Journal articles: 'Gas mixture generation'

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Kozlyuk, A. I., N. V. Karyagina, and V. L. Makarenko. "Process parameters in vapor-gas mixture generation." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 20, no. 5 (1985): 551–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00782249.

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Гайдачук, Віталій Євгенович, Ольга Володимирівна Шипуль, Сергій Олександрович Заклінський, Вадим Олегович Гарін, Олег Валерійович Трифонов, and Сергій Ігорович Планковський. "Числове дослідження змішування в системі генерації газової суміші." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 6 (November 29, 2021): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2021.6.05.

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The subject of research is a gas-dynamic process of mixture formation with a given component mass fraction during overflow through the mixer nozzles in the mixture generation system. The aim of the study is the scientific and experimental evaluation of the mixer technical solutions to ensure the accuracy and homogeneity of the gas mixture. The current work conducts numerical study on the flow of a gas flow through the mixer nozzles of the mixture generation system, ensuring its stoichiometric component composition and homogeneity. The problem is solved by developing adequate mathematical models of gas-dynamic flow and analyzing the results of numerical simulations. The following results were obtained. A mixer with the nozzles in the mixture generation system has been created and a technical solution for its design has been scientifically substantiated. The areas of flow sections of mixer nozzles are experimentally established. A mathematical model of generating a mixture with a given component mass fraction was developed and a series of numerical experiments was conducted to study its overflow through the mixer. A 3D simulation was conducted using ANSYS CFX software. The stationary formulation of the problem is applied. In the nozzles of closed overflow of the mixer, the heat exchange of the gas flow with the walls is taken into account by solving a separate problem and determining the corresponding heat transfer coefficients. At the inputs to the mixer, the ratio of the initial pressure of the components of the mixture is determined, which ensures its stoichiometric composition. The fields of the gas flow velocities, the mass flow rate of the components of the gas mixture through the mixer, and pressure and temperature fields are obtained. Based on the simulation results, it was found that the design of the developed mixer ensures the creation of a gas mixture with a homogeneity of at least 3%. With a constant pressure ratio of the mixture components to the mixer inlet, the gas mixturedosing accuracy can be achieved at least 1%.

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Планковский, Сергей Игоревич, Ольга Владимировна Шипуль, Олег Валерьевич Трифонов, and Сергей Александрович Заклинский. "АЛГОРИТМ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ СИСТЕМОЙ ГЕНЕРАЦИИ СМЕСИ ДЛЯ ПРЕЦИЗИ-ОННОЙ ТЕРМОИМПУЛЬСНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 5 (November 8, 2018): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2018.5.09.

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The subjects of the study are methods and devices of generating gas mixtures with a specified accuracy and a high repeatability of the component dosing. The purpose of the article is to develop an algorithm for controlling the fuel mixture generation system for precision thermal pulse treatment. In that behalf, the research tasks are the improvement of the critical hole method with reference to the thermal pulse treatment and the methodology development of parameters assigning for mixture generation system ensuring high accuracy and repeatability of the dosing of its components and heat flows in thermal pulse treatment. The following results are obtained. The method of dynamic mixture formation based on the method of critical holes is proposed. Its special advantage is that during the filling of the chamber, the components of the fuel mixture expire from the pre-filled intermediate pressure vessels with the controlled volume without the application of any regulating devices. The technique for choosing the diameters of critical apertures, the volumes of intermediate tanks and the initial pressure in them, providing accuracy of components dosing at the level 0,01 % is developed. The technical solutions that allow to stabilize the value of heat flow during thermal pulse treatment, considering the operation dynamics of the valves in the mixture generation system and the variable temperature of the chamber walls are proposed. The following conclusions are formulated. The method of generating fuel mixtures for precision thermal pulse treatment based on the method of critical holes is proposed. It is characterized by the fact that during the mixture formation, the free exhaust of gases from pre-filled intermediate tanks is applied. The developed procedure for calculating the parameters of the mixture generator on the basis of the proposed method makes it possible to determine the ratio of the areas of the critical holes, the volumes of the tanks, the initial pressure in them and the time of filling the chamber according to the given composition and pressure of the mixture at normal temperature. The algorithm for controlling the generation of a mixture for precision thermal pulse processing is developed. The necessity of controlling the opening and closing speed of the gas supply valves is shown taking into account the required ratio of the areas of critical holes. To ensure a stable value of heat fluxes during cyclic thermal pulse treatment, it is shown that it is necessary to simultaneously monitor the charge mass and the pressure in the chamber when the fuel mixture is supplied, followed by correcting the treatment time according to the calculated initial temperature of the fuel mixture

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Postrzednik, Stefan. "Combined use of coal mine gases for efficient energy generation." Archives of Thermodynamics 37, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoter-2016-0026.

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Abstract There are two basic types of coal mine gases: gas from demethanation of coal deposits, and ventilation gas; containing combustible ingredients (mainly methane, CH4). Effective use of these gases is an important technical and ecological issue (greenhouse gas emissions), mainly due to the presence of methane in these gases. Serious difficulties in this area (e.g. using them as the fuel for internal combustion (IC) engine) occur mainly in relation to the ventilation gas, whereas the gas from demethanation of coal deposits can be used directly as the fuel for internal combustion engines. The proposed solution of this problem shows that the simple mixing of these two gases (without supplying of oxygen from ambient air) is the effective way to producing the gaseous combustible mixture, which can be used for the fueling of internal combustion gas engines. To evaluate the energy usefulness of this way produced combustible mixture the process indicator has been proposed, which expresses the share of the chemical energy supplied with the ventilation gas, in the whole chemical energy of the produced fuel combustible mixture. It was also established how (e.g., by appropriate choice of the mixed gas streams) can be achieved significantly higher values of the characteristic process indicator, while retaining full energy usefulness of the gained gaseous mixture to power combustion engines.

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Alonso, Maria Luz, Ane Espinazo, Rosa Maria Alonso, Jose Ignacio Lombraña, Jesús Izcara, and Josu Izaguirre. "New Generation of SF6-Free Medium-Voltage Switchgear for the Electrical Network: Stability and Toxicity Studies of Trans-1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluorobut-2-ene with N2 Gas Mixture." Processes 11, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11010136.

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Binary gas mixture of N2 and trans-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene (HFO4E) is presented as an alternative to SF6 in medium-voltage electrical equipment. Its stability was tested under different conditions. No change was observed in the gas mixture after a permanent AC voltage of 30 kV applied for two years or during the making operations with a standard load-break switch. The same behavior was obtained under dielectric tests, electrical arcs and temperature rise tests according to the IEC 62271-1:2011 standard. For all of these conditions, the concentration of HFO4E remains practically unchanged; there is no impact on the insulation properties of the system and the degradation products formed would not affect the health and the environment if there were leaks. In these studies, gas mixtures samples were analyzed by a validated methodology based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and thermal conductivity detectors. Finally, an OECD TG 403 acute inhalation toxicity test was also carried out with the gas mixture aged after the mentioned making operations. None of the mice used in the toxicity test were affected after 4 h of exposition to an ambient air with 30,000 ppmv of the gas mixture.

