Journal articles: 'Gas heaters'

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Dudkiewicz, Edyta, Natalia Fidorów-Kaprawy, and Paweł Szałański. "Environmental Benefits and Energy Savings from Gas Radiant Heaters’ Flue-Gas Heat Recovery." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (June 30, 2022): 8013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14138013.

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This paper demonstrates the need and potential for using waste heat recovery (WHR) systems from infrared gas radiant heaters, which are typical heat sources in large halls, due to the increasing energy-saving requirements for buildings in the EU and the powerful and wide-spread development of the e-commerce market. The types of gas radiant heaters are discussed and the classification of WHR systems from these devices is performed. The article also presents for the first time our innovative solution, not yet available on the market, for the recovery of heat from the exhaust gases of ceramic infrared heaters. The energy analysis for an industrial hall shows that this solution allows for environmental benefits at different levels, depending on the gas infrared heater efficiency, by reducing the amount of fuel and emissions for domestic hot water (DHW) preparation (36.8%, 15.4% and 5.4%, respectively, in the case of low-, standard- and high-efficiency infrared heaters). These reductions, considering both DHW preparation and hall heating, are 16.1%, 7.6% and 3.0%, respectively. The key conclusion is that the innovative solution can spectacularly improve the environmental effect and achieve the highest level of fuel savings in existing buildings that are heated with radiant heaters with the lowest radiant efficiency.

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Zhang, Zhi Guo, Chen Lin, Da Kui Feng, and Ray Still. "Improving Plastic Thermoform Quality with Uniform Heating Technology." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.204.

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The experimental studies were conducted to study the plastic thermoforming heating process. The heaters performance has been evaluated from two different ways: heating water calorimeter for heating efficiency and heating plastics for thermoform processes. The studies of the heaters include gas-fired heater and electric heater. Transient heating processes of plastics were also studied to investigate the heater’s performance on plastics. The surface temperature of plastic at the end of heating process was measured by IR camera. The heating cycle time, surface temperature uniformity of plastic and energy consumed for the heating cycle by different heaters were discussed. The pros and cons of different heaters for plastic heating process were also discussed in this paper.

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Liu, Xue Lai, Guan Zhu Wang, Yong An Li, and Xiao Feng Zhang. "The Logical Choice of Auxiliary Heat Source for Solar Energy Water Heating System." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.303.

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This article describes the solar hot water system, and establishes the computational model of hot water system. It analyzes the economical efficiency of solar water heaters which equipped with electric water heaters, gas water heaters and air-source heat pump water heaters. The results show that the initial investment of the system which equipped with an electric water heater and a gas water heater is almost, but the operating cost which equipped with a gas water heater system is lower. The operating cost which equipped with an air-source heat pump water heater is the lowest, though the initial investment is the highest. The solar hot water system which equipped with an air-source heat pump water heater has important reference value for going low-carbon economy road in China.

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Fialko, N., A. Stepanova, R. Navrodska, and S. Shevchuk. "Efficiency of different types gas heaters for chimney anticorrosion protection systems of boiler plants." Energy and automation, no. 1(53) (December 28, 2020): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/energiya2021.01.005.

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The of researches results of exergy efficiency and optimization of parameters of different types gas heaters by used for anticorrosion protection of gas exhaust ducts of heating boiler plants equipped with exhaust gas heat recovery systems are presented. The choice of a complex technique for analyzing the efficiency of gas heaters, which makes it possible to obtain functional dependences of the selected efficiency criteria on the geometric parameters of the heat exchange surface of gas heaters for solving optimization problems is substantiated. Such a technique can be a technique based on exergy methods and statistical methods of experiment planning theory. This technique by an insignificant number of initial parameters required for calculation, and by the simplicity of calculation and analytical methods for obtaining exergy characteristics is characterized. The work considered three types of gas heaters: water-heating (water-gas) and two gas-heating (gas-gas) pipe and plate type. The heat exchange surface of the water-heating gas heater is assembled from transverse-finned bimetallic (steel base and aluminum fins) pipes, gas-heating pipe-type - from steel pipes with circular turbulators flow, and gas-heating plate-type - from smooth steel plates. The general system of balance equations used in this complex technique, and also its the basic stages, are presented. It is noted that the choice of complex criteria for assessing the efficiency of gas heaters is carried out according to the degree of sensitivity of the criteria to changes in the operating and geometric parameters of gas heaters. Using the proposed sensitivity coefficient, the degree of sensitivity of different efficiency criteria has been analyzed and it has been established that one of the most sensitive to changes in the geometric parameters of the heat exchange surface of gas heaters is the heat-exergy criterion. The results of the corresponding calculations for each of the three gas heaters are presented. It has been established the most exergetically effective is a water-heating gas heater, followed by gas-heating gas heaters, of plate and tube types respectively.

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Dudkiewicz, Edyta, and Paweł Szałański. "A review of heat recovery possibility in flue gases discharge system of gas radiant heaters." E3S Web of Conferences 116 (2019): 00017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911600017.

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Heating of large-cubage buildings accounts for significant share of energy consumption. The radiant heating system using gas heaters is a common solution for large-cubage halls and is considered to be energy efficient. There is a possibility of additional heat energy recovery from the flue gases of gas radiant heaters because new solutions were introduced to the market. Furthermore heat recovery consists the most promising solution and develop during the recent years rapidly. On the other hand, few works have been dedicated to heat recovery from exhaust gas but none of them consider exhaust gas from radiant heaters. Exhaust gas temperature depends on the type and efficiency of the gas heater. The selection of both the type of radiant heaters and the heat recovery system requires many factors to be taken into account. This study consider possibilities for application of different heat exchangers in exhaust gases system of gas radiant heaters. The authors propose to classify exhaust gas heat recovery systems in dependence on intermediary medium: water/air, gas heaters type: ceramic/tube and number (single/group) and their mounting location.

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Ma, Rui Na, Xiao Ming Cao, An Du, Andrew Herd, and Chun Duo Dai. "Metal/Ceramic Laminar Composite Immersion Heater for Heating Hot Dip Galvanizing Zinc Kettle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 665 (October 2014): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.665.90.

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A new type of laminar composite material has been developed by the bonding of ceramic and metal with a special agglutinate metal. A tube can be made of the laminar composite material and this tube can perform as an outer sheath of an immersion heater. Such heaters can be made to lager size and can be heated using a wide range of energy sources including electricity, gas and oil. Moreover this new heater tube is low cost and has a long working life, is convenient to use and requires little maintenance. This technology allows all kinds of zinc kettle to be heated by immersion heaters.

