Journal articles on the topic 'Gas pipe operation tool'
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Yang, Xiaoyong, Shichun Chen, Qiang Feng, Wenhua Zhang, and Yue Wang. "Study on mechanical properties of titanium alloy drill pipe and application technology." E3S Web of Conferences 261 (2021): 02021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126102021.
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With the increasing intensity of oil and gas field exploration and development, oil and gas wells are also drilling into deeper and more complex formations. Conventional steel drilling tools can no longer meet the requirements of ultra-deep, high-temperature and high-pressure wells. The paper first analyzes the advantages of titanium alloy drill pipe based on basic performance of titanium alloy drill pipe. The experimental results show that the basic properties of titanium alloy drill pipes meet the operating standards of the petroleum industry. Then the buckling performance of titanium alloy drill pipe and steel drill pipe is compared, the calculation results show that the buckling performance of titanium alloy drill tools is slightly lower than that of steel drill tools. Secondly, the maximum allowable buildup rate of titanium alloy drill pipe and steel drill tool is studied. The research shows that under the same condition of the drill pipe outer diameter, titanium alloy drill pipe can be used for a smaller curvature radius and greater buildup rate. This advantage of titanium alloy drill pipe makes it more suitable for short radius and ultra-short radius wells. Finally, taking a shale gas horizontal well as an example, with the goal of reducing drill string friction and ensuring drill string stability, a comparative study on the application of titanium alloy drill pipe and steel drill pipe is carried out. The results show that titanium alloy drill pipe has a wider application in the field, and is suitable for operations under various complex working conditions.
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Ryakhovskikh, Ilya, Roman Kashkovskiy, Aleksandr Kaverin, Vladimir Stolov, and Sergey Zhedulov. "Safe operation of gas pipelines based on the control of stress corrosion cracking." International Journal of Structural Integrity 12, no. 6 (October 13, 2021): 864–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-05-2021-0052.
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PurposeThe paper is devoted to the phenomenon of stress corrosion cracking (SCC), which is an urgent problem for major operator companies that use large-diameter gas transport systems built in the second half of the last century. The aim of the study is to predict the operability of gas pipelines with SCC and ensure their safe operation.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology of the article mainly consisted of strength calculations, mathematical and analytical approaches.FindingsThe paper describes practical methods of assessing the residual service life and operability of pipes with SCC defects as part of gas pipelines, the developed approaches to assessing the point of failure of pipes, provides recommendations for developing requirements to ILI smart tools in order to detect cracks and the methods of pipe repair depending on the SCC defect parameters.Originality/valueThe originality of the study consists in the analytical description of the point of destruction of gas pipelines with SCC, assessment of their performance, as well as the definition of modern requirements for the accuracy of in-line inspection to ensure the detection of potentially dangerous SCC defects.
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Williams, G. Bob, Purabi Bora, and Omprakash Sahu. "A Solution to Tough Logging Conditions (Lwf): Intro to Tough Logging Conditions, Logging While Fishing, Operation Procedure and Conditions." Sumerianz Journal of Scientific Research, no. 44 (November 15, 2021): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.47752/sjsr.44.95.103.
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This review work summarised new generation logging techniques such Tough Logging Conditions (TLC) & Logging While Fishing (LWF) and their advancement in drilling operations. The production of Oil & gas from the stage of exploration to production should need a lot of data for economic and safe operations. The conditions of the sub-surface cannot be simply predicted unless with some measured parameters under the LOGGING term. Logging is defined as a continuous record of Petro’s physical parameters of rock against time and depth. Instead of conventional logging techniques of wireline such as SP, Gamma-ray, Neutron, Calliper log, etc, logging while drilling, logging while fishing set them aside of their extended applications. Logging while Fishing is a new generation technology that allows unfailing operations of logging tool by a special installation even in cut and thread operation also aids economic and time enhancement. Tough logging conditions are a technique applied either when the hole has highly deviated or when you need to control the position of a tool. This project includes the study and interpretation of above discussed new generation logs. These tools offer all types of logging carried out on wireline except the SP logging. Logging while drilling provides real-time measurements of physical parameters while drilling operation itself which avoids an additional running of tools causing trips and sticking of drill pipe. The data is stored in the bottom assembled logging tool.
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Ştefan, Ionel Sorin, and Cristian Pătrăscioiu. "Operation of the Pumping System with Rods." Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Iași. Machine constructions Section 67, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bipcm-2021-0011.
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Abstract The asynchronous electric motor is used in the electric stock industry. The inverter adjusts the speed of an asynchronous motor from level 0 to rated speed. An oil pumping plant comprises the bottom machine and the surface machine. The lower machine consists of the depth pump, gas and sand separator, extraction pipe, pump rods. The surface tool includes the pump unit and other equipment. In turn, the pumping unit consists of the rocker, mechanical gearbox, connecting rods, cranks and electric motor. In pump extraction processes, maximum engine speed and / or power is not required. Significant reductions in power consumption can be achieved by adjusting the engine speed with the help of a converter. This solution can reduce production costs and increase productivity by up to 50-60%. The paper is dedicated to studying the regulation of the asynchronous electric motor using a converter controlled by a Siemens PLC. The equipment used is didactic, being produced by the company ASTI Romania.
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Robins, Lee. "Tracerco Discovery: the world's first subsea computed tomography (CT) scanner for non-intrusive pipeline inspection." APPEA Journal 54, no. 2 (2014): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj13118.
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Tracerco Discovery is the world’s first subsea CT scanner, providing high-resolution wall integrity data plus detection of hydrates and other deposits for flow assurance purposes. It is deployed as a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) and the inspection is carried out from the outside of the pipeline. It is the only non-invasive technology capable of inspecting unpiggable coated pipelines and there is no need to remove and replace the pipe’s protective coating. Unpiggable pipelines, especially coated ones, have proven extremely difficult (and in most cases impossible) to inspect for integrity and wall loss issues. An externally deployed tool to do this is needed by the global pipeline industry. Gas hydrates and other pipeline deposits pose a large challenge for the oil and gas industry as they can form restrictions that can result in costly shutdowns and serious safety threats. It is, therefore, important to be able to locate such restrictions subsea with high accuracy to allow safe and efficient remediation operations. Discovery benefits: Production can continue and normal operations are not affected. A high-resolution tomographic image of wall thickness and pipe contents at each scanning location is provided to 2 mm resolution. Coating does not need to be removed. Suitable for gas, liquid, or multiphase flow. Suitable for rigid and flexible lines. Pipe-in-Pipe lines and pipe-bundles can be inspected to measure the wall thickness of outer and inner pipes. The presentation of this extended abstract covers the background of the development work, gives a description of the technology, and shows recent results.
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Liakh, Mykhailo, Teodoziia Yatsyshyn, Svitlana Gavryliv, Yuriy Gavryliv, Lesia Shkitsa, Katarina Monkova, Peter Pavol Monka, and Vasyl-Danylo Liakh. "Environmentally-efficient approaches to oil and gas producing sites." E3S Web of Conferences 280 (2021): 09002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128009002.
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We have offered the investigations aimed at the design of eco-efficient technologies during oil and gas producing sites life cycle. The authors have conducted the analysis of conditions causing environmentally hazardous situations at oil and gas producing sites. We have established the necessity of quick maintenance of operation during emergencies that makes it possible to reduce material costs and environmental pollution. The increase of environmental safety in the process of winding up oil and gas wells emergencies that took place as a result of catching drilling string or some other pipe is crucial. We have analyzed different ways and various structural designs of the devices for pipe unscrewing from caught strings. We have established the ways of negative environmental impact reduction in the winding up emergencies at operating as well at stack oil and gas rigs. The recommendations regarding the structural design of the device are given. The device design is patented and the prototype model of the device is designed and manufactured. The device functions as the transformer of clockwise drilling string rotation into anticlockwise rotation of fishing tools. We have highlighted the positive effects after the implementation of the given device. We have noted the importance of innovative technologies design as well as the importance of forming adequate response skills during emergencies when wellsites are being constructed. The technical solutions and recommendations we have introduced make it possible to prevent negative environmental impact and reduce resource flows at different stages of wellsite life cycle.
