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1
Tuński, Tomasz, Cezary Behrendt, and Marcin Szczepanek. "Mathematical Modeling of the Working Conditions of the Ship’s Utilization Boiler in Order to Evaluate Its Performance." Energies 12, no. 16 (August 13, 2019): 3105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12163105.
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The paper presents a mathematical model allowing the determination of the amount of saturated steam produced in marine water tube boilers and smoke tube boilers. The mathematical model includes the impact of the exhaust gas temperature and its amount, ambient temperature, engine power load, and location of boiler tubes. In addition to the amount of steam generated in a boiler, it is also feasible to establish flow resistance of the exhaust gas in the boiler determined by the boiler tubes’ arrangement and the thickness of scale deposits and the exhaust gas temperature after the exhaust gas boiler. Due to the model universality, it may be applied not only to make calculations for existing boilers, but also to perform numerical experiments in order to determine the amount of steam produced by the entire range of boilers used in the waste heat recovery systems in power marine systems and the adopted limit values, such as exhaust gas flow resistance and their temperature, after the boiler. The reliability of the obtained results has been revised by comparing them with the outcomes of the experiments performed on the ships.
2
Bezhan, V. A., V. M. Zhytarenko, and P. Dalakov. "Energy Characteristics of Medium Pressure Steam Boilers." Journal of Engineering Sciences 7, no. 2 (2020): F8—`F14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/jes.2020.7(2).f2.
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The object of this study is the thermal and energy characteristics of medium pressure boilers of СНPP-1, four boilers CKTI-75/39F-2-4 and two boilers TP-150-2. All boilers operate on a common steam collector of 32 atm, at 420 °С. Fuel is a mixture of blast furnace gas and natural gas in the ratio of 0.7-0.9 volume particles. The characteristics of the blast furnace gas are not constant: the elemental composition, humidity, and dustiness of blast furnace gas change significantly. Analysis of operation of CHPP-1 medium pressure boilers of OJSC “Mariupol Metallurgical Combinat named after P. G. Ilyich” was carried out on the basis of the technical documentation and materials obtained during the ecological and thermal-technical tests of the boilers CKTI-75/39F-2-4 No. 7–9, and TP-150 No. 11, 12 of SU “Promavtomatika”. The main purpose of the analysis is to identify patterns that affect the operational characteristics of boilers, especially the efficiency. The analysis revealed the nature of the overall dependence of the efficiency on the load, as well as the dependence of the efficiency of the boilers on the load at different thermal parts of the blast furnace gas. After carrying out the balance tests, the dependencies of the exhaust gas temperature on the boiler load at different thermal parts of the blast furnace gas were established. Keywords: medium pressure boiler, thermal efficiency, blast furnace gas, heat losses.
3
Thamrin, Ismail, and K. Novaldo. "COMPARISON SPIRAL PIPE WITH ROUND PIPE FOR HEAT TRANSFER IN BOILER GAS TURBINE." Indonesian Journal of Engineering and Science 1, no. 1 (November 21, 2020): 039–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51630/ijes.v1i1.8.
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The increasing need for energy requires finding alternative energy. Sawdust is wate but can be utilised as alternative energy. The sawdust is used as a boiler fuel called biomass. However, the utilization of sawdust as a boiler fuel is considered less effective. Presumably heat and mass transfer of steam for boiler system using spiral pipes. Since the length of steam distribution becomes long so that the heat transfer from boiler to pipes takes a long time. Thus, this study examines the effect of spiral pipes for the heat transfer process for boilers, where the steam is supplied to rotate the turbines (generate electricity). Based on initially study, the boiler system performance using spiral pipe is better than round pipe.
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Ponomarenko, Y., M. Katkov, and R. Semenenko. "INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF GAS BOILER OPERATING MODES." Municipal economy of cities 4, no. 157 (September 25, 2020): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-4-157-127-133.
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A thermal energy is one of the most significant sources of environmental impact.This is a consequence of both the use of mostly non-renewable natural resources and environmental pollution from thermal power plants. The intensity of this impact depends on many factors, namely the purpose, power, type of fuel used and operating mode. Existing studies have established links between emissions and characteristics such as power and fuel type for stationary operating conditions. At the same time, changes in operating conditions have a significant impact on environmental and economic characteristics. This article is devoted to establishing the relationship between the operational characteristics of gas boilers and their environmental and economic efficiency. The analysis was based on the field data obtained from steam and water boilers that are in commercial operation and uses the natural gas. It was found that for steam and water boilers, there is a well-conditioned non-linear relationship between the technological parameters of boiler operation, in particular gas consumption, the percentage of boiler load, the amount and temperature of flue gases with indicators of pollutants entering the atmosphere. The most significant factor affecting the environmental and economic characteristics of boilers is the percentage of load of boilers. The nature of the dependency is determined by the type of boiler and the setting mode. These dependences with a high degree of conditionality have a parabolic character, which makes it possible to assume the existence of adjustment modes that minimize environmental and economic costs. For steam and water boilers, the dependence of environmental impact on the percentage of load is direct. But for steam boilers in the range of data that were studied, it has a monotonous character, that is, it does not have an extremum point. For water boilers, it is possible to find the optimal loading level that minimizes environmental costs, but to confirm this assumption, additional research is needed at low boiler loading levels. The proposed method can be used to determine the operating modes of boilers and their settings, taking into account environmental and economic criteria. Keywords: water gas boilers, steam gas boilers, operating modes, environmental and economic characteristics.
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Eidensten, L., J. Yan, and G. Svedberg. "Biomass Externally Fired Gas Turbine Cogeneration." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 118, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 604–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2816691.
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This paper is a presentation of a systematic study on externally fired gas turbine cogeneration fueled by biomass. The gas turbine is coupled in series with a biomass combustion furnace in which the gas turbine exhaust is used to support combustion. Three cogeneration systems have been simulated. They are systems without a gas turbine, with a non-top-fired gas turbine, and a top-fired gas turbine. For all systems, three types of combustion equipment have been selected: circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler, grate fired steam boiler, and grate fired hot water boiler. The sizes of biomass furnaces have been chosen as 20 MW and 100 MW fuel inputs. The total efficiencies based on electricity plus process heat, electrical efficiencies, and the power-to-heat ratios for various alternatives have been calculated. For each of the cogeneration systems, part-load performance with varying biomass fuel input is presented. Systems with CFB boilers have a higher total efficiency and electrical efficiency than other systems when a top-fired gas turbine is added. However, the systems with grate fired steam boilers allow higher combustion temperature in the furnace than CFB boilers do. Therefore, a top combustor may not be needed when high temperature is already available. Only one low-grade fuel system is then needed and the gas turbine can operate with a very clean working medium.
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Osintsev, Konstantin, Sergei Aliukov, and Sulpan Kuskarbekova. "Experimental Study of a Coil Type Steam Boiler Operated on an Oil Field in the Subarctic Continental Climate." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 14, 2021): 1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041004.
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Transportable boiler plants are widespread in the northern regions of the Russian Federation and have a large and stable demand in various spheres of life. The equipment used and the schemes of existing boiler plants are outdated—they require replacement and modernization. Our proposed new installation includes a coil type steam boiler and ancillary equipment designed with the identified deficiencies in mind. The steam boiler coils are coaxial cylinders. The scope of the modernized transportable boiler plant is an oil field in the subarctic continental climate. The work is aimed at completing an experimental and theoretical study of the operation of a coil type steam boilers under real operating conditions. Experimental data on the operation of boiler plants are presented. The dependences of the fuel consumption of boiler plants on the temperature and pressure of the coolant are obtained. Statistical analysis is applied to the collected data. Conclusions are formulated and a promising direction is laid out for further research and improvement of coil type steam boilers. Equations are proposed for calculating the convective component of radiant-convective heat transfer in gas ducts, taking into account the design features of boiler units by introducing new correction factors. Comparison of the calculated and experimental data showed their satisfactory agreement.
7
Fuller, Jack, and Yang Guo. "Update and Analysis of Current Boiler Operations Used for the Generation of Steam Heat and Electricity." Energy and Environment Research 7, no. 1 (May 5, 2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/eer.v7n1p23.
