Academic literature on the topic 'Gas standard generation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Gas standard generation"
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Xiong, Guohua, and Janusz Pawliszyn. "Microwave-Assisted Generation of Standard Gas Mixtures." Analytical Chemistry 74, no. 10 (May 2002): 2446–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac015671+.
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Rodinkov, O. V., I. N. Rachkovskii, and L. N. Moskvin. "Chromatomembrane gas extraction generation of standard gas mixtures using composite carbon-fluoroplastic matrices." Journal of Analytical Chemistry 63, no. 9 (August 20, 2008): 857–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1061934808090104.
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Kryukov, R. E., V. F. Goryushkin, Yu V. Bendre, L. P. Bashchenko, and N. A. Kozyrev. "Thermodynamic aspects of Cr2O3 reduction by carbon." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 12 (January 15, 2020): 950–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-12-950-956.
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In order to save resources of chromium, technology of flux-cored wire surfacing is of great practical interest. In this case Cr2O3 chromium oxide and carbon as a reducing agent are used as fillers. Thermodynamic assessment of probability of 16 reactions between them under standard conditions and for certain reactions under conditions different from standard was carried out using tabulated thermodynamic data of reactants in temperature range of 1500 – 3500 K. The following states were considered as standard states for reactants: Cr(ref) (reference state, melting point 2130 K, boiling point 2952 K), Cr(liq), Cr(gas), Cr2O3 (cr, liq), Cr2O3 (gas), C(ref), and as possible reaction products and standard states for them CO(gas), CO2 (gas), Cr23C6 (сr), Cr7C3 (cr), Cr3C2 (cr). Probability of reactions was estimated using standard Gibbs energy and the Gibbs energy calculated using the Van Goff isotherm equation. Dissolution of chromium in metal of surfacing bath or probable partial pressures of CO and CO2 in gas phase was taken into account and was calculated from equilibrium of carbon gasification reaction. Presence of carbon in flux-cored wire with chromium oxide Cr2O3 as a reducing agent will necessarily lead to occurrence of reduction reactions with generation of chromium carbides, and possibly chromium itself. Generation of Cr7C3 (сr) carbide is likely. With longer life time of chromium oxide and carbon at a temperature above 2500 K, generation of chromium as a component of the surfacing bath is more thermodynamically probable than generation of its carbides. Chromium oxide has the highest reactivity in Cr2O3 (liq) state. Direct reduction is preferential. Generation of CO(gas) as a product of carbon oxidation is more probable. Dissolution of chromium in metal increases thermodynamic probability of reactions with its generation and further reduces probability of reactions in which chromium is the starting material.
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Prokopowicz, M., P. Konieczka, and J. Namiesnik. "A New Approach to Generation of Standard Gas Mixtures used in the Calibration of Gas Analysers." Environmental Technology 20, no. 10 (October 1999): 1065–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593332008616903.
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Aoyagi, Reiji, Yoshika Sekine, Yuichiro Kaifuku, and Kunitoshi Matsunobu. "Development of Continuous Gas Generation Method for Hydrogen Chloride Using Azeotropic Hydrochloric Acid System." ChemEngineering 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering6010012.
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Standard gases are often prepared using high-pressure gas cylinders. However, it is difficult to accurately prepare a known concentration of hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas using this method because HCl is highly corrosive and adsorptive. In this study, a simple method for the continuous generation of HCl gas was developed using a diffusion tube containing hydrochloric acid and a nitrogen carrier gas. The concentration of HCl produced from this system was almost unstable, but constant gas generation was realized for several hours when azeotropic hydrochloric acid (20.6% HCl in water) and a temperature near the azeotropic point (108.5 °C) were used, resulting in the generation of 103.6 ppm (mean, n = 5) of HCl gas with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.34%. In this case, the percentage of HCl present in the entire gas mixture of HCl and water vapor was 22.5%, which is almost equivalent to the HCl content in the azeotropic hydrochloric acid (20.6%). The HCl concentration could also be controlled by changing the flow rate of the carrier gas. This work demonstrates a simple technique based on the diffusion theory that allows for the constant, controllable generation of a known concentration of HCl gas using an azeotropic hydrochloric acid system.
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Nieto, Rafael, Celina Gonzalez, Ignacio Lopez, and Angel Jimenez. "Efficiency of a standard gas-turbine power generation cycle running on different fuels." International Journal of Exergy 9, no. 1 (2011): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijex.2011.041433.
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Veres, P., J. B. Gilman, J. M. Roberts, W. C. Kuster, C. Warneke, I. R. Burling, and J. de Gouw. "Development and validation of a portable gas phase standard generation and calibration system for volatile organic compounds." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 3, no. 1 (January 29, 2010): 333–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-3-333-2010.
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Abstract. We report on the development of an accurate, portable, dynamic calibration system for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The Mobile Organic Carbon Calibration System (MOCCS) combines the production of gas-phase VOC standards using permeation or diffusion sources with quantitative total organic carbon (TOC) conversion on a palladium surface to CO2 in the presence of oxygen, and the subsequent CO2 measurement. MOCCS was validated using three different comparisons: (1) TOC of high accuracy methane standards compared well to expected concentrations (3% relative error), (2) a gas-phase benzene standard was generated using a permeation source and measured by TOC and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with excellent agreement (<4% relative difference), and (3) total carbon measurement of 4 known gas phase mixtures were performed and compared to a calculated carbon content to agreement within the stated uncertainties of the standards. Measurements from laboratory biomass burning experiments of formic acid by negative-ion proton-transfer chemical-ionization mass spectrometry (NI-PT-CIMS) and formaldehyde by proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), both calibrated using MOCCS, were compared to open path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (OP-FTIR) to validate the MOCCS calibration and were found to compare well (R2 of 0.91 and 0.99 respectively).
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Veres, P., J. B. Gilman, J. M. Roberts, W. C. Kuster, C. Warneke, I. R. Burling, and J. de Gouw. "Development and validation of a portable gas phase standard generation and calibration system for volatile organic compounds." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 3, no. 3 (June 16, 2010): 683–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-683-2010.