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Baránková, Hana, Ladislav Bardos, and Adela Bardos. "Non-Conventional Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Sources for Production of Hydrogen." MRS Advances 3, no. 18 (2018): 921–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.103.

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ABSTRACTThe atmospheric pressure plasma sources with a coaxial geometry were used for generation of the radio frequency, microwave and pulsed dc plasmas inside water and aqueous solutions. Pulsed dc plasma generated in ethanol-water mixtures leads to production of the hydrogen-rich synthesis gas with hydrogen content up to 65 %. The effect of various plasma generation regimes on the performance of plasma, on the hydrogen production efficiency and on the hydrogen-rich synthesis gas production was examined. A role of the composition of the ethanol-water mixture was investigated.

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Osipova, N. N., and S. G. Kultiaev. "SUBSTANTIATION OF USE OF BUTANE FOR GASIFICATION OF OBJECTS." Russian Journal of Building Construction and Architecture, no. 3(47) (December 16, 2020): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2020.47.3.004.

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Statement of the problem. The variable composition of liquefied petroleum gas has a significant impact on the operation of autonomous gas supply systems. The presence of the butane fraction under conditions of sub-zero temperatures leads to the cessation of the generation of the vapor phase in the tank, moisture condensation and the formation of ice and hydrate plugs.Results. The features of the use of technical butane in gas supply systems are considered. The composition of the gas-air mixture is recommended, taking into account the restrictions on deviations in the Wobbe number, ensuring the completeness of combustion of the mixture in gas-using installations of the consumer. The level of filling underground tanks with technical butane is justified, taking into account the coefficient of volume expansion of gas in the presence of extreme operating temperatures.Conclusions. The composition of butane-based gas-air mixtures for gas supply to consumers was determined that meets the condition for the interchangeability of combustible gases and provides lower dew point temperatures; the level of filling of ground and underground tanks with technical butane is justified.

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Yap, Chew Pheng, Hwa Tiong Poh, and Wai Yip Fan. "Metal-free catalytic hydrogen production from a polymethylhydrosilane–water mixture." RSC Advances 6, no. 7 (2016): 5903–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra23887k.

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Шипуль, Ольга Володимирівна, Сергій Олександрович Заклінський, Володимир Вікторович Комбаров, Олексій Анатолійович Павленко, and Вадим Олегович Гарін. "Числове та експериментальне дослідження наповнення резервуару компонентом газової суміші." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 4 (August 27, 2021): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2021.4.09.

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The subject of the research is mathematical models of a gas-dynamic non-stationary process of filling a vessel with a component of a gas mixture. The aim of the study is the scientific and experimental substantiation of the choice of a model of filling a vessel with a component of a gas mixture with a given accuracy. The objectives of the study are to conduct full-scale experiments on filling the vessel with gas for further verification of the gas mixture generation control system, as well as in the development of adequate mathematical models of gas-dynamic flow, the analysis of simulation results, and the use of verified results in the system of automated generation of a gas mixture of a given accuracy by assessing the mass of its components depending on the filling parameters. The tasks are solved by studying the results of numerical modeling of the process and full-scale experiments. The following results are obtained. A series of full-scale experiments on filling a vessel with high-frequency monitoring of the pressure and temperature of the gas being filled was carried out. Significant factors were analyzed. The use of SAS SST turbulence models was substantiated. Models of the gas-dynamic unsteady process of filling the vessel with a component of the gas mixture for various values of the mass flow rate had been built. All the simulations were carried out using the ANSYS CFX software package. The influence of considering a heat exchange with the vessel walls on the studied parameters of the mixture is determined, namely: pressure, gas temperature averaged over the volume, gas temperature in a control point, mass of the component of a gas mixture. It was found that the deviation of the calculated data when using a model with an adiabatic condition on the wall compared to a model with a constant temperature regime is: for pressure – no more than 5 %, for averaged temperature – 6 %, for the temperature at the monitor point – 9 %, for mass – 1.5 %. The discrepancy between the simulation results and the full-scale experiment does not exceed 12 % in pressure and temperature at the monitor point, as well as 4 % in the mass of the component. By the experimentally determined accuracy parameter of the gas mixture (the mass of the mixture component in particular), the numerical models had been corrected to provide the mass value error of no more than 0.5 %.

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Vosmerikov, A. V., L. N. Vosmerikova, G. V. Echevsky, L. L. Korobitsyna, Ye G. Kodenev, and L. M. Velichkina. "Generation of Liquid Products from Natural Gas over Zeolite Catalysts." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 5, no. 4 (April 6, 2016): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj314.

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The main component of the natural gas is methane, whose molecules are characterized by a high chemical and thermal stability. It is impossible to perform the chemical transformation of natural gas into liquid organic compounds without applying highly active polyfunctional catalysts. Natural gas might be converted into liquid products in the presence of zeolite catalysts of pentasil family. Zeolite catalysts of ZSM-5 type were prepared to realize the process. They contained various amounts of Zn and Ga promoters introduced by ion exchange and impregnation. It has been shown that in the presence of small amounts of C2-C5 alkanes in the feedstock the methane is converted into aromatic hydrocarbons much more readily and in softer conditions than pure methane. At optimum process conditions reached is a high conversion of the natural gas into a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons. This mixture mainly consists of benzene and naphthalene and small amounts of their derivatives – toluene, C8 and C9+ alkylbenzenes, methyl- and dimethylnaphthalenes. An optimum composition of zeolite matrix and the amount of the modifier in the catalyst have been established.

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Vorobyev, Maxim, Oleg Kashinsky, Pavel Lobanov, and Aleksandr Chinak. "Regimes Of Bubble Generation In The Flow Of Viscous Liquid." Siberian Journal of Physics 10, no. 3 (October 1, 2015): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.54362/1818-7919-2015-10-3-70-75.

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Data of experimental study of the processes arising at gas injection through a capillary in to the liquid flow are presented. The characteristic modes of gas-liquid bubble mixture formation are investigated. Bubble coalescence near the capillary edge was shown to produce different modes. Glycerol was applied as working liquid. Its heating was made to change physical properties of working liquid.

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Aizawa, Tatsuhiko, Imron Rsadi, and Ersyzario Edo Yunata. "High Density RF-DC Plasma Nitriding under Optimized Conditions by Plasma-Diagnosis." Applied Sciences 12, no. 8 (April 7, 2022): 3706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12083706.

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This paper is concerned with plasma diagnosis on a N2-H2 gas mixture to determine the optimum parameters for the nitriding process. Plasma parameters such as pressure, RF-voltage, and DC-bias were varied for optimization. The active species such as N2+ and NH were identified in plasma diagnosis. In the N2-H2 gas mixture, hydrogen imposed a great influence on plasma generation. The small addition of a hydrogen molecule into the gas mixture resulted in the highest yield of N2+ ions and NH radicals; the optimum hydrogen content was 20% in the mixture. The austenitic stainless-steel type AISI304 was nitrided at 673 K and 623 K to experimentally demonstrate that hydrogen gas content optimization is necessary to improve the surface hardness and to describe low temperature nitriding under high nitrogen flux at the surface.

