Journal articles: 'Gas conversion'

1

Burch, Robert, and Shik C. Tsang. "Natural gas conversion." Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 2, no. 1 (February 1997): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0286(97)80110-6.

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2

Ross, Julian. "Natural gas conversion symposium." Applied Catalysis A: General 95, no. 2 (March 1993): N14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0926-860x(93)85086-5.

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3

Minkkinen, A., J. F. Gaillard, and J. P. Burzynski. "Natural Gas Production with Gas Liquids Conversion." Revue de l'Institut Français du Pétrole 49, no. 5 (September 1994): 551–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst:1994036.

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4

Trimm, D. L. "Gas to Liquid Conversion for Australian Stranded Gas." Catalysis Surveys from Asia 8, no. 1 (February 2004): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:cats.0000015116.42082.a7.

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5

Basile, F., G. Fornasari, J. R. Rostrup-Nielsen, and A. Vaccari. "Advances in natural gas conversion." Catalysis Today 64, no. 1-2 (January 2001): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5861(00)00502-2.

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6

Partridge, W. R. "CONVERSION OF GAS TO TRANSPORTATION FUELS." APPEA Journal 25, no. 1 (1985): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj84012.

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There is a widespread interest in the utilisation of the world's gas reserves, a considerable volume of which are located in remote areas and cannot be transported economically by pipeline. In addition the traditional market for such gas has been liquefied natural gas, but currently the market appears to be saturated. Consequently Bechtel Petroleum Inc. made a technical and economic analysis of processes which could be used to convert natural gas to transportation fuels. It was found that there is a number of new technologies which could be considered commercial and a considerable number that look promising but are not yet commercial.This paper presents the results of the economic analysis of the following five commercial or near commercial processes.Natural gas to methanol,Natural gas to methanol and gasoline,Natural gas to gasoline and diesel via the Fischer Tropsch process,Natural gas to gasoline and distillate (via extracted liquified petroleum gas), andOlefins direct to gasoline and distillate.For comparison purposes the economics of liquified natural gas were also developed.This comparison indicated that the conversion of olefins to transport fuels has a distinct economic advantage over the others. In addition this process has the flexibility of yielding varying percentages of gasoline and diesel according to market demand whereas some of the processes can produce only a single product. One disadvantage is that the olefins feedstock must be priced on a heating value basis comparable to natural gas and not for its alternative value in the manufacture of petrochemicals. There are situations in the world where refinery and chemical offgases containing olefins in dilute form could be priced competitively with natural gas.The conversion of extracted liquified petroleum gas from natural gas also looks promising, but it must be priced competitively with natural gas.The economic comparison highlighted the need for future basic research into the conversion of natural gas directly to transportation fuels rather than going through intermediate steps. Considerable research is currently being directed to these conversion processes. In addition there is also research being conducted to improve the economics of the commercial Fischer Tropsch conversion process.

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7

Denney, Dennis. "Taking Gas-To-Liquid Conversion Offshore." Journal of Petroleum Technology 52, no. 04 (April 1, 2000): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0400-0086-jpt.

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8

Zaman, Jasimuz. "Oxidative processes in natural gas conversion." Fuel Processing Technology 58, no. 2-3 (March 1999): 61–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3820(98)00090-3.

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9

Blanks, Robert F. "Fischer-Tropsch synthesis gas conversion reactor." Chemical Engineering Science 47, no. 5 (April 1992): 959–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(92)80222-x.

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10

Amato, I. "Catalytic Conversion Could Be a Gas." Science 259, no. 5093 (January 15, 1993): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.259.5093.311.

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11

Aasberg-Petersen, K., J. H. Bak Hansen, T. S. Christensen, I. Dybkjaer, P. Seier Christensen, C. Stub Nielsen, S. E. L. Winter Madsen, and J. R. Rostrup-Nielsen. "Technologies for large-scale gas conversion." Applied Catalysis A: General 221, no. 1-2 (November 2001): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(01)00811-0.

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12

Keho, Tim, and Dharmawan Samsu. "Depth conversion of Tangguh gas fields." Leading Edge 21, no. 10 (October 2002): 966–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1518432.

