Academic literature on the topic 'Gas mixture generation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Gas mixture generation"
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Kozlyuk, A. I., N. V. Karyagina, and V. L. Makarenko. "Process parameters in vapor-gas mixture generation." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 20, no. 5 (1985): 551–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00782249.
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Гайдачук, Віталій Євгенович, Ольга Володимирівна Шипуль, Сергій Олександрович Заклінський, Вадим Олегович Гарін, Олег Валерійович Трифонов, and Сергій Ігорович Планковський. "Числове дослідження змішування в системі генерації газової суміші." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 6 (November 29, 2021): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2021.6.05.
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The subject of research is a gas-dynamic process of mixture formation with a given component mass fraction during overflow through the mixer nozzles in the mixture generation system. The aim of the study is the scientific and experimental evaluation of the mixer technical solutions to ensure the accuracy and homogeneity of the gas mixture. The current work conducts numerical study on the flow of a gas flow through the mixer nozzles of the mixture generation system, ensuring its stoichiometric component composition and homogeneity. The problem is solved by developing adequate mathematical models of gas-dynamic flow and analyzing the results of numerical simulations. The following results were obtained. A mixer with the nozzles in the mixture generation system has been created and a technical solution for its design has been scientifically substantiated. The areas of flow sections of mixer nozzles are experimentally established. A mathematical model of generating a mixture with a given component mass fraction was developed and a series of numerical experiments was conducted to study its overflow through the mixer. A 3D simulation was conducted using ANSYS CFX software. The stationary formulation of the problem is applied. In the nozzles of closed overflow of the mixer, the heat exchange of the gas flow with the walls is taken into account by solving a separate problem and determining the corresponding heat transfer coefficients. At the inputs to the mixer, the ratio of the initial pressure of the components of the mixture is determined, which ensures its stoichiometric composition. The fields of the gas flow velocities, the mass flow rate of the components of the gas mixture through the mixer, and pressure and temperature fields are obtained. Based on the simulation results, it was found that the design of the developed mixer ensures the creation of a gas mixture with a homogeneity of at least 3%. With a constant pressure ratio of the mixture components to the mixer inlet, the gas mixturedosing accuracy can be achieved at least 1%.
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Планковский, Сергей Игоревич, Ольга Владимировна Шипуль, Олег Валерьевич Трифонов, and Сергей Александрович Заклинский. "АЛГОРИТМ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ СИСТЕМОЙ ГЕНЕРАЦИИ СМЕСИ ДЛЯ ПРЕЦИЗИ-ОННОЙ ТЕРМОИМПУЛЬСНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 5 (November 8, 2018): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2018.5.09.
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The subjects of the study are methods and devices of generating gas mixtures with a specified accuracy and a high repeatability of the component dosing. The purpose of the article is to develop an algorithm for controlling the fuel mixture generation system for precision thermal pulse treatment. In that behalf, the research tasks are the improvement of the critical hole method with reference to the thermal pulse treatment and the methodology development of parameters assigning for mixture generation system ensuring high accuracy and repeatability of the dosing of its components and heat flows in thermal pulse treatment. The following results are obtained. The method of dynamic mixture formation based on the method of critical holes is proposed. Its special advantage is that during the filling of the chamber, the components of the fuel mixture expire from the pre-filled intermediate pressure vessels with the controlled volume without the application of any regulating devices. The technique for choosing the diameters of critical apertures, the volumes of intermediate tanks and the initial pressure in them, providing accuracy of components dosing at the level 0,01 % is developed. The technical solutions that allow to stabilize the value of heat flow during thermal pulse treatment, considering the operation dynamics of the valves in the mixture generation system and the variable temperature of the chamber walls are proposed. The following conclusions are formulated. The method of generating fuel mixtures for precision thermal pulse treatment based on the method of critical holes is proposed. It is characterized by the fact that during the mixture formation, the free exhaust of gases from pre-filled intermediate tanks is applied. The developed procedure for calculating the parameters of the mixture generator on the basis of the proposed method makes it possible to determine the ratio of the areas of the critical holes, the volumes of the tanks, the initial pressure in them and the time of filling the chamber according to the given composition and pressure of the mixture at normal temperature. The algorithm for controlling the generation of a mixture for precision thermal pulse processing is developed. The necessity of controlling the opening and closing speed of the gas supply valves is shown taking into account the required ratio of the areas of critical holes. To ensure a stable value of heat fluxes during cyclic thermal pulse treatment, it is shown that it is necessary to simultaneously monitor the charge mass and the pressure in the chamber when the fuel mixture is supplied, followed by correcting the treatment time according to the calculated initial temperature of the fuel mixture
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Postrzednik, Stefan. "Combined use of coal mine gases for efficient energy generation." Archives of Thermodynamics 37, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoter-2016-0026.
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Abstract There are two basic types of coal mine gases: gas from demethanation of coal deposits, and ventilation gas; containing combustible ingredients (mainly methane, CH4). Effective use of these gases is an important technical and ecological issue (greenhouse gas emissions), mainly due to the presence of methane in these gases. Serious difficulties in this area (e.g. using them as the fuel for internal combustion (IC) engine) occur mainly in relation to the ventilation gas, whereas the gas from demethanation of coal deposits can be used directly as the fuel for internal combustion engines. The proposed solution of this problem shows that the simple mixing of these two gases (without supplying of oxygen from ambient air) is the effective way to producing the gaseous combustible mixture, which can be used for the fueling of internal combustion gas engines. To evaluate the energy usefulness of this way produced combustible mixture the process indicator has been proposed, which expresses the share of the chemical energy supplied with the ventilation gas, in the whole chemical energy of the produced fuel combustible mixture. It was also established how (e.g., by appropriate choice of the mixed gas streams) can be achieved significantly higher values of the characteristic process indicator, while retaining full energy usefulness of the gained gaseous mixture to power combustion engines.
