Journal articles: 'Gas flow measurement'

1

West, Tom, and Abrie Theron. "Measurement of gas volume and gas flow." Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine 16, no. 3 (March 2015): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2015.01.001.

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West, Tom, and Alexander Photiou. "Measurement of gas volume and gas flow." Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine 19, no. 4 (April 2018): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2018.02.004.

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Peignelin, G., D. Marque, J. Smid, O. Brandt, G. Ballez, P. Rombouts, and O. Musilek. "Economics of Gas Flow Measurement." Measurement and Control 19, no. 5 (June 1986): 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002029408601900510.

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It seemed very important to have a section on gas flow measurement. The UK's production of natural gas in 1984 was about 35×109 m3 and its consumption about 50×109 m3 with a reserve of about 0.7×1012 m3.* The value of this gas is 0.43 DM/m3† or about £0.12/m3 or about $0.18/m3. Unfortunately we were unable to find anyone able to write a section for this issue in the time available. However, I am grateful to Mr R J Simpson for drawing my attention to a report by Peignelin et al. † The authors have kindly agreed to an edited version of this paper. This paper considers two sizes of metering stations and considers the use of orifice or turbine meters. For these stations it considers investment costs and maintenance costs. It then examines the uncertainty in the energy content determination. The paper concludes that the major uncertainty lies in the flowmeter; that while turbine meter installations seem to be lower in cost than orifice meter installations, reliability must also be taken into account; and the cost of the instrumentation is a small proportion (15–20%) of the total cost of the station — R Baker.

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Meier, H., and A. E. Widmer. "Integrator for gas flow measurement." Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments 21, no. 2 (February 1988): 233–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/21/2/021.

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Bonilla Riaño, Adriana, Antonio Carlos Bannwart, and Oscar M. H. Rodriguez. "Film thickness planar sensor in oil-water flow: prospective study." Sensor Review 35, no. 2 (March 16, 2015): 200–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-09-2014-702.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study a multiphase-flow instrumentation for film thickness measurement, especially impedance-based, not only for gas–liquid flow but also for mixtures of immiscible and more viscous substances such as oil and water. Conductance and capacitive planar sensors were compared to select the most suitable option for oil – water dispersed flow. Design/methodology/approach – A study of techniques for measurement of film thickness in oil – water pipe flow is presented. In the first part, some measurement techniques used for the investigation of multiphase flows are described, with their advantages and disadvantages. Next, examinations of conductive and capacitive techniques with planar sensors are presented. Findings – Film thickness measurement techniques for oil–water flow are scanty in the literature. Some techniques have been used in studies of annular flow (gas–liquid and liquid–liquid flows), but applications in other flow patterns were not encountered. The methods based on conductive or capacitive measurements and planar sensor are promising solutions for measuring time-averaged film thicknesses in oil–water flows. A capacitive system may be more appropriate for oil–water flows. Originality/value – This paper provides a review of film thickness measurements in pipes. There are many reviews on gas – liquid flow measurement but not many about liquid – liquid flow.

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Li, Yingwei, Jing Gao, Xingbin Liu, and Ronghua Xie. "Energy Demodulation Algorithm for Flow Velocity Measurement of Oil-Gas-Water Three-Phase Flow." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/705323.

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Flow velocity measurement was an important research of oil-gas-water three-phase flow parameter measurements. In order to satisfy the increasing demands for flow detection technology, the paper presented a gas-liquid phase flow velocity measurement method which was based on energy demodulation algorithm combing with time delay estimation technology. First, a gas-liquid phase separation method of oil-gas-water three-phase flow based on energy demodulation algorithm and blind signal separation technology was proposed. The separation of oil-gas-water three-phase signals which were sampled by conductance sensor performed well, so the gas-phase signal and the liquid-phase signal were obtained. Second, we used the time delay estimation technology to get the delay time of gas-phase signals and liquid-phase signals, respectively, and the gas-phase velocity and the liquid-phase velocity were derived. At last, the experiment was performed at oil-gas-water three-phase flow loop, and the results indicated that the measurement errors met the need of velocity measurement. So it provided a feasible method for gas-liquid phase velocity measurement of the oil-gas-water three-phase flow.

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Verdier, J., M. Carcassès, and J. P. Ollivier. "Modelling of a gas flow measurement." Cement and Concrete Research 32, no. 8 (August 2002): 1331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-8846(02)00786-x.

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Dane, H. J. "Ultrasonic measurement of unsteady gas flow." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 8, no. 3-4 (April 1997): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0955-5986(97)00033-2.