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Bakirov, F., and E. Ibragimov. "Efficiency of Installation of an Additional Gas-Air Heat Exchanger When Operating a Steam Boiler on Gas and Liquid Fuel." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2096, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2096/1/012011.

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Abstract The article presents the results of calculating the efficiency of reconstruction of the gas and air paths of a steam boiler when working on gas and liquid fuel due to the installation of additional gas-air heat exchangers. Due to the utilization of the thermal energy of the flue gases in the newly installed heat exchangers, the air is heated in front of the boiler air heaters and the fuel efficiency is increased by increasing the boiler efficiency. The increase in the efficiency of the "gross" boiler during the operation of the considered TGM-84 boiler on fuel oil with an average annual operating mode was 2.81 %. The flue gas temperature after the boiler air heaters was 178 °C, and the air temperature at the inlet to the air heaters was 99 °C at the average annual load of the boiler, which ensures an almost corrosion-free operation of the air heater packing. It is revealed that when the liquid fuel boilers, installation of new heat exchangers and their strapping on the side of the air and flue gas has a shorter payback period than the boiler gas fired. The simple payback period of the considered technical solution was 6,82 years when working on gas fuel and 1,35 years when working on liquid fuel.

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Jaric, Marko, Sanja Petronic, Nikola Budimir, Aurel Valentin Bîrdeanu, and Srdajn Tadic. "Inspection and Repair Quality Plan of Regeneration Gas Heater." Advanced Materials Research 1157 (February 2020): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1157.149.

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Gas heaters used in oil and petrol industry transfer heat to the produced gas stream. Heaters are especially used when producing natural gas or condensate to avoid the formation of ice and gas hydrates. In this work, the inspection practices for process heaters used in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants is presented as well as critical places for crack formation. After the inspection of the Regeneration Gas Heater the cracks were found and immediately repaired. The inspection is performed using visual, liquid penetrant and ultrasonic testing. The inspection and plan repair by welding is covered according to API 573:2013 and ASME IX:2017. In this work, the results before and after repair are presented and discussed.

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Pan, Guo Jun. "Research and Development of New Efficient Instantaneous Hot Water Heaters." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 2799–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.2799.

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With the improvement of living standards, people's lives have become increasingly dependent on water heater facility. Fast electric water heater is environmental, economic, more convenient than storage water heaters. Compared with gas water heaters, it’s more safe and energy-efficient . This article will introduce a safe and efficient hot-water heaters, through reasonable optimizing its structure so that it can heat the water in the 3s, but by deepening the circuit schematic to ensure the safety function.

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10

Cho, Jonam, and Gunchul Shin. "Fabrication of a Flexible, Wireless Micro-Heater on Elastomer for Wearable Gas Sensor Applications." Polymers 14, no. 8 (April 11, 2022): 1557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14081557.

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Thin-film microdevices can be applied to various wearable devices due to their high flexibility compared to conventional bulk-type electronic devices. Among the various microdevice types, many IoT-based sensor devices have been developed recently. In the case of such sensor elements, it is important to control the surrounding environment to optimize the sensing characteristics. Among these environmental factors, temperature often has a great influence. There are cases where temperature significantly affects the sensor characteristics, as is the case for gas sensors. For this purpose, the development of thin-film-type micro-heaters is important. For this study, a wirelessly driven thin-film micro-heater was fabricated on the flexible and stretchable elastomer, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS); the antenna was optimized; and the heater was driven at the temperature up to 102 degrees Celsius. The effect of its use on gas-sensing characteristics was compared through the application of the proposed micro-heater to a gas sensor. The heated SnO2 nanowire gas sensor improved the performance of detecting carbon monoxide (CO) by more than 20%, and the recovery time was reduced to less than half. It is expected that thin-film-type micro-heaters that can be operated wirelessly are suitable for application in various wearable devices, including those for smart sensors and health monitoring.

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Bista, Bidesh, Dhiraj Manandhar, Rupesh Mishra, Pradeep Shrestha, and Alok Dhungel. "Carbon Monoxide Poisoning due to Gas Water Heater." Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Science 5, no. 2 (January 16, 2018): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmcjms.v5i2.19019.

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Background and Objectives: Carbon Monoxide (CO) poisoning is a leading cause of injury and death due to poisoning in many parts of the world. Among numerous sources of CO, the gas water heater can be a potential under looked source causing an accidental Carbon monoxide poisoning. In the perspective of Kathmandu valley, where there are houses with small bathrooms, inadequate ventilation and absent CO detectors, gas water heaters can be extremely dangerous even if it liberates small amount of CO gas. Herein, we present a case of CO poisoning to increase awareness about the gas water heater use and the possible risk of CO poisoning in our community.Presentation of Case: A 34 years old healthy female from Patan, presented with the history of loss of consciousness for 15 minute while taking bath on a gas water heater. There was no spontaneous respiration, no cardiac activity and her body temperature was below normal.Discussion: CO is toxic to all aerobic forms to life. CO binds to hemoglobin 230 times faster than oxygen causing cellular hypoxic damage and death. CO poisoning is not uncommon in our society and many such cases are misdiagnosed for some other illness.Conclusion: Use of the gas water heaters and likelihood of CO poisoning should be notified as a public concern. People need to be aware of these hazards to prevent fatal events and likely death due to exploitation of gas water heaters. Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Sciences (2017) Vol. 5(2): 56-59

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12

Guo, Yun. "Research of Gas Heater with Different Intermediate Heat Carrier Medium." Advanced Materials Research 199-200 (February 2011): 1472–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.199-200.1472.

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The gas heater, reliable as it is, is nevertheless slow in getting started, and is one of the low-efficiency energy consumption equipments adopting the indirect heating by the intermediate heat carrier medium. Apparently, the form of heat transfer process of the intermediate heat carrier medium, i.e. the flow field organization in the large capacity cylinder, is one of the key elements that can improve the thermal efficiency of gas heater. Experimental investigation and analysis of the flow condition and temperature distribution between the water and ethylene glycol in the cylinder were carried out. Based on the investigations on medium selection and heater’s integral structure and combining with the engineering practical needs, effective measures to improve the efficiency of gas heaters have been brought forward in this article and the technology has got itself the China patents.

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Kita, Jaroslaw, Annica Brandenburg, and Ralf Moos. "Application of Cylindrical Pipe-Type LTCC Substrates as a Platform for Multi-Array Gas Sensors." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2013, CICMT (September 1, 2013): 000288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-tha46.