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Alonso, Maria Luz, Ane Espinazo, Rosa Maria Alonso, Jose Ignacio Lombraña, Jesús Izcara, and Josu Izaguirre. "New Generation of SF6-Free Medium-Voltage Switchgear for the Electrical Network: Stability and Toxicity Studies of Trans-1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluorobut-2-ene with N2 Gas Mixture." Processes 11, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11010136.
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Binary gas mixture of N2 and trans-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene (HFO4E) is presented as an alternative to SF6 in medium-voltage electrical equipment. Its stability was tested under different conditions. No change was observed in the gas mixture after a permanent AC voltage of 30 kV applied for two years or during the making operations with a standard load-break switch. The same behavior was obtained under dielectric tests, electrical arcs and temperature rise tests according to the IEC 62271-1:2011 standard. For all of these conditions, the concentration of HFO4E remains practically unchanged; there is no impact on the insulation properties of the system and the degradation products formed would not affect the health and the environment if there were leaks. In these studies, gas mixtures samples were analyzed by a validated methodology based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and thermal conductivity detectors. Finally, an OECD TG 403 acute inhalation toxicity test was also carried out with the gas mixture aged after the mentioned making operations. None of the mice used in the toxicity test were affected after 4 h of exposition to an ambient air with 30,000 ppmv of the gas mixture.
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Baránková, Hana, Ladislav Bardos, and Adela Bardos. "Non-Conventional Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Sources for Production of Hydrogen." MRS Advances 3, no. 18 (2018): 921–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.103.
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ABSTRACTThe atmospheric pressure plasma sources with a coaxial geometry were used for generation of the radio frequency, microwave and pulsed dc plasmas inside water and aqueous solutions. Pulsed dc plasma generated in ethanol-water mixtures leads to production of the hydrogen-rich synthesis gas with hydrogen content up to 65 %. The effect of various plasma generation regimes on the performance of plasma, on the hydrogen production efficiency and on the hydrogen-rich synthesis gas production was examined. A role of the composition of the ethanol-water mixture was investigated.
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Osipova, N. N., and S. G. Kultiaev. "SUBSTANTIATION OF USE OF BUTANE FOR GASIFICATION OF OBJECTS." Russian Journal of Building Construction and Architecture, no. 3(47) (December 16, 2020): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2020.47.3.004.
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Statement of the problem. The variable composition of liquefied petroleum gas has a significant impact on the operation of autonomous gas supply systems. The presence of the butane fraction under conditions of sub-zero temperatures leads to the cessation of the generation of the vapor phase in the tank, moisture condensation and the formation of ice and hydrate plugs.Results. The features of the use of technical butane in gas supply systems are considered. The composition of the gas-air mixture is recommended, taking into account the restrictions on deviations in the Wobbe number, ensuring the completeness of combustion of the mixture in gas-using installations of the consumer. The level of filling underground tanks with technical butane is justified, taking into account the coefficient of volume expansion of gas in the presence of extreme operating temperatures.Conclusions. The composition of butane-based gas-air mixtures for gas supply to consumers was determined that meets the condition for the interchangeability of combustible gases and provides lower dew point temperatures; the level of filling of ground and underground tanks with technical butane is justified.
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Yap, Chew Pheng, Hwa Tiong Poh, and Wai Yip Fan. "Metal-free catalytic hydrogen production from a polymethylhydrosilane–water mixture." RSC Advances 6, no. 7 (2016): 5903–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra23887k.
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Шипуль, Ольга Володимирівна, Сергій Олександрович Заклінський, Володимир Вікторович Комбаров, Олексій Анатолійович Павленко, and Вадим Олегович Гарін. "Числове та експериментальне дослідження наповнення резервуару компонентом газової суміші." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 4 (August 27, 2021): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2021.4.09.
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The subject of the research is mathematical models of a gas-dynamic non-stationary process of filling a vessel with a component of a gas mixture. The aim of the study is the scientific and experimental substantiation of the choice of a model of filling a vessel with a component of a gas mixture with a given accuracy. The objectives of the study are to conduct full-scale experiments on filling the vessel with gas for further verification of the gas mixture generation control system, as well as in the development of adequate mathematical models of gas-dynamic flow, the analysis of simulation results, and the use of verified results in the system of automated generation of a gas mixture of a given accuracy by assessing the mass of its components depending on the filling parameters. The tasks are solved by studying the results of numerical modeling of the process and full-scale experiments. The following results are obtained. A series of full-scale experiments on filling a vessel with high-frequency monitoring of the pressure and temperature of the gas being filled was carried out. Significant factors were analyzed. The use of SAS SST turbulence models was substantiated. Models of the gas-dynamic unsteady process of filling the vessel with a component of the gas mixture for various values of the mass flow rate had been built. All the simulations were carried out using the ANSYS CFX software package. The influence of considering a heat exchange with the vessel walls on the studied parameters of the mixture is determined, namely: pressure, gas temperature averaged over the volume, gas temperature in a control point, mass of the component of a gas mixture. It was found that the deviation of the calculated data when using a model with an adiabatic condition on the wall compared to a model with a constant temperature regime is: for pressure – no more than 5 %, for averaged temperature – 6 %, for the temperature at the monitor point – 9 %, for mass – 1.5 %. The discrepancy between the simulation results and the full-scale experiment does not exceed 12 % in pressure and temperature at the monitor point, as well as 4 % in the mass of the component. By the experimentally determined accuracy parameter of the gas mixture (the mass of the mixture component in particular), the numerical models had been corrected to provide the mass value error of no more than 0.5 %.