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Azarov, S., V. Sydorenko, V. Ievlanov, and M. Havryliuk. "Analysis of Conditions and Mechanisms for Generation of Explosive Mixtures at an Early Stage of Chornobyl Accident." Nuclear and Radiation Safety, no. 4(72) (November 14, 2016): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32918/nrs.2016.4(72).06.

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The paper presents the scenario developed for an early stage of the accident progression to assess impact of highly explosive hydrogen on RBMK-1000 design. It was found out that the ratio between the speed of local generation of gaseous hydrogen and the speed of hydrogen spreading in the vapor-gas medium of the core is the determining factor for the occurrence of conditions of explosive vapor-air mixture in the core. Obtained data can be used in further studies to model the formation of explosive mixtures in the environment, the amount of air and water vapor in the analysis of explosive vapor-air mixture. Practical calculations make it possible to assess fracture energy and predict the impact on structures.

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You, Guo Qiang, Si Yuan Long, and Jili Zha. "A Novel Technique for On-Line Generation of Mg-Shielding Gas." Materials Science Forum 488-489 (July 2005): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.488-489.77.

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A new technique capable of on-line generating SO2+CO2+N2 shielding gas via thermal chemical reaction between compressed air and a mixture of C and S powder was introduced in the present study. The test results in both laboratory and foundry indicate that the on-line generated gas is able to provide effective protection to Mg melting bath up to 730 oC as SF6+N2 shielding gas does, while its running cost is 30% less than of the latter.

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Ikuta, Kazunari. "Ohmic Ignition of Alcohol-Ammonium Nitrate Mixture for Hot Light Gas Generation." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 36, Part 2, No. 10B (October 15, 1997): L1413—L1414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.36.l1413.

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Polansky, Jiri. "Thermodynamics Cycle of Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor." Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering 22, no. 2 (August 24, 2020): 585–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mme-2018-0046.

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AbstractThis paper deals with the thermo-hydraulic aspect of gas cooled fast 4 generation reactor. The paper is focused on the comparison of direct and indirect strategy of thermodynamics cycle of helium cooled reactor from the thermodynamics and turbomachinary point of view. The analyses respect pressure looses at all major part of the equipment - reactor, heat exchanger, pipe lines, etc. The compressor and gas turbines efficiency are includes in calculation as well. The working fluid in primary circuit is helium. In the secondary circuit a mixture of helium and nitrogen is considered. The Cycle characteristic point and efficiency calculation reflects mixture properties of the real gas. Calculation point out the influence of mixture composition on the basic structural parameters of the turbines, compressor and heat exchangers. Thermodynamics cycle efficiency, specific heat input/output, heat flux and cycle work will be presented as characteristic parameters.

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BEL'KOV, S. A., A. V. BESSARAB, A. V. VESELOV, V. A. GAIDACH, G. V. DOLGOLEVA, N. V. ZHIDKOV, V. M. IZGORODIN, et al. "Experimental study of line spectrum generation by argon dopant in DT-gas on ISKRA-5 facility." Laser and Particle Beams 17, no. 3 (July 1999): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026303469917304x.

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The experiments measuring the density of DT mixture compressed in indirect drive targets (X-ray targets) were conducted on the ISKRA-5 facility. The density was determined from the line broadening of H- and He-like Ar doped in DT-gas as a diagnostic substance. A series of three experiments with the X-ray targets having different shell thickness of capsule filled with DT + Ar mixture were carried out. In two of the three experiments, radiation spectra of Ar were recorded and the density of compressed gas was determined. The analysis of the experimental results for the X-ray target with a 280-μm diameter and a 7 μm wall thickness revealed that the density of the compressed gas may be estimated as ∼1 g/cm3.

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Tukmakov, D. A. "Numerical study of the velocity distribution of the disperse component in the generation of a gas suspension flow by an electric field." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2379, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2379/1/012022.

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Abstract This paper presents a self-consistent mathematical model of the dynamics of an electrically charged dusty medium. The carrier medium was described as a viscous, compressible and heat-conducting gas. The simulated flow is self-consistent, the parameters of each of the mixture components are determined by changing the parameters of other components. The mathematical model took into account intercomponent momentum exchange and heat transfer between the dispersed component of the mixture and the gas. The equations of the mathematical model are supplemented with boundary conditions. The mixture dynamics equations and the Poisson equation describing the electric field were solved by a numerical finite-difference method. The channel is divided into two parts, in one part of the channel there is a homogeneous gas, in the other part of the channel there is a gas containing electrically charged particles. Under the action of an electric field, the particles of the disperse component begin to move, and a gas flow is formed. This paper presents the results of calculations of the physical fields of an electrically charged dispersed suspension.

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Choi, Woon Ih, Insun Park, Jae Sik An, Dong Young Kim, Meiten Koh, Inkook Jang, Dae Sin Kim, Yoon-Sok Kang, and Youngseon Shim. "Controlling Gas Generation of Li-Ion Battery through Divinyl Sulfone Electrolyte Additive." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 13 (June 30, 2022): 7328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137328.

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The focus of mainstream lithium-ion battery (LIB) research is on increasing the battery’s capacity and performance; however, more effort should be invested in LIB safety for widespread use. One aspect of major concern for LIB cells is the gas generation phenomenon. Following conventional battery engineering practices with electrolyte additives, we examined the potential usage of electrolyte additives to address this specific issue and found a feasible candidate in divinyl sulfone (DVSF). We manufactured four identical battery cells and employed an electrolyte mixture with four different DVSF concentrations (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0%). By measuring the generated gas volume from each battery cell, we demonstrated the potential of DVSF additives as an effective approach for reducing the gas generation in LIB cells. We found that a DVSF concentration of only 1% was necessary to reduce the gas generation by approximately 50% while simultaneously experiencing a negligible impact on the cycle life. To better understand this effect on a molecular level, we examined possible electrochemical reactions through ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) based on the density functional theory (DFT). From the electrolyte mixture’s exposure to either an electrochemically reductive or an oxidative environment, we determined the reaction pathways for the generation of CO2 gas and the mechanism by which DVSF additives effectively blocked the gas’s generation. The key reaction was merging DVSF with cyclic carbonates, such as FEC. Therefore, we concluded that DVSF additives could offer a relatively simplistic and effective approach for controlling the gas generation in lithium-ion batteries.

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Stephens, Susanna L., David P. Tew, Nicholas R. Walker, and Anthony C. Legon. "H3P⋯AgI: generation by laser-ablation and characterization by rotational spectroscopy and ab initio calculations." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 28 (2016): 18971–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp03512d.

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The new compound H₃P⋯AgI has been synthesized in the gas phase by means of the reaction of laser-ablated silver metal with a pulse of gas consisting of a dilute mixture of ICF₃ and PH₃ in argon.