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Abstract. We report on the development of an accurate, portable, dynamic calibration system for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The Mobile Organic Carbon Calibration System (MOCCS) combines the production of gas-phase VOC standards using permeation or diffusion sources with quantitative total organic carbon (TOC) conversion on a palladium surface to CO2 in the presence of oxygen, and the subsequent CO2 measurement. MOCCS was validated using three different comparisons: (1) TOC of high accuracy methane standards compared well to expected concentrations (3% relative error), (2) a gas-phase benzene standard was generated using a permeation source and measured by TOC and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with excellent agreement (<4% relative difference), and (3) total carbon measurement of 4 known gas phase mixtures were performed and compared to a calculated carbon content to agreement within the stated uncertainties of the standards. Measurements from laboratory biomass burning experiments of formic acid by negative-ion proton-transfer chemical-ionization mass spectrometry (NI-PT-CIMS) and formaldehyde by proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), both calibrated using MOCCS, were compared to open path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (OP-FTIR) to validate the MOCCS calibration and were found to compare well (R2 of 0.91 and 0.99, respectively).
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Grandy, Jonathan J., Khaled Murtada, João Raul Belinato, Paola Alejandra Ortiz Suárez, and Janusz Pawliszyn. "Development and validation of an improved, thin film solid phase microextraction based, standard gas generating vial for the repeatable generation of gaseous standards." Journal of Chromatography A 1632 (November 2020): 461541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461541.
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Gorbacheva, Aleksandra, and Oleg Rodinkov. "Chromate membrane generation of volatile organic compounds standard gas mixtures at the ppm level." Аналитика и контроль 22, no. 1 (2018): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2018.22.1.002.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Gas standard generation"
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Arar, Joseph I. "A model to evaluate CO2 emission reduction strategies in the US." The Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1186020342.
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Liu, Chia-Chan, and 劉家禎. "Evaluate the stability of standard gas generation system." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89938211660056537854.
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碩士長榮大學
職業安全與衛生學系碩士班
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This study is to establish a standard gas generation system with stable concentrations and steady flows. The system use different parameters to the test as: dilution conditions, ambient temperature, carrier gas flow. This test use photoionization detectors to measure the gas concentration. The first experiment tested for the influence of double dilution system, environmental parameters in this experiment is fixed at 25 ℃, 1 atm. The second experiment tested for the influence of the ambient temperature, carrier gas flow and concentration. In this study, use the CV and RPD to determine the standard system accuracy and reproducibility. This standard gas generation system is the syringe driver method (calibration syringe drive method), a syringe driven method mainly use fixed speed syringe injection liquid volatile organic solvents into the volatilization chamber, to generate a fixed concentration of the vapor. Then the clean carrier gas carried the high concentration gas into the mixing chamber, 2 streams of gas well mixed in the chamber, then sent it into the sampling chamber for testing. The temperature range of room temperature on the standard gas generation system did not interference the stability of the system. And the stability of the system at low concentrations and low carrier gas flow rate condition are better than others. There is a systematic error on the system, the concentrations got from the system are proportional lower than the estimate value. But, there are good reproducibilities at low concentrations and low-flow rate, the data of the system can be modified by a correction factor and get a acceptable result.
Books on the topic "Gas standard generation"
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Lukanin, Aleksandr. Environmental Engineering: Processes and gas emissions purification devices. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/24376.
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The tutorial adequately considered the currently existing methods of protection of the air basin from industrial waste gases of chemical, petrochemical, microbiological, pharmaceutical and related industries.
The material is based on a thorough analysis of the treatment methods commonly used, the most dangerous substances that enter the Earth´s atmosphere with the exhaust gases of large enterprises, also provides guidance on the use of gas-cleaning equipment
emissions in the industry.
Compliant with the Federal state educational standard of the latest generation of higher education.
The book is intended for students of technical colleges enrolled
in areas of training "Technosphere Safety" and "Environmental Engineering" (training profiles: "Environmental Engineering localities", "Engineering protection of the environment of industrial enterprises" and "Protection of the environment and resources"), as well as for engineering technical staff, graduate students and professors.
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Kuznecov, Vyacheslav, and Oleg Bryuhanov. Gasified boiler units. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1003548.
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The textbook gives the basic concepts of gasified heat generating (boiler) installations and the terminology used in boiler technology, the principle of operation and device of gasified heat generating (boiler) installations. The types and device of heat generators (boilers) of their furnace devices are considered; types and device of gas-burning devices, the number and places of their installation in furnace devices; auxiliary equipment-devices for air supply and removal of combustion products, devices for water treatment, steam supply and circulation of the coolant of hot water boilers; device for thermal control and automatic regulation of the boiler installation. The issues of operation and efficiency of gasified heat generating (boiler) installations and their gas supply systems; requirements for conducting gas-hazardous and emergency recovery operations of gas supply systems are considered.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation.
For students of secondary vocational education in the specialty 08.02.08 "Installation and operation of equipment and gas supply systems".
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Serebryakov, Oleg, and Lyubov' Ushivceva. Hydrogeology of oil and gas fields. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/969661.
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Considered questions of the course "Hydrogeology of oil and gas", which is offered to students of geological specialties. Describes the types of water in minerals and rocks, terms of origin, occurrence and movement; the formation of chemical, gas and bacterial composition of the water. The major hydrogeological provinces and characteristics of waters of separate fields. Thematic material is accompanied by test questions, practical tasks, tasks, drawings, tests and tables.
Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation.
For students, teachers, undergraduates, students majoring in 05.04.01 Geology, post-graduate students of geological, hydrogeological and other specialties, as well as for employees of fuel and energy complex and the production of hydrogeological and geological organizations.
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Ryabov, Vladimir. Oil and Gas Chemistry. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1017513.