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Maali, Abdelhamid, Stéphane Colin, and Bharat Bhushan. "Slip length measurement of gas flow." Nanotechnology 27, no. 37 (August 9, 2016): 374004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/27/37/374004.

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Atkinson, David I., Oyvind Reksten, Gerald Smith, and Helge Moe. "High-Accuracy Wet-Gas Multiphase Well Testing and Production Metering." SPE Journal 11, no. 02 (June 1, 2006): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/90992-pa.

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Summary Dedicated wet-gas flowmeters are now commercially available for the measurement of gas and liquid flow rates and offer a more compact measurement solution than does the traditional separator approach. The interpretation models of traditional multiphase flowmeters emphasize the liquid rate measurements and have been used to well test and meter mostly liquid-rich flow streams. These models were not developed for the measurement of gas flow rates, particularly those of wet gas. A new interpretation is described that allows a traditional multiphase flowmeter to operate in a dual mode either as a multiphase meter or as a wet-gas meter in 90 to 100% gas. The new interpretation model was developed for a commercially available multiphase flowmeter consisting of a venturi and a dual-energy composition meter. This combination results in excellent predictions of the gas flow rate; the liquid rate prediction is made with acceptable accuracy and no additional measurements. The wet gas and low-liquid-volume-fraction interpretation model is described together with the multiphase flowmeter. Examples of applying this model to data collected on flow loops are presented, with comparison to reference flow rates. The data from the Sintef and NEL flow loops show an error (including the reference meter error) in the gas flow rate, better than ± 2% reading (95% confidence interval), at line conditions; the absolute error (including the reference meter error) in the measured total liquid flow rate at line conditions was better than ± 2 m3/h (< ± 300 B/D: 95% confidence interval). This new interpretation model offers a significant advance in the metering of wet-gas multiphase flows and yields the possibility of high accuracies to meet the needs of gas-well testing and production allocation applications without the use of separators. Introduction There has been considerable focus in recent years on the development of new flow-measurement techniques for application to surface well testing and flow-measurement allocation in multiphase conditions without separating the phases. This has resulted in new technology from the industry for both gas and oil production. Today, there are wet-gas flowmeters, dedicated to the metering of wet-gas flows, and multiphase meters, for the metering of multiphase liquid flows. The common approach to wet-gas measurement relates gas and liquid flows to a "pseudo-gas flow rate" calculated from the standard single-phase equations. This addresses the need for gas measurement in the presence of liquids and can be applied to a limit of liquid flow [or gas volume fraction, (GVF)], though the accuracy of this approach decreases with decreasing GVF. The accurate determination of liquid rates by wet-gas meters is restricted in range. The application and performance of multiphase meters has been well documented through technical papers and industry forums, and after several years of development is maturing (Scheers 2004). Some multiphase measurement techniques can perform better, and the meters provide a more compact solution, than the traditional separation approach. It is not surprising that the use of multiphase flowmeters has grown significantly, the worldwide number doubling in little over a 2-year period (Mehdizadeh et al. 2002). Multiphase-flowmeter interpretation emphasizes the liquid rate measurement, and the application of multiphase flowmeters has been predominantly for liquid-rich flow stream allocation and well testing.

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Rajan, V. S. V., R. K. Ridley, and K. G. Rafa. "Multiphase Flow Measurement Techniques—A Review." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 115, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905987.

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This paper is a review of current techniques available for measuring the velocity and composition in multiphase streams, to obtain the mass flow rate of the individual phases. An extensive literature search was conducted on the topic and related areas of interest. The major difficulty in measuring both the velocity and composition of multiphase streams is in dealing with the wide variety of flow regimes which are possible in multiphase flow in pipes. A device which is suitable for accurate velocity measurement in multiphase flows is not commercially available. However, if the flow is well mixed, it should be possible to calibrate a simple device, such as a nozzle or a venturi, to provide accurate total volumetric flow rates. Several commercial in-line static mixing devices are suitable for low gas concentrations (≤ 10 percent) and with superficial gas velocities higher than 10 m/s. For lower gas velocities and high gas concentrations, the suitability of these in-line mixers will have to be further assessed experimentally. Other techniques such as cross-correlation are known for two-phase flow velocity measurements, and the results of these applications look promising. A multiphase compositional meter to monitor the concentration of oil, water, and gas phases flowing in a pipeline, used in combination with a suitable homogenizer and a velocity meter, would facilitate measurement of the mass flow rates of the individual phases. Further work must be done to develop this concept.

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Rouf, Md A., Abdelmalek Bouazza, Rao M. Singh, Will P. Gates, and R. Kerry Rowe. "Gas flow unified measurement system for sequential measurement of gas diffusion and gas permeability of partially hydrated geosynthetic clay liners." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 53, no. 6 (June 2016): 1000–1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0123.