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Vosmerikov, A. V., L. N. Vosmerikova, G. V. Echevsky, L. L. Korobitsyna, Ye G. Kodenev, and L. M. Velichkina. "Generation of Liquid Products from Natural Gas over Zeolite Catalysts." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 5, no. 4 (April 6, 2016): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj314.
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<p>The main component of the natural gas is methane, whose molecules are characterized by a high chemical and thermal stability. It is impossible to perform the chemical transformation of natural gas into liquid organic compounds without applying highly active polyfunctional catalysts. Natural gas might be converted into liquid products in the presence of zeolite catalysts of pentasil family. Zeolite catalysts of ZSM-5 type were prepared to realize the process. They contained various amounts of Zn and Ga promoters introduced by ion exchange and impregnation. It has been shown that in the presence of small amounts of C<sub>2</sub>-C<sub>5</sub> alkanes in the feedstock the methane is converted into aromatic hydrocarbons much more readily and in softer conditions than pure methane. At optimum process conditions reached is a high conversion of the natural gas into a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons. This mixture mainly consists of benzene and naphthalene and small amounts of their derivatives – toluene, C<sub>8</sub> and C<sub>9+</sub> alkylbenzenes, methyl- and dimethylnaphthalenes. An optimum composition of zeolite matrix and the amount of the modifier in the catalyst have been established.</p>
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gas mixture generation"
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Ji, Xiaoyan. "Thermodynamic properties of humid air and their application in advanced power generation cycles." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Chemical and Engineering and Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4129.
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Мазанка, Вероніка Михайлівна. "Кулонометричний генератор дiоксиду карбону для створення перевiрочних сумiшей." Master's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2020. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/34820.
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Робота апробована на Всеукраїнському студенському контурсі.Дисертація присвячена дослідженню електрохімічної поведінки електродних матеріалів в розчинах оксалатної кислоти для контрольованого генерування діоксиду карбону з високим виходом за струмом в кулонометричному генераторі, який може бути використаний для перевірки роботоспроможності засобів моніторингу концентрації вуглекислого газу в повітряному середовищі. Показано високу стійкість неіржавної сталі в розчинах оксалатної кислоти за умов катодної поляризації та після вимкнення катодного струму. Досліджено електрокаталітичні властивості оксидів нікелю та олова, отриманих при термічному окисленні і нанесених на титанову та алюмінієву основу. Показано перевагу титанової основи перед алюмінієвою, що пов'язано з її більшою схильністю до пасивації та кращою адгезією до електролітичних покриттів. Створена комірка кулонометричного генератора, де в якості катоду виступає неіржавна сталь, а як анод – суміш оксиду нікелю та стануму нанесених термічним шляхом на титанову основу. Дана конструкція дозволяє отримувати вуглекислий газ з виходом за струмом газу 80 % в широкому діапазоні густин струму впродовж значного терміну експлуатації.
The dissertation is devoted to the study of the electrochemical behavior of electrode materials in solutions of oxalic acid for the controlled generation of dioxide by a coulometric generator, which can be used to test the operability of the means of monitoring the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air. High stability of stainless steel in oxalic acid solutions is demonstrated under cathode polarization and after cathode current shutdown. The electrocatalytic properties of nickel oxides obtained by thermal oxidation and deposited on a titanium and aluminum base were investigated. The advantage of titanium base over aluminum is shown, which is due to its greater tendency to passivation and better adhesion to electrolytic coatings. and tin. A cell of a coulometric generator is created, where stainless steel is used as the cathode and thermally applied on the titanium base as the anode. This design allows the production of carbon dioxide gas with a gas output of 80% o over a wide range of current densities over a long life.
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Савик, В. М. "Підвищення ефективності піногенеруючих пристроїв насосно-циркуляційних систем бурових установок." Thesis, Івано-Франківський національний технічний університет нафти і газу, 2013. http://elar.nung.edu.ua/handle/123456789/4642.