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The textbook provides up-to-date data on the composition and properties of hydrocarbons and other oil and gas compounds, on the physical and chemical methods and methods for separating and identifying oil components (molecular spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, atomic adsorption spectroscopy, neutron activation analysis). The chemistry and mechanism of thermal and catalytic transformations of oil components in the main processes of oil raw materials processing, as well as the problems of the origin of oil and the transformation of oil in the environment are considered.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
It is intended for training in the course "Chemistry of oil and gas", for the preparation of bachelors, masters and certified specialists in the field of training "Oil and Gas business". It can be used for training in other areas in oil and gas universities and be of interest to specialists working in the field of chemistry and technology of oil refining and in other areas of the oil and gas industry.
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Ramazanov, Ayrat, I. Habibullin, and V. N. Fedorov. Analytical models in borehole thermometry. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1568658.
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The manual discusses the issues of modeling thermohydrodynamic processes in oil reservoirs and in the borehole, which constitute the theoretical foundations of the method of borehole thermometry. At the same time, preference is given to the study of analytical models.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
The manual is intended for students of higher educational institutions studying in oil and gas specialties. It will also be useful for graduate students and specialists dealing with issues of geophysical control of the development of oil and gas fields.
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Kerimov, Vagif, Vadim Kos'yanov, and Rustam Mustaev. Design and management of geological exploration works for oil and gas. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1141214.
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The textbook deals with the organization and management of exploration activities for oil and gas, as well as examples of planning, monitoring and implementation of exploration projects in leading oil and gas companies in Russia and the world. Currently, project management is being actively introduced into the practice of oil and gas exploration, and in this connection, the book examines its features, which have become firmly established in the life of many companies in the oil and gas industry.
The main risks of oil and gas exploration are shown. The essence of the local forecast of oil and gas potential and preparation of search objects for drilling is given. The issues of classification of oil and combustible gas reserves and resources are summarized. The geological and economic assessment of the efficiency of geological exploration is considered.
The chapters of the textbook are accompanied by control questions and tasks, as well as topics for essays.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For undergraduates in the direction of training 21.04.01 "Oil and Gas business" and students specializing in the direction 21.05.02 "Applied Geology".
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Pikovskiy, Yuriy, Nariman Ismailov, Marina Dorohova, S. V. Goryachkin, and A. P. Haustov. Fundamentals of oil and gas geoecology. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1812652.
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The textbook highlights the basic concepts and provisions of oil and gas geoecology: the impact on the biosphere of oil, hydrocarbon gas, petroleum products and related substances. The first section examines the composition, properties and toxicology of carbonaceous substances and their geochemical satellites, as well as their natural and man-made sources in the biosphere. The second section is devoted to the analysis of oil and gas technogenesis — changes in the atmosphere, soils, vegetation, surface and groundwater and the marine environment that occur under the influence of oil and gas production. The third section discusses the issues of self-restoration and reclamation of soil and aquatic ecosystems contaminated with oil and petroleum products. The fourth section discusses the main methods of environmental protection in the conditions of oil and gas production and processing.
The material is based on many years of original research by the authors and data from modern scientific sources and meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
It is intended for students of higher educational institutions, specialists of environmental organizations of the oil and gas industry, as well as for a wide range of readers.
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Beilin, Igor'. Modeling of economic processes in the oil and gas region. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1842518.
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The textbook is aimed at developing knowledge about methods and approaches to modeling the economic processes of the region on the basis of horizontal interregional and intersectoral integration of petrochemical complexes, as well as as a result of improving the innovative infrastructure of the territories of oil production and processing, oil condensate, natural and associated gas.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For students of higher educational institutions studying in the fields of "Economics", "Management", "Public Administration" (Master's degree). It can also be useful in the research work of postgraduate and doctoral studies in the scientific specialties "Economic theory", "Economics and management of the national economy", "Mathematical and instrumental methods of economics", etc.
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Berikashvili, Valeriy. The coherent optics and optical information processing. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/999893.
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Presented in the textbook materials relate to the disclosure of the common features of radio and optical telecommunication systems. In detail the device and principles of operation of gas, solid and semiconductor lasers, photodetectors, key photoelectric devices, phototransistors, of photothyristors. The studied display device. Great attention is paid to the elemental basis of fiber-optical systems of collecting and information transfer.
Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation.
For students in the areas of "Photonics and Optoinformatics", "Instrumentation" and "optical engineering".
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Serebryakov, Andrey, and Gennadiy Zhuravlev. Exploitation of oil and gas fields by horizontal wells. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/971768.
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The textbook describes the design features of offshore horizontal multi-hole production wells, as well as the bottom-hole components of horizontal multi-hole wells. The classification of complications of multi-hole horizontal wells, methods of their prevention and elimination are given. Methods of underground geonavigation of the development of offshore horizontal production wells are proposed. The geological and field bases of operation of horizontal offshore multi-hole oil and gas wells, modes and dynamics of oil, gas and associated water production, methods for calculating dynamic bottom-hole and reservoir pressures are specified. The technologies of operation of offshore horizontal multi-hole wells are presented. The composition and scope of environmental, field and research marine monitoring of the operation of offshore horizontal multi-hole wells and the protection of the marine environment in the production of oil and gas are justified. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for undergraduates of the enlarged group of "Earth Sciences" training areas, as well as for teachers, employees of the fuel and energy complex, industrial geological exploration and oil and gas production enterprises, scientific and design organizations.
Book chapters on the topic "Gas standard generation"
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Hepsø, Vidar, and Elena Parmiggiani. "From Integrated to Remote Operations: Digital Transformation in the Energy Industry as Infrastructuring." In Digital Transformation in Norwegian Enterprises, 21–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05276-7_3.