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Zapevalov, D. N., and R. K. Vagapov. "Analysis of regulatory requirements for the assessment of carbon dioxide corrosion at gas production facilities." Issues of Risk Analysis 18, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32686/1812-5220-2021-18-2-60-71.
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Aim.In many fields, the produced gas contains corrosive CO2, which, in combination with moisture and other factors, stimulates the intensive development of corrosion processes, including local ones, which requires careful attention to the assessment of the corrosiveness of operating fluids in order to select effective anti-corrosion protection. Ensuring reliable and safe operation of equipment and pipelines prevents not only man-made risks, but also no less important environmental risks, which are especially dangerous for marine underwater facilities for Arctic coastal facilities.Methods.The analysis of normative and technical documentation in the field of assessment of corrosion risks, aggressive factors of internal corrosion and operating conditions of gas and gas condensate fields has been carried out.Results.One of the criteria for assessing the corrosion hazard is the corrosion rate of steel under operating conditions. However, the normative documents predominantly regulate the general corrosion rate, which evaluates the uniform thinning of the metal. But the rate of local corrosion is in no way taken into account, which is most relevant precisely for the conditions of carbon dioxide corrosion of steel. Another tool for identifying risks can be a corrosion allowance to the pipe wall thickness, which should be selected at the design stage and which is provided to compensate for corrosion losses during the operation of gas pipelines. It is shown that the minimum corrosion allowance (3 mm) specified in the main regulatory documents is insufficient, especially for offshore facilities.Conclusion.The experience of operating gas production facilities confirms that the rate of local corrosion can reach several mm/year. To limit this, effective anti-corrosion measures should be chosen, for example, the use of corrosion inhibitors, and a reasonable level of corrosion allowance should be provided that would take into account the corresponding level of corrosion risks at the gas production facility.
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Song, Chunyuan, Shoulin Hu, Yunbin He, and Hai Yang. "A review of key tools for oil pipe blockage operation in gas wells under pressure." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1820, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 012136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1820/1/012136.
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Islam, Md Shahriar, B. Berscheid, and T. Wiens. "Vibrational Data Communication Tools and Methods for Mining and Oil and Gas Extraction." SPE Journal 27, no. 02 (January 12, 2022): 1081–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209202-pa.
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Summary For the purpose of exploration and extraction, the drilling process in the mining and oil and gas industries is very complicated because of the obvious invisibility of the operation of the drill bit. Acoustic/vibrational telemetry has been of keen interest because it is so far the only method that allows a high data transfer rate as well as less data loss, over other methods. The method certainly depends on the use of the right communication tools and efficient communication schemes to achieve the highest data transfer rate. Although the acoustic method provides a very high data transmission rate, it also has its limitations. However, limitations can be overcome through certain approaches and the use of technologies. The proper use of a communication device with the steel pipe is the most important factor to consider so that the transducer works as the right actuator for the pipeline. The type of sensor that is used to pick up the data also plays a major role because signals are most likely to attenuate, and a sensitive sensor is necessary to collect these attenuated signals. This research demonstrates the use of a transducer as a communication device and oil and gas pipe as the medium of data transmission. The transducer can be used both as an actuator driver and as a receiver sensor. A new piezoelectric transducer was manufactured for this research, which was used with a test setup of a total 184 ft length of six oil and gas pipes. The test setup performed well and data were sent through this setup successfully. A communication scheme is developed using novel theories to achieve the highest data transfer rate. The scheme is tested with the transfer function data obtained from the experimental system. The communication scheme developed outputs a signal, which is a type of binary phase-shift keying signal data along with an equalizer filter. Then the signals developed from the scheme are used in the actual experimental setup to test the speed of the transmission and bit error rate (BER). For the six oil and gas pipes setup, the scheme provides a data transmission of 153 bits/sec (bps) with zero error percentage, which is high enough to use in any oil and gas industry.
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Olabode, Oluwasanmi, Gerald Egeonu, Richard Afolabi, Charles Onuh, and Chude Okonji. "Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for Modelling Multiphase Flow in Hilly-Terrain Pipelines." Diffusion Foundations 28 (December 2020): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.28.33.
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The design and operation of subsea pipelines over the life-cycle of an asset is vital for continuous oil and gas production. Qualitative design and effective production operation of pipelines depend on fluid type(s) involved in the flow; and in the case of multiphase flow, the need to understand the behaviour of the fluids becomes more imperative. This work presented in this report is borne out of the need for more accurate ways of predicting multiphase flow parameters in subsea pipelines with hilly-terrain profiles by better understanding their flow behaviors. To this end, Computational Fluid Dynamics has been used as against existing experimental and mechanistic methods which have inherent shortcomings. The results showed that multiphase flow parameters including flow-regimes, liquid hold-up and pressure drop in hilly-terrain pipelines can be modelled without associated errors in existing techniques. Similarity in trend was found when results of pressure gradient in downward-incline pipe were compared with results from existing correlations and mechanistic method. CFD can be used as a design tool and also a research tool into the understanding of the complexities of multiphase flow in hilly-terrain pipelines towards qualitative design and effective operation of hilly-terrain pipelines.
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Tang, Liping, Baolin Guo, and Xiaohua Zhu. "Finite Element Modeling of Slip Insert Geometric Grip Optimization for Oil Well Drill Pipes." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (June 10, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5426739.
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Drilling is being used to access ever-deeper oil and gas reservoirs, thereby presenting various challenges to the design and operation of down-hole tools. Slip inserts are suspension devices that are used to lower the drill pipe into the borehole and lift it to the wellhead, and their performance determines the extended depth of the borehole. In this paper, based on the field and laboratory test of the slip system, parameter sensitivity analysis is applied to the performance of a slip insert to guide the design of the latter. First, a mechanical model is developed of the drill pipe with the slip insert acting on it, and the stress acting on the drill pipe is analyzed theoretically by regarding the drill pipe as a thick-walled cylinder. Next, a numerical model is established to investigate how the slip-insert structure influences the drill-pipe stress, wherein the drill-pipe diameter is 5″ and the axial load is 180 tons. Finally, the results of a series of numerical simulations are presented. For the present slip insert and drill pipe, the optimum slip-insert parameter values are a front-rake angle of 70°, a back-rake angle of 30°, a tooth height of 2 mm, and zero chamfer.
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Erpalov, M. V., and Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Bogatov. "Research on Metal Forming in Pipe Ends Upsetting Process." Solid State Phenomena 265 (September 2017): 1076–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.265.1076.
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Oil country tubular goods (OCTG) are widely used in oil and gas industry. In order to increase joint efficiency of the oil country tubular goods, the process for upsetting their ends is applied. However, the weakness of this upsetting technology is a frequent defect creation on the inner surface of the final product. These imperfections are surface breakings that reduce the effective pipe wall thickness; they are detected close to the upset ends of the pipe. Computer simulation and full-scale experiment were used to study this defect nucleation. According to this research, the occurrence of defects is correlated with average pipe wall thickness, non-uniform wall thickness of the blank, heating mode and friction conditions. The results of full-scale experiment confirm the main conclusions made in the course of the finite element simulation. The research results define the interdependence of actual size of the blank and the operating tool calibration.
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Frolov, Sergey M., Konstantin A. Avdeev, Vladislav S. Ivanov, Pavel A. Vlasov, Fedor S. Frolov, Ilya V. Semenov, and Marina S. Belotserkovskaya. "Evolution of the Soot-Particle Size Distribution Function in the Cylinder and Exhaust System of Piston Engines: Simulation." Atmosphere 14, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14010013.
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A computational tool for simulating the temporal evolution of the soot-particle size distribution function (SDF) in the internal combustion engine (ICE) and in the attached exhaust pipe is developed and tested against available experimental data on the soot-particle SDF at the outlet of the exhaust system. Firstly, a database of soot particle properties (particle mean diameter, dispersion, total particle number density vs. time for different fuels, fuel-to-air equivalence ratios, temperatures, pressures, and exhaust gas recirculation) is developed based on the thoroughly validated detailed model of soot formation under ICE conditions. The database is organized in the form of look-up tables. Secondly, the soot-particle SDF in the database is approximated using the log-normal SDF, which is directly used in the multidimensional calculations of the ICE operation process. Thirdly, the coagulation model of soot particles is developed, which includes three coagulation mechanisms: Brownian, turbulent–kinetic, and turbulent–diffusion. This model is applied for simulating the evolution of the soot-particle SDF in the exhaust pipe after opening the exhaust valve. Calculations show that the coagulation process of soot particles in the exhaust pipe has a significant effect on the mean size of particles at the outlet of the exhaust system (the mean particle diameter can increase by almost an order of magnitude), and the dominant mechanism of particle coagulation in the exhaust system of a diesel engine is the Brownian mechanism. The objective, approach, and obtained results are the novel features of the study.