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Thick-film technology-based gas sensors have been known for many years. On a ceramic substrate, a thick-film heater, electrodes, and a gas sensitive layer are deposited. Due to the ease of layer deposition, such structures are usually manufactured as planar ones. However, recently-suggested cylindrical pipe-type substrates made in LTCC technology offer unique inherent advantages for gas sensor technology, like a uniform temperature profile along the gas sensitive layer or a reduction of the distortion of the gas flow in the pipe. As shown in our previous study, cylindrical LTCC substrates with inner electrodes and integrated heaters may be very promising in the field of high-temperature gas sensors. In this paper, we continue our work on cylindrically shaped LTCC sensor substrates, with special focus on the construction of a platform with multiple heater/electrodes couples for multi-array gas sensors. For such multi-sensor structures, decoupling of the heat sources is the most important platform feature. Therefore, a cylindrical substrate with integrated heaters was FEM-modeled and optimized in the first stage. Subsequently, tubes with three integrated heaters were prepared. In this paper, it is discussed how reduced thermal masses can be obtained by thinner tube walls or by the integration of laser-patterned cavities and how different integrated heat sources can be decoupled.

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Levenson, Leo M. "Residential Water Heater Damage and Fires following the Loma Prieta and Big Bear Lake Earthquakes." Earthquake Spectra 8, no. 4 (November 1992): 595–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585697.

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To obtain data on the extent of earthquake damage to residential water heaters, and the effectiveness of prevailing water heater restraint methods, we surveyed 299 randomly-selected people who lived in the City of Santa Cruz, California, at the time of the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. We also reviewed the rate of water-heater linked fires in the Big Bear Lake area following the 1992 Big Bear Earthquake. In Santa Cruz, 13% of the respondents' water heaters suffered damage from the earthquake, most commonly water leaks costing under $50 to repair. Two percent of the water heaters suffered gas leaks. No water heater related fires were reported in our sample or in the City of Santa Cruz following the earthquake. Repair costs for solar water heater systems averaged over $600 per damaged system. The sample revealed no quantifiable reduction in earthquake damage associated with reported prior water heater strapping with plumbers tape. In the Big Bear Lake area, 11 out of 13 structural fires were attributed to water heater gas leaks. Water heater-related fires occurred at a rate of roughly 6 per 1,000 structures. Further studies are needed to compare the effectiveness of different water heater restraint methods, and to identify factors that contribute to ignition in water heater related fires.

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Huang, Xiaomei, Mengxiao Sun, and Yinhu Kang. "Fireside Corrosion on Heat Exchanger Surfaces and Its Effect on the Performance of Gas-Fired Instantaneous Water Heaters." Energies 12, no. 13 (July 4, 2019): 2583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12132583.

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The heat exchanger in a gas instantaneous water heater is a thermal device used for heat transfer from the high-temperature flue gas to the low-temperature water. The fireside corrosion, due to the reaction of acidic condensate formed on the heat exchanger surfaces and its metallic material, is one of the major hazards for gas instantaneous water heaters. This paper focuses on identifying and quantifying the fireside corrosion on the surface of heat exchangers in gas-fired instantaneous water heaters. Durability tests lasting for 2000 cycles were undertaken for five gas-fired instantaneous water heaters, which were different in terms of the heat input and coating of heat exchangers. The corrosion deposits on the surface of the heat exchangers were surveyed by several methods. The results show that the corrosion deposit grew as the test duration increased. The fins of the heat exchanger with a lead coating had been corroded and copper was exposed. Cu4(OH)6SO4 was the main corrosion product of heat exchangers without a lead coating, whereas PbSO4 was the main corrosion product of heat exchangers with a lead coating. The experiments demonstrate that the corrosion rate decreased with the increase of the heat input. The experiments also show that the thermal efficiency of gas instantaneous water heaters decreased by 2.4% to 6% at the end of the test duration.

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Guo, Yun, Zhi Qiang Huang, and Shun Xin Yang. "Research and Design of the Control System for Natural Gas Heater." Advanced Materials Research 842 (November 2013): 541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.842.541.

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Natural gas heaters are widely used in gas-fired power plants to meet the combustion needs and to improve the combustion efficiency. For the control features and technical requirements of the natural gas heater, the computer automatic control system for natural gas heater has been designed,and realizes the temperature and liquid level real time measurement and control. The system increases significantly the control accuracy of natural gas temperature, eliminates potential unsafety and improves production efficiency.

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Altoé, Leandra, Delly Oliveira Filho, Joyce Correna Carlo, Paulo Marcos Barros Monteiro, and Isabella Theresa Almeida Martins. "An analysis of the economic viability and greenhouse gas emissions reductions resulting from the use of solar water heaters in a typical Brazilian dwelling." Latin American Journal of Energy Research 4, no. 2 (March 22, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21712/lajer.2017.v4.n2.p1-10.

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Several countries have reduced their energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions levels in buildings by promulgating laws, formulating standards and instituting certification programs. In this context, Brazil launched an energy efficiency certification for buildings in 2009. This study aimed to analyze the economic viability and potential greenhouse gas emissions reductions associated with the use of solar water heaters in a typical Brazilian dwelling. Solar thermal systems were simulated at different energy efficiency levels and shower water flow rates. It was found that the use of solar water heater, as compared with electric heater without a hot water storage, presented internal return rate of approximately 26% per year, simple payback around 4.5 years; net present value about US$ 2,194.00 and cost of conserved energy around US$ 0.12 kWh-1. This study also verified that solar water heater use in a typical Brazilian dwelling reduced emissions compared with electric and gas heating by approximately 95 and 256 kgCO2equivalentyear-1, respectively. The total reduction potential of greenhouse gas emissions by use solar water heaters for the Brazilian residential sector was substantial, around 5.75 million tCO2equivalentyear-1.

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Wüllhorst, Fabian, Christian Vering, Laura Maier, and Dirk Müller. "Integration of Back-Up Heaters in Retrofit Heat Pump Systems: Which to Choose, Where to Place, and How to Control?" Energies 15, no. 19 (September 28, 2022): 7134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197134.