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Теоретично обгрунтовано й експериментально підтверджено доцільність та ефективність ціноутворення в розробленому піногенеруючому пристрої ежекційного типу із можливістю зміни його основних геометричних параметрів для необхідних режимів роботи за рахунок зміни внутрішніх конструктивних елементів. Математично описано рух газорідинної суміші в піногенеруючому пристрою ежекційного типу від соплової вставки до місця стрибка ущільнення, де проходить її перетворення в рідинно-бульбашкову суміш (пінну). Здійснено комп’ютерне моделювання потоків рідини, повітря і їх суміші при русі у розробленому пристрої. Запропоновано математичну модель, з використанням якої визначено основні параметри потоків рідини, повітря і їх суміші, при яких можна було б досягти найбільшої ефективності в процесі ціноутворення. Розроблена конструкція піногенеруючого пристрою захищена патентами України. Загальні економічний і екологічний ефекти отримуються за рахунок зменшення використання поверхнево-активних речовин на 15...25%, відмові у використанні хімічних піногасників, що дає змогу при повторному створенні ціни економити більше 50 % поверхнево-активних речовин та значного підвищення ефективності ціноутворення.Диссертация состоит из введения, пяти разделов, общих выводов, списка использованных источников и приложений. В первом разделе рассмотрены: проблемы эффективного пенообразования, анализ условий работы циркуляционной системы буровой установки и пеногенерирующих устройств (ПГУ) при использовании пенистого раствора; конструктивные особенности, эффективность ПГУ различных типов и методы оценки их эксплуатационных параметров; работы ведущих ученых, посвященные исследованиям основных эксплуатационных параметров ПГУ; конструктивные особенности ПГУ. Определены цель и задачи исследований. Второй раздел посвящен теоретическим исследованиям процессов, происходящих при движении жидкости, газа и их смесей через внутренние элементы ПГУ. Рассмотрена математическая модель образования пены в устройстве эжекционного типа. Получены графические зависимости: относительного изменения давления, скорости движения потока и объемной газовместительности, которые происходят в скачке уплотнения, от степени аэрации при различных значениях числа Маха; числа Маха, мощности и объемной плотности потока от степени аэрации при различных значениях давления в камере смешивания и т.п. Аналитически исследован процесс пенообразования. Установлены эксплуатационные параметры ПГУ для движущейся жидкостно-газовой смеси. Теоретически исследована эффективность процесса пенообразования в зависимости от геометрических параметров ПГУ и физико-технологических параметров жидкостно-газовой смеси. В третьем разделе уделено внимание компьютерным исследованиям ПГУ эжекционного типа. Выполнено компьютерное моделирование односоплового и многосоплового ПГУ и произведен выбор их наиболее эффективных геометрических параметров. Изучен процесс движения газо-жидкостной смеси в ПГУ, определено место скачка уплотнения смеси для образования пенного потока. Построены графические зависимости необходимых давлений жидкости на входе в устройство в зависимости от прогнозированного значения давления пены при различных значения давления воздуха, с помощью которых можно подбирать необходимые режимы работы насосного агрегата и компрессора для получения пены заданных параметров. В четвертом разделе освещены результаты экспериментальных исследований разработанного лабораторно-экспериментально-промышленного образца ГІГУ эжекционного типа. Приведены задачи и методика его экспериментальных исследований. Экспериментальные исследования проводились на экспериментальной установке при изменении геометрических параметров ПГУ, а также изменении параметров жидкости, воздуха и содержания поверхостно-активных веществ в жидкости. Определены параметры ПГУ для наиболее эффективного ценообразования. Описано принцип работы предложенной конструкции ПГУ. В пятом разделе приведены результаты промышленных испытаний и исследований предложенной конструкции пеногенерирующего устройства. Данная конструкция ПГУ эжекционного типа рекомендована к внедрению. Конструкция ПГУ защищена патентами Украины. Общие экономический и экологический эффекты получаются за счет уменьшения использования поверхностно-активных веществ на 15...25%, отказе от использовании химических пеногасителей, что дает возможность при повторном образовании пены экономить более 50 % поверхностно-активных веществ и значительного повышения эффективности ценообразования.
There have been verified theoretically and confirmed experimentally the actuality and the efficiency of foamcreating in the developed foamgenerating ejection device with the ability to change its basic geometrical parameters for the desired mode of operation by changing the internal structural elements. There has been described mathematically the motion of gas-liquid mixture in foamgenerating ejection device from the nozzle insert to the place of shock wave, where it is transformed in liquid-bubble mixture (foam). There has been done the computer modeling of riuid flows, air and their mixture during the motion in the developed device. There has been suggested the mathematical model, which has helped us define the basic parameters of fluid flows, air and their mixture during which there could be achieved the maximum efficiency in process of foaming. There has been designed the construction of foamgenerating device, protected by Ukraine patents. General economic and environmental effects are obtained by reducing the use of surface-active substances by 15 ... 25%, failure in using chemical defoamers, that enable to save more than 50% of surfactants and significant increase of efficiency of foaming during the re-creation of foam.
Books on the topic "Gas mixture generation"
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Yudaev, Vasiliy. Hydraulics. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/996354.
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The textbook corresponds to the general education programs of the general courses "Hydraulics" and "Fluid Mechanics". The basic physical properties of liquids, gases, and their mixtures, including the quantum nature of viscosity in a liquid, are described; the laws of hydrostatics, their observation in natural phenomena, and their application in engineering are described. The fundamentals of the kinematics and dynamics of an incompressible fluid are given; original examples of the application of the Bernoulli equation are given. The modes of fluid motion are supplemented by the features of the transient flow mode at high local resistances. The basics of flow similarity are shown. Laminar and turbulent modes of motion in pipes are described, and the classification of flows from a creeping current to four types of hypersonic flow around the body is given. The coefficients of nonuniformity of momentum and kinetic energy for several flows of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids are calculated. Examples of solving problems of transient flows by hydraulic methods are given. Local hydraulic resistances, their use in measuring equipment and industry, hydraulic shock, polytropic flow of gas in the pipe and its outflow from the tank are considered. The characteristics of different types of pumps, their advantages and disadvantages, and ways of adjustment are described. A brief biography of the scientists mentioned in the textbook is given, and their contribution to the development of the theory of hydroaeromechanics is shown. The four appendices can be used as a reference to the main text, as well as a subject index. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of higher educational institutions who study full-time, part-time, evening, distance learning forms of technological and mechanical specialties belonging to the group "Food Technology".