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Gerdroodbary, Mostafa Barzegar, D. D. Ganji, Mohammad Taeibi-Rahni, B. Pruiti, and Rasoul Moradi. "Development of Knudsen thermal force for mass analysis of CH4/He gas mixture." International Journal of Modern Physics C 30, no. 01 (January 2019): 1950002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183119500025.

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Natural gas is known as the main source of energy and also contains significant and noble gases. Numerous researches have been performed to present novel methods for the detection and analysis of natural gas. In this study, Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is used to evaluate the performance of a new micro gas sensor (MIKRA) for detection of helium in CH4/He gas mixture. In this sensor, the temperature difference of two arms inside a rectangular domain at low-pressure condition induces a Knudsen force which is proportional to physical properties of the gas. In order to define flow feature of a low-pressure gas inside the micro gas actuator, high order equation of Boltzmann is used to attain high precision results. To solve these equations, DSMC approach is used as a robust method for the non-equilibrium flow field. The effects of main factors such as length and gap of arms are comprehensively investigated in different ambient pressures. Furthermore, the effect of various concentrations of the CH4/He gas mixture on force generation is comprehensively studied. Our findings show that value of generated Knudsen force significantly different when the fraction of He in CH4/He gas mixture is varied. This indicates that this micro gas sensor could precisely detect the concentration of Helium gas inside a low-pressure CH4/He gas mixture.

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Polyakovskyi, V. A. "Gas mixture explosion as a tool for generating impulsive disturbances." Geofizicheskiy Zhurnal 43, no. 4 (October 5, 2021): 166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24028/gzh.v43i4.239968.

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The work is devoted to the development of a device for generating impulsive perturbations in soil massifs. It is proposed to use the explosion energy of a high-pressure acetylene-oxygen gas mixture as a source of impulse perturbations. Applying the standard method of measuring mechanical stresses and using piezoelectric sensors, it is obtained the stress fields occurring in the soils when an explosion of the gas mixture takes place. It is revealed that the dependences of the maximal stresses in the soil massif on the relative distance to the source, when the gas charge under high pressure acts, are the power functions. The exponents of power functions approximating these experimental dependences are obtained. The attenuation of the maximal radial stresses with the distance is considered for the two cases when the charges filled with gas mixture under low and high pressure act. The comparison of these cases indicates their similarity. In the paper it is also performed the analysis of modern methods of using explosive and non-explosive sources for seismic wave generation during investigations in the search geophysics. The existing structural sources of seismic waves used in the seismic exploration are analyzed in detail. The disadvantages and advantages of explosive and non-explosive impulsive sources of seismic waves are indicated. Among the advantages of the proposed wave sources it is worth noting their low price and mobility. There is no need to obtain special permits for their use. The obtained results allow one to expand the field of gas detonation application. In particular, it can be used as an alternative source of seismic waves. The proposed method is promising for training in search geophysics and in the study of properties of soil massifs.

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Wang, Shuang, Wei Zhang, Yong-Qiang Feng, Xin Wang, Qian Wang, Yu-Zhuang Liu, Yu Wang, and Lin Yao. "Entropy, Entransy and Exergy Analysis of a Dual-Loop Organic Rankine Cycle (DORC) Using Mixture Working Fluids for Engine Waste Heat Recovery." Energies 13, no. 6 (March 11, 2020): 1301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13061301.

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The exergy, entropy, and entransy analysis for a dual-loop organic Rankine cycle (DORC) using a mixture of working fluids have been investigated in this study. A high-temperature (HT) loop was used to recover waste heat from internal combustion engine in 350 °C, and a low-temperature loop (LT) was used to absorb residual heat of engine exhaust gas and HT loop working fluids. Hexane/toluene, cyclopentane/toluene, and R123/toluene were selected as working fluid mixtures for HT loop, while R245fa/pentane was chosen for LT loop. Results indicated that the variation of entropy generation rate, entransy loss, entransy efficiency, and exergy loss are insensitive to the working fluids. The entransy loss rate and system net power output present the same variation trends, whereas a reverse trend for entropy generation rate and entransy efficiency, while the exergy analysis proved to be only utilized under fixed stream conditions. The results also showed that hexane/toluene is the preferred mixture fluid for DORC.

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C. S. W, Chan,, S. Lau, A. A. S. Husaini, A. Zulkharnain, K. Apun, L. M. Bilung, and Mickey Vincent. "Identification of methane-producing bacteria from palm oil mill sludge (POMS) with solid cud from ruminant stomach." Journal of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology 2, no. 1 (July 31, 2014): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54987/jobimb.v2i1.125.

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Biological generation in anaerobic environments such as enteric fermentation and anaerobic waste treatment from agriculture sector are the major contributor of methane gas which has the potential as biogas. The aimed of this study was to identify methane-producing bacteria in anaerobic vessel which contained a mixture of Palm Oil Mill Sludge (POMS) and solid cud taken from the first compartment of cowâ€™s stomach (1:2 and 2:1 ratio) as co-mixture. The co-mixture was incubated at 50 Â°C in a 2 L vessel with initial starter of 400 ml and sampling was conducted every 4 weeks interval during 12 weeks of incubation. For specific detection of methanogens, 16S rRNA-cloning analysis was carried out. Methanobrevibacter sp. and Methanosaeta sp. were confirmed to be presence within the 2:1 ratio of co-mixture while only Methanobrevibacter sp. was found in 1:2 ratio of co-mixture on both Week 0 and Week 4. No methanogens were detected for both co-mixtures on Week 8 and Week 12.Â Â

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Agroskin, V. Ya, B. G. Bravy, G. K. Vasiliev, V. I. Guriev, S. A. Kashtanov, E. F. Makarov, S. A. Sotnichenko, and Yu A. Chernyshev. "An Effective Pulsed-Periodic Chemical HF(DF) Laser." Instruments and Experimental Techniques 64, no. 6 (November 2021): 830–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0020441221060014.

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Abstract— A working process is proposed for an HF(DF) laser, in which evacuation of the reactor is completely excluded. The workflow consists of the following stages: (1) displacement of the reaction products, which are formed after initiation of the working mixture, by an inert gas and (2) subsequent displacement of the inert gas by the working mixture. A design solution is proposed for the system of gas puffing into the reactor. Gas is supplied through an annular slot at one of the reactor ends, which makes it possible to minimize the consumption of inert gas used for displacing the reaction products after initiation of the working mixture. The amount of residual HF(DF) gas in the reactor is incapable of affecting the generation energy in the next cycle. It has been experimentally shown that the displacement technology does not lower the lasing energy in comparison with the pumping technology, but significantly reduces the duration of the HF(DF)-laser operating cycle by approximately two orders of magnitude).

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Stejskalová, Květoslava, Pavel Bach, Erich Lippert, and Karel Mocek. "Effects of the Gas Phase Composition and Genesis of the Active Sodium Carbonate on Its Reactivity Towards Gaseous Mixture SO2 + NOx." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 62, no. 3 (1997): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19970387.