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AbstractThe energy industry in Norway has a long tradition in using information technology to enable integrated operations, namely, remote collaboration between personnel at offshore installations and experts at onshore office environments. Currently, the industry is undergoing a digital transformation in which remote operations of unmanned offshore assets are the emerging standard. To ensure trustworthy and reliable operations, offshore remote sensing capabilities must be established through not only technical means but also a broader transformation involving new competence, work processes, and governance principles. In this chapter, we reconstruct this transformation and ask: What are the emerging capabilities that develop around the remote operation digital infrastructure? We unpack how the new digital infrastructure is a continuation of the practices and systems that have been established over time. We use historical reconstruction with vignettes from the development of a new generation of remotely operated offshore installations in oil and gas and wind facilities to describe the ongoing digital transformation as a process of infrastructuring in which the infrastructure gets increasingly entangled with internal and external systems, stakeholders, and agendas. In doing so, we shed light on how the established local and situated solutions evolve and are compensated for through the technical and organizational principles of the emerging information infrastructure.
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Wisselmann, Raphaël, and Kai Kempmann. "Shoreside Power at Berths for Inland Navigation Vessels – How to Make Available a Harmonised System of Shoreside Power Access on the Rhine to Reduce Air and Noise Pollution." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 179–85. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6138-0_16.
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AbstractThe Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine (CCNR) is an international organisation that exercises an essential regulatory role in the navigation of the Rhine. It is active in the technical, legal, economic and environmental fields. In all its areas of action, its work is guided by the efficiency of transport on the Rhine, safety, social considerations, and respect for the environment. Many of the CCNR’s activities now reach beyond the Rhine and are directly concerned with European navigable waterways more generally.So as to take into particular account the challenges of climate change, in 2018 the transport ministers of the Member States of the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine (Germany, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland) signed a declaration, the so-called Mannheim Declaration, to reassert the objective of largely eliminating greenhouse gases and other pollutants by 2050 and to task the CCNR to develop a roadmap to achieve these goals. These goals that are intended to protect the environment and the climate concern not only inland navigation vessels’ propulsion systems but also the on-board power supply for operating machinery, for example when at berth.Last but not least, the conflicts over berths on the Rhine in city centres demonstrate that joint efforts are required to reduce or largely eliminate both pollutant and noise emissions. Supplying inland navigation vessels with shore power can play an important role in reducing emissions and noise and helps achieve the objectives of the Mannheim Declaration, while also securing attractive city centre berths for future generations of boatmen. Together with its stakeholders, the CCNR works on a regular basis to identify technical and regulatory gaps in standards and provisions, and proposes activities that aim at a harmonised implementation of shoreside power infrastructure on the Rhine.
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Rodinkov, O. V., A. R. Petrunina, M. E. Greg, and A. S. Bugaychenko. "GAS EXTRACTION GENERATION OF STANDARD GAS MIXTURES OF HIGH-TOXIC VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT THE MAC LEVEL." In To the 100th anniversary of I.G. Yudelevich. Works of analytical chemists. NIIC SB RAS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26902/udl2020_30.
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Stanczyk, Lucas. "How Quickly Should the World Reduce its Greenhouse Gas Emissions?" In Philosophy and Climate Change, 295–322. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796282.003.0014.
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Given the accompanying sacrifices, how quickly should the present generation reduce its greenhouse gas emissions? The dominant framework for thinking about this question continues to be normative welfare economics. This chapter explains why the dominant approach should be rejected, and outlines the structure of what the author has come to think is the correct one. On this approach, requirements of intergenerational justice are understood, not as the means to, but as the most important constraints on maximizing intertemporal welfare. The chapter explains why the main content of these constraints can be given by the theories of social and international justice. Finally, it explains why the non-identity problem does not undermine the recommended way of thinking about intergenerational justice. Even if the business-as-usual baseline in greenhouse gas emissions will never harm any unborn future people, we can still say that humanity is forever subject to a suitably high environmental conservation standard.
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Magee, Patrick, and Mark Tooley. "Environmental Safety." In The Physics, Clinical Measurement and Equipment of Anaesthetic Practice for the FRCA. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199595150.003.0032.
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For these to occur, there is a need for combustible material, oxygen and a source of ignition. The risk of these being present results from the use of high oxygen partial pressures and the use of inflammable anaesthetic agents or other inflammable materials. If the pressure of any gas is increased, heat is liberated. If the gas is oxygen and this comes into contact with something flammable like oil or grease in a confined space, the heat liberated may cause an explosion. Hence oil or grease should be kept well away from pressurised oxygen sources. These include not only oxygen, but pressurised air and pressurised nitrous oxide, which can dissociate into nitrogen and oxygen. Although modern anaesthetic volatile agents are non-flammable, ether and cyclopropane are flammable and may still be used in some parts of the world. Ethyl chloride, used to test sensory perception in local anaesthetic blocks and methyl alcohol for cleaning skin, are also flammable. Ignition sources include sparks from static electricity, or faulty electrical apparatus from the diathermy machine or from mains plugs sparking when disconnected. To prevent static electricity causing ignition, not only should efforts be made to minimise the generation of static electricity, but also to discharge any static slowly to earth. There should therefore be an upper and a lower limit to the electrical resistance between the antistatic floor and earth, of between 5MΩ and 20 kΩ respectively. All equipment capable of generating static electricity should make electrical contact with the floor through a medium made of antistatic (conducting) rubber. Staff footwear should also have antistatic rubber soles and the tubing of breathing systems should also be made of antistatic material. Classification of anaesthetic proof equipment is based on the ignition energy required to ignite the most flammable mixture of ether and air. ‘AP’ standard equipment can be used between 5 and 25 cm from such an inflammable anaesthetic gas mixture escaping from a breathing system; furthermore its temperature should not exceed 200◦C. ‘APG’ standard is a more stringent one for anaesthetic proof equipment; it is based on the ignition energy required to ignite the most flammable mixture of ether and oxygen, which should be less than 1 μJ.
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Giles, Cynthia. "Innovative Strategies Are the Only Way to Cut Methane from Oil and Gas." In Next Generation Compliance, 219—C9.P51. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197656747.003.0010.