Book chapters on the topic "Gas mixture generation"
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Kleinman, Michael T., Robert F. Phalen, and T. Timothy Crocker. "Generation and Characterization of Complex Gas and Particle Mixtures for Inhalation Toxicologic Studies." In Short-Term Bioassays in the Analysis of Complex Environmental Mixtures IV, 181–91. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7849-9_15.
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Huseynova, S. A., Hokman Mahmudov, and Islam I. Mustafayev. "Photochemical Decomposition of Hydrogen Sulphide in the Gas Mixtures and Generation Molecular Hydrogen." In Black Sea Energy Resource Development and Hydrogen Energy Problems, 47–53. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6152-0_5.
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Yamada, T., T. Takahashi, T. Toda, and H. Okubo. "Generation Mechanism of Partial Discharge in Different Kind of Pure Gases and Gas Mixtures with SF6." In Gaseous Dielectrics VIII, 125–31. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4899-7_18.
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"Compound Microgrid of City-Gas Engine and Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 167–97. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5796-0.ch006.
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This chapter consists of two sections, ‘Amount of CO2 Discharged from Compound Microgrid of Hydrogenation City-Gas Engine and Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell’ and ‘Power Characteristics of a Fuel Cell Microgrid with Wind Power Generation’. In the 1st section, a microgrid composed from a PEFC and a hydrogenation city gas engine is investigated using numerical simulation. The system which combined base-load operation of PEFC and load fluctuation operation of hydrogenation city gas engine is the most advantageous. The independent PEFC power supply system relating to hydrogen energy is investigated in the 2nd section. The hybrid cogeneration system (HCGS) that uses a PEFC and a hydrogen mixture gas engine (NEG) together to improve power generation efficiency during partial load of fuel cell cogeneration is proposed.
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Magee, Patrick, and Mark Tooley. "Environmental Safety." In The Physics, Clinical Measurement and Equipment of Anaesthetic Practice for the FRCA. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199595150.003.0032.
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For these to occur, there is a need for combustible material, oxygen and a source of ignition. The risk of these being present results from the use of high oxygen partial pressures and the use of inflammable anaesthetic agents or other inflammable materials. If the pressure of any gas is increased, heat is liberated. If the gas is oxygen and this comes into contact with something flammable like oil or grease in a confined space, the heat liberated may cause an explosion. Hence oil or grease should be kept well away from pressurised oxygen sources. These include not only oxygen, but pressurised air and pressurised nitrous oxide, which can dissociate into nitrogen and oxygen. Although modern anaesthetic volatile agents are non-flammable, ether and cyclopropane are flammable and may still be used in some parts of the world. Ethyl chloride, used to test sensory perception in local anaesthetic blocks and methyl alcohol for cleaning skin, are also flammable. Ignition sources include sparks from static electricity, or faulty electrical apparatus from the diathermy machine or from mains plugs sparking when disconnected. To prevent static electricity causing ignition, not only should efforts be made to minimise the generation of static electricity, but also to discharge any static slowly to earth. There should therefore be an upper and a lower limit to the electrical resistance between the antistatic floor and earth, of between 5MΩ and 20 kΩ respectively. All equipment capable of generating static electricity should make electrical contact with the floor through a medium made of antistatic (conducting) rubber. Staff footwear should also have antistatic rubber soles and the tubing of breathing systems should also be made of antistatic material. Classification of anaesthetic proof equipment is based on the ignition energy required to ignite the most flammable mixture of ether and air. ‘AP’ standard equipment can be used between 5 and 25 cm from such an inflammable anaesthetic gas mixture escaping from a breathing system; furthermore its temperature should not exceed 200◦C. ‘APG’ standard is a more stringent one for anaesthetic proof equipment; it is based on the ignition energy required to ignite the most flammable mixture of ether and oxygen, which should be less than 1 μJ.
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Gutakovskis, Viktors, and Vladimirs Gudakovskis. "Performance Assessment of the Thermodynamic Cycle in a Multi-Mode Gas Turbine Engine." In Gasification [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97458.
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This chapter discusses the direction of development of promising multimode aviation gas turbine engines (GTE). It is shown that the development of GTE is on the way to increase the parameters engine workflow: gas temperatures in front of the turbine (T*G) and the degree of pressure increase in the compressor (P*C). It is predicted that the next generation engines will operate with high parameters of the working process, T*G = 2000–2200 K, π*C = 60–80. At this temperature of gases in front of the turbine, the working mixture in the combustion chamber (CC) is stoichiometric, which sharply narrows the range of stable operation of the CC and its efficiency drops sharply in off-design gas turbine engine operation modes. To expand the range of effective and stable work, it is proposed to use an advanced aviation GTE: Adaptive Type Combustion Chamber (ATCC). A scheme of the ATCC and the principles of its regulation in the system of a multi-mode gas turbine engine are presented. The concept of an adaptive approach is given in this article. There are two main directions for improving the characteristics of a promising aviation gas turbine engine. One is a complication of the concepts of aircraft engines and the other one is an increase in the parameters of the working process, the temperature of the gases in front of the turbine (T*G) and the degree of increasing pressure behind the compressor (π*C). It is shown how the principles of adaptation are used in these areas. The application of the adaptation principle in resolving the contradiction of the possibility of obtaining optimal characteristics of a high-temperature combustion chamber (CC) of a gas turbine engine under design (optimal) operating conditions and the impossibility of their implementation when these conditions change in the range of acceptable (non-design) gas turbine operation modes is considered in detail. The use of an adaptive approach in the development of promising gas turbine engines will significantly improve their characteristics and take into account unknown challenges.