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According to the U.S, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the number of boilers in the U.S. devoted to the production of steam, electricity, and heat is approximately 1.5 million. This study analyzes boilers burning natural gas, coal, wood, oil, or other fuels to recover thermal energy in the form of steam or hot water to produce electricity or heat. The focus of this research paper will be to assess the compliance status of the boilers which were in the original EPA major source Boiler MACT group to provide insight into the current operating status of these boiler units.
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SHARP, W. B. A. (SANDY), W. J. JIM FREDERICK, JAMES R. KEISER, and DOUGLAS L. SINGBEIL. "Could biomass-fueled boilers be operated at higher steam temperatures? Part 3: Initial analysis of costs and benefits." August 2014 13, no. 8 (September 1, 2014): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj13.8.65.
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The efficiencies of biomass-fueled power plants are much lower than those of coal-fueled plants because they restrict their exit steam temperatures to inhibit fireside corrosion of superheater tubes. However, restricting the temperature of a given mass of steam produced by a biomass boiler decreases the amount of power that can be generated from this steam in the turbine generator. This paper examines the relationship between the temperature of superheated steam produced by a boiler and the quantity of power that it can generate. The thermodynamic basis for this relationship is presented, and the value of the additional power that could be generated by operating with higher superheated steam temperatures is estimated. Calculations are presented for five plants that produce both steam and power. Two are powered by black liquor recovery boilers and three by wood-fired boilers. Steam generation parameters for these plants were supplied by industrial partners. Calculations using thermodynamics-based plant simulation software show that the value of the increased power that could be generated in these units by increasing superheated steam temperatures 100°C above current operating conditions ranges between US$2,410,000 and US$11,180,000 per year. The costs and benefits of achieving higher superheated steam conditions in an individual boiler depend on local plant conditions and the price of power. However, the magnitude of the increased power that can be generated by increasing superheated steam temperatures is so great that it appears to justify the cost of corrosion-mitigation methods such as installing corrosion-resistant materials costing far more than current superheater alloys; redesigning biomassfueled boilers to remove the superheater from the flue gas path; or adding chemicals to remove corrosive constituents from the flue gas. The most economic pathways to higher steam temperatures will very likely involve combinations of these methods. Particularly attractive approaches include installing more corrosion-resistant alloys in the hottest superheater locations, and relocating the superheater from the flue gas path to an externally-fired location or to the loop seal of a circulating fluidized bed boiler.
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Siswanto, Jatmiko Edi. "Analisa Pengaruh Perubahan Beban Output Turbin Terhadap Efisiensi Boiler." Journal of Electrical Power Control and Automation (JEPCA) 3, no. 2 (December 25, 2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jepca.v3i2.39.
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In palm oil processing companies to become oil, the boiling process is carried out to make it easier for the loose fruit to come from the bunches, to stop the development of free fatty acids and will cause the tbs to soften so the oil extraction process becomes easier. The boiling process requires steam from steam. Steam is obtained by heating a vessel filled with water with fuel. Generally, boilers use liquid, gas and solid fuels. Steam functions as a boiling and electric generator, the company uses a boiler as a steam producer to support the production process. A boiler or steam boiler is a closed vessel used to produce steam through an energy conversion process. To find out the boiler efficiency, a calculation is carried out by taking the parameters needed for boiler operation, from the analysis the highest boiler efficiency results are 83.56% and the lowest is 75.25%, where the heating value with 13% fuel at 1000 Kw load is 83, 56%. And the calorific value with 10% fuel at a load of 750 Kw is smaller with a value of 75.25%.
10
Stepanov, D., N. Stepanova, and S. Bilyk. "ENERGY MODERNIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL BOILER HOUSE." Modern technology, materials and design in construction 29, no. 2 (2021): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/2311-1429-2020-2-108-112.
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The current state of the energy sector is analyzed, the physical and moral obsolescence of the main equipment is revealed, the losses of electricity in the networks are increased. Coal combustion at power plants is accompanied by increased man-made load on the environment. To increase the energy, economic and environmental efficiency of energy supply of industrial enterprises, the use of decentralized cogeneration based on gas industrial boilers or the use of biomass boilers is proposed. Options for energy modernization on the example of an industrial dairy boiler house are considered. 8 variants of increase of reliability, energy efficiency, economy and environmental friendliness are offered, namely installation of boilers on biomass, gas turbine and gas-piston heat engines, creation of thermal power plant with steam turbine installation on saturated and superheated steam. The analysis of advantages and disadvantages of variants, and also rationality of their introduction on boiler houses of the industrial enterprise is executed. Calculations of economic indicators of different options for energy modernization of the boiler house allowed to identify effective methods to increase the efficiency of energy equipment. The analysis also takes into account the possibility of diversification of energy supply and reduction of dependence on electricity suppliers.
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Ainun, Finus, and Jamaaluddin Jamaaluddin. "Analisa Eisiensi Economizer Terhadap Boiler (Gas Dan Solar) Di PT. Spindo III, Tbk." JEEE-U (Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering-UMSIDA) 2, no. 2 (November 27, 2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/jeee-u.v2i2.1697.
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The role of boiler machines at PT. SPINDO in the galvanize pipe production process is very important, where the steam produced by the fire tube boiler machine is directly distributed into the blow system for the cleaning of the remaining galvanic in the pipe and heating the water for pipe washing. To determine the efficiency of the boiler, a direct method is used to analyze the efficiency of boiler machines and indirect methods as a way of calculating the amount of efficiency if an economizer is installed. The efficiency of diesel-fueled boilers using the direct method yields an average yield of 40.7% (forty point seven percent) and 45.84% (forty five point eighty four percent) for gas-fired boilers. However, by using an indirect method, efficiency if installed economizer is obtained at 85.55% (eighty five point fifty five percent) for diesel-fueled boilers with a capacity of 5 tons and 81.76% (eighty one point seventy six percent) of the efficiency of a gas-fired boiler with a capacity of 2 (two) tons. Efficiency improvements can also be done in many ways, including maintenance of a good and scheduled boiler machine for good boiler feed water treatment.
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Maddah, Sadeghzadeh, Ahmadi, Kumar, and Shamshirband. "Modeling and Efficiency Optimization of Steam Boilers by Employing Neural Networks and Response-Surface Method (RSM)." Mathematics 7, no. 7 (July 15, 2019): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math7070629.
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Boiler efficiency is called to some extent of total thermal energy which can be recovered from the fuel. Boiler efficiency losses are due to four major factors: Dry gas flux, the latent heat of steam in the flue gas, the combustion loss or the loss of unburned fuel, and radiation and convection losses. In this research, the thermal behavior of boilers in gas refinery facilities is studied and their efficiency and their losses are calculated. The main part of this research is comprised of analyzing the effect of various parameters on efficiency such as excess air, fuel moisture, air humidity, fuel and air temperature, the temperature of combustion gases, and thermal value of the fuel. Based on the obtained results, it is possible to analyze and make recommendations for optimizing boilers in the gas refinery complex using response-surface method (RSM).
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Aguilar Vizcarra, Duilio, Doris Esenarro, and Ciro Rodriguez. "Three Steps Mixed (Fire Tube–Water Tube) Vertical Boiler to Optimize Thermal Performance." Fluids 6, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids6030093.
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The research aims to design and construct a new mixed vertical boiler (fire tube – water tube) with three gas passes. The strength of this technological innovation is in the best use of the thermic transmission receiving fluid (hot water, steam, thermal oil), this due to its multipurpose function of three steps using alternative fuels (Diesel, Liquid Petroleum Gas LPG, natural gas), by improving the thermal efficiency of the boiler its temperature is reduced with gases at low temperatures, which in turn also reduce environmental pollution. The methodology focuses on calculating the transfer area with the calculation method that will allow dimensioning the boiler, considering the calculation of losses and the fluid speed, with two defined procedures, the first for fire tube and water tube boilers. And another alternative. The results obtained allowed optimizing the thermal efficiency level, achieving very significant thermal efficiency results: With LPG 92.4% for hot water and 92.42% to generate steam in the same way with natural gas 90.25% for hot water and 90.24% to generate steam as well with Diesel 2; 89.21% for hot water and 89.31% to generate steam.