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Back-up heaters are essential for sustainable retrofit heat pump systems to achieve low capital costs and high system temperatures. Despite its importance, current literature focuses primarily on single aspects of the interaction between the back-up heater and the heat pump system. Furthermore, influences of varying scenarios are typically not considered. This paper simultaneously investigates the impact of 18 different scenarios on the optimal answer to the questions: Which back-up heater to choose, where to place it, and how to control it? A scenario consists of boundary conditions for weather, building envelope, radiator sizing, operational envelope, and the electricity-to-gas price/emission ratio, respectively. Using annual dynamic Modelica simulations, we evaluate and assess all interdependencies based on a full factorial design. We analyze final energy consumption, thermal comfort, and back-up heater as objectives. For gas-fired back-up heaters, the optimal placement and control align with current state-of-the-art recommendations. However, for electric back-up heaters, current guideline recommendations yield up to 30% higher operational costs and emissions compared to our findings. Consequently, future studies should develop optimal design rules for sustainable retrofit heat pump systems.

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Murphy, Kelly. "Grid-Interactive Water Heaters for Energy Storage." Natural Gas & Electricity 32, no. 9 (March 18, 2016): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.21897.

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Park, Jeonhyeong, Il Ryu Jang, Kyungtaek Lee, and Hoe Joon Kim. "High Efficiency Crumpled Carbon Nanotube Heaters for Low Drift Hydrogen Sensing." Sensors 19, no. 18 (September 9, 2019): 3878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19183878.

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This work presents the fabrication of crumpled carbon nanotubes (C-CNTs) thin film heaters and their application towards high sensitivity and low drift hydrogen gas sensing. Utilizing a spray coating of pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and thermal shrinkage of polystyrene (PS) substrate, we have fabricated C-CNTs with closely packed junctions. Joule heating of C-CNTs gives higher temperature at a given input voltage compared to as-deposited CNTs. In addition, temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) is analyzed for accurate temperature control and measurement of the heater. The C-CNT heaters are capable of hydrogen gas sensing while demonstrating higher measurement sensitivities along with lower drift compared to as-deposited CNT devices. In addition, the self-heating of C-CNT heaters help rapid desorption of hydrogen, and thus allowing repetitive and stable sensor operation. Our findings reveal that both CNT morphologies and heating temperatures affect the hydrogen sensing performances.

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Mathur, Satish. "Safety considerations in electric gas heaters." Process Safety Progress 30, no. 1 (November 10, 2010): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.10423.

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Ganji, A. R. "Environmental and Energy Efficiency Evaluation of Residential Gas and Heat Pump Heating." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 115, no. 4 (December 1, 1993): 264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906431.

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Energy efficiency and source air pollutant emission factors of gas heaters, gas engine heat pumps, and electric heat pumps for domestic heating have been evaluated and compared. The analysis shows that with the present state of technology, gas engine heat pumps have the highest energy efficiency followed by electric heat pumps and then gas heaters. Electric heat pumps produce more than twice as much NOx, and comparable CO2 and CO per unit of useful heating energy compared to natural gas heaters. CO production per unit of useful heating energy from gas engine heat pumps without any emission control is substantially higher than electric heat pumps and natural gas heaters. NOx production per unit of useful heating energy from natural gas engine heat pumps (using lean burn technology) without any emission control is about the same as effective NOx production from electric heat pumps. Gas engine heat pumps produce about one-half CO2 compared to electric heat pumps.

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Gorbijchuk, M. І., M. I. Kogutyak, and V. M. Harasymiv. "MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE HEATER WITH INTERMEDIATE HEAT." METHODS AND DEVICES OF QUALITY CONTROL, no. 2(47) (December 29, 2021): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9981-2021-2(47)-83-95.

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Track heaters are one of the technological equipment’s elements of oil and gas condensate deposits during the transportation of oil, oil products and natural gas. It was found that it is advisable to use line heaters with an intermediate heat carrier (water), which is heated during combustion associated (commercial) gas and transfers heat to the process flow through the heat exchange surface for soft heating of viscous oils and oil products to avoid hydrate formation during throttling of natural gas, with the aim of further transportation through pipelines to the place of collection, processing and consumption. A significant part of scientific publications relates to improving the efficiency of such devices with the use of various technological innovations for heat recovery from flue gases, as well as the use of high-quality control systems. On the basis of the analysis of the heater as an object of automation, the main input, disturbing factors and output parameters of control and regulation were established, and the information structure of the heater as a cybernetic system was developed. Based on the equations of the material and heat balance of the apparatus, the mathematical model of the dynamics of the process of heating technological streams has been developed, which includes the differential equations of the heat balance of the product heat exchanger, intermediate heat carrier, flue gases in the gas duct formed during gas combustion. The system of equations is supplemented by equations of heat transfer through two heat exchange surfaces from water to the target product and from flue gases to an intermediate heat carrier. The linearization of the nonlinear components of the developed model in the vicinity of the operating point is carried out. Based on the obtained mathematical description of the heater, a block diagram of the model was synthesized, which shows the relationship of input parameters, control action and output variables in deviations from the base point of the operating mode.

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Gargab, Fatima Zohra, Amine Allouhi, Tarik Kousksou, Haytham El-Houari, Abdelmajid Jamil, and Ali Benbassou. "Energy Efficiency for Social Buildings in Morocco, Comparative (2E) Study: Active VS. Passive Solutions Via TRNsys." Inventions 6, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions6010004.

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This paper aims to highlight the potential of solar water heater installations in Morocco. The project involves the comparison of active and passive solutions for energy efficiency in buildings. To this end, a numerical simulation model of solar water heater installations is created under TRNsys. Three hot water demand scenarios (Low, Standard, and High) were taken into account for the six climatic zones defined in the Moroccan thermal regulation of constructions. The same software (TRNsys) is used to model a pilot building consisting of 16 flats. Energy efficiency actions have been applied to the building envelope (insulation and glazing) and simulations are made for the six areas. The simulation results comparing energy and financial savings show the influence of subsidized gas prices on solar water heaters’ relevance despite significant energy savings. This work proves that solar water heaters will be a primary obligation for Morocco, taking into account changes in butane gas prices.

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Law, B., and B. V. Reddy. "EFFECT OF OPERATING VARIABLES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A COMBINED CYCLE COGENERATION SYSTEM WITH MULTIPLE PROCESS HEATERS." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 33, no. 1 (March 2009): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2009-0007.