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Abstract Oil and gas companies know how to slash methane from oil and gas production. They just aren’t doing it. Leaks, venting, and flaring all contribute to large and growing methane emissions, with their many-times-carbon climate impacts. Super-emitters contribute a wildly disproportionate share of the methane and are tough to spot because they are intermittent and unpredictable, and only visible with specialized equipment. While we wait for at-scale deployment of new methane monitoring strategies, innovation is a necessity to bolster reliable implementation of new standards. Incentivizing more continuous monitoring, burden-shifting, and crowdsourcing compliance scrutiny are among the many creative tools regulators can deploy. This chapter recommends an array of Next Gen compliance-driving strategies, including some that block oil and gas companies from dumping compliance responsibilities for abandoned wells on the taxpayer.
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Amin, Ruhul, Nitin Muralidharan, Marm Dixit, Anand Parejiya, Rachid Essehli, and Ilias Belharouak. "Design and Performance of lithium-Ion Batteries for Achieving Electric Vehicle Takeoff, Flight, and Landing." In Lithium-Ion Batteries - Recent Advanced and Emerging Topics [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105477.
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Today, the burgeoning drive towards global urbanization with over half the earth’s population living in cities, has created major challenges with regards to intracity and intercity transit and mobility. This problem is compounded due to the fact that almost always urbanization and increase in standard of living drives individual automobile ownerships. Over 95% of automobiles are presently powered by some form of fossil fuel and as an unintended consequence, urban centers have also been centers for peak greenhouse gas emissions, a major contributor to global climate change. A revolutionary solution to this conundrum is flight capable electric automobiles or electric aerial vehicles that can tackle both urban mobility and climate change challenges. For such advanced electric platforms, energy storage and delivery component is the vital component towards achieving takeoff, flight, cruise, and landing. The requirements and duty cycle demands on the energy storage system is drastically different when compared to the performance metrics required for terrestrial electric vehicles. As the widely deployed lithium ion-based battery systems are often the primary go-to energy storage choice in electric vehicle related applications, it is imperative that performance metrics and specifications for such batteries towards areal electric vehicles need to be established. In this nascent field, there exists ample opportunities for battery material innovations, understanding degradation mechanism, battery design, development and deployment of battery control and management systems. Thus, this chapter comprehensively discusses battery requirements and identifies battery material chemistries suitable for handling aerial electric automobile duty cycles. The chapter also discusses the battery cell-level metrics pertaining to electrochemical, chemical, mechanical, and structural parameters. Furthermore, specific models for battery degradation, state of health (SOH), capacity and models for full cell performance and degradation are also discussed here. Finally, the chapter also discusses battery safety and future directions of batteries that would power these next generation urban electric aircrafts.
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Schmeida, Mary, and Ramona Sue McNeal. "U.S. Public Support to Climate Change Initiatives?" In Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability, 605–24. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0440-5.ch026.
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The Obama Administration Climate Action Plan is enforcing goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions below 2005 levels by 2020, regulating both stationary and mobile sources of pollution. As energy-related carbon dioxide emissions account for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions, the plan proposed carbon pollution standards for both new and existing plants. Impacts related to upgraded regulations have been projected as both favorable and not, with public and political opinions showing support among some groups and among other interests a concern. The purpose of this chapter is to analyze factors predicting which groups are supportive and non-supportive on setting stricter carbon dioxide emission limits on coal-fired electricity generating power plants. This topic is explored using multivariate regression analysis and individual level data. Findings suggest that comprehension of the policy area and individual financial situation are the most important factors in predicting support for stricter emission limits.
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Schmeida, Mary, and Ramona Sue McNeal. "U.S. Public Support to Climate Change Initiatives?" In Natural Resources Management, 1196–215. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0803-8.ch058.
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The Obama Administration Climate Action Plan is enforcing goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions below 2005 levels by 2020, regulating both stationary and mobile sources of pollution. As energy-related carbon dioxide emissions account for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions, the plan proposed carbon pollution standards for both new and existing plants. Impacts related to upgraded regulations have been projected as both favorable and not, with public and political opinions showing support among some groups and among other interests a concern. The purpose of this chapter is to analyze factors predicting which groups are supportive and non-supportive on setting stricter carbon dioxide emission limits on coal-fired electricity generating power plants. This topic is explored using multivariate regression analysis and individual level data. Findings suggest that comprehension of the policy area and individual financial situation are the most important factors in predicting support for stricter emission limits.
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Adhikari, Mainak, Aditi Das, and Akash Mukherjee. "Utility Computing and Its Utilization." In Advances in Systems Analysis, Software Engineering, and High Performance Computing, 1–21. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8853-7.ch001.
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Utility computing is envisioned to be the next generation of Information Technology (IT) evolution that depicts how computing needs of users can be fulfilled in the future IT industry. Its analogy is derived from the real world where service providers maintain and supply utility services, such as electrical power, gas, and water to consumers. Consumers' providers the services based on their usage. Therefore, the underlying design of utility computing is based on a service provisioning model, where Consumers pay providers for using computing power only when they need to. This chapter first discuss some features, challenges and impacts of utility computing. Finally this chapter point out the important, standards and recommendation of utility computing in cloud platform with a suitable example.
Conference papers on the topic "Gas standard generation"
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Santon, Roger C. "ISO 21789: A New Gas Turbine Safety Standard." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59438.
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The new International Standard on gas turbine safety, ISO 21789 [1], has been under development for over seven years. This paper describes its origins, development and content. The standard grew from concerns over a perceived risk of incidents, and the need for a uniform approach to safety. Desire for the provision of recognised means of compliance with relevant European Directives was also a strong factor. Details of the logistics of the development of a standard of this complexity have been included in this paper to demonstrate the very substantial resources required and the enormous level of support given by manufacturers, users, regulators and others. Also included are some of the problems and pitfalls that can arise during a project of this type. The paper provides some broad details of the scope and content of the standard, with particular reference to earlier relevant ASME IGTI papers. The standard deals comprehensively with all the hazards associated with gas turbines used for power generation and similar duties, including mechanical, electrical, fire and explosion. Whilst primarily a procurement standard for new equipment, it covers safety in design affecting commissioning, operation, maintenance and disposal, compliance verification, and information for use.