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The reactivity of the solid active sodium carbonate towards gaseous mixture SO2 + NOx has been measured in the dependence on oxygen and carbon dioxide contents and on genesis of the solid substance. The fixed bed flow reactor working under integral conditions has been used. It was found that the reactivity of the active sodium carbonate of the 1st generation towards gaseous mixture SO2 + NOx is higher than the reactivity of the active sodium carbonate of the 2nd generation. In the temperature range of 130-180 °C the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide have no decisive influence on the reactivity of the active sodium carbonate of the 1st generation.

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UHM, HAN S., EUN H. CHOI, GUANSUP CHO, and KI W. WHANG. "Plasma properties in a high-pressure gas mixture for a plasma display panel." Journal of Plasma Physics 67, no. 1 (January 2002): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377801001350.

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Electrical breakdown in a mixed gas is investigated. The plasma at breakdown is evaluated in terms of the mole fraction χ. The optimum condition for the highest plasma density is described in terms of the ionization energy and collisional cross-section of the mixed gas. The optimum mole fraction for the highest plasma density is found to be χ = 0.03 for the case of plasma generation in neon gas mixed with xenon for a plasma display panel. The optimum condition for the highest number of electronic excitations is also obtained.

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Sugarmen, C., A. Rotstein, U. Fisher, and J. Sinai. "Modification of Gas Turbines and Operation with Solar Produced Syngas." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 126, no. 3 (July 19, 2004): 867–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1758725.

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Solar energy can be utilized to drive chemical processes to produce syngas, a hydrogen rich fuel that can be used for power generation. ORMAT took part in the Solasys project in which syngas was produced by a reforming process driven by solar energy. The solar energy was concentrated in a volumetric receiver. ORMAT presented two modes of operation for introducing syngas to a gas turbine. One mode of “syngas only” and the second for utilization of mixtures of LPG and syngas. Modification of a gas turbine to be fueled only with syngas, incorporated modifications in the combustion chamber, fuel system and control system. The gas turbine which operated on mixtures of LPG and syngas was not modified but an external fuel mixing system was added ahead of its gas line. It operated smoothly with the mixed fuel, with minimum drop in performance up to about 40% syngas in the mixture, contributing approximately 20% of solar energy to the electric power production with up to 80% syngas mass fraction in the fuel.

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Кулаков, D. Kulakov, Щёголев, N. Shchegolev, Тумашев, and R. Tumashev. "Coal Mine Methane Utilization in Gas Turbine Units for Electricity and Heat Production." Safety in Technosphere 4, no. 5 (October 25, 2015): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/16963.

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Coal mining is accompanied by the release of coal mine methane. Its emissions into the atmosphere within methane-air mixture have a negative impact on the ecological situation. The modern approach involves the use of methane-air-mixture for heat boilers or units to generate electricity. For the generation of heat and electrical energy the coal mine methane could be used in cogeneration gas turbine plants with an altered sequence of processes. Thermo — and gas dynamics studies were conducted in a wide range of parameters of gas turbine plants. For small power plants recommended are: 2.8 compression ratio, turbine inlet — 1173 K, gas cooler inlet temperature — 303 K, 0.8 regeneration ratio. In this case the electrical efficiency of gas turbine plant is 25–26% and even 63–64% if produced heat is counted. Cogeneration gas turbine plant with an altered sequence of process has smaller capital and operating costs compared to traditional gas turbine unit. The use of methane-air mixture as fuel in such gas turbine units increases the profitability of coal mining and improves the ecological situation in the region.

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Baumgärtner, Max H., and Thomas Sattelmayer. "Improvement of the turn-down ratio of gas turbines by autothermal on board syngas generation." Journal of the Global Power and Propulsion Society 1 (June 30, 2017): D0HPA5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22261/d0hpa5.

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Abstract The low reactivity of natural gas leads to a sudden increase of carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) emissions below a certain load level, which limits the part load operation range of current utility gas turbines in combined cycle power plants (CCPP). The feasibility of catalytic autothermal syngas generation directly upstream of gas turbine burners to improve burn-out at low flame temperatures is studied in this paper. The adiabatic reformer is supplied with a mixture of natural gas, air and water and generates syngas with high reactivity, which results in better low-temperature combustion performance. Substitution of part of the natural gas by syngas provides the opportunity of lowering overall equivalence ratio in the combustion chamber and of extending the operation range towards lower minimum power output without violating emission limits. A generic gas turbine with a syngas generator is modelled by analytic equations to identify the possible operating window of a fuel processor constrained by pressure loss, low and high temperature limits and carbon formation. A kinetic study shows good conversion of methane to syngas with a high hydrogen share. A calculation of the one-dimensional laminar burning velocity of mixtures of syngas and methane and the assessment of the corresponding Damköhler number show the potential for lowering the minimum equivalence ratio with full burn-out by fuel processing. The study shows that such a fuel processor has a possible operating range despite the before mentioned constraints and it has potential to reduce the lowest possible load of gas turbines in terms of thermal power by 20%.

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Brown, Keith A., and David H. Maunder. "Exploitation of landfill gas: a UK perspective." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 12 (December 1, 1994): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0599.

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Landfill gas (LFG) is a flammable and potentially harmful mixture of methane, carbon dioxide and a large number of trace constituents produced when waste decays in landfill disposal sites. The need to prevent damage from landfill gas emissions has been recognised since the 1970s, and is now enshrined in landfill site regulations. Sophisticated gas control measures such as actively-pumped gas extraction wells and multi-layered liners are now being implemented on a wide scale. The exploitation of LFG as a fuel or feed stock can complement the objectives of environmental protection and, at the same time, provide an additional revenue stream and reduce the use of fossil fuels. Exploitation of landfill gas in the UK began in the early 1980s, initially as a replacement fuel in kilns and boilers. There are now 13 such direct use projects saving the energy equivalent 50,000 tonnes of coal per year (January 1993). Use of LFG for power generation began in 1985. Government support for electricity from renewable sources has made power generation the dominant use for LFG in the UK. The UK currently has 42 power generation projects with a combined capacity of 72 MWe, saving the energy equivalent to 263,000 tonnes of coal per year (January 1993). This paper reviews current understanding of the processes of landfill gas formation and outlines the considerations required for its use as a fuel. The paper outlines the technology of gas collection and exploitation and assesses the economics of generating electricity from LFG in the UK, and the scope for further development.

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Giaconia, Alberto, Irena Balog, and Giampaolo Caputo. "Hybridization of CSP Plants: Characterization of a Molten Salt Heater for Binary and Ternary Nitrate Salt Mixtures Fueled with Gas/Biogas Heaters." Energies 14, no. 22 (November 16, 2021): 7652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227652.