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Combined cycle power plants with a gas turbine topping cycle and a steam turbine bottoming cycle are widely used due to their high efficiencies. Combined cycle cogeneration has the possibility to produce power and process heat more efficiently, leading to higher performance and reduced green house gas emissions. The objective of the present work is to analyze and simulate a natural gas fired combined cycle cogeneration unit with multiple process heaters and to investigate the effect of operating variables on the performance. The operating conditions investigated include, gas turbine pressure ratio, process heat loads and process steam extraction pressure. The gas turbine pressure ratio significantly influences the performance of the combined cycle cogeneration system. It is also identified that extracting process steam at lower pressures improves the power generation and cogeneration efficiencies. The process heat load influences combined cycle efficiency and combined cycle cogeneration efficiency in opposite ways. It is also observed that using multiple process heaters with different process steam pressures, rather than a single process heater, improves the combined cycle cogeneration plant efficiency.

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Kock, Guillaume, Philippe Combette, Marwan Tedjini, Markus Schneider, Caroline Gauthier-Blum, and Alain Giani. "Experimental and Numerical Study of a Thermal Expansion Gyroscope for Different Gases." Sensors 19, no. 2 (January 17, 2019): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19020360.

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A new single-axis gas thermal gyroscope without proof mass is presented in this paper. The device was designed, manufactured and experimentally characterized. The obtained results were compared to numerical simulation. The working principle of the gyroscope is based on the deflection of a laminar gas flow caused by the Coriolis effect. A bidirectional hot air flow is generated by alternating activation of two suspended resistive micro-heaters. The heated gas is encapsulated in a semi-open cavity and the gas expands primarily inside the cavity. The thermal expansion gyroscope has a simple structure. Indeed, the device is composed of a micromachined cavity on which three bridges are suspended. The central bridge is electrically separated into two segments enabling to set up two heaters which may be supplied independently from each other. The two other bridges, placed symmetrically on each side of the central bridge, are equipped with temperature detectors which measure variations in gas temperature. The differential temperature depends on the rotational velocity applied to the system. Various parameters such as the heating duty cycle, the type of the gas and the power injected into the heaters have been studied to define the optimal working conditions required to obtain the highest level of sensitivity over a measurement range of around 1000°/s. The robustness of the device has also been tested and validated for a shock resistance of 10,000 g for a duration of 400 µs.

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Kloub, Nasir. "Improving the Gas Instantaneous Water Heaters Performances." American Journal of Applied Sciences 2, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 1008–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2005.1008.1013.

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Quintã, André F., Jorge A. F. Ferreira, António Ramos, Nelson A. D. Martins, and Vítor A. F. Costa. "Simulation models for tankless gas water heaters." Applied Thermal Engineering 148 (February 2019): 944–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.11.095.

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Lydiate, Joseph. "Modelling and simulation of a thermally induced optical transparency in a dual micro-ring resonator." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 7 (July 2017): 170381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170381.

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This paper introduces the simulation and modelling of a novel dual micro-ring resonator. The geometric configuration of the resonators, and the implementation of a simulated broadband excitation source, results in the realization of optical transparencies in the combined through port output spectrum. The 130 nm silicon on insulator rib fabrication process is adopted for the simulation of the dual-ring configuration. Two titanium nitride heaters are positioned over the coupling regions of the resonators, which can be operated independently, to control the spectral position of the optical transparency. A third heater, centrally located above the dual resonator rings, can be used to red shift the entire spectrum to a required reference resonant wavelength. The free spectral range with no heater currents applied is 4.29 nm. For a simulated heater current of 7 mA (55.7 mW heater power) applied to one of the through coupling heaters, the optical transparency exhibits a red shift of 1.79 nm from the reference resonant wavelength. The ring-to-ring separation of approximately 900 nm means that it can be assumed that there is a zero ring-to-ring coupling field in this model. This novel arrangement has potential applications as a gas mass airflow sensor or a gas species identification sensor.

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Jung, Dong Geon, Junyeop Lee, Jin Beom Kwon, Bohee Maeng, Hee Kyung An, and Daewoong Jung. "Low-Voltage-Driven SnO2-Based H2S Microsensor with Optimized Micro-Heater for Portable Gas Sensor Applications." Micromachines 13, no. 10 (September 27, 2022): 1609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13101609.

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To realize portable gas sensor applications, it is necessary to develop hydrogen sulfide (H2S) microsensors capable of operating at lower voltages with high response, good selectivity and stability, and fast response and recovery times. A gas sensor with a high operating voltage (>5 V) is not suitable for portable applications because it demands additional circuitry, such as a charge pump circuit (supply voltage of common circuits is approximately 1.8–5 V). Among H2S microsensor components, that is, the substrate, sensing area, electrode, and micro-heater, the proper design of the micro-heater is particularly important, owing to the role of thermal energy in ensuring the efficient detection of H2S. This study proposes and develops tin (IV)-oxide (SnO2)-based H2S microsensors with different geometrically designed embedded micro-heaters. The proposed micro-heaters affect the operating temperature of the H2S sensors, and the micro-heater with a rectangular mesh pattern exhibits superior heating performance at a relatively low operating voltage (3–4 V) compared to those with line (5–7 V) and rectangular patterns (3–5 V). Moreover, utilizing a micro-heater with a rectangular mesh pattern, the fabricated SnO2-based H2S microsensor was driven at a low operating voltage and offered good detection capability at a low H2S concentration (0–10 ppm), with a quick response (<51 s) and recovery time (<101 s).

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Bekezhanova, Victoria B., and A. S. Ovcharova. "Convection regimes induced by local boundary heating in a liquid–gas system." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 873 (June 24, 2019): 441–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.433.

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In the framework of the complete formulation of the conjugate problem, the liquid–gas flow structure arising upon local heating using thermal sources is investigated numerically. The two-layer system is confined by solid impermeable walls. The Navier–Stokes equations in the Boussinesq approximation in the ‘streamfunction–vorticity’ variables are used to describe the media motion. The dynamic conditions at the interface are formulated in terms of the tangential and normal velocities, while the temperature conditions at the external boundaries of the system take into account the presence of local heaters. The influence of the number of heaters and heating modes on the dynamics and character of the appearing convective regimes is analysed. The steady and commutated heating modes for one and two heaters arranged at the lower boundary are investigated. The heating initiates convective and thermocapillary mechanisms causing the fluid motion. Transient regimes with the successive formation of two-vortex, quadruple-vortex and two-vortex flows are observed before the stabilization of the system in the uniform heating mode. A stable thermocapillary deflection appears at the interface above the heater. The commutated mode of heating entails oscillations of the interface with a change in the deflection form and the formation of travelling vortices in the fluids. The impact of particular mechanisms on the flow patterns is analysed. The paper presents typical distributions of the velocity and temperature fields in the system and the position of the interface for the considered cases.