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13

Zaman, Sharif F., and Kevin J. Smith. "Synthesis gas conversion over MoP catalysts." Catalysis Communications 10, no. 5 (January 2009): 468–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2008.10.022.

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14

Gradassi, Michael J., and N. Wayne Green. "Economics of natural gas conversion processes." Fuel Processing Technology 42, no. 2-3 (April 1995): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3820(94)00094-a.

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15

Sprung, Christoph, Evgeniy A. Redekop, Robert D. Armstrong, and Nikolaos E. Tsakoumis. "Midnight-sun-induced natural gas conversion." Catalysis Today 299 (January 2018): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2017.01.003.

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16

Vartanov, V. S., and B. G. Zemskov. "Gas scintillator for conversion electron detection." Measurement Techniques 30, no. 3 (March 1987): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00867079.

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17

Suurrell, M. S. "Natural gas conversion — south africa 1995." Applied Catalysis A: General 107, no. 2 (January 1994): N20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0926-860x(94)85168-9.

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18

Boev, A. A., and O. A. Grishanov. "Conversion of gas turbine engine oil system." VESTNIK of the Samara State Aerospace University 14, no. 3-2 (December 29, 2015): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2412-7329-2015-14-3-2-454-459.

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19

Boev, A. A., and O. A. Grishanov. "Conversion of gas turbine engine oil system." VESTNIK of the Samara State Aerospace University 14, no. 3-2 (December 29, 2015): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2412-7329-2015-14-3-454-459.

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20

Jones, C. Andrew, John J. Leonard, and John A. Sofranko. "Fuels for the future: remote gas conversion." Energy & Fuels 1, no. 1 (January 1987): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef00001a002.

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21

Castleman, A. Welford. "Clusters. Elucidating gas-to-particle conversion processes." Environmental Science & Technology 22, no. 11 (November 1988): 1265–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00176a004.

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22

Tran, Nguyen H., and G. S. Kamali Kannangara. "Conversion of glycerol to hydrogen rich gas." Chemical Society Reviews 42, no. 24 (2013): 9454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cs60227c.

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23

Savova, D., E. Apak, E. Ekinci, F. Yardim, N. Petrov, T. Budinova, M. Razvigorova, and V. Minkova. "Biomass conversion to carbon adsorbents and gas." Biomass and Bioenergy 21, no. 2 (August 2001): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0961-9534(01)00027-7.

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24

Davis, B. H. "Fischer-Tropsch conversion of gas to liquid." Applied Catalysis A: General 155, no. 1 (July 1997): N4—N7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(97)80024-5.

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25

Merriam, A. J., S. J. Sharpe, Hui Xia, D. A. Manuszak, G. Y. Yin, and S. E. Harris. "Efficient gas-phase VUV frequency up-conversion." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 5, no. 6 (1999): 1502–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/2944.814990.

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26

Frański, Rafał, Błażej Gierczyk, Natalia Jaroszyńska, Agnieszka Michalak, and Marta Rosik. "Gas phase conversion of triphosphate to trimetaphosphate." Journal of Mass Spectrometry 51, no. 2 (February 2016): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jms.3742.

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27

Kojima, Toshinori, Tsuyoshi Uchiyama, Daisuke Murata, Shigeru Kato, Yoshiyuki Watanabe, and Hiromitsu Shibuya. "Gas-Phase Conversion of Tetramethoxysilane to Trimethoxysilane." KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUNSHU 31, no. 2 (2005): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.31.115.

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28

Wedler, Carsten, Arash Arami-Niya, Gongkui Xiao, Roland Span, Eric F. May, and Markus Richter. "Gas Diffusion and Sorption in Carbon Conversion." Energy Procedia 158 (February 2019): 1792–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.422.

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29

Lima, Cleanio L., Santiago J. S. Vasconcelos, Josué M. Filho, Bartolomeu C. Neto, Maria G. C. Rocha, Pascal Bargiela, and Alcineia C. Oliveira. "Nanocasted oxides for gas phase glycerol conversion." Applied Catalysis A: General 399, no. 1-2 (May 2011): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2011.03.036.

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30

Kustov, L. M., and A. L. Tarasov. "Microwave-activated lignin conversion to synthesis gas." Russian Chemical Bulletin 64, no. 12 (December 2015): 2963–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11172-015-1255-1.