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Hybridization of CSP plants with alternative energy sources (fuels) represents a means to improve flexibility of operation, power dispatchability and utilization factor of the plant. New generation CSP plants make use of molten salts as Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) besides Thermal Energy Storage (TES) medium. Therefore, proper interfaces should be developed to effectively transfer the heat from the back-up source to the molten salt. This paper presents the results obtained in the experimental validation of an innovative gas-fueled Molten Salt Heater (MSH) prototype. The objective of this research is to validate the MSH design, where the specific properties of molten salts (compared to other HTFs, e.g., thermal oils) have to be taken into account. The developed reduced-scale MSH (90 kW thermal) consists of a heat exchanger with the molten salt flowing inside finned tubes cross-flowed with the hot flue gas generated in an upstream combustion chamber. LPG or a biogas-like mixture has been used as gas fuel. Experimental results have been obtained with two different molten salt mixtures: the “solar salt” binary mixture (NaNO3/KNO3, 60/40%w) typically used in CSP applications (up to 565 °C) and the ternary mixture known as Hitec XL® containing sodium/potassium/calcium nitrates (NaNO3/KNO3/Ca(NO3)2, 15/43/42%w) characterized by lower freezing temperatures. Experimental tests have been carried out changing some operative parameters like the flow rate of the molten salt (0.45–0.94 kg/s), the inlet temperatures of the molten salt (303–445 °C) and of the hot gas (596–632 °C). For both molten salt mixtures, it was demonstrated that heat transfer correlations based on the Dittus-Boelter equation allow to predict experimental results with <10% deviation between experimental and theoretical values of the heat transfer coefficient.

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Ojo, Abiodun A., and Amos Onasanya. "Closed Anaerobic Biotransformation Products of Organoarsenic Compounds in Fucus distichus." ISRN Environmental Chemistry 2013 (July 14, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/684297.

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The closed anaerobic decomposition extracts of Fucus distichus incubated with seawater and sediment, and without sediment as control, were subjected to extractions and isolation on Sephadex LH 20 and Cellulose Thin Layer Chromatography. The decomposition extracts and isolates were analyzed by using both the Hydride Generation Gas Chromatography Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (HG-GC-AAS) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-ICPMS) to identify the arsenic species in the equilibrium mixtures of the seaweed and filtrates separately. In the methanol seaweed extract, equilibrium mixture of arsenosugars (AS) AS1 and AS2 and their biotransformation products of dimethylarsinoylethanol (DMAE) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA) were identified. In the methanol filtrate extract of the mixture, only DMAE and DMAA were identified. However, in the control methanol filtrate extract five organoarsenic species, AS1 and AS2, one unidentified hidden organoarsenic species, DMAE and DMAA were identified in the equilibrium mixture. This result confirmed that the hidden organoarsenic species in Fucus distichus, AS1 and AS2, and an unidentified organoarsenic compounds are biotransformed to only DMAE and DMAA under an anaerobic condition. This also suggests that DMAE and DMAA are strong intermediate candidates for the generation of arsenobetaine, from arsenoribosides in the marine food webs.

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34

Węcel, Gabriel, Ziemowit Ostrowski, and Pawel Kozołub. "Absorption line black body distribution function evaluated with proper orthogonal decomposition for mixture of CO2 and H2O." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 24, no. 4 (April 29, 2014): 932–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-04-2013-0142.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a new approach of evaluation of the absorption line black body distribution function (ALBDF) for a mixture of gases. Currently published correlations, which are used to reproduce the ALBDF, treat only single gases. Design/methodology/approach – A discrete form of the ALBDF is generated using line by line (LBL) calculations. The latest spectroscopic database HITEMP 2010 is used for the generation of the absorption coefficient histogram, which is cumulated later in order to produce a tabulated form of the ALBDF. The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) statistical method is employed for the reproduction of the ALBDF. Interpolation property of the POD allows to reproduce the ALBDF for arbitrary gas mixture parameters. Findings – POD proved to possess optimal interpolation properties. Results obtained by using POD are in very good agreement with LBL integration. Research limitations/implications – One have to be aware that the model generated with the POD method can be used only within the range of parameters used to build the model. The POD does not perform any property extrapolation. The model is limited to a mixture of two gases, namely CO2 and H2O. Expanding the number of gases used in the mixture may lead to a relatively large matrix system, which is difficult to process with the POD approach. Practical implications – The presented approach can be used to produce absorption coefficients values and their weights, which can be applied in the gas radiative properties description using the weighted sum of gray gas (WSGG) concept. The proposed model can be used with any radiative transfer equation solver which employs the WSGG approach. Originality/value – For the first time, radiative properties of gas mixtures are reproduced using the POD approach.

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Aoyagi, Reiji, Yoshika Sekine, Yuichiro Kaifuku, and Kunitoshi Matsunobu. "Development of Continuous Gas Generation Method for Hydrogen Chloride Using Azeotropic Hydrochloric Acid System." ChemEngineering 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering6010012.

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Standard gases are often prepared using high-pressure gas cylinders. However, it is difficult to accurately prepare a known concentration of hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas using this method because HCl is highly corrosive and adsorptive. In this study, a simple method for the continuous generation of HCl gas was developed using a diffusion tube containing hydrochloric acid and a nitrogen carrier gas. The concentration of HCl produced from this system was almost unstable, but constant gas generation was realized for several hours when azeotropic hydrochloric acid (20.6% HCl in water) and a temperature near the azeotropic point (108.5 °C) were used, resulting in the generation of 103.6 ppm (mean, n = 5) of HCl gas with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.34%. In this case, the percentage of HCl present in the entire gas mixture of HCl and water vapor was 22.5%, which is almost equivalent to the HCl content in the azeotropic hydrochloric acid (20.6%). The HCl concentration could also be controlled by changing the flow rate of the carrier gas. This work demonstrates a simple technique based on the diffusion theory that allows for the constant, controllable generation of a known concentration of HCl gas using an azeotropic hydrochloric acid system.

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Ahmad, Manam, and Md Mizanur Rahman. "Augmented Kalina Cycle Using Renewable Energy as Input for Power Generation." International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications 13, no. 2 (June 2022): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijcea.2022.13.2.794.

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Kalina cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle that generates power using a binary mixture as a working substance. Depending on the application, the Kalina Cycle increase power plant efficiency by 10% to 50% over the Organic Rankine Cycle. The relative advantage of the Kalina cycle rises when operating temperatures are reduced and Kalina cycle is generating by mixture. Kalina cycle is identified as a bottoming cycle that demonstrates improved efficiency. Ammonia-water mixture is high-energy than a single component. Producing electricity of the inlet turbine and the temperature of the separator increase the performance of the cycle. It may be more effective to use the Kalina cycle for concentrating renewable energy sources such as solar power plants that use direct steam production to enhance heat exchange efficiency, and therefore, increase total system performance. This research attempts to build a Kalina cycle system, which will help to transform the natural source from sunlight to energy. Python open-source software has been used to design and implement the Kalina cycle. The suggested cycles include various types of solar collectors and extra heat recovery technologies. Systems uses a medium temperature heat source to analyze the Kalina cycle for different system characteristics and to conduct parametric research to determine which input temperature, ammonia concentrations, separator temperatures yield the optimal energy production. The Kalina cycle of binary plants generates 30% to 50 % more power for a provided heat source. With the Kalina cycle as a bottoming cycle for a cogeneration plant, the exhaust gas temperature has been reduced from 427 K to 350 K, which reduces the environmental impact.