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Norman, Abdul Rahim, Azleen Azna Mohd Khairil Hing, M. Azfar Md Jaafar, and Farah Syamim Anwar. "Steam System Load Shedding Operational Analysis Using Dynamics Simulation of a Fertilizer Plant." E3S Web of Conferences 287 (2021): 03017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128703017.
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Steam system operation of a fertilizer plant can be complex due to high number of equipment, unavailable redundancy of steam suppliers and inter-dependency behaviour between steam users. The plant is subjected to partial or total shutdown whenever one boiler trips as both existing boilers are operating close to design capacity. Installation of an additional boiler will provide additional capacity margin in the event of one boiler trips. iCON(Symmetry) was used as the dynamic process simulation tool to establish proper management for load shedding activity with three boilers in operation. Model was developed for the integrated steam header, fuel gas and boiler feed water network. A detailed representation of the actual plant was achieved by incorporating plant hydraulics based on actual piping configurations, high fidelity equipment modelling, process control configurations, trip sequencing and operator manual interventions. This approach gives high accuracy in replicating the plant’s transient behaviour for load shedding case studies. The case studies prove the three boiler arrangement is able to sustain the plant’s continuous operation. An operational strategy was developed to minimize the impact of equipment trips. It is recommended to expand the model to include the process side to represent the actual plant behaviour with higher accuracy.
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Legkii, Alexandr, Igor Stefanenko, Alexey Kudashev, Vladimir Zlobin, and Natalia Ermilova. "Study of a gas turbine unit energy efficiency." E3S Web of Conferences 281 (2021): 09027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128109027.
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The method of the gas turbine unit and the waste heat boiler gas-air duct circuit modernization is considered. The operation scheme of a gas turbine unit and a waste heat boiler with the use of a catalytic afterburner has been shown. There is also a decrease in nitrogen and carbon oxides in the exhaust steam-and-gas mixture due to a deeper cleaning process of the exhaust steam and gas mixture, which leads to an increase in the service life of the waste heat boiler [1]. A more complete process of heat transfer to the coolant in the furnace section of the boiler is performed due to the cleaner steam and gas mixture in the waste heat boiler and due to a decrease in the boiler tubes growth formation by the combustion products. This makes it possible to reduce the cost of fuel consumption by gas burners of the waste heat boiler. Also, as a result of this process, it is possible to reduce fuel consumption for the needs of heating the feed water and the auxiliary needs of a power unit. This article proposes to use lattice devices in the afterburner, treated with active substances by the ion implantation method, as one of the most promising ways of modifying lattice surfaces [2 – 6]. These processes occurring when the steam-and-gas mixture passes through the afterburner, allow increasing the cycle efficiency factor and limit of maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) emissions for various options for the exhaust steam-and-gas mixture utilization of a gas turbine unit (GTU) and heat supply to the waste heat boiler.
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Rice, I. G. "Split Stream Boilers for High-Temperature/High-Pressure Topping Steam Turbine Combined Cycles." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 119, no. 2 (April 1, 1997): 385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2815586.
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Research and development work on high-temperature and high-pressure (up to 1500°F TIT and 4500 psia) topping steam turbines and associated steam generators for steam power plants as well as combined cycle plants is being carried forward by DOE, EPRI, and independent companies. Aeroderivative gas turbines and heavy-duty gas turbines both will require exhaust gas supplementary firing to achieve high throttle temperatures. This paper presents an analysis and examples of a split stream boiler arrangement for high-temperature and high-pressure topping steam turbine combined cycles. A portion of the gas turbine exhaust flow is run in parallel with a conventional heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). This side stream is supplementary fired opposed to the current practice of full exhaust flow firing. Chemical fuel gas recuperation can be incorporated in the side stream as an option. A significant combined cycle efficiency gain of 2 to 4 percentage points can be realized using this split stream approach. Calculations and graphs show how the DOE goal of 60 percent combined cycle efficiency burning natural gas fuel can be exceeded. The boiler concept is equally applicable to the integrated coal gas fuel combined cycle (IGCC).
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Sucahyo, Bambang, Dwi Lukman H, Rohmadi Ridlo, Tyas Puspita R, and Erna Rosmala S. "KAJIAN TEKNOLOGI PEMANFAATAN BIOGAS POME (PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT) KE BOILER." Majalah Ilmiah Pengkajian Industri 13, no. 1 (April 19, 2019): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/mipi.v13i1.3219.
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In collaboration with BPPT, PTPN V management starting in 2018 took place at the Sei Pagar Mill PTPN V in Riau Province, planning the implementation of Biogas to Boiler technology to maximize the use of Biogas. The study aims to substitute shells for steam boilers / kettle through the scheme of using biomass POME to boilers at palm oil mills. The Utilization Model is a simple representation of a complex process in reality. To produce the scheme the model was preceded by conducting technical studies and economic studies and comparative studies on several Mill s in Sumatra and Kalimantan. From some of the findings from the studies that were compiled, one of the most suitable models will be made that will be applied in the Sei Pagar Mill. Furthermore, from the model, still through the RISTEKDIKTI Flagship Insinas Program, it will be developed to produce Prototypes and Construction / modifications to the Existing Boiler that is applied to the Sei Pagar Mill . Utilization Model Scheme. Biogas POME to Boilers at Palm Oil Mill by applying Biogas to Boiler technology includes several components of equipment, such as: Blower, Piping System, Valve Train, Gas Burner (Single Burner), Forced Draft Fan, and Control Panel (PHB). Utilization Model. Biogas POME to Boilers at Palm Oil Mill can later be developed and implemented to support the application of Biogas to Boiler technology at Palm Oil Mills in Indonesia.Keywords: Steam Boiler / Boiler, Blower, Piping System, Valve Train, Gas Burner (Single Burner), Forced Draft Fan, and Control Panel (PHB)
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Dewanatan, Wingo Wira, Muhammad Kurniawan Adiputra, Indra P. Hakim, Asep P. Zainuddin, Imam Karfendi Putro, and Rochim Bakti Cahyono. "Peningkatan Efisiensi Energi Melalui Optimasi Cycle Steam Boiler pada Operasi Boiler : Studi Kasus di PT. Kaltim Methanol Industri (KMI)." Jurnal Rekayasa Proses 14, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jrekpros.59172.