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A gas flow unified measurement system (UMS-G) for sequential measurement of gas diffusion and gas permeability of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) under applied stress conditions (2 to 20 kPa) is described. Measurements made with the UMS-G are compared with measurements made with conventional experimental devices and are found to give similar results. The UMS-G removes the need to rely on two separate systems and increases further the reliability of the gas properties’ measurements. This study also shows that the gas diffusion and gas permeability reduce greatly with the increase of both gravimetric water content and apparent degree of saturation. The effect of applied stress on gas diffusion and gas permeability is found to be more pronounced at gravimetric water content greater than 60%. These findings suggest that at a nominal overburden stress of 20 kPa, the GCL used in the present investigation needs to be hydrated to 134% gravimetric water content (65% apparent degree of saturation) before gas diffusion and gas permeability drop to 5.5 × 10−11 m2·s−1 and 8.0 × 10−13 m·s−1, respectively, and to an even higher gravimetric water content (apparent degrees of saturation) at lower stress.

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13

White, D. C. "Electronic Measurement and Control of Gas Flow." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 22, no. 4 (August 1994): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x9402200415.

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14

Mottram, R. C. "Damping criteria for pulsating gas flow measurement." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 1, no. 1 (October 1989): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0955-5986(89)90005-8.

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15

Arlindo Amador de Matos, Manuel, and Nuno José Fernandes Rodrigues. "Gas mass-flow meters: Measurement and uncertainties." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 33 (October 2013): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2013.04.011.

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16

Garrison, T. J., E. Manceau, and D. E. Nikitopoulos. "Skin Friction Measurements in a Gas-Liquid Pipe Flow Via Optical Interferometry." Journal of Fluids Engineering 120, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2820649.

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An instrument for the measurement of wall shear stress in two-phase flows is described. The device, termed a Laser Interferometer Skin Friction (LISF) meter, determines the wall shear by optically measuring the time rate of thinning of a thin oil film placed on the wall of the flow channel. The LISF meter has proven to be a valuable tool for measurement of wall shear in single-phase gaseous flows but, to date, had not been applied to liquid or gas-liquid flows. This paper describes modifications to the LISF meter developed to facilitate its use in two-phase flows. The instrument’s configuration, governing theory, and data reduction procedure are described. Additionally, results of validation experiments for a single-phase water flow are presented, which demonstrate the instrument’s ability to accurately measure wall shear. Measurements are also presented for two-phase, water-air flows in a duct of square cross section at various superficial gas and liquid velocities within the bubbly flow regime. Results of the measurements confirm previous observations that the addition of a very small amount of the gaseous phase increases the wall shear significantly over that in a single-phase water flow. The two-phase wall shear saturates to a maximum and then declines again as the superficial gas velocity is increased. The peak two-phase wall shear increases as the liquid superficial velocity is decreased. These trends are qualitatively in agreement with previous measurements obtained in pipes using an electrochemical technique.

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Schniedenharn, Maximilian, Frederik Wiedemann, and Johannes Henrich Schleifenbaum. "Visualization of the shielding gas flow in SLM machines by space-resolved thermal anemometry." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 8 (November 12, 2018): 1296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-07-2017-0149.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to introduce an approach in measuring the shielding gas flow within laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) machines under near-process conditions (regarding oxygen content and shielding gas flow).Design/methodology/approachThe measurements are made sequentially using a hot-wire anemometer. After a short introduction into the measurement technique, the system which places the measurement probe within the machine is described. Finally, the measured shielding gas flow of a commercial L-PBF machine is presented.FindingsAn approach to measure the shielding gas flow within SLM machines has been developed and successfully tested. The use of a thermal anemometer along with an automated probe-placement system enables the space-resolved measurement of the flow speed and its turbulence.Research limitations/implicationsThe used single-normal (SN) hot-wire anemometer does not provide the flow vectors’ orientation. Using a probe with two or three hot-films and an improved placement system will provide more information about the flow and less disturbance to it.Originality/valueA measurement system which allows the measurement of the shielding gas flow within commercial L-PBF machines is presented. This enables the correlation of the shielding gas flow with the resulting parts’ quality.

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Tomaszewska-Wach, Barbara, Mariusz R. Rząsa, and Marcin Majer. "MEASUREMENT OF TWO-PHASE GAS-LIQUID FLOW USING STANDARD AND SLOTTED ORIFICE." Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska 9, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/iapgos.47.