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Seshadri, Lakshminarayanan, Harini Nivetha Raja, Pramod Kumar, Abdul Nassar, Gaurav Giri, and Leonid Moroz. "Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Turbomachinery Options for Kilowatt to Gigawatt Level Power Generation." In ASME 2019 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2019-2472.
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Abstract Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton cycles can be used in conjunction with a host of heat sources associated with different magnitudes of net power generation. In this paper, the overall design features of the turbomachinery, namely the turbine and compressor are evaluated for kilowatt to Gigawatt range of net cycle power using a commercial design tool — AxSTREAM®. The thermodynamic cycle considered in all cases is a simple recuperated Brayton cycle with turbine and compressor inlet temperatures of 540 °C and 45 °C respectively. The highest and lowest pressures in the cycle are 210 bar and 85 bar respectively. The preliminary design is carried out using an inverse algorithm with a meanline solver that generates many geometries for the given boundary conditions using standard loss correlations to account for different losses in turbomachines. It, thus, provides the general design features of the compressor and turbine which include — machine size, shaft speed at design point, overall efficiency, number of blades, blade heights, blade angles and number of stages for axial turbines. The choice of axial or radial impeller and initial estimates of machine size and shaft speed are made based on standard specific speed-specific diameter charts and important loss parameters are presented for each case. This study serves as a first step towards in-depth blade profiling, 3-D analysis and design of the turbomachinery required to bring this technology to the practical realm.
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Neto, Alcides Codeceira, and Pericles Pilidis. "An Exergy Analysis of Novel Power Generation Systems." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-290.
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The present paper describes the application of the exergy method to several power cycles of current interest in the Brazilian power scene. The ability of the exergy method to highlight component irreversibilities is of particular interest in this investigation. In this paper the exergy analysis for a simple gas turbine cycle, a combined gas/steam cycle, a combined gas/steam/freon cycle and a chemically recuperated gas turbine have been performed. As a yardstick for comparison a standard gas turbine engine with and without a steam bottoming cycle has been employed. The fuel considered is natural gas. The analysis of this system has been carried out using the exergy method. For the simple gas turbine cycle a biomass fuel has been employed as an alternative. The attraction of this fuel is its low impact on the environment and its plentiful supply in many regions in Brazil.
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Veenstra, Peter C. G. "Pipeline Open Data Standard (PODS) Next Generation Data Model." In 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2018-78753.
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The Pipeline Open Data Standard (PODS) Association develops and advances global pipeline data standards and best practices supporting data management and reporting for the oil and gas industry. This presentation provides an overview of the PODS Association and a detailed overview of the transformed PODS Pipeline Data Model resulting from the PODS Next Generation initiative. The PODS Association’s Next Generation, or Next Gen, initiative is focused on a complete re-design and modernization of the PODS Pipeline Data Model. The re-design of the PODS Pipeline Data Model is driven by PODS Association Strategy objectives as defined in its 2016–2019 Strategic Plan and reflects nearly 20 years of PODS Pipeline Data Model implementation experience and lessons learned. The Next Gen Data Model is designed to be the system of record for pipeline centerlines and pressurized containment assets for the safe transport of product, allowing pipeline operators to: • Achieve greater agility to build and extend the data model, • respond to new business requirements, • interoperate through standard data models and consistent application interface, • share data within and between organizations using well defined data exchange specifications, • optimize performance for management of bulk loading, reroute, inspection data and history. The presentation will introduce the Next Gen Data Model design principles, conceptual, logical and physical structures with a focus on transformational changes from prior versions of the Model. Support for multiple platforms including but not limited to Esri ArcGIS, open source GIS and relational database management systems will be described. Alignment with Esri’s ArcGIS Platform and ArcGIS for Pipeline Referencing (APR) will be a main topic of discussion along with how PODS Next Gen can be leveraged to benefit pipeline integrity, risk assessment, reporting and data maintenance. The end goal of a PODS implementation is a realization of data management efficiency, data transfer and exchange, to make the operation of a pipeline safer and most cost effective.
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Rudrapatna, Nagaraja, Bradley Lutz, and Harry Kington. "Next Generation APS Porous TBC for Gas Turbine Combustors." In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-82756.
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Abstract Modern gas turbine combustors rely on thermal barrier coatings (TBC) in addition to sophisticated cooling strategies to survive high temperature environments. The need for lower emissions either driven by International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) regulations or by customers desire for green engines often necessitates increased air budget for improved mixing, thus resulting in less available cooling flow. Even with state-of-the-art cooling schemes to offset reduced cooling air allocation, combustors can benefit from better TBC performance to mitigate durability challenges. This paper showcases the next generation Air Plasma Spray (APS) porous TBC developed by Honeywell as well as discusses tests performed and results gathered to assess its suitability for combustor application. A configured test specimen was utilized to evaluate suitability of new coating system for combustor application. The configured specimen captures the material system, geometric features, manufacturing, and assembly process associated with combustor fabrication and thus provides a realistic environment for performance assessment. The configured specimen test results indicate the new APS porous TBC showed better performance than the standard 6–8% Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) porous TBC. The new TBC with its lower conductivity at higher temperature, increased thickness capability, and superior stability at substantially higher temperature than 6–8% YSZ TBC enables hot section components to survive hotter engine cycles.
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Hatzignatiou, Dimitrios Georgios, and Christine Ehlig-Economides. "Coupled Enhanced Natural Gas Recovery and Blue Hydrogen (EGRBH) Generation." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210356-ms.