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Methanol is one of the important intermediate chemicals which is used widely in many processes to produce final products such as formaldehyde, dimethyl ether (DME), dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), and methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE). As a pioneer of methanol producer in Indonesia, PT. Kaltim Methanol Industri (KMI) has a strong commitment for sustainability and saving natural resources including enhancement of energy efficiency during production activities. Since mid-2018, to fulfill the electricity needs, PT. KMI has two main sources of electricity namely internal source using steam turbine generator and tie-in from PT. Kaltim Daya Mandiri (KDM). The modification of electricity sources promotes PT. KMI to evaluate the efficiency of internal electricity production. This has been conducted by performing optimization of blow down rate or cycle steam in boiler operation. Based on the data logbook, this work aims to evaluate the effect of blowdown rate on the energy saving and natural gas consumption. When the number of cycle steam boilers is altered from around 10 to 24, the company could get the potential energy saving around 300 MMBTU/day or 7.14% of total based energy consumption. In the boiler operation, decreasing blowdown rate would raise the cycle steam boiler and give final consequences to reduce energy losses from the release of BFW. The optimization of this cycle steam also cut the boiler specific energy consumption into around 3.0 MMBTU/ton steam. Based on the average heating value, this innovation could decline the natural gas consumption of PT. KMI around 122.91 MMSCF in the period of July 2018 – July 2019. Based on the result above, the modification of the cycle steam boiler would enhance energy efficiency, saving the natural resources and promote the application of sustainable development concept in the chemical industry.Keywords: blowdown rate; boiler energy; cycle steam; energy efficiency; PT. KMIA B S T R A KMetanol merupakan bahan kimia antara yang dipergunakan secara luas sebagai bahan baku untuk menghasilkan produk akhir berupa formaldehyde, dimetil eter (DME), asam dimetil tereftalat (DMT), dan methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE). Sebagai satu-satunya produsen metanol di Indonesia, PT. Kaltim Methanol Industri (KMI) senantiasa berkomitmen untuk selalu melakukan penghematan sumber daya alam, salah satunya meningkatkan efisiensi energi. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan listriknya, perusahaan ini memiliki dua sumber yaitu internal perusahaan menggunakan steam turbine generator dan sambungan (tie-in) dari PT. Kaltim Daya Mandiri (KDM) sejak pertengahan 2018. Adanya perubahan konfigurasi tersebut mendorong PT. KMI melakukan inovasi berupa optimasi laju blowdown atau cycle steam pada boiler untuk meningkatkan efisiensi energi. Berdasarkan data logbook operasi pabrik akan dievaluasi besarnya penghematan energi yang didapatkan dari optimasi tersebut. Peningkatan efisiensi energi dapat diperoleh dengan mengurangi laju blowdown atau peningkatan cycle steam boiler. Perubahan cycle steam pada boiler dari kisaran 10 menjadi 24 akan memberikan penghematan energi sebesar 300 MMBTU/hari atau sekitar 7,14% dari kebutuhan energi mula-mula. Penurunan laju blowdown akan mengakibatkan energi buangan melalui BFW yang dikeluarkan dari boiler berkurang, sehingga dapat menghemat energi yang dibutuhkan oleh boiler. Optimasi cycle steam boiler ini juga membuat konsumsi energi yang dinyatakan dalam energy specific boiler berhasil diturunkan pada kisaran 3,0 MMBTU/ton steam. Berdasarkan tabulasi data, inovasi ini dapat menghemat sumber daya gas alam sebesar 122,91 MMSCF pada kurun waktu Juli 2018 hingga Juli 2019. Dengan demikian, perubahan cycle steam melalui penurunan laju blowdown pada boiler terkonfirmasi dapat meningkatkan efisiensi energi dan menghemat pemakaian sumber daya alam, yang pada akhirnya mendorong aplikasi nyata sustainable development concept di dunia industri. Kata kunci: cycle steam, energi boiler, energi efisiensi, laju blowdown, PT. KMI
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Amir, Mokhtari Karchegani, Maboudi Samad, Shehni Meidani Behzad, and Satari Manesh Mehdi. "Corrosion Prevention in Boilers by Using Energy Audit Consideration." Applied Mechanics and Materials 532 (February 2014): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.532.307.
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Marun's petrochemical boilers after four years was auditing by a team consist of different experts. Result of that audit was showing over design consuming of excess air and fuel which it cause low efficiency of working that evaluated by a program in excel application. For next step by using Fluent &Gambit software, boiler analyzed and it appeared that some of primary rows of boiler bank tubes caused overheating and after report, because of exceed requirement of steam for operation, boilers operated without stopping. So after short period some of boiler tubes ruptured and this failure continued until were decided to repair and replace overheated tubes with new ones and by calibrated and changed instrument logic, correction control loops, excess air set and it caused better efficiency, decrease polluted environment gas, prevention of corrosion in tubes, decrease fuel consumption and turning off one of boilers by receiving high efficiency of others boiler. So by using designed excel program for boiler process, condition monitoring perform monthly.
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L. de Souza-Santos, Marcio, and Juan Villanueva Chavez. "Second Round of Studies on Advanced Power Generation Based on Combined Cycle Using a Single High-Pressure Fluidized Bed Boiler and Consuming Biomass." Open Chemical Engineering Journal 6, no. 1 (November 30, 2012): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874123101206010041.
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Following a preliminary study of power generation processes consuming sugar-cane bagasse; this second round indicates the possibility of almost doubling the current efficiency presently obtained in conventional mills. A combined cycle uses highly pressurized fluidized bed boiler to provide steam above critical temperature to drive steam-turbine cycle while the flue-gas is injected into gas turbines. The present round also shows that gains over usual BIG/GT (Biomass In-tegrated Gasification/Gas Turbine) are very likely mainly due to the practicality of feeding the biomass as slurry that can be pumped into the pressurized boiler chamber. Such would avoid the cumbersome cascade feeding of the fibrous bio-mass, usually required by other processes. The present stage assumes slurry with 50% added water. Future works will concentrate on thicker slurries, if those could be achieved. All studies apply a comprehensive simulator for boilers and gasifiers [CSFMB™ or CeSFaMB™] and a process simulator (IPES) to predict the main features of the steam and gas tur-bine branches.
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Zarzycki, Robert. "Pulverized coal gasification with steam and flue gas." MATEC Web of Conferences 240 (2018): 05036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824005036.
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The study presents the concept and numerical calculations of the coal dust gasification in the entrained flow reactor with power of 16 MWt. The gasification process in the reactor can be performed in the atmosphere of O2, CO2 and H2O. The combustible gases obtained during gasification are composed mainly of CO and H2 and can be used to feed pulverized coal-fired boilers. Integration of the reactor (reactors) for coal dust gasification with the pulverized coal-fired boiler allows for improved flexibility, especially in the range of low loads if stabilization of coal dust combustion in pulverized-fuel burners or support for their work with ignition burners fed with gas or light fuel oil is necessary. The concept of the gasification reactor assumes strong eddy motion of the coal dust, which substantially allows for elongation of the time of fuel remaining in the reactor and obtaining a high reaction level. The concept of the entrained flow reactor presented in this study and the results of numerical calculations can be helpful for development of the devices with greater powers which in the nearest future should be integrated in the systems of pulverized coal-fired boilers in order to reduce their minimum load without using the ignition burners.
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Eric, Milic, Dejan Cvetinovic, Predrag Stefanovic, Predrag Radovanovic, and Nikola Zivkovic. "Investigation of pressure pulsations in the furnace and flue gas tract of the pulverized coal combustion utility boiler." Thermal Science 14, no. 1 (2010): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1001261e.
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The paper presents new experimental method developed and new measuring system developed and installed into flame-gas tract of utility boiler. Investigations have been performed at the steam boiler of unit 2 at TPP 'Ptolemais', Ptolemais, Greece, which suffered from very unstable combustion and great pressure oscillations. Experimental method, based on high-speed acquisition system, was developed and used for detection of pressure oscillations and determination of the origin of boiler unstable operation. Signals were obtained from piezoelectric pressure sensors located along the flame-gas tract of the steam boiler and time and frequency domain analysis were used for post processing of collected data. Investigations of the pressure oscillations in boiler gas tract have contributed to reveal origin of the boiler unstable operation, and have been of the great help in establishing proper boiler operation.
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Firas, Basim Ismail, Kee Wei Yeo, and Fazreen Ahmad Fuzi Noor. "Intelligent Prediction of Clinker Formation Condition for Steam Boiler Tubes Using Artificial Neural Network." MATEC Web of Conferences 255 (2019): 06007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925506007.
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Ash, as one of the by-product of combustion either accumulates onto boiler tubes as slag or is collected by electrostatic precipitators attached to the backend of the boiler. Flue gas will transport these ash particles either to the inner surfaces of the boiler or to the dust collecting facilities at the backend of the boiler. Sintered ash deposits formed in the radiant section of the boiler are known as clinkers and they contribute to a wide variety of problems to the boiler. Preventative measures to combat clinker formation is in dire need to the energy sector. In this study, a prediction model using real plan data was developed for detection of clinker formation conditions. Several variations of Artificial Neural Networks were tried and test, with emphasis given on the feed-forward neural network, cascade neural network and recurrent neural network. In addition, sensitivity analysis was also conducted to determine the influence of random input variables to their respective response variables. The Tornado Diagram is selected as the method to determine the most influential parameter for clinker formation. It is expected that the Recurrent Neural Network prediction model and the identified most influential input parameter for clinker formation will assist operators in decision making for the maintenance of boilers.
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Kidwai, Sharif, Belal Ahmad Siddiqui, and Bhanu Pandey. "Graphene's Application to Boiler's Fabrication and Design." International Journal of Research in Science 1, no. 1 (June 15, 2015): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24178/ijrs.2015.1.1.14.