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The differential pressure of gas measurement is very often used in industrial measurements. During the gas flow, liquid condensation often occurs. The result is that when measuring a gas flow, the gas-liquid mixture is essentially measured. Errors in the indications of measuring instruments are starting to appear due to a change in the properties of the continuous phase, which is gas. In addition, the appearance of liquid droplets leads to flow disturbances and pressure pulsations. Therefore, new methods and tools for measuring the flow of gas-liquid mixture are being sought. The work involves the use of slotted orifices for measuring gas-liquid mixtures. An analysis of the influence of the slotted orifice geometry on the measurement of the biphasic mixture stream was carried out. Standard orifice and three slotted orifices of various designs. The experiment included measuring the air flow with a small amount of water dispersed in the form of drops.

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Morgan, Quentin, John Pope, and Peter Ramsay. "Concurrent in-situ measurement of flow capacity, gas content and saturation." APPEA Journal 53, no. 1 (2013): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12023.

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A new core-less testing capability has been developed to provide concurrent measurements of coal seam flow capacity and gas content at in-situ conditions. The fluid-based measurement principles are intended to overcome time constraints, accuracy limitations, and cost implications of discrete measurements attributed to traditional ex-situ measurements on core samples. Details of measurement principles, associated enabling technologies, and generic test procedures have been disclosed in a previous publication. In 2012 a number of field trials were conducted with this new service for both coal mine operators and CSG operators. This peer-reviewed paper will detail pre-job planning, well site execution, and data analysis for one of these trials, which involved testing several seams across two wells, and will illustrate comparison with data acquired using conventional testing techniques from offset wells. This peer-reviewed paper will also highlight key learnings and overall performance, and explain how the learned lessons can be applied to improve testing efficacy and data quality.

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Sun, Mingshuai, Fumin Wang, Wei Liu, Wangfeng Cai, and Xubin Zhang. "Novel application of gas chromatography in measurement of gas flow rate." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 50 (August 2016): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2016.07.006.

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JPT staff, _. "Economic Impact of Different Gas-Flow-Measurement Standards." Journal of Petroleum Technology 50, no. 04 (April 1, 1998): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0498-0132-jpt.

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WANG, Weiwei. "Voidage Measurement of Gas-Oil Two-phase Flow." Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 15, no. 3 (June 2007): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1004-9541(07)60090-1.

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23

Dong, Wang, and Lin Zong Hu. "Gas–liquid two-phase flow measurement using ESM." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 26, no. 6-7 (August 2002): 827–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0894-1777(02)00171-1.

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O'Sullivan, I. J., and W. M. D. Wright. "Ultrasonic measurement of gas flow using electrostatic transducers." Ultrasonics 40, no. 1-8 (May 2002): 407–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-624x(02)00259-7.

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Yang, W. Q., and S. Liu. "Role of tomography in gas/solids flow measurement." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 11, no. 3 (September 2000): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0955-5986(00)00023-6.

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Adamek, Milan, Petr Neumann, and Miroslav Matýsek. "Small Gas Flow Measurement - Microcomputer Application in Education." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 36, no. 10 (June 2003): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)33681-9.

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Mathie, Robert T. "Hepatic blood flow measurement with inert gas clearance." Journal of Surgical Research 41, no. 1 (July 1986): 92–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4804(86)90014-4.

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Simões, Eliphas Wagner, Rogerio Furlan, Roberto Eduardo Bruzetti Leminski, Mário Ricardo Gongora-Rubio, Marcos Tadeu Pereira, Nilton Itiro Morimoto, and Jorge J. Santiago Avilés. "Microfluidic oscillator for gas flow control and measurement." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 16, no. 1 (March 2005): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2004.11.001.

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Abbas, H. A. M. Hasan. "Measurement of a Void Fraction in Bubbly Gas-Water Two Phase Flows Using Differential Pressure Technique." Applied Mechanics and Materials 152-154 (January 2012): 1221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.152-154.1221.

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Multiphase flows, where two or even three fluids flow simultaneously in a pipe are becoming increasingly important in industry. In order to measure the flow rate of gas-water two phase flows accurately, the void fraction (gas volume fraction) in two phase flows must be precisely measured. The differential pressure technique has proven attractive in the measurement of volume fraction. This paper presents the theoretical and experimental study of the void fraction measurement in bubbly gas water two phase flows using differential pressure technique (the flow density meter).

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Zhen, Yang. "Research on the Coaxial Connection between Gas Flowmeter and Critical Flow Venturi Nozzle Gas Flow Standard Device." Key Engineering Materials 693 (May 2016): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.693.194.

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As an important measurement instruments of trade metering, gas flowmeter has been more and more widely used, and the quantity value transfer of the flow meter is becoming increasingly significant. In order to realize the accurate measurement, the method of the coaxial connection between gas flowmeter and critical flow Venturi nozzle gas flow standard device is studied in this paper, and the coaxial error between this gas flowmeter and standard device within ±1mm is achieved.