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Netskina, Olga, Elena Tayban, Anna Ozerova, Oxana Komova, and Valentina Simagina. "Solid-State NaBH4/Co Composite as Hydrogen Storage Material: Effect of the Pressing Pressure on Hydrogen Generation Rate." Energies 12, no. 7 (March 27, 2019): 1184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071184.

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A solid-state NaBH4/Co composite has been employed as a hydrogen-generating material, as an alternative to sodium borohydride solutions, in the long storage of hydrogen. Hydrogen generation begins in the presence of cobalt-based catalysts, immediately after water is added to a NaBH4/Co composite, as a result of sodium borohydride hydrolysis. The hydrogen generation rate has been investigated as a function of the pressure used to press hydrogen-generating composites from a mechanical mixture of the hydride and cobalt chloride hexahydrate. The hydrogen generation rate was observed to increase with the increase of this pressure. Pre-reduction of the cobalt chloride, using a sodium borohydride solution, leveled this dependence with a two-fold decrease in the gas generation rate. According to TEM and XPS data, oxidation of the particles of the pre-reduced cobalt catalyst took place during preparation of the composites, and it is this oxidation that appears to be the main reason for its low activity in sodium borohydride hydrolysis.

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Lu, Faming, Yuanqin Xia, Sheng Zhang, and Deying Chen. "High-order harmonic generation from Xe–Ar gas mixture in the tight focusing laser." Optics & Laser Technology 57 (April 2014): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2013.10.011.

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Yagi, H., T. Ide, H. Toyota, and Y. Mori. "Generation of microwave plasma under high pressure and fabrication of ultrafine carbon particles." Journal of Materials Research 13, no. 6 (June 1998): 1724–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0239.

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A microwave plasma generator, which functions under high pressure, has been developed and used in the fabrication of fine carbon particles. The plasma generator is a two-stage-type resonator, which consists of rectangular and semi-cylindrical-type resonators which are coupled in series for torching plasma and keeping it stable under high pressure. The plasma can be torched in helium gas at 3 × 106 Pa by tuning the dimensions of apparatus elements. Fine carbon particles of ~50 nm are obtained using a mixture of helium and methane gas. The particles are found to be crystalline from the results of transparent electron microscopy and diffraction analysis.

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Mustafa, Ahmed Nawfal, Obed Majeed Ali, and Omar Rafae Alomar. "Effect of Heavy Fuel Combustion in a Gas Power Plant on Turbine Performance: A Review." International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics 17, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.170113.

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The current review focuses on the utilization of heavy fuel in operating gas turbine and their effect on the power plant performance. The literature survey includes a comparison of the different studies to reveal the effect of the fuel property on the combustion efficiency and fuel consumption. the most important of which is the generation of electric power by heavy fuels in power stations that use turbines. Gas turbine is becoming increasingly widespread in electric power generation and other branches of industry. It is known that the thermal efficiency of an open gas turbine cycle varies according to the type of fuel used in the plant. Gas turbines are particularly suitable for fuels with materials that have physical and chemical properties that help in continuous combustion and therefore the ease inherent in Fuel injection and mixture preparation.

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Vorobyev, M. A., O. N. Kashinskiy, P. D. Lobanov, and A. V. Chinak. "Bubble flow formation regimes in viscous liquid." Proceedings of the Mavlyutov Institute of Mechanics 11, no. 2 (2016): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21662/uim2016.2.037.

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The experimental study of the process of bubble detachment from a single capillary in downward liquid flow was performed. The glycerin was used as a working liquid. In order to study the effect of physical properties of liquid on the formation of bubbles experiment was conducted at different temperatures. Presented average bubble size is depended on parameters such as gas flow rate, temperature and volume velocity of liquid, as well as the capillary diameter. The data about the most characteristic mode of formation of the gas-liquid mixture was obtained. It is shown that coalescence of bubbles near the capillary is the process that determines the type of bubbles size distribution in the fluid flow. The regimes of bubble formation most suitable for the generation of a monodisperse, and bidisperse gas-liquid mixture are presented in the study.

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Wang, Lifeng, Weiming Zhu, Hao Li, and Ying Zhang. "Spectrum modification of high-order harmonic generation in a gas mixture of Ar and Kr." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 35, no. 4 (March 15, 2018): A39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.35.000a39.

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Shu, Chen, Wei Lin, Chenglong Yan, and Qiang Shi. "Study on the Influencing Factors of Modal Transformation of Continuous Rotating Detonation Wave Propagation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2364, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2364/1/012012.

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Abstract In order to study the propagation mode of rotating detonation wave, the detailed reaction mechanism of hydrogen-oxygen with 9 components and 19 steps is used, and the finite rate chemical reaction model is used for numerical calculation. After ignition, there is a stable collision period in the flow field for a certain period, and the collision extinguishing and new detonation wave generation occur during the mode conversion. By adding nitrogen or argon to the hydrogen-oxygen mixture for dilution, when the dilution ratio increases, the activity of the gas mixture decreases, the height of the combustible gas layer increases, and the temperature of the combustion product after the detonation wave decreases away from the head of the detonation wave, which will reduce the mixture that is burned in advance. There are different degrees of reflected shock at the outlet of the combustion chamber, and the upward detonation wave will cause the height change of the detonation wave head and the instability of the flow.

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Ye, Xiangyang, and Javier D. Mantilla. "Global Warming Potential Considerations for Gaseous Sf₆ Alternatives Along the Switchgear Lifetime." B&H Electrical Engineering 15, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bhee-2021-0004.

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Abstract Next-generation environmentally friendly switchgear will not use SF6. Currently, all of the main manufacturers in the world are developing products using alternatives based on CO2 as a background gas. The use of FluoroNitriles, 3M™ Novec™ 4710, C4F7N (C4FN) is addressed by different producers under different trademark names. In most cases, Oxygen is added for health and/or functional reasons. In terms of potential climate impact, considering only the GWP of the single gas mixture components is insufficient. In order to better evaluate and understand the advantages the different alternatives offer in comparison to SF6, the GWP calculations of the gas mixtures over a defined timeframe are much more complete. Additionally, not only the GWP of the gas mixtures in new condition is to be considered, but also their evolution through the switchgear lifetime. Arcing, created in all switching and interrupting test duties of HVCB will cause reversible and irreversible chemical reactions that produce new compounds with different dielectric, arc quenching, and environmental properties as the original molecule. Based on thermodynamic calculations, CFD simulations, and gas analysis of samples of alternatives that have been subjected to arcing, this work studies the effect the byproducts of the different mixtures have in terms of climate impact, dielectrics, and arc quenching. This paper offers different scenarios of electrical and gas degradation, from very uncommon events e.g., T100s to very common ones e.g., switching of nominal and/or capacitive currents. The influence of the always evolving gas mixtures along the lifetime of the equipment is evaluated and compared in terms of performance and the climate impact.