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Medeiros, Vivian Suzano, Alan Conci Kubrusly, Raphael Lydia Bertoche, Miguel Andrade Freitas, Claudio Camerini, Jorge Luiz F. Brito, and Jean Pierre von der Weid. "Automatic tool with adaptive suspension system for high-quality inspection of underwater risers." Industrial Robot: the international journal of robotics research and application 48, no. 3 (April 9, 2021): 442–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-09-2020-0204.
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Purpose The inspection of flexible risers is a critical activity to ensure continuous productivity and safety in oil and gas production. The purpose of this paper is to present the design and development of a novel automatic underwater tool for riser inspection that fits the most commonly used riser diameters and significantly improves inspection quality and reduces its operating costs. Design/methodology/approach The mechanical and electronic design of the inspection system is discussed, as well as its embedded sensors and control system. The tool is equipped with a suspension system that is able to adapt to the riser diameter and negotiate obstacles on the pipe wall. Numerical simulations were carried out to analyze the mechanical design, and a hardware-in-the-loop simulation was developed for tuning the control system. Further, experimental results are presented and discussed. Findings Experimental tests in laboratory tanks and shallow seawater have confirmed the effectiveness of the tool for detailed real-time inspection of underwater pipelines. Practical implications The use of the proposed tool will potentially reduce the time and costs for riser inspection, currently performed by divers or high-cost ROVs. Originality/value The authors present a reliable tool able to perform automatic inspections up to 250 m deep in less than 30 min, equipped with a high-definition visual inspection system, composed of full-HD cameras and lasers and a suspension mechanism that can negotiate sharp obstacles in the pipe wall up to 25 mm high. The tool uses a comprehensive control system that autonomously performs a full inspection, collecting sensors data and returning safely to the surface. Its robust design can be used as basis for several other nondestructive techniques, such as ultrasound and X-ray.
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Adi Putra, Zulfan, Zalina Harun, and Shahrul Azman Zainal Abidin. "Development of Dynamic Simulation of Gas and Condensate Pipeline Network." E3S Web of Conferences 287 (2021): 03016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128703016.
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Developing a steady operation of gas and condensate value chain is an important task to maintain stable productions of oil & gas industries. In this regard, PETRONAS continues to improve its production facilities by utilizing process modelling and simulation via Symmetry iCON® as one of its main engineering tools. In this work, Symmetry iCON® pipe network solver was used to build a dynamic simulation model for gas and condensate pipeline network in Malaysian Peninsular region. One-month data of December 2018 has been used to validate the model. Then it was utilized to predict the data in January 2019 to further evaluate the applicability of the model. Some valuable observations included the significance of properties estimation of a pseudo component of C6+ in terms of thermodynamic and transport properties. Due to lack of data monitoring of the condensate in some terminals, this property estimation became very crucial while at the same time difficult to validate. Nonetheless, the model can predict the data within the range of error of 4-6%. In the future, when more data is available, the properties can be easily tuned to better represent the reality.
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Lien, Ingebjørg. "Direct electric heating: an environmentally friendly flow-assurance tool." APPEA Journal 53, no. 2 (2013): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12059.
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In subsea flowlines, water in the line can form an ice-like structure called a hydrate plug. Wax appearance in flowlines also is a common flow assurance issue. Hydrate and wax appearance can reduce or stop production for weeks. Preventing hydrate and wax in pipelines is a major concern for the oil and gas industry. Direct electric heating (DEH) is a modern and environmentally friendly flow-assurance tool that can reduce capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operating expenditures (OPEX) in field development, reduce the probability of pollution, and reduce handling of toxic disposals as a result of traditional chemical flow assurance methods. DEH is based on using the pipeline as part of the electrical circuit, generating losses in the steel pipe to keep the pipeline and its content above the critical temperatures. Use of DEHs also increases the efficiency at the process plant after planned or unplanned production stops. For marginal fields and fields with heavy or waxy oil, DEH is a flow-assurance method that can enable these fields to be developed profitably. DEH is now a mature technology used for 13–14 years on the Norwegian continental shelf and technology implemented and used in West Africa recently. How successful this technology has been can be summarised by the Tyrihans field where Statoil quoted that they—on this project alone—saved about $USD175 million by implementing DEH. Wärtsilä has been part of the DEH development in Norway since the 90s, and undertakes design and supply of the complete topside power package in addition to electric and optical protection specially developed for DEH systems.
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De Pippo, Tommaso, Tatiana Vasco, and António José. "Thermal Analysis Impact for Hydrates Formation in Oil & Gas Pipelines." Angolan Mineral, Oil & Gas Journal 1, no. 1 (May 6, 2020): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.47444/amogj.v1i1.10.
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The Oil & Gas industry has grown and new discoveries and technologies have risen in order to accommodate the dynamics of such industry. With investments ranging billions of US Dollars is mandatory to create measures to avoid pressure vs temperature related issues during the extraction, transportation and of the crude in order to minimize losses and maximize the profit (Borsani, 2001). Hydrates in oil& gas pipelines poses a very big issue to the industry. Hydrates are normally formed when the adequate conditions (gas, water, compatible pressures and temperature ranges) are present. They are in the market several methodologies to prevent the evolution or emerging of hydrates. An adequate thermal study during the design of the pipeline and its insulation layers, constitutes a greater value on the path to avoid hydrates formation during the pipeline operating life. On This paper the study is dedicated on the impact of thermal analysis in one of the pipelines operating in one of the Angolans Offshore fields. COSMOS Geostar is the tool used for the investigation. The study was conducted in a pipeline considering the thermal conduction through a normal pipe section and the thermal conduction through a field joint. This project has proven the efficiency of COSMOS in assisting on the determination of a proper type, nature and size of insulation to be applied in a certain piping system for crude oil production and/or transport.
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Xu, Pu, Zhixin Du, and Shunfeng Gong. "Numerical Investigation into Freak Wave Effects on Deepwater Pipeline Installation." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 2 (February 14, 2020): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8020119.
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Freak waves are an extreme marine environment factor in offshore structure design and become a potential risk, particularly for laying oil-gas pipelines in deep waters. The objective of this study was to reveal the freak wave effects on dynamic behaviors of offshore pipelines for deepwater installation. Thus, a dedicated finite element model (FEM) for deepwater pipeline installation by the S-lay method was developed with special consideration of freak waves. The FEM also took pipelay vessel motions, pipe–stinger roller interactions, and the cyclic contacts between the pipeline and seabed soil into account. Real vessel and stinger data from an actual engineering project in the South China Sea were collected to obtain an accurate simulation. Moreover, an effective superposition approach of combined transient wave trains and random wave trains was introduced, and various types of freak wave trains were simulated. Extensive numerical analyses of a 12 inch gas pipeline being installed into a water depth of 1500 m were implemented under various freak wave conditions. The noticeable influences of freak waves on the pipeline and seabed responses were identified, which provides significant awareness of offshore pipelines for deepwater installation design and field operation monitoring.
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Sukharev, Mikhail, Olga Kochueva, and Anna Zhaglova. "Experimental Study of Wave Processes in Main Gas Pipelines under Normal Operating Conditions." Fluids 8, no. 2 (January 26, 2023): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids8020045.