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Jamilu, H., U. Abubakar-Zaria, and S. M. Shuwa. "THERMAL AND OVERPRESSURE HAZARDS MODELLING AND SIMULATION: A CASE STUDY OF REFINERY FIRED HEATER." JOURNAL OF THE NIGERIAN SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS 36, no. 1 (April 17, 2021): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.51975/sqyb7600.

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Crude oil-fired heaters are associated with considerable fire and explosion hazards. The heaters present higher risks at later operational life due to ageing, wear and obsolescence. It is therefore important to re-evaluate such heaters to determine the adequacy or otherwise of the existing safeguards. This paper presents results of studies on hazard levels in aged fired heaters through quantitative consequence modeling method. A number of credible failure scenarios were considered. In particular, characteristics of potential jet fires due to Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) leaks from hole sizes: 15, 30, 50 and 100 mm were investigated. For the 100 mm hole size, it was found that thermal radiation level of up to 37.5 kW/m2 could be experienced within 25 m radius of the heater, which is enough to affect nearby operators severely and could also adversely affect critical pieces of equipment around. Fireball potential with peak thermal density of about 12.5 kW/m2 was also observed within 2 m radius. For the 100 mm hole size, lower flammability limit of the fuel could be attained within 16 m downwind which poses flash fire risks. Overpressures of 1.02, 1.14 and 1.21 bar could be experienced at 30, 6 and 4 m respectively away from the fired heater which could result in partial demolition of structures that are within the radius.Overall, the results indicate that the risk profile is very sensitive to leak sizes, operating and atmospheric conditions as well as the fuel quantity being held, among others. For the chosen case study, higher integrity protection layers, in form of safety instrumented systems, relief, blow down and alarm systems, are recommended. Keywords: Downwind distance; Consequence modeling; Radiation intensity; Flame length; Overpressure; Toxicity; Liquefied Petroleum Gas.

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Anthony, T. Renée, Anthony Y. Yang, and Thomas M. Peters. "Assessment of Interventions to Improve Air Quality in a Livestock Building." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 23, no. 4 (2017): 247–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/jash.12426.

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Abstract. This study examined the effectiveness of engineering controls to reduce contaminant concentrations in a swine farrowing room during winter in the U.S. Midwest. Over two winters, changes in air quality were evaluated following installation of a 1700 m3 h-1 (1000 cfm) recirculating ventilation system to provide 5.4 air exchanges per hour. This system incorporated one of two readily available dust control systems, one based on filtration and the other on cyclonic treatment. A second treatment evaluated reductions in carbon dioxide (CO2) associated with replacement of standard, unvented gas-fired heaters with new vented heaters, installed between the two winter test periods. The concentrations of carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide were negligible in the test room. Although concentrations of ammonia increased over each winter test period, the increase was unrelated to increased air movement from the new recirculating ventilation system. The dust concentrations were significantly reduced by the ventilation system for both inhalable dust (23% to 44% with filtration, 33% with cyclone) and respirable dust (32% with filtration, 20% with cyclone), significant (p < 0.024) for all except respirable dust using the cyclone (p = 0.141). The filtration unit is recommended to improve livestock building air quality because it was more effective than the cyclone unit at reducing respirable dust. Carbon dioxide concentrations were significantly lower with vented heaters (mean = 1400 ppm, SD = 330 ppm) compared to unvented heaters (mean = 2480 ppm, SD = 160 ppm). A 940 ppm reduction in CO2 was attributed to the use of the vented heater, after accounting for differences in outdoor temperatures and animal housing over both test periods. The benefits of readily available technology to significantly reduce concentrations of dust and CO2 demonstrates useful control options to improve air quality in swine buildings. Keywords: Animal feeding operation, Carbon dioxide, Dust control, Gas-fired heater, Indoor air quality, Ventilation.

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Wlokas, Holle Linnea. "What contribution does the installation of solar water heaters make towards the alleviation of energy poverty in South Africa?" Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 22, no. 2 (May 1, 2011): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2011/v22i2a3212.

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The South African government has publicized plans to install one million solar water heaters in households throughout South Africa by the year 2014, with the goals of reducing strain on existing electricity resources, mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, creating employment and alleviating poverty. This paper examines two existing solar water heater installation projects with the aim of investigating the social contribution of the installation of solar water heaters in low-income households in South Africa. The Sustainable Urban Livelihoods approach (SULA) was adjusted to provide an analytical framework for the development of suitable indicators of social change in the context of renewable energies and energy poverty. Increases in household capital and the reduction of household vulnerability to shocks, stressors and seasonal variability as the result of solar water heater installation were investigated in projects in low-income housing developments in the cities of Cape Town and Port Elizabeth, South Africa.Data collected from paired household surveys (before and after installation) in over 600 households and qualitative information (Most Significant Change stories) show that the provision of a constant, cheap source of heated water contributed positively to the alleviation of energy poverty. Household capitals (categorised as Human, Social, Financial, Physical, Natural and Gender capital), including aspects such as health benefits and time and financial savings, were all positively effected by the installation of solar water heaters. In addition, improved energy security greatly reduced household vulnerability to shocks, stressors and seasonal variability. Comparison between the two projects revealed that the geographical setting (climatic conditions in particular), and the approach and strategies adopted by the implementers of the solar water heater installation project, greatly determine the extent to which benefits to the households are realised.

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Peterson, R. C. "A flame-heated gas-flow furnace for single-crystal X-ray diffraction." Journal of Applied Crystallography 25, no. 5 (October 1, 1992): 545–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889892004023.

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A furnace using an inert-gas stream heated by an acetylene torch has been designed to conduct high temperature X-ray diffraction experiments. The design makes use of the stability of electrically heated gas-flow devices and the high-temperature capability of flame heaters. The gas flow is coaxial with the crystal mounting fibre resulting in a thermally stable environment controlled by the composition of the heated gas stream. Temperatures from 373 up to 1573 K are maintained by computer-controlled flow regulation of the acetylene flame based on the signal from a thermocouple on which the crystal is mounted. The results of a high-temperature X-ray diffraction study of Mg0.54Fe2+ 0.46Fe2O4, spinel are given as an example of the application of this furnace.