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Hibino, Mitsuhiro, Dai Michiba, Kenichi Kanatani, Hiroaki Suzuki, and Takeshi Yao. "Single Chamber Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Using BaLaIn₂O_5.5 Electrolyte." Advances in Science and Technology 45 (October 2006): 1875–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.45.1875.

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BaLaIn2O5.5 (BLI) is examined as an electrolyte of a single chamber fuel cell using a mixture gas of methane and air. Power generation of the single cell is investigated with varying supply rates of methane and air. Furthermore, two cells are connected in series in the single chamber for high voltage and we evaluate the performance of the system.

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Sittisun, Poramate, Nakorn Tippayawong, and Sirivatch Shimpalee. "Gasification of Pelletized Corn Residues with Oxygen Enriched Air and Steam." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 8, no. 3 (October 6, 2019): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.8.3.215-224.

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This work studied generation of producer gas using oxygen-enriched air and steam mixture as gasifying medium. Corn residues consisting of cobs and stover were used as biomass feedstock. Both corn residues were pelletized and gasified separately with normal air, oxygen enriched air and steam mixture in a fixed bed reactor. Effects of oxygen concentration in enriched air (21-50%), equivalence ratio (0.15-0.35), and steam to biomass ratio (0-0.8) on the yield of product gas, the combustible gas composition such as H2, CO, and CH4, the lower heating value (LHV), and the gasification efficiency were investigated. It was found that the decrease in nitrogen dilution in oxygen enriched air increased proportion of combustible gas components, improved the LHV of producer gas, but gasification efficiency was not affected. The increase in equivalence ratio favoured high product gas yield but decreased combustible gas components and LHV. It was also observed that introduction of steam enhanced H2 production but excessive steam degraded fuel gas quality and decreased gasification efficiency. The highest gasification efficiency of each oxygen concentration was at equivalence ratio of 0.3 and steam to biomass ratio of 0.58 for cob, and 0.22 and 0.68 for stover, respectively. ©2019. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved

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47

Lim, Young Min, Bok Su Jang, and Jin Hyun Koh. "The Effect of Shielding Gas and Arc Voltage on the Bead Shape and Pore Generation of Galvanized Steel Pipe Welds with Gas Metal Arc Welding." Advanced Materials Research 746 (August 2013): 240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.746.240.

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The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of shielding gases (Ar, CO2, Ar+5%CO2, Ar+10%CO2, Ar+20%CO2, Ar+2%O2, Ar+5%O2 and Ar+10%O2) and arc voltage (16-24V) on the bead shape and porosity formation of galvanized steel pipe welds made by a gas metal arc welding process. It was confirmed that the bead height was lowered and bead width was wider with increasing voltages. Bead shapes made by Ar was narrow and convex due to a high surface tension while those made by mixture gas compositions such as Ar+CO2 and Ar+O2t became wider and smoother due to a lower surface tension. The pores were generated the least at low arc voltages of 16-20V and they were more formed over 22V. It was confirmed that Ar produced the most porosity while active and mixture gases such as CO2 and Ar+10%CO2 , Ar+5%O2 and Ar+10%O2 produced little pores by forming ZnO in the weld pool.

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Vasilets, Victor N. "PLASMACHEMICAL GENERATION OF NITRIC OXIDES IN AIR PLASMAS FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 62, no. 5 (May 21, 2019): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20196205.5958.

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Nitric oxide is well known as a poly functional regulator of different physiological processes in human body and therefore could be used for therapeutic purposes in different medical applications. In this review mechanism of nitric oxide generation in gas plasma and biological mechanisms of nitric oxide containing plasma gas treatment of tissues are described. In addition to nitric oxide the other biologically active species like hydrogen peroxide and nitrogen dioxide are formed in air plasma at atmospheric pressure. Synergetic action of molecules NO/H2O2 и NO/O2, generated in plasma gas results to manifold increase of sterilization activity of plasma mixture to bacteria and at the same time the toxicity of these species to living cells is low. Plasma gas exhibits therapeutic action on human tissues. On the one hand plasma gas contains molecules Н2О2, NO and NO2 acting as a antimicrobial agents and promoting sterilization, on the other hand the presence of significant concentration of NO leads to effective regeneration of damaged tissue. These processes are complementary and finally result to effective healing of diabetic trophic ulcer and other diseases in the oncology, ophthalmology, dentistry, purulent surgery, battlefield surgery and so on. Peculiarities of different discharges which could be used for generation of nitric oxide, like arc discharge, gliding arc discharge, microwave discharge, radiofrequency and pulsed discharges are discussed. The production of nitric oxide depending on type of discharge and plasma parameters like discharge power, gas flow rate and electrode configuration are analyzed. The efficacy of nitric oxide generation in different discharges is compared.

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Mullo, AS, WE Sanchez, FW Salazar, JM Chacha, and A. Flores. "Implementation of a cattle manure biodigester for the production of gas for single family use." E3S Web of Conferences 57 (2018): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185701003.

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Cattle manure has an energy potential that is unknown to farmers. In the rural areas of the city of Latacunga - Ecuador there are inconveniences for the transport of the G.L. (Liquefied Petroleum Gas). For this reason, this document shows the implementation of a biodigester to obtain biogas for domestic use at Hacienda Terán located in La Dolorosa Belisario Quevedo, the cattle manure is analyzed, obtaining 13.7% of total solids. In addition, it was established that 100 kg of mixture with the quantification of manure in a period of 12 days. In order to maintain the elevated temperature a greenhouse was built obtaining an average of 28.48°C in a time for the generation of biogas in 30 days and a minimum temperature of 22.7°C. Temperatures that are within the limits established for the generation of biogas. With these parameters. a 4.25 m3 bio-bag was dimensioned generating a production of 1.1 m3 of gas that satisfies the family use of 0.7 m3 Biogas and G.L.P. firing tests were carried out up to 80° C obtaining a calorific value of 4800 kcal. per m3.

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Guriev, Aleksey, Michail Alekseevich Guriev, Sergei Gennadievich Ivanov, Quan Zheng, and Shun Qi Mei. "Complex Saturation of Titanium Alloys with Boron, Chromium and Titanium." Solid State Phenomena 298 (October 2019): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.298.32.

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This work described the technology of boronizing of titanium Grade2 from the generation of the gas phase directly in a sealed container during the decomposition reactions of the powder saturating medium. With such an implementation of the process in a closed volume, waste gas neutralization devices are not required, since the generation and decomposition of active saturating gases occurs in a closed volume. At saturation of titanium from the gas mixture, titanium borides, titanium nitrides, as well as titanium and chromium carbides can be produced in the coating. The microhardness of the coating is 2800–3200 HV0.1. The thickness of the diffusion coatings in this case can be up to75 microns. It is indicated that diffusion coatings on titanium by this technology should not exceed a thickness of more than 100 microns, and if the thickness of the diffusion coating exceeds 100 microns, the risk of chipping will increase.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Gas mixture generation'

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