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Maji, Chiranjit, Hirok Chaudhuri, and Saroj Khutia. "Quantitative Approximation of Geothermal Potential of Bakreswar Geothermal Area in Eastern India." In Geothermal Energy [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96367.
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Proper utilization of geothermal energy for power generation is still overlooked in India even after having enough potential as much as the equivalent to its other nonconventional energy resources. The source of geothermal energy is the decay of the radio-nuclei present inside the Earth’s crust apart from the primordial heat source. The noble gas 4He is also produced during the radioactive disintegration process. Therefore, measuring the amount of 4He gas along with some other geochemical parameters in an Indian geothermal area, the potential of the reservoir can be evaluated. Mathematical calculations relating to the radioactive disintegration to estimate the geothermal potential of Bakreswar geothermal reservoir utilizing the concept of the 4He exploration technique has been described here. The study showed that the heat (radiogenic) energy generated by the radioactive decay of 232Th, 238U, and 235U inside the reservoir was evaluated as 38 MW. This value raises to 76 MW when primordial heat is included. The detail calculations suggest that a Kalina cycle based binary power plant using ammonia–water mixture as working fluid is supposed to be installed at the identified locations with a drilling depth of about 1,100 m and the plant would be capable of delivering the power of 9.88 MW to 40.26 MW.
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Pioro, Igor, Mohammed Mahdi, and Roman Popov. "Application of Supercritical Pressures in Power Engineering." In Advanced Applications of Supercritical Fluids in Energy Systems, 404–57. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2047-4.ch013.
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SuperCritical Fluids (SCFs) have unique thermophyscial properties and heat-transfer characteristics, which make them very attractive for use in power industry. In this chapter, specifics of thermophysical properties and heat transfer of SCFs such as water, carbon dioxide and helium are considered and discussed. Also, particularities of heat transfer at SuperCritical Pressures (SCPs) are presented, and the most accurate heat-transfer correlations are listed. SuperCritical Water (SCW) is widely used as the working fluid in the SCP Rankine “steam”-turbine cycle in fossil-fuel thermal power plants. This increase in thermal efficiency is possible by application of high-temperature reactors and power cycles. Currently, six concepts of Generation-IV reactors are being developed, with coolant outlet temperatures of 500°C~1000°C. SCFs will be used as coolants (helium in GFRs and VHTRs; and SCW in SCWRs) and/or working fluids in power cycles (helium; mixture of nitrogen (80%) and helium [20%]; nitrogen, and carbon dioxide in Brayton gas-turbine cycles; and SCW “steam” in Rankine cycle).
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Pioro, Igor L. "Application of Supercritical Fluids in Thermal- and Nuclear-Power Engineering." In Handbook of Research on Advancements in Supercritical Fluids Applications for Sustainable Energy Systems, 601–58. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5796-9.ch017.
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Supercritical Fluids (SCFs) have unique thermophyscial properties and heat-transfer characteristics, which make them very attractive for use in power industry. In this chapter, specifics of thermophysical properties and heat transfer of SCFs such as water, carbon dioxide, and helium are considered and discussed. Also, particularities of heat transfer at Supercritical Pressures (SCPs) are presented, and the most accurate heat-transfer correlations are listed. Supercritical Water (SCW) is widely used as the working fluid in the SCP Rankine “steam”-turbine cycle in fossil-fuel thermal power plants. This increase in thermal efficiency is possible by application of high-temperature reactors and power cycles. Currently, six concepts of Generation-IV reactors are being developed, with coolant outlet temperatures of 500°C~1000°C. SCFs will be used as coolants (helium in GFRs and VHTRs, and SCW in SCWRs) and/or working fluids in power cycles (helium, mixture of nitrogen (80%) and helium (20%), nitrogen and carbon dioxide in Brayton gas-turbine cycles, and SCW/“steam” in Rankine cycle).
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Kolanoski, Hermann, and Norbert Wermes. "Gas-filled detectors." In Particle Detectors, 171–254. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198858362.003.0007.
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Detectors that record charged particles through their ionisation of gases are found in many experiments of nuclear and particle physics. By conversion of the charges created along a track into electrical signals, particle trajectories can be measured with these detectors in large volumes, also inside magnetic fields. The operation principles of gaseous detectors are explained, which include charge generation, gas amplification, operation modes and gas mixtures. Different detector types are described in some detail, starting with ionisation chambers without gas amplification, proceeding to those with gas amplification like spark and streamer chambers, parallel plate arrangements, multi-wire proportional chambers, chambers with microstructured electrodes, drift chambers, and ending with time-projection chambers. The chapter closes with an overview of aging effects in gaseous detectors which cause negative alterations of the detector performance.
Conference papers on the topic "Gas mixture generation"
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Horner, M. W. "Combustion of a Coal-Water Mixture in a Gas Turbine Combustor." In 1985 Joint Power Generation Conference: GT Papers. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/85-jpgc-gt-14.