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The article presents the results of processing non-emergency pressure measurements that are transmitted via the SCADA hardware and software system to the control center of the main gas pipeline. SCADA is widely used for real-time control of the modes of gas transmission systems. However, the data provided by SCADA contain some information that is not fully analyzed. The performed processing of pressure measurements is a passive experiment aimed at a deeper understanding of the flow processes that occur during the flow of gas in industrial pipelines of high power. As a result of the experiment, four types of wave phenomena were found: single waves of (a) compression and (b) decompression that were both damped as they moved along the pipe, (c) oscillations with an amplitude and frequency practically unchanged in a fixed section within a period of about 2 h, and (d) wave phenomena with a sarply changing amplitude and frequency within a period of several minutes. The characteristics of wave processes, such as the speed of movement and the decreasing or attenuating amplitude of oscillations, were evaluated. For evaluation, models were built that take into account the specifics of information transfer procedures, namely, SCADA’s representation of continuous functions in a discrete form. The results obtained can be used as an additional tool for searching for leaks, such as in fistulas and unauthorized tie-ins, allowing us to more accurately separate the useful signal from the noise. The question is raised about the adequacy of the one-dimensional model for describing the flow processes in the zones of large gradients of regime parameters. The reasons for possible inadequacy and ways to overcome it are indicated.
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Karabegovic, Isak, and Predrag Дашич. "The trend of application of service robots for inspection, planned maintenance and removal of disruptionsin piping systems." Scientific Bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, no. 2(51) (December 28, 2021): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9965-2021-2(51)-40-46.
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The world is currently at the beginning of the fourth industrial revolution – Industry 4.0, whose ultimate goal is to make everything intelligent, both production processes in the industry and system maintenance. The environment around us has plenty of piping systems such as: water, gas, oil, sewage, etc., which need to be continuously maintained. In other words, they require periodic inspections to identify errors such as corrosion, cracks, deformations, or obstruction with obstacles. Service robots for inspection and maintenance are very convenient for the inspection of piping systems. In addition, they are a point of interest to many researchers in the field, so there are countless developed service robots that are currently in use. Service robots for inspection of piping system are used for inspection and provide visual information from inside the corresponding pipe. When the service robot moves through the pipe, it records the inside with a camera and provides us with visual information, i.e., provides a video of the inside of the pipe where we can locate the error. We can use the video later to establish the condition of the recorded piping system and make the right decision what to do. The paper presents the trend of application of service robots for inspection. A number of constructions of these service robots that are already in implementation are shown. Service robots effectively reduce all problems related to the maintenance, cleaning and inspection of piping systems. The growing trend of service robots application is due to the implementation of basic technologies of Industry 4.0 because its aim is to receive the information about the operation of a system all along. Various robotic systems have been developed for inspection and examination of piping systems and plants that are dangerous to workers' health. Service robots are controlled by camera, sensor or simple tools. Most service robots for inspection are intended for tanks, piping systems for all materials for inspection of ventilation openings and pipes of air systems, sewer systems, nuclear plants, or work in aggressive environments. It is expected that the development and application of service robots for inspection will continue to grow in the nearest future. Service robots effectively reduce all problems related to the maintenance, cleaning and inspection of piping systems.
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Afanas’ev, A. V., A. A. Mel’nikov, M. I. Vas’kov, and D. N. Bel’kov. "CYCLIC TESTS OF STRESS-CORROSION CRACKS OF STEEL GAS PIPELINE PIPES IN THE ABSENCE OF CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENT." Izvestiya Visshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Chernaya Metallurgiya = Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 61, no. 8 (October 24, 2018): 589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-8-589-595.
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The paper presents the results of metallographic studies of stresscorrosion defects (SCC defects) detected on the output gas pipeline of the compressor station. The diagnostics statistics of defects in such pipelines and the data on the effectiveness evaluation of various diagnostic tools during the diagnosis of SCC are given. A presumptive steel grade corresponding to the pipeline metal was identified. The species and morphology of cracks are described. Their character of development is defined. To detect traces of the influence of metallurgical impurities and the external environment on the defects development, a spectrometry of corrosion products and base metal was made. The authors have made the maps of elements distribution over the sample controlled surface. The absence of influence of nonmetallic sulphide inclusions on the development of metal destruction in this is described for the particular case of SCC. It is shown that the sulfur content in corrosion products does not exceed the sulfur content in the sample metal. In some samples, reduced sulfur content can be observed, with the exception of local sites with nonmetallic sulphide inclusions. Electronic images were obtained, which show that these nonmetallic inclusions (in this case) are not sources of cracking development. The results of cyclic tests of samples cut from the pipeline and containing cracks are given. The choice of the cyclic test mode was carried out in accordance with the analysis of the compressor station operating mode for the current year of operation. According to the data received, pipe materials with defects at their initial stage of development have shown considerable durability under test loads. The samples with cracks have withstood from 1.6·106 to 7.5·106 loading cycles under conditions of cyclic transverse bending in the same test plane in the absence of a corrosive medium. In a real gas pipeline under normal operation conditions, the number of such cycles does not exceed 120 – 200 per year, therefore, it can be concluded that the pipeline with defects in their initial stage of development has a significant residual life, provided that its metal wall is reliably protected from effects of corrosive environment.
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Osetoba, Segun Adebisi, Nkoi Barinyima, and Rex Amadi. "Reduction of Crude Oil Production Cost in Nigerian Indigenous Company using Activity Based Costing." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 1 (January 20, 2019): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.1.1077.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of activity based costing in reducing crude oil production cost in Nigerian indigenous oil and gas company. This research work identified strategies to effectively reduce the cost of crude oil production by adopting a cost reduction tool for crude oil production and to establish a good crude oil flow to the surface for production. Activity based costing was the cost reduction tool used for this work. The tool helps to differentiate between value added costing and non-value added costing. Non-value added costs must be reduced or eliminated during production so as to maximise profit. Data was collected from an indigenous oil service company. The collated data were tabulated and graphs were plotted with the aid of Microsoft excel. The analysis revealed a total sum of ₦ 416,978,977 was wrongly spent for a duration of three years on crude oil production due to non-value added costing. The activities are: poor transportation of crude oil, that is, use of mobile tanker for haulage instead of laying 4 inches coated pipes for a distance of 5km and contracting the treatment of produced water to a contractor instead of setting up a water treatment plant. Also, using a diesel engine generator for electric power supply while gas was available as a fuel gas for natural gas consuming generator was a non-value added activity. Lastly, inadequate oil well flowing practice by flowing the well through an adjustable choke for a long period of time instead of using a fixed choke. This is a huge loss for indigenous oil producing fields operated by an indigenous oil service company in Nigeria. The loss was due to inability of the producers/field location owners to set up few equipment to meet up with complete operation standard.
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Osetoba, Segun Adebisi, Nkoi Barinyima, and Rex Amadi. "Reduction of Crude Oil Production Cost in Nigerian Indigenous Company using Activity Based Costing." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 4, no. 1 (January 20, 2019): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2019.4.1.1077.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of activity based costing in reducing crude oil production cost in Nigerian indigenous oil and gas company. This research work identified strategies to effectively reduce the cost of crude oil production by adopting a cost reduction tool for crude oil production and to establish a good crude oil flow to the surface for production. Activity based costing was the cost reduction tool used for this work. The tool helps to differentiate between value added costing and non-value added costing. Non-value added costs must be reduced or eliminated during production so as to maximise profit. Data was collected from an indigenous oil service company. The collated data were tabulated and graphs were plotted with the aid of Microsoft excel. The analysis revealed a total sum of ? 416,978,977 was wrongly spent for a duration of three years on crude oil production due to non-value added costing. The activities are: poor transportation of crude oil, that is, use of mobile tanker for haulage instead of laying 4 inches coated pipes for a distance of 5km and contracting the treatment of produced water to a contractor instead of setting up a water treatment plant. Also, using a diesel engine generator for electric power supply while gas was available as a fuel gas for natural gas consuming generator was a non-value added activity. Lastly, inadequate oil well flowing practice by flowing the well through an adjustable choke for a long period of time instead of using a fixed choke. This is a huge loss for indigenous oil producing fields operated by an indigenous oil service company in Nigeria. The loss was due to inability of the producers/field location owners to set up few equipment to meet up with complete operation standard.
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Kryzhanivskyy, Ye I., D. G. Chornopyskyy, and І. I. Paliichuk. "Stress Concentration in the Casing when Cutting Holes for the Sidetracks." Prospecting and Development of Oil and Gas Fields, no. 3(72) (September 30, 2019): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9973-2019-3(72)-7-18.
