ‘Shinkou’ fruit during fruit development, particularly during the early period of fruit growth. However, ‘Shinkou’ has a much higher ABA level than ‘Atago’ during the early period of fruit development. Abscisic acid concentration remained at an extremely low level after the first production peak after anthesis in ‘Atago’ compared with ‘Shinkou’.

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41

Kendrick, Claire B., and Benjamin Schlesinger. "Natural Gas Vehicle Programs Offered by Gas Utilities." Natural Gas 8, no. 10 (August 20, 2008): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410081005.

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42

Swanson, Carl V. "High 1997 gas production may cap gas prices." Natural Gas 13, no. 7 (January 9, 2007): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410130703.

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43

Islam, A. B. M. O., T. Tambo, and C. Tatsuyama. "Passivation of GaAs surface by GaS." Vacuum 59, no. 4 (December 2000): 894–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-207x(00)00397-3.

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44

Fatimura, Muhrinsyah, and Reno Fitriyanti. "PENANGANAN GAS ASAM ( SOUR GAS ) YANG TERKANDUNG DALAM GAS ALAM MENJADI SWEETENING GAS." Jurnal Redoks 3, no. 2 (November 25, 2018): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31851/redoks.v3i2.2390.

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45

Smajla, Ivan, Romana Crneković, Daria Karasalihović Sedlar, and Filip Božić. "POTENTIAL OF CROATIAN LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG) TERMINAL IN SUPPLYING REGIONAL NATURAL GAS MARKETS." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 35, no. 4 (2020): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2020.4.8.

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This paper analyzes the possible role of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in the region in reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by replacing a certain part of solid fossil fuels. Increasing natural gas consumption, declining North Sea natural gas reserves and increased natural gas production costs in Europe combined have created new opportunities for LNG in Europe. The Energy Strategy of Croatia is focused on intensifying the transit position for natural gas that could establish Croatia as a primary LNG market for countries from the region, which shows that the Energy Strategy supports LNG. Concerning LNG’s introduction into the regional gas market, this paper analyses the possibility of establishing a regional gas hub. The region in this paper includes the following countries: Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Slovenia, and North Macedonia. On the other hand, the observed markets are not organized and sufficiently liquid, which is a crucial precondition for hub establishment. In order to decrease the region’s dependence on pipeline natural gas, it is necessary to construct gas interconnections between Croatia – Serbia, Croatia – Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia – North Macedonia. With the mentioned interconnections, the region could achieve greater security of natural gas supply. This paper discusses the possibility of utilizing the full capacity of a LNG terminal as a source of natural gas supply for the purpose of replacing solid fossil fuels in the region’s primary energy consumption. By replacing solid fossil fuels with natural gas, it is possible to achieve significant savings on CO2 emissions, which contributes towards a green and sustainable future.

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Singh, Esha, Indranil Mitra, and Indraneel Dasgupta. "Can Capillary Blood Gas be an Alternative to Arterial Blood Gas? – A Comparative Analysis." Indian Journal of Emergency Medicine 2, no. 2 (2016): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijem.2395.311x.2216.4.

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47

Sklabinskyy, Vsevolod, Oleksandr Liaposhchenko, Andrey Logvyn, and Mustafa Al-Rammahi. "Hydrodynamics Modeling of Gas Separator Inertial and Filter Elements for Natural Gas Fine Cleaning." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 8, no. 4 (December 5, 2014): 479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht08.04.479.

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48

Konishi, Tetsu, Toshishige Ai, Hisato Arimura, and Carlos Koeneke. "A101 DEVELOPMENT OF AIR COOLED COMBUSTOR FOR G SERIES GAS TURBINE(Gas Turbine-1)." Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering (ICOPE) 2009.1 (2009): _1–23_—_1–28_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicope.2009.1._1-23_.

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49

TAKATA, Kazumasa, Keizo TSUKAGOSHI, Junichiro MASADA, and Eisaku ITO. "A102 DEVELOPMENT OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE NEXT GENERATION GAS TURBINE(Gas Turbine-1)." Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering (ICOPE) 2009.1 (2009): _1–29_—_1–34_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicope.2009.1._1-29_.

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50

LIU, Yongwen, and Jianhua XIN. "A207 SCALING COMPONENT MAPS FOR GAS TURBINE STEADY STATE PERFORMANCE SIMULATION(Gas Turbine-5)." Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering (ICOPE) 2009.2 (2009): _2–37_—_2–41_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicope.2009.2._2-37_.

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