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Borisov, Boris Vladimirovich, Alexander Vitalievich Vyatkin, Geniy Vladimirovich Kuznetsov, Vyacheslav Ivanovich Maksimov, and Tatiana Aleksandrovna Nagornova. "Analysis of the Influence of the Gas Infrared Heater and Equipment Element Relative Positions on Industrial Premises Thermal Conditions." Energies 15, no. 22 (November 21, 2022): 8749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228749.

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The creation of local heated areas in large-sized premises using systems based on gas infrared heaters has recently become the most rational alternative in terms of energy efficiency. However, the lack of information about the thermal characteristics in such areas limits the effective application of these systems. To determine the main thermal parameters characterizing the scheduled thermal conditions in heated local working areas of industrial premises, experimental and mathematical modeling of heat transfer processes in a closed area with the presence of equipment in it was carried out. The experimental area was equipped with a gas infrared heater and a model of the equipment (a horizontally oriented panel). The system of equations of thermal conductivity, radiant heat transfer, as well as energy and Navier–Stokes was solved by the finite element method. A significant influence of the equipment position on the temperature field and the air movement hydrodynamics in the local working area has been established. The equipment presence in the room intensifies the air movement due to thermal convection and, as a result, a more uniform temperature distribution over the local working area was obtained. Analysis of the obtained results shows the possibility to control the temperature fields’ formation in local working areas during the gas infrared heater operation by varying the position and configuration of the equipment in the room.

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Shami, Imran, Nomana Anjum, Nazia Iftikhar, Shaista Babar, and Saima Manzar. "Comparitive Study of Energy and Water Conservation in Domestic Gas Geysers." NURTURE 5, no. 1 (December 30, 2011): 246–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.55951/nurture.v5i1.57.

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Pakistan is facing the severe energy crisis by continuous increase in gap between supply and demand. Researchers associated with the field of Environmental Design & Home Economics are motivated to explore the ways to deal with current energy crisis, consumption and conservation. The research is an attempt to conserve energy and water at domestic level by comparing the performance of conventional gas geysers and instant water heaters. The study also looked at the amount of water that can be saved from instant water heaters. An experimental house had been selected where instant and conventional geysers are installed and used based on alternate week during five winter months from December 2010 to April 2011. Amount of consumed gas was observed over the peak winter time. Four control houses were also selected in the same vicinity with approx. same number of inhabitants who used conventional gas geysers. The amount of gas consumption in these houses was also observed. The amount of saved water had been calculated, based on the length of pipes from geysers to point of use and water allowed to be drained before hot water is obtained. Generally, instant water heaters are not in use locally, therefore, a questionnaire was randomly distributed to various households to know their general perception about instant water heaters.

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Bársony, I., P. Fürjes, M. Ádám, Cs Dücső, Zs Vı́zváry, J. Zettner, and F. Stam. "Thermal response of microfilament heaters in gas sensing." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 103, no. 1-2 (September 2004): 442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2004.05.003.

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Lebel, Eric D., Harmony S. Lu, Simone A. Speizer, Colin J. Finnegan, and Robert B. Jackson. "Quantifying Methane Emissions from Natural Gas Water Heaters." Environmental Science & Technology 54, no. 9 (April 6, 2020): 5737–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b07189.

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40

M L, Bharathi, T. Sripriya, B. Muthuraj, D. Sateesh Kumar, V. Venkatesh, Badireddy Satya Sridevi, Munaga Masthan Siva Krishna, K. Rajan, and Abdi Diriba. "Deep Learning-Based Smart Hybrid Solar Water Heater Erection Model to Extract Maximum Energy." International Journal of Photoenergy 2022 (October 3, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2943386.

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Currently, we are trying to get electricity in alternative ways. Many solar powered water heaters have come up to use water heaters. However, these tools are not 100 percent fully effective. The device we have manufactured is an automatic device that runs in the direction of sunlight. The device runs automatically in the morning facing east and in the evening facing west. In this instrument, the defective one-inch tube lamp and the three-quarter-inch tube lamp are put together and connected in series. In this paper, a smart deep learning model was proposed to improve the performance of the solar water heater. The gap between the tube lights is filled with methane gas, and the tube inside is filled with water. The water thus filled is heated by sunlight. Methane gas acts as a fast conductor of solar heat. An electronic control device is placed to determine the temperature of the hot water and to expel the hot water. This device can heat at least 10 liters of water in 15 minutes. Increasing the number of incandescent tube lights can heat up a large amount of water when this device is set up, or it can be designed by replacing tube lights with a series of large glass tubes using the same technology. This tool can be manufactured at low cost so that people from all walks of life can use it.

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You, S. M., T. W. Simon, and A. Bar-Cohen. "Pool Boiling Heat Transfer With an Array of Flush-Mounted, Square Heaters on a Vertical Surface." Journal of Electronic Packaging 119, no. 1 (March 1, 1997): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2792195.

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Results from pool boiling heat transfer experiments with flush-mounted, square heat sources on a vertical surface cooled with electronic cooling fluid, FC-72, are presented. The fluid contains moderate levels of a dissolved, noncondensable gas. Each heat source, 25mm2 in area, has an aluminum oxide surface covering a sputtered thin film of platinum. It is intended that these heaters and their juxtaposition simulate the distribution of heating on semiconductor chip arrays. The results show that, in pool boiling, the incipience event is highly variable, while the remainder of the boiling curve is repeatable. The effect of heating an element on the initiation of boiling of nearby elements is documented. Boiling from a heater below the test heater is shown to eliminate the excursion in temperature at incipience. This is attributed to the transport of noncondensable gas component which is contained in the rising bubbles to the embryonic bubbles which reside within the test heater surface. Such transport allows a concomitant rise of the gas partial pressure within the embryonic bubbles.

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Gurov, Valery I., Vladimir V. Kurnosov, Alexander I. Lanshin, Evgeny D. Sverdlov, and Dmitry A. Skibin. "The study of immersion water heating to ensure the creation of new generation pilot water heating devices." Tyumen State University Herald. Physical and Mathematical Modeling. Oil, Gas, Energy 5, no. 3 (October 14, 2019): 10–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-7978-2019-5-3-10-24.

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This article explains the concept of immersion water heaters and presents their improvement history with references to the main patented technical solutions. The authors provide the test results of various designs of immersion heaters (with capacity of 50 to 100 kW) when working on propane-butane gas and natural gas. The study estimates the received technical parameters and the level of competitive ability of the immersion heaters, which allow speaking about their application prospects. Based on the presented materials, the authors speak for creating a new generation boiler (without the heat exchangers) with a higher level of efficiency (up to 98%) and low indices of harmful emissions of nitrogen and carbon oxides.