Full textAbstract:
Directional drilling of complementary holes in a cased well is an effective method of restoring decommissioned, emergency and abandoned wells. It enables the possibility to save on drilling new oil and gas wells. Today, sidetracking is considered to be the most efficient technology which makes use of milling casing window. Cutting into the column wall is a very important process. The milling cutter makes a slot-like hole in it due to the force response of the wedge deflection device in the casing. The upper part of the hole becomes elliptical with a smooth contour due to the small angle of the wedge during the axial moving of the tool. At the same time, the lower edge of the hole is straight and forms right angles with its side edges. The vertices of these angles create a stress concentration in the wall, weakened by the hole, under the condition that a significant tensile force of its own weight acts on the casing. These stresses reach their maximum values in those pipe cross-sections where the window width becomes maximum (design), and their area is the smallest one. The topicality and novelty of the solved problem lie in studying the stress-deformed state of the casing pipe under tension while cutting a window, close to a rectangular shape, in its wall, as well as in calculating the maximum stresses that arise around the right angles of the hole. These solutions make it possible to specify stress concentration factors depending on the geometrical parameters of the hole, and thereby ensure the development of engineering methods for designing a trouble-free process for window cutting in casing pipes. The operating results are as follows: a developed mathematical model of a nonaxisymmetric stress state that occurs during tension-compression of a cylindrical shell with rectangular holes, for which the analytical methods of calculating the stress-strain state of non-thin shells with non-canonical stress concentrators have been used, and theoretical and experimental studies of the stress concentration in the walls of this shell.
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Zarifi, Zoya, Fredrik Hansteen, and Florian Schopper. "Seismic Moment Tensor Inversion of an Induced Microseismic Event, Offshore Norway: An Insight into the Possible Cause of Wellbore Liner Failure during a Drilling Operation." Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 6 (May 12, 2021): 3460–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200464.
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Abstract A microseismic event with Mw∼0.8 was recorded at the Grane oilfield, offshore Norway, in June 2015. This event is believed to be associated with a failure of the wellbore liner in well 25/11-G-8 A. The failure mechanism has been difficult to explain from drilling parameters and operational logs alone. In this study, we analyzed the detected microseismic event to shed light on the possible cause of this event. We inverted for the seismic moment tensor, analyzed the S/P amplitude ratio and radiation pattern of seismic waves, and then correlated the microseismic data with the drilling reports. The inverted seismic moment indicates a shear-tensile (dislocation) event with a strong positive isotropic component (67% of total energy) accompanied by a positive compensated linear vector dipole (CLVD) and a reverse double-couple (DC) component. Drilling logs show a strong correlation between high pump pressure and the occurrence of several microseismic events during the drilling of the well. The strongest microseismic event (Mw∼0.8) occurred during peak pump pressure of 277 bar. The application of high pump pressure was associated with an attempt to release the liner hanger running tool (RT) in the well, which had been obstructed. Improper setting of the liner hanger could have caused the forces from the RT release to be transferred to the liner and might have resulted in ripping and parting of the pipe. The possible direct impact of the ripped liner with the formation or the likely sudden hydraulic pressure exposure to the formation caused by the liner ripping may explain the estimated isotropic component in the moment tensor inversion in the well. This impact can promote slip along the pre-existing fractures (the DC component). The presence of gas in the formation or the funneled fluid to the formation caused by the liner ripping may explain the CLVD component.
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Li, Haifeng, Zongshu Zou, Zhiguo Luo, Lei Shao, and Wenhui Liu. "Model Study on Burden Distribution in COREX Melter Gasifier." Processes 7, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7120892.
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COREX is one of the commercialized smelting reduction ironmaking processes. It mainly includes two reactors, i.e., a (reduction) shaft furnace (SF) and a melter gasifier (MG). In comparison with the conventional blast furnace (BF), the COREX MG is not only equipped with a more complicated top charging system consisting of one gimbal distributor for coal and eight flap distributors for direct reduction iron (DRI), but also the growth mechanism of its burden pile is in a developing phase, rather than that in a fully-developed phase in a BF. Since the distribution of charged burden plays a crucial role in determining the gas flow and thus in achieving a stable operation, it is of considerable importance to investigate the burden distribution influenced by the charging system of COREX MG. In the present work, a mathematical model is developed for predicting the burden distribution in terms of burden layer structure and radial ore/coal ratio within the COREX MG. Based on the burden pile width measured in the previous physical experiments at different ring radii on a horizontal flat surface, a new growth mechanism of burden pile is proposed. The validity of the model is demonstrated by comparing the simulated burden layer structure with the corresponding results obtained by physical experiments. Furthermore, the usefulness of the mathematical model is illustrated by performing a set of simulation cases under various charging matrixes. It is hoped that the model can be used as a what-if tool in practice for the COREX operator to gain a better understanding of burden distribution in the COREX MG.
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Motriuk, Roman W., and Timothy Schmidt. "Rapid, Wide-Field Measurements of Complex Transient Shell Vibrations." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 123, no. 4 (May 23, 2001): 537–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1388286.
Full textAbstract:
The mapping and evaluation of complex vibrational fields is often highly desirable in the pressure vessel and piping industry. It is also tedious and expensive using conventional technology such as strain gage and accelerometer arrays. This paper describes field and laboratory measurements made with a portable pulsed laser system that instantaneously captures displacement data over areas up to 2 m2, with submicron sensitivity. The results indicate that pulsed holographic or electronic speckle interferometry facilitates the evaluation of nonstationary vibrational fields with significant advantages over conventional techniques. Pulsed interferometry is an effective tool for rapidly determining locations of worst-case dynamic displacements and strains. Initial field measurements at a natural gas pumping station provided an exciting glimpse at both the measurement capability of the pulsed interferometry system and never before seen dynamic responses of turbo-compressor discharge piping. The piping immediate to the compressor discharge nozzle as well as a recycle pipe was investigated at a range of operating conditions. Several characteristic patterns were observed in the instantaneous operating deflection shapes. Most notable were spiral waves progressing both clockwise and counterclockwise relative to the axial flow direction. A “shock,” sudden drop in deformation, presumably caused by instantaneous back pressure, was also captured during an extensive statistical survey. Subsequently, laboratory measurements were made on a pressure vessel built to ASME Code requirements, with various internal fluid and pressure conditions. During shaker excitation, dynamic strains logged from gage rosettes were compared to captured displacements and mode shapes. Interestingly, the ratio of circumferential to axial dynamic strains was found to depend on the operating deflection shape of the vessel. Long, thin antinodes resulted in strain ratios expected for static loading, but short antinodes typical of higher frequency responses were accompanied by significantly increased axial strains. The authors intend to continue investigating the usefulness of pulsed interferometry measurements for the oil and gas industry. It is considered important to further correlate the interferometry measurements with traditional modal analysis and strain measurement techniques. Follow-up efforts will also attempt to quantify the relationship between wide-area vibrations and noise emanation from piping systems. An additional goal is to increase the efficiency of noise abatement solutions using insight obtained from wide-field vibration measurements.
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Guy, Pluvinage, and Capelle Julien. "Risks Associated with the Use of Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier or Source." Journal of Energy and Power Technology 4, no. 3 (March 3, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/jept.2203029.
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Hydrogen is a dangerous gas due to its low ignition energy, wide flammability range, promotion of the embrittlement of steel, and its high coefficient of permeation for polymers. The fracture toughness and failure elongation of pipe steels are strongly impacted by hydrogen embrittlement, whereas yield stress and ultimate strength are moderately impacted. Specific tools are required for the pipe defect assessment used for the transport of hydrogen, which is pure or blended with natural gas. The safety factors associated with cracks or scratches are obtained through the failure assessment diagram or the notch failure assessment diagram. The corrosion defects are assessed by limit analysis, and the estimated repair factor and dents are evaluated by computing the damage value under service pressure. The design factor in the calculation of the maximum admissible operating pressure (MAOP) is modified depending on the location of the pipes to account for the lethal risks from the torch effect or explosion. It is crucial to monitor the leaks due to hydrogen permeation through domestic hydrogen distribution networks, particularly in closed areas.
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de Vasconcellos Araújo, Morgana, Severino Rodrigues de Farias Neto, Antonio Gilson Barbosa de Lima, and Flávia Daylane Tavares de Luna. "Hydrodynamic Study of Oil Leakage in Pipeline via CFD." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (January 1, 2014): 170178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/170178.