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Abstract Natural gas can be used to generate either blue or grey hydrogen depending on whether or not the carbon dioxide byproduct is captured and stored. When captured, the carbon dioxide (CO2) produced from a steam methane reforming (SMR) or partial oxidation (POX) process can be injected into the same natural gas reservoir for enhanced gas recovery (EGR) while simultaneously storing CO2. The objective of this work is the effective integration of these three major processes – blue hydrogen generation, carbon dioxide capture and storage, and enhanced natural gas production. Surface processes include separation of methane from CO2 and other inorganic and organic components in the produced natural gas. Produced CO2 will be injected back into the reservoir, and other components would be managed in ways standard to produced natural gas processing. An SMR or POX process followed by a shift reaction one will generate hydrogen and CO2 followed by separation of the hydrogen and CO2. To avoid a need for post combustion capture, continuous operation can use produced hydrogen to energize the SMR process. Integration of natural gas reservoir production, blue hydrogen generation, and CO2 injection back into the same reservoir leads to a process termed enhanced gas recovery and blue hydrogen (EGRBH). To optimize the reservoir management, analytical and numerical simulation models that address physical mechanisms such as CO2 diffusion, advection, and CO2 solubility in connate water provide guidelines on placement of injection and production wells, on their geometry (vertical or horizontal) and completion interval locations, and on well operating conditions. Displacing methane with CO2 is a miscible process with favorable mobility ratio, and simulations show that the methane recovery factor at CO2 breakthrough depends on both molecular diffusion and dispersivity related to reservoir heterogeneity. Continued production at constant methane rate enables additional blue hydrogen generation while increasing CO2 flow through the reservoir under declining average reservoir pressure. Injection of additional CO2 captured from other stationary point sources can achieve enhanced CO2 storage (ECS) up to a limit pressure less than the original reservoir pressure. The EGRBH process produces blue hydrogen at a price competitive with gasoline or diesel for transportation applications. When used for power generation, blue hydrogen decarbonizes natural gas fired generation at lower cost than can be achieved with post combustion capture from standard natural gas power plants. Blue hydrogen is also less than half the cost of so-called green hydrogen produced via electrolysis using electricity generated with renewable energy. This appears to be an ideal approach for developing and producing new natural gas discoveries.
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Kurzke, Joachim. "Model Based Gas Turbine Parameter Corrections." In ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38234.
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Ambient conditions have a significant impact on the temperatures and pressures in the flow path and on the fuel flow of any gas turbine. Making observed data comparable requires a correction of the raw data to sea level Standard Day conditions. The most widely applied gas turbine parameter correction method is based on keeping some dimensionless Mach number similarity parameters invariant. These similarity parameters are composed of the quantity to be corrected multiplied by temperature to the power ‘a’ and pressure to the power ‘b’ with exponent ‘a’ being theoretically either 0, +0.5 or −0.5 and ‘b’ either 0 or 1.0. To improve the accuracy of this approach it is common practice to empirically adapt the temperature and pressure exponents ‘a’ and ‘b’ in such a way that the correction process leads to a better correlation of the data. Finding empirical exponents requires either many consistently measured data that cover a wide range of ambient temperatures and pressures or a computer model of the engine. A high fidelity model is especially well suited for creating optimally matched exponents and for exploring the phenomena that make these exponents deviate from their theoretical value. This paper discusses the questions that arise when creating empirical exponents with a thermodynamic model of the gas turbine. The gas turbine parameter correction method based on Mach number similarity parameters can get complex if effects like humidity, bleed air or power off-take, free power turbines, switching between various fuel types (Diesel and natural gas), water respectively steam injection, variable geometry or afterburners have to be considered. In such a case it might be simpler — and certainly more accurate — to use the thermodynamic model for the gas turbine parameter correction. Computing power required for running a model is nowadays of no relevance and the better consistency of the data available for engine performance monitoring can yield a significantly improved performance diagnostic capability.
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Kharoua, Nabil, Lyes Khezzar, and Zoubir Nemouchi. "CFD Prediction of Pressure Drop and Flow Field in Standard Gas Cyclone Models." In ASME 2009 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2009-78146.
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Pressure drop is an important performance parameter for cyclone separators. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study of the pressure drop in cyclones using the Reynolds stress (RSM) and the granular mixture models is presented in this paper. The study includes three different cases; pure gas at ambient temperature, pure gas at different temperatures, and particle-laden flow. The first two cases were reasonably well predicted while the presence of particles with a relatively high loading (up to 1 kg/m3 of fluid) caused some discrepancies in the predicted results. The concept of entropy generation, used in this work, has permitted to detect regions of high frictional effect in the vortex finder, the bottom of the conical part, and at the interface separating the outer and the core streams. The simplifying assumptions employed in the CFD models and some numerical details are discussed.
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Griffin, Timothy, Sven Gunnar Sundkvist, Knut A˚sen, and Tor Bruun. "Advanced Zero Emissions Gas Turbine Power Plant." In ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38426.
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The AZEP (Advanced Zero Emissions Power Plant) project addresses the development of a novel “zero emissions,” gas turbine-based, power generation process to reduce local and global CO2 emissions in the most cost-effective way. Preliminary process calculations indicate that the AZEP concept will result only in a loss of 2–5% efficiency, as compared to approximately 10% loss using conventional tail-end CO2 capture methods. Additionally, the concept allows the use of air-based gas turbine equipment and thus, eliminates the need for expensive development of new turbomachinery. The key to achieving these targets is the development of an integrated MCM-reactor, in which a) O2 is separated from air by use of a mixed-conductive membrane (MCM), b) combustion of natural gas occurs in an N2-free environment and c) the heat of combustion is transferred to the oxygen depleted air by a high temperature heat exchanger. This MCM reactor replaces the combustion chamber in a standard gas turbine power plant. The cost of removing CO2 from the combustion exhaust gas is significantly reduced, since this contains only CO2 and water vapor. The initial project phase is focused on the research and development of the major components of the MCM-reactor (air separation membrane, combustor and high temperature heat exchanger), the combination of these components into an integrated reactor, and subsequent scale-up for future integration in a gas turbine. Within the AZEP process combustion is carried out in a nearly stoichiometric natural gas/O2 mixture heavily diluted in CO2 and water vapor. The influence of this high exhaust gas dilution on the stability of natural gas combustion has been investigated, using lean-premix combustion technologies. Experiments have been performed both at atmospheric and high pressures (up to 15 bar), simulating the conditions found in the AZEP process. Preliminary tests have been performed on MCM modules under simulated gas turbine conditions. Additionally, preliminary reactor designs, incorporating MCM, heat exchanger and combustor have been made, based on the results of initial component testing. Techno-economic process calculations have been performed indicating the advantages of the AZEP process as compared to other proposed CO2-free gas turbine processes.