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An experimental program is under way to evaluate the atomization, combustion, turbine blading tolerance, and emissions for a coal-water mixture (CWM) fuel. Combustor and turbine components from an MS6001 commercial gas turbine are being utilized with modifications to accommodate the CWM characteristics. Raw coal is physically cleaned, or beneficiated, to achieve less than 1% ash; this cleaned coal is then treated to achieve acceptable viscosity and stability as a 50/50 mixture by weight with water. The preparations for combustion testing have been completed, and testing with CWM has begun. The goals of the test are to achieve combustion at 100% CWM and to prepare for subsequent ash deposition testing with a downstream turbine nozzle cascade sector. Modifications to operating procedures and physical geometry will be made, as necessary, to achieve acceptable component metal temperatures, pressure pulsation levels, and combustor exit spatial temperature variations.
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Hayashida, Kazuhiro, Kenji Amagai, and Masataka Arai. "Exhaust Gas Analysis in a Catalytic Combustion System With a Methane Mixture." In 2002 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2002-26133.
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Exhaust gas from the catalytic combustion of methane mixture was analyzed experimentally. A palladium catalyst supported on a cordierite honeycomb was used. The methane/air mixture, which was pre-heated to 530K, was introduced into the catalyst. Combustion states were investigated under various conditions of the equivalence ratio. In the case of lean mixture, homogeneous surface reaction in the catalyst was observed, and combustion reaction was completed within the catalyst. However, in the case of rich mixture, a thermal combustion flame appeared after the catalyst with the homogeneous surface reaction. In order to investigate exhaust gas composition, exhaust gas was sampled by a quartz probe, and was analyzed by a FTIR. Furthermore, low level NO in the exhaust gas was detected by a LIF method. In order to obtain the NO concentration from the NO fluorescence, temperature dependency of the fluorescence was obtained by using a NO/N2 mixture. NO concentration in a exhaust gas just after the catalyst was highest when the equivalence ratio was 0.3. When the thermal combustion flame appeared after the catalyst, CO and CH4 were detected just after the catalyst. These concentrations decreased around the thermal combustion flame. This result suggests that unburnt CH4 and CO which was produced by a partial combustion in the catalyst were converted in a gas phase reaction. In this case, although NO was hardly detected just after the catalyst, it was detected around the thermal flame.
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AlYousef, Zuhair, Muhammad AlMajid, Amin Alabdulwahab, and Othman Swaie. "Enhancing CO2-Foam Stability and Rheology Using Surfactants Mixture." In Middle East Oil, Gas and Geosciences Show. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/213532-ms.
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Abstract Generating in-situ foam is regarded as one of the most promising techniques to overcome gas mobility challenges and, accordingly, improve sweep and sequestration efficiency in CO2 injection processes. Foam generation and stabilization at harsh reservoir conditions as well as surfactant-rock interactions are the major limiting factors that can impair the efficiency of foam flood. Surfactants mixtures offer the solutions necessary for the generation and stabilization of foams at harsh reservoir conditions. In this study, mixtures of anionic and amphoteric surfactants have been evaluated in comparison to using each surfactant individually to determine the overall effect on producing stable foams. Using bottle foam tests, dynamic foam analyzer, and foam rheology apparatus, the foam stabilization factors were analyzed and quantified. The bulk foams for each surfactant and the mixture of the two surfactants at different mixing ratio were analyzed by measuring the foam-life over time, the foam bubble sizes, and the foam rheological properties at high pressure, high temperature (HPHT) and using high salinity water. The experimental results clearly demonstrated that the use of surfactant mixtures improved the stability of produced foam. The results revealed that the mixing ratio of each surfactant significantly impacts the foam stabilization. The surfactant mixture solutions produced more stable foams as evidenced by a longer foam-life. The foam-life increased by almost 1.5-2 times depending on the mixing ratio. The results also revealed that there are ranges of concentrations at which the most stable foams can be produced. The foam rheology results showed that the produced foams using the surfactant mixtures are of higher apparent viscosity when compared to those obtained with the anionic surfactant. The addition of the amphoteric surfactant to the anionic surfactant solution enhanced the foam stability, and accordingly, the foam rheological properties. The measured foam apparent viscosity increased as the concentration of the amphoteric surfactant increased. Longer foam-life and greater apparent viscosity are indicative of better, stronger and more stable foams.
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Skiba, Victor, Denis Vrazhnov, Vladimir Prischepa, and Maksim Miroshnichenko. "Improving low-resolution gas-mixture absorption spectra using neural networks." In Fourth International Conference on Terahertz and Microwave Radiation: Generation, Detection, and Applications, edited by Oleg A. Romanovskii and Yurii V. Kistenev. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2580678.
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Erofeev, Mikhail V., Victor M. Orlovskii, Victor S. Skakun, Edward A. Sosnin, and Victor F. Tarasenko. "Stabilization and effective generation laser on SF 6 -H 2 mixture." In XIII International Symposium on Gas Flow and Chemical Lasers and High-Power Laser Conference. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.414037.
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Kim, J., J. Ahn, Y. Avitzour, D. Kim, and S. Suckewer. "Cold plasma generation by optical field ionization with hydrogen and helium gas mixture." In 2007 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics - Pacific Rim. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleopr.2007.4391740.