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This paper describes the transient dynamics behavior of oil flow in a pipe with the presence of one or two leaks through fluid dynamics simulations using the Ansys CFX commercial software. The pipe section is three-dimensional with a pipe length of 10 m, a pipe diameter of 20 cm, and leak diameter of 1.6 mm. The interest of this work is to evaluate the influence of the flow velocity, and the number and position of leaks on the transient pressure behavior. These new data may provide support for more efficient detection systems. Thus, this work intends to contribute to the development of tools of operations in oil and gas industry.
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Harley, C., and A. Faghri. "Transient Two-Dimensional Gas-Loaded Heat Pipe Analysis." Journal of Heat Transfer 116, no. 3 (August 1, 1994): 716–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910927.
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A two-dimensional, transient mathematical model that accounts for diffusion and variable properties on the operation of a heat pipe is presented. The major advantage over previous models is that this model treats the noncondensable gas as a separate entity, which is described by mass transport phenomena. Also, the energy transport through the wall is coupled to the transient operation of the heat pipe through the use of a conjugate solution technique. The complete behavior of the heat pipe, along with the location and two-dimensional shape of the noncondensable gas front, are modeled from the initial continuum flow, liquid state startup to steady-state conditions. The proposed model predicted the existing experimental data for the operation of high-temperature heat pipes with and without noncondensable gases.
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Zhu, Hongjun, and Qinghua Han. "Numerical Investigation of Gas Mixture Length of Nitrogen Replacement in Large-Diameter Natural Gas Pipeline without Isolator." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/542343.
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Nitrogen replacement is a key process for natural gas pipeline before it is put into operation. A computational fluid dynamic model coupled to a species-transportation model has been used to investigate the gas mixture length of nitrogen replacement in large-diameter pipeline without isolator. A series of numerical simulations are performed over a range of conditions, including pipe length and diameter, inlet rate, and inclination angle of pipe. These affecting factors are analyzed in detail in terms of volume fraction of nitrogen, the maximum gas mixture length, and gas mixture length varied with time. Gas mixture length increases over time, and the maximum gas mixture length is present at outlet of pipe. Long and large-diameter pipe and fast speed of nitrogen lead to long length of mixed gas, while large inclination angle of pipe brings about short length. Several fitting formulas have been obtained, which can predict the maximum gas mixture length in gas pipelines. The used method of fitting formula is shown in the paper by examples. The results provide effective guidance for practical operation of nitrogen replacement.
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Zhao, Lei, and Li Xin Yu. "The Influence of Gas Source Conversion on Flow and Reliability of Gas Pipe Network." Advanced Materials Research 614-615 (December 2012): 564–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.614-615.564.
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Maximal operation pressure, minimal allowed pressure, number of source points have greatest impact on flow and reliability of pipe network. The change of the three design parameters before and after conversion are analyzed. Through the analysis of problems on the artificial gas pipeline network in Changchun City, point out that removing extra loops is the main optimization means. The hydraulic calculations have been made for optimized pipe network, and compares the flow capacity and hydraulic condition of the pipe network before and after conversion.
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Feng, Liang, Huafeng Zhu, Ying Song, Wenchen Cao, Ziyuan Li, and Wenlong Jia. "Modeling of Gas Migration in Large Elevation Difference Oil Transmission Pipelines during the Commissioning Process." Energies 15, no. 4 (February 14, 2022): 1379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041379.
Full textAbstract:
Oil pipeline construction and operation in mountainous areas have increased in southwestern China, with oil consumption increasing. Such liquid pipelines laid in mountainous areas continuously undulate along the terrain, resulting in many large elevation difference pipe segments. Serious gas block problems often occur during the commissioning process of these pipelines due to the gas/air accumulation at the high point of the pipe, which causes pipeline overpressure and vibration, and even safety accidents such as bursting pipes. To solve this problem, the gas–liquid replacement model and its numerical solution are established with consideration of the initial gas accumulation formation and the gas segment compression processes in a U-shaped pipe during the initial start-up operation. Additionally, considering the interactions of the gas-phase transfer in the continuous U-shaped pipe, and the influence of the length, inclination angle, and backpressure on the air vent process, the gas migration model for a continuous U-shaped pipe is established to predict the gas movement process. Finally, the field oil pipe production data were applied to verify the model. The results demonstrate that the maximum deviation between the calculated pressure during the start-up process and real data is 0.3 MPa, and the critical point of crushing the gas in the pipe section is about 0.2 Mpa. Additionally, the results show that the mass transfer of the gas section in the multi-pipe hydraulic air vent process causes the gas accumulation section to increase in downstream of the pipe. This study’s achievements can provide theoretical guidance and technical support for the safe and stable operation of continuous undulating liquid pipelines with large drops.
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Serediuk, М. D. "Influence of roughness of pipes surface on flow capacity and energy efficiency of gas pipelines operation." Oil and Gas Power Engineering, no. 1(35) (June 29, 2021): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9868-2021-1(35)-39-47.
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Long-term operation of main gas pipelines, the presence of water and mechanical impurities in the transported gas lead to erosion and corrosion damages to the inner surface of pipes, which causes an increase in its roughness. The increase in roughness results in an increase of the hydraulic resistance of natural gas pipelines, as well as affects theirs transport and energy consumption parameters. To manage the regimes of operation of main gas pipelines it is necessary to adequately predict their flow capacity and energy consumption for natural gas transportation under real values of pipe roughness which is higher than designed ones. On the basis of gas-dynamic equations of the steady-state gas movement the regularities of the influence of the pipe surface roughness on the hydraulic energy consumption of gas transportation at constant gas flow in the section of the gas pipeline are established. The regularities of the influence of the pipe surface roughness on the hydraulic efficiency coefficient of the gas pipeline section under idem difference of squares of inlet and outlet gas pressure values are clarified. It is established that the value of hydraulic efficiency coefficient of the gas pipeline section for specified value of absolute equivalent roughness of the pipe surface actually does not depend on the pipe inner diameter and slightly depends on the flowrate in the gas pipeline. The method of capacity and energy efficiency determination of the gas-dynamic system called compressor station – pipeline section for the increased pipe inner surface roughness in comparison with its designed value is proposed. The method involves mathematical modelling of gas-dynamic characteristics of centrifugal compressors, thermohydraulic calculation of the pipeline section taking into account the actual roughness of the pipe, consideration of pressure and gas flowrate technological limitations as well as energy consumption determination taken per unit of work lost in transport
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Gowida, Moussa, Elkatatny, and Ali. "A Hybrid Artificial Intelligence Model to Predict the Elastic Behavior of Sandstone Rocks." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (September 25, 2019): 5283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195283.
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Rock mechanical properties play a key role in the optimization process of engineering practices in the oil and gas industry so that better field development decisions can be made. Estimation of these properties is central in well placement, drilling programs, and well completion design. The elastic behavior of rocks can be studied by determining two main parameters: Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio. Accurate determination of the Poisson’s ratio helps to estimate the in-situ horizontal stresses and in turn, avoid many critical problems which interrupt drilling operations, such as pipe sticking and wellbore instability issues. Accurate Poisson’s ratio values can be experimentally determined using retrieved core samples under simulated in-situ downhole conditions. However, this technique is time-consuming and economically ineffective, requiring the development of a more effective technique. This study has developed a new generalized model to estimate static Poisson’s ratio values of sandstone rocks using a supervised artificial neural network (ANN). The developed ANN model uses well log data such as bulk density and sonic log as the input parameters to target static Poisson’s ratio values as outputs. Subsequently, the developed ANN model was transformed into a more practical and easier to use white-box mode using an ANN-based empirical equation. Core data (692 data points) and their corresponding petrophysical data were used to train and test the ANN model. The self-adaptive differential evolution (SADE) algorithm was used to fine-tune the parameters of the ANN model to obtain the most accurate results in terms of the highest correlation coefficient (R) and the lowest mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results obtained from the optimized ANN model show an excellent agreement with the laboratory measured static Poisson’s ratio, confirming the high accuracy of the developed model. A comparison of the developed ANN-based empirical correlation with the previously developed approaches demonstrates the superiority of the developed correlation in predicting static Poisson’s ratio values with the highest R and the lowest MAPE. The developed correlation performs in a manner far superior to other approaches when validated against unseen field data. The developed ANN-based mathematical model can be used as a robust tool to estimate static Poisson’s ratio without the need to run the ANN model.