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Brunner, J. X., G. Wolff, G. Cumming, and H. Langenstein. "Accurate measurement of N2 volumes during N2 washout requires dynamic adjustment of delay time." Journal of Applied Physiology 59, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 1008–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.59.3.1008.

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Measurement of respiratory gas composition by a mass spectrometer lags behind the measurement of gas flow. To obtain specific gas volumes (e.g., the N2 volume) by multiplication and integration of concentration and flow, one has to synchronize flow and concentration signals using the delay time (TD) of the gas analyzer. During the N2 washout, however, gas composition changes and causes alterations of TD. This leads to errors of up to 17 and 70% in the measurement of pulmonary volume and series dead space, respectively, in an ideally mixing physical model of the lung. On the basis of Poiseuille's law and exact measurements of the characteristics of the capillary it is possible to adjust the synchronization, which improves the absolute accuracy considerably.

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Rawlins, Wayne, Ray Radebaugh, and Klaus D. Timmerhaus. "Thermal anemometry for mass flow measurement in oscillating cryogenic gas flows." Review of Scientific Instruments 64, no. 11 (November 1993): 3229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144333.

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Dayev, Zhanat А., Gulzhan E. Shopanova, and Bakytgul А. Toksanbaeva. "Invariant method for measuring wet gas flow rate." Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika, no. 6 (2021): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2021-6-13-19.

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The article deals with one of the important tasks of modern flow measurement, which is related to the measurement of the flow rate and the amount of wet gas. This task becomes especially important when it becomes necessary to obtain information about the separate amount of the dry part of the gas that is contained in the form of a mixture in the wet gas stream. The paper presents the principle of operation and structure of the invariant system for measuring the flow rate of wet gas, which is based on the combined use of differential pressure flowmeters and Coriolis flowmeters. The operation of the invariant wet gas flow rate measurement system is based on the simultaneous application of the multichannel principle and the partial flow measurement method. Coriolis flowmeters and the differential pressure flowmeter are used as the main elements of the system. The proposed measurement system does not offer applications for gases with abundant drip humidity. The article provides information about the test results of the proposed invariant system. The estimation of the metrological characteristics of the invariant system when measuring the flow rate of wet gas is given. The obtained test results of the invariant wet gas flow rate measurement system are relevant for natural gas production, transportation, and storage facilities.

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Wičar, Stanislav, Martin Svozil, and Pavel Šimík. "Automated low gas flow-rate calibrator." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 54, no. 11 (1989): 3025–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19893025.

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A new method of the absolute low gas flow measurement was developed. The method is based on the comparison of the known rate of a piston movement in a calibrated cylinder with the measured gas flow rate. Due to its compensating character, the method is extremely sensitive, and the relative error is given merely by the sensitivity of determining the pressure difference between the cylinder and atmosphere. The method is absolute as the apparatus constant is determined by such operations as weighing and frequency measurement.

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Tomaszewska-Wach, Barbara, and Mariusz Rzasa. "A Correction Method for Wet Gas Flow Metering Using a Standard Orifice and Slotted Orifices." Sensors 21, no. 7 (March 25, 2021): 2291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21072291.

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Flow measurements that utilize differential pressure meters are commonly applied in industry. In such conditions, gas flow is often accompanied by liquid condensation. For this reason, errors occur in the metering process that can be attributed to the fluctuations in continuous phase parameters in the flow. Furthermore, the occurrence of a dispersed phase results in flow disturbance and dynamic pressure pulsations. For the above reasons, new methods and tools are sought with the purpose of performing measurements of gas-liquid flows providing measurement results that can be considered as fairly accurate in the cases when flow involves a liquid phase form. The paper reports the results of a study involving measurement of wet gas flow using differential pressure flowmeters. The experiments were conducted for three constant mass air flow rates equal to 0.06, 0.078 and 0.086 kg/s. After stabilization of the air flow rates, water was fed into the pipe with flow rates in the range from 0.01 to 0.16 kg/s. The research involved a standard orifice and three types of slotted orifices with various slot arrangements and geometries. The analysis focused on the effect of orifice geometry on the flow metering results. On the basis of the results, it was found that the slotted orifice generates smaller differential pressure values compared to the standard orifice. The water mass fraction in the gas leads to overestimated results of measurements across the flowmeter. Regardless of the type of the orifice, is necessary to undertake a correction of the results. The paper proposes a method of gas mass flow correction. The results were compared with the common over-reading correction models available in the literature.