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Problem Statement: Boilers have enormous applications and usefulness in power generation. It is to be reckoned as an all time employee in power generation sector and it is a device to create steam by applying heat energy to the water. It can also be used as steam generators. The pressure vessel of a boiler usually made of steel (or alloy steel), or historically of wrought iron is extremely exposed to the corrosion and embrittlement. This causes additional problems like boiler breakdown which can cost thousands of dollars in equipment repairs, as well as hundreds of thousands of dollars for additional property damage and business income losses. Despite numerous methods to minimize this problem the world hasn’t come up with a concrete solution. Still today boiler accidents cause heavy economic and personal losses. Can we ever come up with a solution to almost nullify this problem with all the advancements in Material Sciences in recent years?Proposed Solution: We aim at coating the inner side of boiler with deposition of membrane of oxide of recently discovered super-material graphene. Researchers found that a multilayer of graphene dioxide when stacked up together act as perfect molecular sieves when immersed in water, blocking all molecules or ions with a hydrated size larger than 4.5 Å. Caustic Embritllement causing prime agent NaOH clearly is not contained within limits described in its molecular form. Also we found that except for water vapors it does not allow any other gas to bypass it hence we ideate that prime corrosion causing agents like dissolved O2 and C02 will not interact with boiler material and hence will significantly remove boiler corrosion.Conclusion: Incorporating this hypotheses we tend to believe that prime boiler enemies will exert their least presence on boiler's functioning and its life. Its working life will be enhanced by several times. We believe that use of the latest advancement witha rather primitive subject of boilers will create a wave within boiler industries and help them to enhance boilers working and increase its life. Also it will eliminate the causticity of boiler water.
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Balicki, Adrian, and Łukasz Bartela. "Characteristics modeling for supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler working in oxy-combustion technology." Archives of Thermodynamics 35, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoter-2014-0013.
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Abstract Among the technologies which allow to reduce greenhouse gas emission, mainly carbon dioxide, special attention deserves the idea of ‘zeroemission’ technology based on boilers working in oxy-combustion technology. In the paper the results of analyses of the influence of changing two quantities, namely oxygen share in oxidant produced in the air separation unit, and oxygen share in oxidant supplied to the furnace chamber on the selected characteristics of a steam boiler including the degree of exhaust gas recirculation, boiler efficiency and adiabatic flame temperature, was examined. Due to the possibility of the integration of boiler model with carbon dioxide capture, separation and storage installation, the subject of the analysis was also to determine composition of the flue gas at the outlet of a moisture condensation installation. Required calculations were made using a model of a supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler working in oxy-combustion technology, which was built in a commercial software and in-house codes.
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Adam, Charchalis, and Krefft Jerzy. "Economizer Selection Method with Reference to its Reliability at Preliminary Design Stage of Seagoing Vessels." Journal of Konbin 9-10, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10040-008-0121-8.
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Economizer Selection Method with Reference to its Reliability at Preliminary Design Stage of Seagoing Vessels The economizers are used for production of steam heating on en route ships. The economizers are producing steam in a heat exchange process from the ship's main engine exhaust gas. Products of the incomplete combustion of the heavy fuel oil remaining in engines, passing the boiler, collect on the heat exchange surface of the economizer. When the incorrect assumptions are made for the boiler operation conditions, the boiler steam capacity drops and fire and burning of the incomplete combustion products can occur in the economizer. To minimize combustion product quantity that collects on the boiler surface, the allowable exhaust gas pressure drop in the boiler should be taken into consideration, as well as the results from recommended exhaust gas flow velocity that is determined by main engine service load determined in the preliminary design phase of the ship. The remaining operating conditions are made in such a way to obtain high steam capacity of the boiler. It is essential at the design stage to take into consideration the future operating parameters of the combustion-steam-water installation, since these parameters depend on the choice of boiler and determined at the design stage production of steam. On the basis of operation parameters of contemporary container ships, an attempt was made to select economizer capacity in the preliminary design stage taking into consideration operation conditions of the propulsion system-steam installations unit in aspect of economizer reliability.
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Stepanova, Elena, and Alexey Maksimov. "Influence of inter nal relative efficiency of steam turbine compartments on the performance of steam turbine cogeneration plant." E3S Web of Conferences 69 (2018): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186902006.
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The paper considers a steam turbine cogeneration plant that includes a back-pressure steam turbine and a natural gas-fired steam boiler that enables exhaust gas heat recovery, which is rather promising for the isolated heat and electricity consumers. A design and verification mathematical model of the steam turbine plant was developed. The focus is made on the optimization studies into the effect of the relative efficiency of turbine compartments on the performance indices of the steam turbine cogeneration plant with an installed electric capacity of 50 MW that uses the heat of steam contained in the combustion products of the boiler for heating the feed-water of the heat network.
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Trojan, Marcin. "Computer modeling of a convective steam superheater." Archives of Thermodynamics 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoter-2015-0009.
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Abstract Superheater is for generating superheated steam from the saturated steam from the evaporator outlet. In the case of pulverized coal fired boiler, a relatively small amount of ash causes problems with ash fouling on the heating surfaces, including the superheaters. In the convection pass of the boiler, the flue gas temperature is lower and ash deposits can be loose or sintered. Ash fouling not only reduces heat transfer from the flue gas to the steam, but also is the cause of a higher pressure drop on the flue gas flow path. In the case the pressure drop is greater than the power consumed by the fan increases. If the superheater surfaces are covered with ash than the steam temperature at the outlet of the superheater stages falls, and the flow rates of the water injected into attemperator should be reduced. There is also an increase in flue gas temperature after the different stages of the superheater. Consequently, this leads to a reduction in boiler efficiency. The paper presents the results of computational fluid dynamics simulations of the first stage superheater of both the boiler OP-210M using the commercial software. The temperature distributions of the steam and flue gas along the way they flow together with temperature of the tube walls and temperature of the ash deposits will be determined. The calculated steam temperature is compared with measurement results. Knowledge of these temperatures is of great practical importance because it allows to choose the grade of steel for a given superheater stage. Using the developed model of the superheater to determine its degree of ash fouling in the on-line mode one can control the activation frequency of steam sootblowers.
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Alazemi, Ahmed S. Kh R. Q., Mohammad Yeakub Ali, and Mohd Radzi Che Daud. "Preventive Maintenance of Boiler: A Case of Kuwait Industry." International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture 4, no. 2 (June 15, 2019): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.04.02.2019.02.
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In Kuwait, industrial boilers are used extensively in food, chemical, oil and gas, textile, pharmaceutical, power plant sectors for generation steam. As a crucial item in industries, its maintenance is of utmost importance. As there are two main maintenance approaches such as reactive maintenance and preventive maintenance, the application of a typical maintenance is definitely based on types of application, safety concern, and cost benefit ratio. If a boiler is down for few days, it may cause huge loss as it interrupts subsequent steps especially in process industries. In this research, the importance of preventive maintenance strategy for steam boilers in Kuwaiti industries has been studied. Based on relative advantages and disadvantages, a proper strategy is proposed for better management and effective maintenance of boilers.
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Chmielniak, Tadeusz, Paweł Mońka, and Paweł Pilarz. "Investigation of a combined gas-steam system with flue gas recirculation." Chemical and Process Engineering 37, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cpe-2016-0025.
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Abstract This article presents changes in the operating parameters of a combined gas-steam cycle with a CO2 capture installation and flue gas recirculation. Parametric equations are solved in a purpose-built mathematical model of the system using the Ebsilon Professional code. Recirculated flue gases from the heat recovery boiler outlet, after being cooled and dried, are fed together with primary air into the mixer and then into the gas turbine compressor. This leads to an increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the flue gases fed into the CO2 capture installation from 7.12 to 15.7%. As a consequence, there is a reduction in the demand for heat in the form of steam extracted from the turbine for the amine solution regeneration in the CO2 capture reactor. In addition, the flue gas recirculation involves a rise in the flue gas temperature (by 18 K) at the heat recovery boiler inlet and makes it possible to produce more steam. These changes contribute to an increase in net electricity generation efficiency by 1%. The proposed model and the obtained results of numerical simulations are useful in the analysis of combined gas-steam cycles integrated with carbon dioxide separation from flue gases.