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Fujimoto, Hitoshi, Satoshi Ogawa, Hirohiko Takuda, and Natsuo Hatta. "Operation Performance of a Small Air-Lift Pump for Conveying Solid Particles." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 125, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1514498.
Full textAbstract:
The pump performance of a small air-lift system for conveying solid particles is investigated experimentally. The total length of the vertical lifting pipe is 3200 mm, and the inner diameter of the pipe is 18 mm. The gas injector is set at a certain point of the pipe. The flows in the lifting pipe are water/solid two-phase mixtures below the gas injection point, and air/water/solid three-phase mixtures above it. The time-averaged characteristics of the flows are examined for various experimental conditions. The effects of particle diameter, particle density, the gas-injection point, and the volume flux of air on the pump performance are studied systematically. The critical boundary at which the particles can be lifted is discussed in detail based upon one-dimensional mixture model.
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Urazov, R. R. "Simulation of the operation of the gas refrigerator recurrent complicated ethylene polymer deposits." Proceedings of the Mavlyutov Institute of Mechanics 11, no. 2 (2016): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.21662/uim2016.2.029.
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The work based on the methods and equations of mechanics of multiphase media, the resulting system of ordinary differential equations, describing hydrodynamic and heat and mass transfer processes in counterflow heat exchangers type “pipe in pipe”, where the inner tube flows a mixture of ethylene and polyethylene, and in the annular space counter-current moves water. For gas mixtures is complicated by the “sticking” of liquid polyethylene on the walls of the pipe. In describing the process of formation of the polymer film is considered one of the possible mechanisms for the admission of liquid polyethylene particles from the turbulent core to the surface of the pipe, the turbulent diffusion. The results of studies on the dynamics of accumulation of the plastic film on the inner surface of gas refrigerator returnable ethylene. It is established that the formation of the profile of sediments is complex: the maximum film thickness is shifted to the output section of the channel.
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Zhu, Li Xia, Gang Wu, Jin Heng Luo, and Zhen Quan Bai. "Burst Failure Analysis of a HFW Pipe for Nature Gas Pipeline." Materials Science Forum 1035 (June 22, 2021): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1035.473.
Full textAbstract:
The burst failure of a high frequency welded (HFW) pipe used for nature gas pipeline in an oilfield was analyzed systematically by macro analysis, physical and chemical property test, scanning electron microscope (SEM), etc., and the limit internal pressure of the pipeline under operation condition was predicted based on finite element method (FEM). The results showed that the chemical composition and mechanical properties of the pipe meet the requirements of relevant standards. The failure results showed that the dent damage of the straight pipe section was at 12 o'clock. In the service of the pipeline, the stress in the dent area exceeds the yield strength, which leads to the plastic deformation of the pipeline, resulting in necking and thinning, and the reduction of wall thickness further leads to the decrease of ultimate internal pressure, until the ultimate bearing capacity of the dent area is less than the internal pressure of pipeline operation, resulting in burst. It is suggested to strengthen the supervision of pipeline construction to avoid the pipeline dent damage. Meanwhile, the operation monitoring of the pipeline with dent damage should be strengthened, and timely repair or depressurization operation should be carried out if necessary.
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Majdak, Marek, and Sławomir Grądziel. "Thermal flow analysis of vertical combustion chamber waterwall tubes operation." MATEC Web of Conferences 240 (2018): 05020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824005020.
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In this paper will be presented an algorithm that allows to determine the temperature distribution in a vertical pipe through which is flowing the medium with high temperature and pressure. The method of pipe division into control volumes presented in paper allows to determine the temperature distribution on the pipe cross-section and to determine changes in its value at the pipe height. The issue will be solved by taking into account the variability of the parameters of the material from which the pipe is made and the parameters of the fluid, depending on the temperature. The applied algorithm allows to determine the change in the value of individual parameters in time, due to which it is a useful tool for analysis of the operation of the system in the initial stage of its work, as well as with variable parameters of flow.
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Carpenter, Chris. "Technique Models Effect of Local Doglegs on Running of Completions and Casing in Hole." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 47–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1221-0047-jpt.
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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 202431, “RSS and Motor Directional Analysis: Modeling the Effect of Local Doglegs on Running in Hole of Completions and Casing,” by Benjamin Nobbs, SPE, Stéphane Menand, SPE, and Ngoc-Ha Dao, SPE, DrillScan, prepared for the 2020 SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, originally scheduled to be held in Perth, Australia, 20–22 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Rotary steerable systems (RSS) and steerable motors pose unique challenges when modeling bottomhole-assembly (BHA) directional behavior. The complete paper presents a methodology that aims to allow the anticipation of problems such as mechanically stuck pipe or lockup situations when running in hole (RIH) casing or completion strings. Correctly evaluating the risk of BHA, casing, or completion strings being stuck or locked up when RIH can ultimately provide a template for ultimate reduction of nonproductive time. Local Doglegs and Downhole Equipment A pure rotary BHA has no ability to change its directional behavior during the run. Its directional capabilities are defined by stabilizer position and outer diameter, and, although no ability exists to control directional behavior directly, this type of BHA may be sensitive to weight on bit (WOB), mud weight, formation changes [unconfined compressive strength (UCS)], and inclination. With proper design, it is possible to design a rotary BHA that is insensitive to these parameters. A motor and turbine can operate with or without a bent housing. A bent housing imposes a small angle offset from the axis of the drillstring, with the result that two distinct modes of directional behavior occur, sliding and rotating. Because of its increased rotary speed, rotary mode is prioritized over sliding mode (ideally, 30% sliding and 70% rotating). Because a combination of these distinct drilling modes exists, the actual tortuosity may be quite different when compared with standard survey spacing (Fig. 1). A slight overgauge will be present when operating in rotating mode because of the bent sub. Much like a rotary BHA, a motor may be sensitive to operational parameters. The type of polycrystalline diamond compact bit recommended is one with a long passive gauge that is required to drill in the direction of bit tilt. An RSS can be modelled in two distinctive modes: point-the-bit and push-the-bit. A point-the-bit system operates in much the same way as a downhole motor by varying the tilt at bit. A push-the-bit system operates by applying a side force at pads that pushes against the wellbore. Both types of RSS allow continuous rotation of the drillstring and reduce the risk of differential sticking and, ultimately, stuck pipe. A point-the-bit system may operate with or without proportional steering. A push-the-bit RSS system can operate either by varying the magnitude of force or having a constant force that is varied for a set period in the desired tool-face orientation (TFO). Because of the method of activation (using pads that hit against the side of the wellbore), the local doglegs that can be induced are slightly higher.
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Kotukh, Volodymyr, Natalia Kaptsova, Dmitry Donskoy, and Kateryna Paleyeva. "ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGICAL HEREDITY ON INDICATORS OF RELIABILITY, DURABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY OF ELEMENTS OF GAS TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS." Bulletin of the National Technical University "KhPI". Series: Chemistry, Chemical Technology and Ecology, no. 2(6) (December 23, 2021): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2079-0821.2021.02.08.
Full textAbstract:
Modern gas transmission systems are power facilities based on a main pipeline, which is a continuous pipe, along which devices are placed that provide gas pumping at predetermined parameters. Unlike other linear structures, such as roads, railways, the main pipeline throughout the entire period of operation is in a complex stress state under the influence of the internal pressure of the pumped product and functions as a pressure vessel. The operational reliability, durability and environmental safety of gas transmission systems are ensured by various control devices and pipe fittings.
The article discusses issues related to predicting the operation of pipe fittings during the operation of the gas transmission system, while ensuring the required reliability, durability and environmental safety. An analysis of the phenomena of technical heredity is given, with the help of which it is possible to determine the causes of deviations in the output parameters of pipe fittings in the process of their manufacture or repair. It has been proved that the main feature of technological heredity is the transfer of a certain technological property from the previous technological operation to subsequent ones, characterized by the transfer coefficient of technological heredity. An indispensable condition for the monotonicity of changes in the transmission coefficient of technological heredity in order to ensure the required quality of manufacture or repair of pipe fittings is revealed. The economic principle of predicting the quality of manufacturing or repair of products is proposed for use, a relationship is found between the initial and output technological properties of pipe fittings, a route is chosen to achieve the required quality of its manufacture or repair, including procurement and finishing technological operations.