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Dudkiewicz, Edyta. "Selecting of heating by gas radiant heaters in relation to the new ecodesign requirements on the example of large–cubage halls." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400036.

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According to the schedule of the European Commission’s product efficiency policy in force, as specified in European Union Commission Regulation of 28 April 2015, new requirements for local space heaters are in effect from 1 January 2018. The paper provides current definitions of appliances, including gas radiant heaters, intended for commercial applications. The requirements resulting from current regulations and respective changes substantial for manufacturers and investors are presented. Gas consumption cost calculations and accumulated cost analysis for 10–year period for two types of heaters, those of the lowest and the highest value of seasonal space heating energy efficiency, are exhibited. This is a reliable parameter essential for selecting the appliance, and its value is calculated and presented according to new regulations.

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Balasubramanian, Vishal, V. S. Selvakumar, L. Sujatha, M. Revathi, and C. V. Gayathri. "Electro Thermal Effects of Geometrically Modified MEMS-Based Micro Heater for Gas Sensing Applications." Sensor Letters 17, no. 9 (September 1, 2019): 725–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2019.4141.

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Micro heaters play a major role in gas sensing applications owing to their accuracy, selectivity and low power consumption. The proposed micro heater employs a window type polysilicon micro-hotplate structure, which is a square cell of side 500 μm, designed using COMSOL Multiphysics. It is highly imperative that an evenly distributed temperature is necessary over the broad area of the heater in order to improve its gas sensitivity and selectivity. In this paper, we have explained the design and analysis of a novel window-type micro heater made of polysilicon. The main aim of the work is to achieve temperature uniformity and low power consumption. By optimizing the geometry of the micro heater, we can obtain both temperature uniformity and low power consumption. This geometrical optimization also improves the sensitivity and response time of the sensor. To support them, we have carried out simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics. The proposed structure has obtained a uniform temperature of 1134.1 K and an average temperature of 1130.39 K. Such high and uniform temperatures finds applications in gas sensors. This work also analyzes the proper choice and placement of electrodes across the geometry of the heater.

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Kiel, A. "CO2 ENRICHMENT WITH NATURAL GAS FIRED HOT-AIR HEATERS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 268 (March 1990): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1990.268.9.

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Осетянська, Дар´я Євгеніївна. "Increase in efficiency gas tube heaters for infrared heating." Technology audit and production reserves 6, no. 1(8) (December 11, 2012): 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2312-8372.2012.5464.

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Makovos, Edward B., Frederick W. Montague, Laurie Dudik, and Chung-Chiun Liu. "A calorimetric combustible gas detector employing platinum film heaters." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 12, no. 2 (April 1993): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(93)80003-t.

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Byrne, Patrick S., James G. Carton, and Brian Corcoran. "Investigating the Suitability of a Heat Pump Water-Heater as a Method to Reduce Agricultural Emissions in Dairy Farms." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 20, 2021): 5736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105736.

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The performance of an air-source heat pump water-heater (ASHPWH) system manufactured by Kronoterm was benchmarked in this study for the application of dairy farming in Ireland. The COP of the system was calculated to be 2.27 under normal operating conditions. The device was able to supply water at 80 °C, however a full tank at this temperature was not achieved or deemed necessary for the dairy application. Litres per kWh was used as a performance metric for the device and the usable water per unit of energy for the system was found to be 397 L when using both electric heaters and 220 L when using just the top heater both in conjunction with the heat pump. The performance of the heat pump system in terms of its cost to run and efficiency was also compared with five other water heaters. The heat pump is seen to be very efficient, however due to the carbon intensity of the Irish grid electricity and high water temperatures required, the solar water heater with gas backup was found to be the best performing under energy efficiency and carbon emissions per litre of usable water. In conclusion, although the heat pump was not the best-performing system under these metrics, the cost and complexity of the solar-gas system may be a deterrent for dairy farmers and for this reason, the heat pump is considered a cost-effective, efficient and viable option for dairy farmers trying to reduce their carbon footprint and energy bills.

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Bartkowiak, Scott, Ryan Fisk, Andrew Funk, Jonathan Hair, and Steven J. Skerlos. "Residential Drain Water Heat Recovery Systems: Modeling, Analysis, and Implementation." Journal of Green Building 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2010): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.5.3.85.

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This paper describes the design and environmental improvements that can be achieved using drain water heat recovery systems (DWHR) to reduce the energy consumption associated with residential showering. DWHR systems transfer heat from hot drain water to the shower's incoming cold water stream, thus reducing the demand on the hot water heater. There are various DWHR systems available that differ in heat exchanger type, cost, and performance. This article focuses on designing a flat plate and gravity fed heat exchangers for a range of residential showering conditions. This is useful since there currently is no peer-reviewed published data on the effectiveness of DWHR, nor is there published research considering the emissions reductions that can be achieved with realistic DWHR systems. The governing equations for heat exchangers are used to model empirical data and to derive implementation recommendations for DWHR design. The model is validated using a prototype flat plate heat exchanger and test stand under varying flow rates and temperatures. A Monte Carlo simulation of the results showed that DWHR could save an average $74 a year for homes with natural gas water heaters and $160 a year for homes with electric water heaters. This corresponds to 0.3 metric tons and 1.5 metric tons of CO2offset per home per year for natural gas and electric water heaters, respectively. The results are compiled and organized into a software program that allows consumers to input their household showering habits and location to get an estimate of their CO2, energy, and cost savings to determine if they should install a DWHR system.

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Gaba, Aurel, Vasile Bratu, Dorian Musat, Ileana Nicoleta Popescu, and Maria Cristiana Enescu. "Analysis of the Combustion Air Preheater from the Aluminum Melting Furnaces." Scientific Bulletin of Valahia University - Materials and Mechanics 14, no. 11 (October 1, 2016): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bsmm-2016-0005.

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Abstract This paper presents solutions and the equipment for preheating combustion air from scrap aluminum melting furnaces through flue gas heat recovery. For sizing convection pre-heaters, there has been developed a mathematical model which has been transcribed into a computer program in C + +. A constructive version of the pre-heater was drawn up and a recovery heat exchanger was manufactured and mounted on an aluminum melting furnace. Both the functional parameters values and the reasons causing the pre-heater worning out, as well as the steps taken for sizing and the achievement of a new air pre-heater able to bear the operating conditions of the aluminum melting furnace are shown.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Gas heaters'

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