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Kang, Yili, Mingjun Chen, Xiangchen Li, Lijun You, and Bin Yang. "Laboratory measurement and interpretation of nonlinear gas flow in shale." International Journal of Modern Physics C 26, no. 06 (March 25, 2015): 1550063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183115500631.

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Gas flow mechanisms in shale are urgent to clarify due to the complicated pore structure and low permeability. Core flow experiments were conducted under reservoir net confining stress with samples from the Longmaxi Shale to investigate the characteristics of nonlinear gas flow. Meanwhile, microstructure analyses and gas adsorption experiments are implemented. Experimental results indicate that non-Darcy flow in shale is remarkable and it has a close relationship with pore pressure. It is found that type of gas has a significant influence on permeability measurement and methane is chosen in this work to study the shale gas flow. Gas slippage effect and minimum threshold pressure gradient weaken with the increasing backpressure. It is demonstrated that gas flow regime would be either slip flow or transition flow with certain pore pressure and permeability. Experimental data computations and microstructure analyses confirm that hydraulic radius of flow tubes in shale are mostly less than 100 nm, indicating that there is no micron scale pore or throat which mainly contributes to flow. The results are significant for the study of gas flow in shale, and are beneficial for laboratory investigation of shale permeability.

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Kinghorn, F. C. "Challenging Areas in Flow Measurement." Measurement and Control 21, no. 8 (October 1988): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002029408802100801.

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Flow measurement has many applications and a wide range of techniques is used. In many industrial sectors there are particular difficulties in measuring flowrate and often special solutions are required. Some of the problems in the oil and gas, biotechnology, automobile and water supply industries are described and the shortcomings or difficulties associated with the methods currently being used are identified. There are also numerous technical difficulties which span several industrial sectors and the topics of multi-phase flow, direct mass flow measurement, pipework configuration effects and computational fluid dynamics are covered, although it is recognised that these are only a few of a very much larger number of difficult areas.

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Ichiyanagi, Mitsuhisa, Issei Tsutsui, Yasuhiro Kakinuma, Yohei Sato, and Koichi Hishida. "Three-dimensional measurement of gas dissolution process in gas–liquid microchannel flow." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 55, no. 11-12 (May 2012): 2872–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.02.009.

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Volkov, Roman S., Ivan S. Voytkov, and Pavel A. Strizhak. "Temperature Fields of the Droplets and Gases Mixture." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7 (March 25, 2020): 2212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10072212.

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In this research, we obtain gas–vapor mixture temperature fields generated by blending droplets and high-temperature combustion products. Similar experiments are conducted for droplet injection into heated air flow. This kind of measurement is essential for high-temperature and high-speed processes in contact heat exchangers or in liquid treatment chambers, as well as in firefighting systems. Experiments are conducted using an optical system based on Laser-Induced Phosphorescence as well as two types of thermocouples with a similar measurement range but different response times (0.1–3 s) and accuracy (1–5 °C). In our experiments, we inject droplets into the heated air flow (first scheme) and into the flow of high-temperature combustion products (second scheme). We concentrate on the unsteady inhomogeneous temperature fields of the gas–vapor mixture produced by blending the above-mentioned flows and monitoring the lifetime of the relatively low gas temperature after droplets passes through the observation area. The scientific novelty of this research comes from the first ever comparison of the temperature measurements of a gas–vapor–droplet mixture obtained by contact and non-contact systems. The advantages and limitations of the contact and non-contact techniques are defined for the measurement of gas–vapor mixture temperature.

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Robinson, Gavin J. B., Philip J. Peyton, David Terry, Shiva Malekzadeh, and Bruce Thompson. "Continuous measurement of gas uptake and elimination in anesthetized patients using an extractable marker gas." Journal of Applied Physiology 97, no. 3 (September 2004): 960–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01197.2003.

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Measurement of pulmonary gas uptake and elimination is often performed, using nitrogen as marker gas to measure gas flow, by applying the Haldane transformation. Because of the inability to measure nitrogen with conventional equipment, measurement is difficult during inhalational anesthesia. A new method is described, which is compatible with any inspired gas mixture, in which fresh gas and exhaust gas flows are measured using carbon dioxide as an extractable marker gas. A system was tested in eight patients undergoing colonic surgery for automated measurement of uptake of oxygen, nitrous oxide, isoflurane, and elimination of carbon dioxide with this method. Its accuracy and precision were compared with simultaneous measurements made with the Haldane transformation and corrected for predicted nitrogen excretion by the lungs. Good agreement was obtained for measurement of uptake or elimination of all gases studied. Mean bias was −0.003 l/min for both oxygen and nitrous oxide uptake, −0.0002 l/min for isoflurane uptake, and 0.003 l/min for carbon dioxide elimination. Limits of agreement lay within 30% of the mean uptake rate for nitrous oxide, within 15% for oxygen, within 10% for isoflurane, and within 5% for carbon dioxide. The extractable marker gas method allows accurate and continuous measurement of gas uptake and elimination in an anesthetic breathing system with any inspired gas mixture.