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Bonzani, Federico, Andrea Silingardi, Laura Traversone, and Luigi Di Pasquale. "Operating Experience on Advanced Technology AE64.3A Gas Turbine." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45563.
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The growth of power markets stresses the importance of optimizing power plant performance and boosts the need to improve and upgrade the existing power generation plants. In this framework, Gas Turbine with medium power output are regarded as strategic asset to gain competitiveness in energy business. In such a challenging scenario, the current version of the 50/60 cycles AE64.3A Gas Turbine has been upgraded by Ansaldo Energia, enhancing performances, operational and dynamic features. Therefore the unit is rated now 75 Mwe power output and 35.9% efficiency. The upgraded AE64.3A along with the relevant generator and auxiliary systems in single shaft configuration, has been installed in the combined cycle generation plant of Vlore, on the Adriatic coast of Albania. The gas turbine has been supplied in accordance to the standard and proven design of the manufacturer, optimizing the need for burning fuel oil in continuous operation. The paper will report the main feature of the engine highlighting the upgrade and present the operational experience gained during the commissioning phase.
Reports on the topic "Gas standard generation"
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Turan, Meltem Sonmez. Bridging the Gap between Standards on Random Number Generation:. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.8446.ipd.
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O’Brien, Thomas, and Deanna Matsumoto. Mapping E-Commerce Locally and Beyond: CITT K12 Special Investigation Project. Mineta Transportation Institute, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2067.
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As all aspects of the American workplace become automated or digitally enhanced to some degree, K12 educators have an increasing responsibility to help their students acquire the technical skills necessary to organize and interpret information. Increasingly, this is done through Geographic Information Systems (GIS), especially in careers related to transportation and logistics. The Center for International Trade & Transportation (CITT) at CSU Long Beach has developed this K12 Special Investigation Project to introduce ArcGIS StoryMaps, an engaging, accessible and sophisticated web-based GIS application. The lessons center on e-commerce and its accompanying environmental and economic impact. Still, the activities can be easily adapted to projects in any subject area, such as humanities, science, math, or language arts. This teacher blueprint includes a teacher training guide with ten detailed lesson plans and activities. With the guidance of a National Board-Certified Teacher in Early Adolescence Math as lead instructor, the curriculum is designed to align with Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). Also, exploration of STEM and GIS-related careers are incorporated into the lesson plans.
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McGee, Steven, Randi McGee-Tekula, and Jennifer Duck. Does a Focus on Modeling and Explanation of Molecular Interactions Impact Student Learning and Identity? The Learning Partnership, April 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.51420/conf.2017.1.
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The Interactions curriculum and professional development program is designed to support high school teachers in their transition to the physical science Next Generation Science Standards. Through curriculum materials, an online portal for delivering the digital materials, interactive models of molecular phenomena, and educative teacher guide, teachers are able to support students in bridging the gap between macroscopic and sub-microscopic ideas in physical science by focusing on a modeling and explanation-oriented exploration of attractions and energy changes at the atomic level. During the fall semester of the 2015-16 school year, The Learning Partnership conducted a field test of Interactions with eleven teachers who implemented the curriculum across a diverse set of school districts. As part of the field test, The Learning Partnership examined the impact of teachers’ inquiry-based teaching practices on student learning and identification with the scientific enterprise. The results indicate that students had statistically significant growth in learning from the beginning to end of unit 2 and that the extent to which teachers engaged students in inquiry had a positive statistically significant influence on the growth rate and a statistically significant indirect impact on students’ identification with the scientific enterprise.
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Michel, Bob, and Tatiana Falcão. Taxing Profits from International Maritime Shipping in Africa: Past, Present and Future of UN Model Article 8 (Alternative B). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.023.
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International maritime shipping is an essential part of global business. Since the establishment of the current international tax regime in the 1920s, there has been a consensus that profits generated by this business are taxable only in the residence state –the state where the shipowners are located. Source states – the port states where business physically takes place – are generally expected to exempt income from international shipping. This standard is currently reflected in Article 8 of the OECD Model and Article 8 (Alternative A) of the UN Model, and is incorporated in the vast majority of bilateral tax treaties currently in force. Exclusive residence state taxation of shipping profits is problematic when the size of mercantile fleets and shipping flows between two states are of unequal size. This is often the case in relations between a developed and developing country. The latter often lack a substantial domestic mercantile fleet, but serve as an important revenue-generating port state for the fleet of the developed country. To come to a more balanced allocation of taxing rights in such a case, a source taxation alternative has been inserted in UN Model Article 8 (Alternative B). From its inception, Article 8B has been labelled impractical due to the lack of guidance on core issues, like sourcing rules and profit allocation. This gap is said to explain the low adoption rate of Article 8B in global tax treaty practice. In reality, tax treaty practice regarding Article 8B is heavily concentrated and flourishing in a handful of countries in South/South-East Asia – Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand. All these countries subject non-resident shipping income to tax in their domestic income tax laws. Except for India, all countries are able to exercise these domestic tax law rules in relation to shipping enterprises located in the biggest shipowner states, either because they have a treaty in place that provides for source taxation or because there is no treaty at all and thus no restriction of domestic law. None of the relevant tax treaties contain a provision that incorporates the exact wording of Article 8B of the UN Model. If other countries, like coastal countries in sub-Saharan Africa, are looking to implement source taxation of maritime shipping income in the future, they are advised to draw on the South/South-East Asian experience. Best practice can be distilled regarding sourcing rule, source tax limitation, profit attribution and method of taxation (on gross or net basis). In addition to technical guidance on tax, the South/South-East Asian experience also provides important general policy considerations countries should take into account when determining whether source taxation of maritime shipping profits is an appropriate target for their future tax treaty negotiations.