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Lohrmann, Martin, Horst Bu¨chner, Nikolaos Zarzalis, and Werner Krebs. "Flame Transfer Function Characteristics of Swirl Flames for Gas Turbine Applications." In ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38113.
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For the suppression or reduction of self-sustained combustion instabilities, modifications of the burner outlet conditions, that strongly influence the dynamic flame response, seem to be the most promising way. Therefore, to derive a detailed physical understanding of the feedback mechanisms the dynamic flame response characteristics, quantified by flame transfer functions, are required in dependence of flame type and operation conditions of the combustor. In the present paper measurements of flame transfer functions of an industrial, full-scale prototype gas turbine burner are discussed. For the detection of periodically-unsteady OH radical radiation (response of the flame) two different UV detection systems were compared. Because the concentration of electronically-excited OH radicals in the reaction zone and therefore, of the measured UV radiation intensity, is strongly depending on volumetric reaction density and local flame temperatures, the UV radiation intensity commonly used for the quantification of the heat release can be misinterpreted. Hence, two different concepts of fuel gas/air mixture formation have been realized in the experiments to separate and to physically interpret the influence of the mixture formation and its quality on the UV radiation intensity of the determined flame transfer functions. The derived understanding of the complex interactions of mixture mass flow oscillations, fluctuations of the mixture composition and the periodic combustion of ring vortices at a full-scale burner is an essential requirement for the interpretation of flame dynamics based on measurements of the UV radiation intensity.
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Polanský, Jiří, and Roman Gášpár. "Optimization of the Thermodynamics Cycles of Generation IV Gas-Cooled Fast Reactors." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64565.
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This paper deals with the thermo-hydraulic properties of Generation IV Gas Cooled Fast Reactors. The paper is focused on the comparison of direct and indirect thermodynamic cycles of helium cooled reactors from a thermodynamic point of view. The calculation includes pressure losses at all major parts of the equipment — reactor, heat exchangers, pipe lines, etc. The compressor and the gas turbine efficiencies are included in calculation as well. The working fluid used in the primary circuit is helium. In the secondary circuit a mixture of helium and nitrogen is used. The cycle characteristic point and efficiency calculation reflects mixture properties of the real gas — especially for N2. Calculations point out the influence of the mixture composition on the basic structural parameters of the turbines, compressors and heat exchangers. Thermodynamic cycle efficiency, specific heat input/output, heat flux and cycle work will be presented as characteristic parameters.
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Sierra, Fernando Z., David Jua´rez, Juan C. Garci´a, Janusz Kubiak, and Rube´n Nicola´s. "A Computational Analysis of Multiphase Flow Cyclonic Separator for Clean Combustion in Power Plants." In International Joint Power Generation Conference collocated with TurboExpo 2003. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2003-40060.
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In this paper a numerical computation of the flow dynamics in a compact cyclonic separator (CCS) for multiphase mixtures is presented. The study is directed to power plants consumption requirements where fuel gas must be free of solid particulate. A finite volume approach has been employed with body-fitted coordinates in a 3-D solution of the CCS dynamics. The cylindrical geometry under study includes aspect ratios in the range 2.5<R<3.8 (where R = height/diameter). The CCS has three exits as follows: one on the top for gas; one on the bottom for low particle concentration liquid; and the last one tangentially located on the lower part of the CCS for high particle concentration liquid. The turbulence was resolved using a RNG model, while the interactions between each component of the flow were addressed using a mixture slip model. The three-phase liquid-gas-solid mixture considered was gasoil-propane-mineral coal particles with the composition in volume fraction of liquid to gas of 0.9 to 0.1 in addition to 109 kg/m3 of 40 microns coal particles as the disperse phase. The results indicate that reversible flow of liquid through the upper gas-outlet may be a function of the outlet pressure conditions. Also, velocity conditions of the income mixture flow at the inlet defined the residence time of the flow during the operation of the CCS, which affects the separation too. In this work density profiles are shown to indicate the regions of up flow for gas and liquid drag. The presence of a third phase in the form of solid particles affects the flow patterns in a CCS.
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Yoshikawa, Kunio. "Technical Demonstration of Distributed Power Generation From Solid Wastes." In 2002 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2002-26148.
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An innovative small-scale gasification system for solid wastes is proposed which is known as STAR-MEET system. In this system, a fixed-bed pyrolyzer combined with a high temperature reformer using high temperature steam/air mixture is employed. From the experimental results using rubber chips as a fuel, it has been demonstrated that injection of high temperature steam/air mixture into the pyrolysis gas effectively decomposes tar and soot components in the pyrolysis gas into CO and H2, and almost dust and tar free clean reformed gas can be generated. The STAR-MEET system requires high temperature steam/air generator, and a 900C class metallic type compact heat exchanger has been successfully developed. This gasification system generates low BTU gas from solid wastes. Thus power generation experiments using a dual fueled (light oil gas and low BTU gas) small diesel engine were done using a simulated low BTU gas produced from natural gas diluted with nitrogen. Compared with light oil only driven, dual fueled engine shows similar thermal efficiency while significantly low NOx emission. Finally, power generation experiments using a complete STAR-MEET plant has been successfully done. These results demonstrates small-scale gasification and power generation system using solid wastes is quite feasible.
Reports on the topic "Gas mixture generation"
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Walton, Scott, Darrin Leonhardt, and Richard Fernsler. Hollow Cathode Produced Electron Beams for Plasma Generation: Cathode Operation in Gas Mixtures. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada459268.
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