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41

Zeng, Xian Yang, Zuo He Chi, Ming Guang Zheng, Gong Gang Sun, Guang Xue Zhang, and Jin Qing Wang. "Experiment Research on Air Flow Rate Measurement Using Tracer Gas Method." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 520–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.520.

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Experiment research on the air flow rate measurement using tracer gas method in a 300mm internal diameter and 90° elbow duct are presented, which CO and air are selected as tracer gas and gas stream. Results show that the relative errors between the flow rate measured by tracer gas method and turbine flowmeter are varied in the range of -2.15%~1.69% when the injection point is upstream of the elbow on 7D~13D (D is the internal diameter of the duct), and the sampling point is downstream of the elbow on 10D~14D. The further distances of the injection point and sampling point are apart, the less relative errors of the gas flow rate measured by tracer gas method and turbine flowmeter are made. The injection flow rate of tracer gas should be matched with the gas flow rate in the duct. It is a simple and effective method that gas flowmeter online calibration with tracer gas method on the large diameter industrial gas pipeline transportation.

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Medeiros, Alberto Kennedy de Almeida, Jeffersson Fernandes de Lima, Gilson Gomes de Medeiros, Nivaldo Ferreira da Silva Junior, Raimundo Nonato B. Felipe, and Renata Carla Tavares dos Santos Felipe. "Parameters for dimensional inspection of orifice plates and roughness of the straight stretches of the tubing." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 49, spe (January 2006): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132006000200002.

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According to the Technical Regulation of Measurement of Petroleum and Natural Gas (approved in 2000 by ANP - the Petroleum National Agency of Brazil), the systems of measurement of natural gas should use ultra-sonic flow meters, turbines and, especially, the orifice plates, which represent the most expressive base of the flow systems, being used in the fiscal and operational measurements. This work aims to evaluate the parameters that should be accounted for during the dimensional inspection of orifice plate and roughness of the straight stretches of the tubing used for measurement of natural gas, with the objective of guiding the responsible professionals for the measurement of volumes of natural gas by orifice plate, as well as the professionals of calibration laboratories. In this work, minimum specifications are recommended, irrespective of the pressure tapping or orifice type, in agreement with the norms ISO, AGA and the ANP regulations. The influence of these specifications on the parameters used in the calculation of the volumetric flow is also analyzed.

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Li, Xu, and Kai Liu. "Study of an Experiment System and Flow Measurement of Group Nozzles in a Heavy-Duty Gas Turbine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 66-68 (July 2011): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.66-68.311.

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Study of experiment system and experimental investigation results of the group nozzles in a heavy-duty gas turbine are expatiated. In order to measure gas flows of every flow branch in the group nozzles, flow meter of type SH-1 is specifically developed, The measure system, control system, data display system, data acquisition analysis system subtly combine, the SH-1 gas flow test equipment and these measured flows data are precise, stable, good reproducibility, the errors of the measuring are less 0.5%. Using SH-1 flow meter, gas flows of Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴbranches are precisely measured, the combustion testing of the group nozzles in the flame tube is made, its performance is satisfied with the design requirements, these demonstrate: the testing results by using SH-1 flowmeter are reliable, stable.

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44

Peters, F., and T. F. Groß. "Flow rate measurement by an orifice in a slowly reciprocating gas flow." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 22, no. 1 (March 2011): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2010.12.008.

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Huang, Liang, Mao Lin Cai, and Jia Wei Wang. "New Method for Pipeline Leakage Measurement in Pneumatic Industry." Applied Mechanics and Materials 34-35 (October 2010): 795–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.34-35.795.

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The objective of work proposed in this paper is to propose a new method of measuring gas leakage for pneumatic industry. Compared with traditional flow measurements, equipment using this method can be connected to the pipeline in parallel. The measurement is enabled by employing a standard flow. Standard flow is used to determine the internal volume of the measured equipment. An algorithm is formulated to describe, to the extent possible, the relationship between gas leakage and standard flow. This paper also proposes a pressure differentiator that contains a slit-type laminar flow element. The measurement deviates from the theoretical leakage values by less than 5%, and shows a good precision and scope. In addition, the proposed parallel connection based on standard flow makes easy operation and fast measuring possible, thus promising new area of application for pneumatic equipments.