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Kornienko, Victoria, Mykola Radchenko, Roman Radchenko, Dmytro Konovalov, Andrii Andreev, and Maxim Pyrysunko. "Improving the efficiency of heat recovery circuits of cogeneration plants with combustion of water-fuel emulsions." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2020): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci200116154k.
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When using modern highly efficient internal combustion engines with lowered potential of exhaust heat the heat recovery systems receive increasing attention. The efficiency of combustion exhaust heat recovery at the low potential level can be enhanced by deep cooling the combustion products below a dew point temperature, which is practically the only possibility for reducing the temperature of boiler exhaust gas, while ensuring the reliability, environmental friendliness and economy of power plant. The aim of research is to investigate the influence of multiplicity of circulation and temperature difference at the exit of exhaust gas boiler heating surfaces, which values are varying as 20, 15, 10?C, on exhaust gas boiler characteristics. The calculations were performed to compare the constructive and thermal characteristics of the various waste heat recovery circuits and exhaust gas boiler of ship power plant. Their results showed that due to application of condensing heating surfaces in exhaust gas boiler the total heat capacity and steam capacity of exhaust gas boiler increases. The increase of exhaust gas boiler heat capacity is proportional to the growth of its overall dimensions. A direct-flow design of the boiler provides a significant increase in heat efficiency and decrease in dimensions. In addition, a direct-flow boiler circuit does not need steam separator, circulation pump, the capital cost of which is about half (or even more) of heating surface cost.
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Kalashnikov, Dmitriy, Yuriy Borisov, and Elizaveta Kalashnikova. "Natural gas intracyclic attachment for energy generating unit based on gas turbine plant." E3S Web of Conferences 114 (2019): 06004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911406004.
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In this article, problems of effectiveness increasing in complex power supply are considered. Disadvantages of centralized power engineering and advantages of power engineering capabilities organization in immediate consumer proximity are presented. Consumer needs satisfaction in electricity, heat supply and cold supply are offered to be realized by conversion of district and quarter boiler houses to trigeneration stations, which are based on gas turbine plants units. In this research, solutions of problem related to lack of fuel gas pressure for gas turbine engine power, which is included in gas turbine plant of trigeneration stations, are suggested. As a result, after considering possible variants of fuel gas pressure increasing, it was decided that there is a perspective of using fuel gas intracyclic compression attachment. Its operating principle involves organization of main steam extraction in heat cycle for booster compressor drive, which compresses fuel gas before its transfer to combustor of gas turbine plant. Results of gas compressor and drive steam turbine design are presented. These parts are included in fuel gas intracyclic compression attachment in specific unit of gas turbine plant. Also, general recommendations about new compressor and turbine stages design for any other units of gas turbine plant are pointed. Further, in the article, two variants of thermal circuit, based on gas turbine plant, are suggested. The first one is a circuit with hot water boiler, where exhaust gas recuperation after turbine is carried out for producing steam, related to fuel gas intracyclic compression attachment demands, and heat system water heating for consumer heat supply system. The second variant involves development of typical gas turbine plant unit in power station with exhaust boiler. There fuel gas intracyclic compression attachment is activated by steam work after exhaust boiler. Then, variants of diagram are compared between each other. Also advantages and disadvantages each of them are considered.
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Saari, Jussi, Ekaterina Sermyagina, Juha Kaikko, Markus Haider, Marcelo Hamaguchi, and Esa Vakkilainen. "Evaluation of the Energy Efficiency Improvement Potential through Back-End Heat Recovery in the Kraft Recovery Boiler." Energies 14, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 1550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061550.
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Sustainability and energy efficiency have become important factors for many industrial processes, including chemical pulping. Recently complex back-end heat recovery solutions have been applied to biomass-fired boilers, lowering stack temperatures and recovering some of the latent heat of the moisture by condensation. Modern kraft recovery boiler flue gas offers still unutilized heat recovery possibilities. Scrubbers have been used, but the focus has been on gas cleaning; heat recovery implementations remain simple. The goal of this study is to evaluate the potential to increase the power generation and efficiency of chemical pulping by improved back-end heat recovery from the recovery boiler. Different configurations of heat recovery schemes and different heat sink options are considered, including heat pumps. IPSEpro simulation software is used to model the boiler and steam cycle of a modern Nordic pulp mill. When heat pumps are used to upgrade some of the recovered low-grade heat, up to +23 MW gross and +16.7 MW net power generation increase was observed when the whole pulp mill in addition to the boiler and steam cycle is considered as heat consumer. Combustion air humidification proved to yield a benefit only when assuming the largest heat sink scenario for the pulp mill.
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Kotowicz, Janusz, Adrian Balicki, and Sebastian Michalski. "Thermodynamic evaluation of supercritical oxy-type power plant with high-temperature three-end membrane for air separation." Archives of Thermodynamics 35, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoter-2014-0023.
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Abstract Among the technologies which allow to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, mainly of carbon dioxide, special attention deserves the idea of ‘zero-emission’ technology based on boilers working in oxy-combustion technology. In the paper a thermodynamic analysis of supercritical power plant fed by lignite was made. Power plant consists of: 600 MW steam power unit with live steam parameters of 650 °C/30 MPa and reheated steam parameters of 670 °C/6 MPa; circulating fluidized bed boiler working in oxy-combustion technology; air separation unit and installation of the carbon dioxide compression. Air separation unit is based on high temperature membrane working in three-end technology. Models of steam cycle, circulation fluidized bed boiler, air separation unit and carbon capture installation were made using commercial software. After integration of these models the net electricity generation efficiency as a function of the degree of oxygen recovery in high temperature membrane was analyzed.
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Jiang, Pei, Guang Jin He, and Gao Li Yang. "A New Type Auto-Reclaim Facility of Boiler Exhaust Steam Heat Energy." Advanced Materials Research 230-232 (May 2011): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.230-232.183.
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There is so much exhaust steam in a boiler system that it causes great heat energy waste. A new type auto-reclaim facility of boiler exhaust steam heat energy is designed based on hydrokinetics, pyrology and automation. The new type facility is made up of water-gas injection pump, liquid relay deoxidization tank, field electrical control cabinet, instrument cabinet, loop booster pump and remote consoler. When the facility is used in the boiler system, not only can it reclaim the exhaust steam heat energy but also the whole steam and working medium. The facility is of high reliability under intelligent control and mechanism architecture. The facility has been applied in more than thirty China Petrochemical manufactories. This patent facility receives the high praise in the field of boiler steam heat energy reclaim.
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Valenti, Michael. "Converting from Steam to Gas." Mechanical Engineering 120, no. 02 (February 1, 1998): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1998-feb-2.
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This article reviews how some factory managers are reducing energy and maintenance costs by replacing their aging steam systems with natural-gas-fired heating units. The benefits of lower energy bills and greater energy efficiency are obvious, but switching from steam to gas heating can also increase worker comfort, boosting morale and productivity. Such bonuses have been gained recently at a CF&I Steel L.P. works in Pueblo, Colo., and a Chrysler Corp. engine facility in Kenosha, Wisconsin. The process of switching to gas can reduce maintenance costs, because gas systems have an inherently less troublesome design than steam-distributed piping systems. A major advantage of infrared h eating systems is that they can provide the same degree of comfort at lower energy costs than conventional forced-air systems and boiler systems such as CF&I’s. Each group of five heaters in the CF&I machine shop was placed in a single thermostat system with a 24-hour timer as an additional measure to ensure efficiency.
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Mustangin, Muhamad, and Saptyaji Harnowo. "AUDIT ENERGI LISTRIK DAN BOILER PABRIK KELAPA SAWIT KAPASITAS 60 TON/JAM." Jurnal Agro Fabrica 2, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47199/jaf.v2i1.139.