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Mei, Zuo Yun, Chuan Qing Liu, Xing Mi, and Ping Wu. "A New Reinforcement Measure Suited for Space Truss with No-Fire Operation." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.401.
Full textAbstract:
A new reinforcement measure with no-fire operation is presented, which is very suitable for space trusses which are located in gas stations. A finite element model (FEM) is presented with shell elements and multipoint constraint elements. With this FEM, nonlinear analyses are carried out. Analytical results show that integral failure of reinforced pipe is caused by yielding of original pipe inside. So it is not necessary to reinforce original pipe using steel pipe bonded outside with high yield strength. With the increase of length of bonded pipe outside, loading according to elastic stage and ultimate bearing loading increase, it is clear that the length of bonded pipe outside is an important factor which influences the bearing capacity.
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Golikov, N. I., M. M. Sidorov, I. I. Sannikov, and A. K. Rodionov. "Study of the mechanical properties of the gas pipeline metal after long-term operation in conditions of the North." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 86, no. 6 (June 22, 2020): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2020-86-6-48-54.
Full textAbstract:
The residual strength and technical condition of the material of 530-mm steel pipe (14KhGS) of main gas pipeline are estimated to ensure the safety of long-term operation of pipelines in climatic conditions of the North. The mechanical properties are determined using standard methods of mechanical testing in laboratory conditions. A full-scale pressure test up to failure is used to determine the actual values of the fracture toughness and safety factor of the pipe. Full-scale tests were carried out on a test bench, a computer-measuring complex which displayed the reaction of the object to the load. A pipe fragment was cut from the linear part of the main gas pipeline and welded with spherical plugs. The outer surface of the pipe was notched along the pipe axis. The depth of the notch was calculated such that the breaking load on the ligament section at the notch site corresponded to the working pressure of the gas pipeline. No significant changes in the mechanical properties of the pipe metal were revealed in the absence of visible corrosion and deformation damage during long-term operation of the pipe in the North. Impact tests did not reveal embrittlement of the metal of the tested pipes. Full-scale tests of a pipe with an artificially applied defect made it possible to calculate the value of the critical stress intensity factor, which allowed us to estimate the residual strength of a pipe with a longitudinal crack. The value of the strength criterion of the fracture mechanics indicates the preservation of a sufficiently high viscosity of sheet metal pipes. Similar tests of the pipes (of other size and made of other materials) operating in the main gas pipelines should be continued taking into account temperature ranges and material degradation after long-term operation.
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Stolyarov, V. I., I. Yu Pyshmintsev, I. O. Struin, and I. L. Permyakov. "Operation of gas pipe at working pressures up to 11.8 MPa." Steel in Translation 40, no. 1 (January 2010): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091210010171.
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Kitaev, S. V., N. M. Darsalia, I. R. Baykov, and O. V. Smorodova. "THE MAIN GAS PIPELINES DEFECTS ANALYZING BY OPERATION PERIOD AND EXTENSION." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 6 (January 20, 2019): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2018-6-93-99.
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The gas pipeline system of PJSC «Gazprom» is at the stage of long-term operation. Most of the pipelines exceed the standard service life of 33 years, while considerable resources are required to maintain the trunk gas pipelines in an efficient state. The article analyzes the defectiveness of gas mains by the example of LLC «Gazprom transgaz Ufa». The company’s gas pipeline system consists of a wide range of diameters pipes ranging from DN 400 to DN 1400 mm. Its structure is dominated by pipelines with a diameter of DN 400, 500, 700, 1400 mm, which share exceeds 86 %. An integral Gini index is proposed for monitoring the differentiation of defects along the length of the line pipe of the main gas pipelines. By the value of the proposed indicator, it is possible to analyze and compare the sections of gas pipelines among themselves, to identify the signs that affect the development of defects along the line pipe of the main gas pipelines.
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Maruschak, P., R. Bishchak, O. Maruschak, D. Draganovská, and A. Pylypenko. "Condition evaluation of steel X65 in one of the sections of “Soyuz” gas main after long-term operation." Koroze a ochrana materialu 62, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kom-2018-0011.
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Abstract The basic regularities in deformation and fracture of pipe steel X65 are revealed by testing specimens from the pipe fragment cut during the repair of the “Soyuz” gas main after 30 years of operation. It is shown that the pipe steel slightly changes its properties when the gas main is operated under the influence of working stresses and environmental factors. Structural degradation and micro-defects accumulated in the pipe wall were scattered, indicating that the material retains sufficient plasticity that allows it to resist fracture processes and the nucleation of macrocracks.
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Li, Xing Quan, Jian Liu, Si Jing Gao, and Chang Guo. "Application of GIS System in City Gas Pipe Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 2337–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.2337.
Full textAbstract:
The GIS system is a computer system consisting of software, hardware, and to describe the geographic information,and subsidiary information data. The underground gas pipeline is a new application field of GIS system, realizes the electronic and information technology infrastructure information management of gas pipe network, as the transmission and distribution scheduling, document management, network planning, network provides modern means of emergency decision, the daily operation management, construction management and auxiliary decision and other gas.
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Kottenstette, J. P. "Measuring Tool-Chip Interface Temperatures." Journal of Engineering for Industry 108, no. 2 (May 1, 1986): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3187043.
Full textAbstract:
A two-color pyrometer was developed for monitoring the surface temperature of metal chips formed during high-speed machining processes. Optical access to the tool-chip interface was obtained by cementing a plastic light pipe into a 1/16-in. (1.6-mm) hole milled through the carbide tool insert. The light pipe serves to transmit radiation falling on the rake face of the insert to radiation detectors located elsewhere. Radiation captured by the light pipe is passed through a lens-beam splitter combination and imaged on two identical photodiode detectors. The diodes have integral operational amplifiers to achieve high detectivity and low-noise operation. Each photodiode is masked by an interference type narrow-band filter having spectral bandpass frequencies chosen to match the point where the emittance of several metals is constant for all temperatures. Thus, the temperature of the chip stream monitored by the diodes is a function of the intensity measured for each spectral band at the same instant in time. The functional relationship between true temperature and the ratio of signal amplitudes (the calibration curve) was established for pyrometer over the interval 1000–1750 K using standard laboratory methods.
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Gumerov, A., I. Valiev, and R. Tashbulatov. "On Metal Status Monitoring Issues of Continuous Operation Pipelines." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 988, no. 3 (February 1, 2022): 032057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/988/3/032057.
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Abstract The paper shows the relevance of the mechanical properties control of the metal of pipes and welded joints when estimating the safety of pipelines based on the results of periodic inspections. Old pipelines remain in operation in the system, but the issues of aging and degradation of the metal of the pipe and there welded joints remain without proper attention. By aging of a metal, the authors mean a gradual transition to a more stable energy state. How quickly change occurs depends on many factors. Thus, the very mode of operation of the main oil and gas pipelines contributes to the aging of the pipe metal. In addition to strain aging, there are other mechanisms for changing the mechanical properties of pipelines, for example, stress corrosion. Currently, half of all destruction on main gas pipelines occurs due to stress corrosion, the article shows the mechanism of stress corrosion. The paper contains an analysis of the aging and degradation mechanisms of pipe metal. Moreover, not only directions of development of metal control methods are shown but also have taken close look into aging and degradation during the long-term operation of pipelines.
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Liang, Hui Min, Jie Zhang, and Yuan Yuan Cai. "Energy-Saving Application of Heat Pipe GGH in Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization System." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 1177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.1177.
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In order to heat the gas of Boiler tail to comply with request of emission temperature of environmental regulations, heat pipe gas to gas heater (GGH) is used in the wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) system. Heat pipe GGH is characterized by high efficiency, small losses of fluid resistance, and no leak of the flue gas, and desulfurization system possesses higher desulfurization efficiency, no additional power consumption, low costs of operation and maintenance, and it also solves the problem of acid corrosion and scaling, which is more suitable for wet flue gas desulfurization system.