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Zhang, Xiao Zhang, Li Ru Zhao, and Jia Liu. "Experiment on Water-Gas Two-Phase Flow Measurement by an Electromagnetic Flow Meter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 401-403 (September 2013): 1040–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.401-403.1040.

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Advantages of an electromagnetic (EM) flow meter includes nondestructive to flow and less sensitive to flow profile. For these reasons, study on applying EM flow meters to multiphase flow measurement has been attracting researchers. A series of experiments were completed. Resistance between electrodes, gas void fraction, liquid phase mean flow speed and EM flow meters out put were measured. Relations between these data were analyzed. The results showed that certain modified factor could be used for the EM flow meter to measure water-gas two-phase flow.

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Gentilhomme, O., N. J. Hills, A. B. Turner, and J. W. Chew. "Measurement and Analysis of Ingestion Through a Turbine Rim Seal." Journal of Turbomachinery 125, no. 3 (July 1, 2003): 505–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1556411.

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Experimental measurements from a new single stage turbine are presented. The turbine has 26 vanes and 59 rotating blades with a design point stage expansion ratio of 2.5 and vane exit Mach number of 0.96. A variable sealing flow is supplied to the disk cavity upstream of the rotor and then enters the annulus through a simple axial clearance seal situated on the hub between the stator and rotor. Measurements at the annulus hub wall just downstream of the vanes show the degree of circumferential pressure variation. Further pressure measurements in the disk cavity indicate the strength of the swirling flow in the cavity, and show the effects of mainstream gas ingestion at low sealing flows. Ingestion is further quantified through seeding of the sealing air with nitrous oxide or carbon dioxide and measurement of gas concentrations in the cavity. Interpretation of the measurements is aided by steady and unsteady computational fluid dynamics solutions, and comparison with an elementary model of ingestion.

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Farahani, Abolfazl Varvani, Mohsen Montazeri, and Mahdi Pourgholi. "Robust optimal decentralized observer for multi-phase flow measurement." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 42, no. 4 (December 4, 2019): 904–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331219884807.

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In this paper, a non-fragile optimal observer is proposed for the decentralized multiphase flow measurement based on the interconnections between the two subsystems, that is, gas and liquid, constituting the whole system. Due to the dynamic model of system and presence of disturbances and slowly varying quantities, a non-fragile decentralized observer is designed and the states of the condensate and gas sub-systems were separately estimated. Lyapunov-based stability conditions are converted to linear matrix inequality (LMI) and observer gains are optimally selected from solution set such that the effect of the disturbance on the states’ estimation error becomes minimized. The estimation is conducted using the real-time measurements including lines pressures, single-phase gas flow, and single-phase liquid flow in the refinery outlet. To check the stability and performance of the system against the changes, the Lyapunov theory has been used. Finally, the estimation results are compared with real-world data from the industry showing the high accuracy of this method as the estimations were consistent with the operation data. In all stages, the investigations were based on the data collected from the actual process in the South Pars Gas Complex (SPGC), Iran. Additionally, the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) based on the simplified drift flux model (DFM) was used to estimate the states then both methods’ results are compared and using the HYSYS simulator with the real process data, it is found that both observers are capable to identify the states with some differences in performance and DFM model is sufficient for estimation of parameters and states of the multiphase flow entering the gas refinery. As a result, these techniques not only can be substituted for the existing system at the gas refinery, but also can be as a backup for available measurement systems.

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Bertola, V., and E. Cafaro. "Slug Frequency Measurement Techniques in Horizontal Gas-Liquid Flow." AIAA Journal 40, no. 5 (May 2002): 1010–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.1742.

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Hans, Volker. "Problems of Signal Processing in Ultrasonic Gas Flow Measurement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 870 (September 2017): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.870.209.

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Vortex measuring methods with ultrasound are distinguished by small bluff bodies, low pressure losses and high sensitivity. The ultrasound wave is modulated by the vortices behind the bluff body. The modulation frequency represents the flow velocity and can be determined by well-known demodulation procedures.Cross correlation methods use the natural turbulences in a fluid. Because of the skewed density function of the velocity components the maximum of the cross correlation function does not represent the transit time of the turbulences between two ultrasonic barriers. Processing of the complex modulated signal is very difficult because the phase of the signal can reach very high values and can not be considered unambiguously. It is advantageous to simplify the signal processing by artificially generated vortices by a small bluff body. It results in a symmetric density distribution and symmetric cross correlation function. Furthermore, it results in a self-monitoring system. Alternatively, two different carrier frequencies can be applied to the two ultrasonic waves. In the cross correlation function the carrier frequencies are eliminated automatically.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Gas flow measurement'

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