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Palm Oil Factory Energy consists of steam and electricity. To increase the performance, energy will to be audited. Electrical measurements are carried out at the power house, panels at each station and some electric motors. Measurement in the main panel uses a power quality analyzer that can measure power, power factor, harmonics, unbalance and other electrical parameters. For measurement of mechanical equipment with steam energy such as boilers and turbines using temperature measuring devices with infrared thermal imaging tools FLIR brand. The quality of electric power with a total harmonic of 5.12% and individual harmonics of 2.78%. Voltage and current unbalance are 0.09% and 0.15%. Voltage drop is equal to 3 volts. The use of electricity utilities is 22.81 kW / ton FFB. The factory has cos phi of 0.84 but requires automatic power factor correction. The efficiency of boilers is 64.19% with the biggest losses being dry flue gas of 20.19% and oyher boiler of 67.82% with the biggest losses being dry flue gas of 16.45%.
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Stenin, Valery Alexandrovich, and Irina Valer’yevna Ershova. "Improvement of power efficiency and environmental safety of ship boilers." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Marine engineering and technologies 2020, no. 3 (August 19, 2020): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-1574-2020-3-40-46.
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The article focuses on the methods of reducing nitrogen oxide emissions that are important to consider and apply in operation of ship boilers and thermal power plants, along with other activities aimed to protect the environment. Nitrogen oxide emissions can be restrained by using the technological (primary, in-process) operations. Flue gas recirculation is the most popular method of restraining nitrogen oxide emissions in oil-gas boilers, reducing the temperature and nitrogen oxide concentration in flue gases. Besides affecting the environment, the combustion products recirculation greatly lowers the technical and economic performance of the boiler by decreasing its performance that is why using the method remains limited. There has been described the scheme of flue gas recirculation in the ship auxiliary boilers that ensures reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions and increase in efficiency of boiler furnace. It has been proposed to combine steam and carbon dioxide fuel conversion with power combustion and thermochemical heat regeneration. Thermodynamic feasibility of combustion product recirculation in ship auxiliary boiler has been given. Using the power and stoichiometric analyses of reference liquid fuel combustion, the possibility of fuel conversion has been illustrated for the case when both fuel and recirculation gases are supplied into reburning zone of the furnace. The calculations determine air oxygen ratio for reburning and oxidative zones, flue gas recirculation factor and furnace efficiency change at thermochemical heat regeneration. The study results are proposed to use in non-stoichiometric and staged fuel combustion.
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Ostrowski, Piotr, and Filip Szelejewski. "Estimation of the coal fired heat plant energy efficiency increase after heat recovery from flue gas cooling down below the dew point." E3S Web of Conferences 82 (2019): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198201003.
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The paper shows a method of the assessment of the energy efficiency of a modernised steam boiler house in which the thermal energy is recovered due to cooling of the flue gas below dew point. In addition to the energy recovery the modernisation also consists of a wet flue gas treatment that ensures a reduction in emissions of particulates and acidic gas. The publication presents the correct and simple indicator for the assessment of improvement of energy efficiency. Additionally some recommendations based on the example of settlement of savings made in hard coal heating plant, equipped with three steam boilers, fire-tube type, with a capacity of 3x3.0 t/h, operating with quasi-constant output during the year are shown.
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Wang, Qing, Hai Bo Long, Hong Peng Liu, and Zhi Feng Wang. "Process Simulation of Oil Shale Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler Based on Aspen Plus." Advanced Materials Research 614-615 (December 2012): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.614-615.49.
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A model for the combustion of oil shale in the 65t/h circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler was developed, consisting of oil shale combustion, steam-water and ash circulation system, calculating the O2 and RO2 content of flue gas emission under three kinds of oil shale combustion in 65t/h CFB boiler. The calculated results indicate that the simulation values are consistent with the experimental values. Effect of boiler load on the temperature of furnace, flue gas emission, inlet and outlet flue gas of economizer was discussed based on the model. Boiler load on the increase results in a increase in temperature of furnace, flue gas emission, inlet and outlet flue gas of economizer. The main performance parameters of 65t/h oil shale CFB boiler system were discussed and preliminarily predicted by the model.
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Sniders, Andris, and Toms Komass. "Invariant Method of Load Independent Pressure Control in Steam Boiler." Electrical, Control and Communication Engineering 1, no. 1 (December 1, 2012): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10314-012-0001-4.
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Abstract The paper considers the possibility of steam production and supply process improvement by perfection of the steam boiler control system, applying invariance principle that makes possible preemptive compensation of the influence of steam expenditure as a disturbance on the control process quality and efficiency. For the development of invariant control system, the mathematical modeling and simulation in MATLAB - SIMULINK environment is made. The control unit is low pressure steam boiler with one input impact to control - the heat flow of burning gas mixture fuel, one measured output parameter of the process - the steam pressure, and the main disturbance as a load impact - the steam expenditure. The mathematical and virtual models and block-diagrams for transient process simulation is compiled, allowing to start practical design and investigation of steam boiler invariant control system with high operation stability under essentially fluctuating load. The simulation results prove that the optimal solution for the transient process improvement in steam boiler, taking in account fluctuating load, is invariant PID-DPC two loop control system with disturbance impact on steam pressure preemptive compensation. Under invariant control the steam pressure overshoots decreases substantially in comparison with the traditional PID-feedback control method.
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Shnaiderman, Matan, and Nir Keren. "Cogeneration versus natural gas steam boiler: A techno-economic model." Applied Energy 131 (October 2014): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.06.020.
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Szewczuk-Krypa, Natalia, Anna Grzymkowska, and Jerzy Głuch. "Comparative Analysis of Thermodynamic Cycles of Selected Nuclear Ship Power Plants With High-Temperature Helium-Cooled Nuclear Reactor." Polish Maritime Research 25, s1 (May 1, 2018): 218–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2018-0045.
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Abstract This paper presents a comparative analysis of thermodynamic cycles of two ship power plant systems with a high-temperature helium-cooled nuclear reactor. The first of them is a gas system with recuperator, in which classical gas chamber is substituted for a HTGR reactor (High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor). The second of the considered cycles is a combined gas-steam system where working medium flux from gas turbine outlet is directed into waste heat boiler and its heat is utilized for production of superheated steam to drive steam turbine. Preliminary calculations of the combine cycles showed that it is necessary to expand the system by adding to its steam part an inter-stage overheat for secondary steam, owing to that a required degree of steam dryness at outlet from the turbine can be reached, ensuring its correct operational conditions. The analyzed power systems were compared to each other with regard to efficiency of their thermodynamic cycles. Also, efficiency of particular cycles were subjected to optimization in respect to such parameters as : working gas temperature at outlet from reactor in gas system as well as steam pressure at outlet from waste heat boiler and partition pressure in steam part of combined system. Advantages of nuclear power plants compared with the classical power systems dominating currently in sea transport were also discussed.
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Vanin, Viktor, Mykola Kruhol, and Oleksandr Lasurenko. "MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF ONE-GROUP GAS-HYDRAULIC CIRCUIT OF THERMAL POWER PLANT STEAM BOILER AUXILIARIES." Bulletin of the National Technical University "KhPI". Series: Mathematical modeling in engineering and technologies, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2222-0631.2020.01.01.
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The paper presents algebraic mathematical models of centrifugal mechanisms that operate in the power boiler gas-hydraulic circuit. The models have been built by means of head-flow curve approximation. The head-flow curve depends on the centrifugal mechanism blade rotating speed and guide vane angle. The least squares method has been applied for centrifugal mechanism head-curve approximation on the basis of experimental or numerical data. Different configurations for the connections of centrifugal mechanisms in the power boiler gas-hydraulic circuit have been considered, relationships for their performance assessment obtained, and efficiency factors for various methods of their capacity control introduced. The state equation for a complex gas-hydraulic network in the problem of its efficiency analysis has been obtained with application of Kirchhoff laws. Numerical algorithms have been developed to solve group control parameter optimization problems for the considered connections of centrifugal mechanisms. Features of mathematical models for groups of series-, parallel- and complex-connected centrifugal mechanisms with different head curves in the power boiler maintenance system have been specified. An optimal group control problem for a group of centrifugal mechanisms has been formulated and solved under various power boiler modes. For the feed pumps, individual frequency control proves to be the most effective method, while for the boiler draft mechanisms group frequency regulation turns out to be the most efficient. In a typical summer month, implementation of energy-efficient centrifugal mechanism capacity regulation method in a Thermal Power Plant is shown to result in auxiliary electricity consumption reduction by 10.96 % as compared with available actual data.
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Sundaram, Taneshwaren, Firas Basim Ismail, and Pogganeswaren Gurusingam. "Soot Blowing Operation Optimization Using PSO Method by Studying Behaviour of Operating Parameter in Sub Critical Coal Fired Power Plant." MATEC Web of Conferences 225 (2018): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822501005.
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Coal, natural gas and fuel-oil are three major fossil fuels sources are vastly used in electrical power generation sector in Malaysia. In a coal fired power plant, the major byproducts resulting from coal combustion inside boiler is soot, ash and NOx emissions. Boiler fouling and slagging are common problems that leads reduces heat transfer rate in furnace and boiler efficiency. This happens when soot and ash is formed and deposited along the boiler tubes, furnaces and heaters. Hence, soot blowing operation is used to blow off steam in affected areas of boilers as a cleaning mechanism. However, current soot blowing operation is practiced through operator’s visual inspection of slagging or fouling rate in furnace. This leads to inefficient soot blowing operation that effects the plant’s operating and maintenance cost. Thus, by studying behavior of operating parameters, soot blowing operation can be optimized to reduce unnecessary soot blowing operation in power plant.
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Xiao, Zhong Zheng, Shu Zhong Wang, and Jian Ping Yang. "Research on Recovering Waste Heat from Liquid Produced in Heavy Oil Exploitation by SAGD Technology." Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (June 2014): 410–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.410.
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In order to enhance the economy of steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) technology, researches were conducted on the technology for recovering heat from liquid produced from oil wells. In this study, spiral-plate heat exchanger has been chosen after comparison and analysis, which is used to recover the heat from the produced liquid and raise the temperature of the softened water used in steam injection boilers. The procedures are liquid produced from the wellhead enters a metering and transfer station for degasification and then enters a centralized heat exchanger station where its temperature is reduced to 100°C from 170°C and the temperature of softened water used as boiler feed water is increased to 110°C from 70°C. The result shows that the fuel gas consumption will drop by 907200Nm3 for each boiler annually when the liquid heat recovery technology is adopted.
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Zhang, Jin Feng, Zai Xing Li, Xin Liu, and Zhong Qiang Sun. "Safety System Analysis on Gas-Steam Combined Cycle Power Plant." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 1458–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.1458.
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Risk factor in gas-steam combined cycle power plant (CCPP) was identified by application of safety system engineering principles and techniques. The CCPP system was divided into gas transmission subsystem, gas turbine subsystem, waste heat boiler subsystem, steam turbine subsystem and generation & transformation subsystem. The accident-proneness areas in each subsystem were studied, and various accident-causation modes were clarified. The bursting leakage accident caused by failure of steam-water pipelines was analyzed, and evaluated with Fault Tree method. The targeted countermeasures of safe operation and management were proposed.
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Hechelmann, Ron-Hendrik, Jan-Peter Seevers, Alexander Otte, Jan Sponer, and Matthias Stark. "Renewable Energy Integration for Steam Supply of Industrial Processes—A Food Processing Case Study." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 16, 2020): 2532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102532.
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This study highlights the C O 2 , e -emission reduction potentials and related economic consequences for changing steam generation from fossil to renewable. Seven different utility concepts are developed, including a steam accumulator for load management. Peculiarities for the integration of biogas boilers, biomass-fuelled boilers, electrode steam boilers, biomethane-fuelled solid oxide fuel cells, micro gas turbine, solar energy systems, heat pumps and steam accumulators into a steam system with fluctuating steam demand are explained and the energy balance based models for the simulation study are described. The characteristics of batch processes, start up times and part load efficiency are considered via an annual dynamic simulation. Based on a detailed process analysis and dimensioning of the utilities and the accumulator a comprehensive simulation study is conducted for a pet food processing company having an average steam demand of 18,000 MWh at around 9 bar and 3 t/h. The results show that the highest C O 2 , e -emissions reduction of up to 63% is achieved by the transition to a solid biomass-fuelled boiler system. This leads to an increase of the operating costs by 27.8%.
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Setiawan, Yusup. "VALUASI PENGENDALIAN EMISI BOILER BATU BARA PADA INDUSTRI KERTAS DAN ESTIMASI EMISI MERKURI (Hg) (VALUATION ON EMISSION CONTROL OF COAL-FIRED BOILER OF PAPER INDUSTRY AND ESTIMATION OF MERCURY (Hg) EMISSION)." JURNAL SELULOSA 7, no. 01 (September 19, 2017): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25269/jsel.v7i01.172.
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Steam and electricity needs in the paper industry have been provided itself through coal-fired boiler equipped with emission control devices. Boiler flue gas emissions of coal combustion products contain contaminants such as particulate emissions , NO2 and SO2 , and a small amount of emissions of mercury (Hg). Valuation on boiler emissions quality associated with air emissions control systems and emissions standard has been carried out. Estimation of mercury concentration in air emissions of boiler flue gas in the paper industry has also been conducted. The valuation on the air emissions quality of non-mercury parameters of paper industry boilers has also been done based on national emissions standards. The results of the valuation indicated that the current applied of flue gas emissions control devices in the paper industry has been optimally operated so that the emission quality of boiler for both non-mercury parameters and mercury parameters has been complied with the emission quality standards. Prediction of mercury content in air emissions of a coal boiler stack of paper industry that is discharged into environment based on the content of mercury in coal is 0.0205 mg/Nm3 (20.5 µg/Nm3 ) maximum. Paper industry needs to consider the application of co-benefit technology when mercury is used as a quality standard emissions parameter. ABSTRAKKebutuhan uap dan atau listrik pada industri kertas disediakan melalui unit boiler berbahan bakar batu bara yang dilengkapi alat pengendali emisi. Emisi gas boiler mengandung pencemar berupa partikulat, NO2 dan SO2 , dan merkuri (Hg). Valuasi kualitas emisi boiler berkaitan dengan sistem pengendalian emisi udara dan baku mutu emisi telah dilakukan, Estimasi kadar merkuri di udara emisi cerobong boiler pada industri kertas juga telah dilakukan. Valuasi kualitas emisi udara non-merkuri emisi boiler industri kertas juga telah dilakukan berdasarkan baku mutu emisi nasional. Hasil valuasi menunjukkan bahwa alat pengendali emisi gas buang boiler yang telah diterapkan saat ini pada industri kertas telah dioperasikan secara optimal sehingga kualitas emisi boiler baik untuk parameter non-merkuri maupun untuk parameter merkuri telah memenuhi baku mutu emisi. Prediksi kadar merkuri dalam udara emisi cerobong boiler batu bara industri kertas yang dibuang ke lingkungan dihitung berdasarkan kadar merkuri dalam batu bara adalah maksimum sebesar 0,0205 mg/Nm3 (20,5 µg/Nm3 ). Industri kertas perlu mempertimbangkan penerapan teknologi co-benefit bilamana suatu saat parameter merkuri ditetapkan sebagai parameter baku mutu emisi.
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Bustan, M. Djoni. "Effects of Steam Injection Flow in Burner and Outside Water Tube to the Increasing of Boiler Temperature." ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering 7, no. 1 & 2 (June 1, 2007): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ajche.50134.
Full textAbstract:
Energy is an expensive basic need for human life, especially energy from fossils, such as crude oil, gas, and coal. In an oil refinery factory or electrical generator unit, where heat is most dominantly utilized, the boiler is used to generate steam. The main problem in a boiler is its uncompleted combustion process because of the incomplete ratio of air–fuel. This problem is caused by the addition of deposits or sealing inside and outside of the tube fire heater which will reduce the performance of fired heater. The objective of this research is to study the effect of steam flow variation on burner and tubing for increasing heat and temperature as well as the quality of steam. This research used a package boiler B&W series 1986 model which can be seen at an oil refinery factory or steam power electrical generator unit in Indonesia. This package boiler has 50kg/hours steam production capacity, qualified superheated steam, maximum pressure and temperature at 7kgs/cms2 and 700oC. Quantitatively, the achievable heat efficiency which corresponded to the temperature increase caused by the steam injection is 41.25% and the specific enthalpy is 12.07%.