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31

KLASSON, K., C. ACKERSON, E. CLAUSEN, and J. GADDY. "Biological conversion of synthesis gas into fuels." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 17, no. 4 (April 1992): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3199(92)90003-f.

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32

Gómez-Barea, A., B. Leckner, D. Santana, and P. Ollero. "Gas–solid conversion in fluidised bed reactors." Chemical Engineering Journal 141, no. 1-3 (July 2008): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2007.12.014.

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33

Barik, S., J. L. Vega, E. C. Clausen, and J. L. Gaddy. "Biological conversion of coal gas to methane." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 18, no. 1 (August 1988): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02930841.

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34

Phillips, Reed E. "Harvesting Ocean Wave Energy: A Proposed System for Conversion Into Electrical Power." Natural Gas & Electricity 36, no. 2 (August 19, 2019): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.22135.

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35

Sinyavskii, V. V., S. N. Bogdanov, I. V. Alekseev, and Yu S. Faddeikina. "Conversion of Diesel Engines to a Gas and Gas–Diesel Cycle." Russian Engineering Research 39, no. 8 (August 2019): 713–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068798x19080185.

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36

Junttila, O., R. W. King, A. Poole, G. Kretschmer, R. P. Pharis, and L. T. Evans. "Regulation in Lolium temulentum of the Metabolism of Gibberellin A20 and Gibberellin A1 by 16,17-Dihydro GA5 and by the Growth Retardant, LAB 198 999." Functional Plant Biology 24, no. 3 (1997): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp96031.

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The ring D-modified gibberellin [GA], 16,17-dihydro GA5, can retard stem growth in Lolium temulentum L. while promoting flowering (Evans et al., 1994, Planta193, 107–114). Using [1,2,3-3 H]GA20 to study the final biosynthetic step to GA1 (a known effector of shoot elongation in higher plants), it was shown that C-3b-hydroxylation of GA20 to GA1 is blocked by 16,17-dihydro GA5 but is little affected by GA5. Another late-stage biosynthetic inhibitor, the acylcyclohexanedione, LAB 198 999, also blocked GA1 formation. Furthermore, endogenous levels of GA20 built up after application of 16,17-dihydro GA5. Consequently, growth retardation by 16,17-dihydro GA5 and LAB 198 999 is likely to be the result of their inhibition of GA20 3b-hydroxylation to GA1. Another fate for GA20 in Lolium is its C-2b-hydroxylation to growth-inactive GA29. This conversion was also inhibited by 16,17-dihydro GA5 but less so by LAB 198 999. The analogous step involving 2b-hydroxylation of GA1 to GA8 appeared to be insensitive to either growth retardant. When [3H]GA20 was injected into the cavity within the young intact sheathing leaves, there was an appreciable metabolism of this GA20 to GA1 and thence to GA8 (ca 10% and 30% respectively within 5 h). For excised shoot tips, however, [3H]GA20 was converted rapidly and virtually completely to GA29 in 3–5 h. Interestingly, with these excised shoot tips, GA3 and GA5 as well as 16,17-dihydro GA5 when applied via the agar strongly inhibited 2b-hydroxylation of GA20 to GA29. In contrast, while 16,17-dihydro GA5 blocked GA20 metabolism to GA29 in intact sheath/stem tissue, this conversion was not inhibited by GA5. These differences in structural specificity for GAs which inhibit 2b-hydroxylation as opposed to 3b-hydroxylation are in accordance with these two Ring-A hydroxylation steps being catalysed by different enzymes. Finally, the differences in GA20 metabolism between intact versus excised tissue raise the possibility that tissue wounding with excision enhanced the activity of the GA20 2b-hydroxylase(s).

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37

O’Brien, John, and Ron Harris. "Multicomponent VSP imaging of tight-gas sands." GEOPHYSICS 71, no. 6 (November 2006): E83—E90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2335646.

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Low-porosity Bossier and Cotton Valley sands of the East Texas Basin, U. S., have only a small acoustic impedance contrast with the encasing shales but a greater relative contrast in shear-wave impedance. Vertical seismic profile (VSP) data acquired with both a near-offset and far-offset P-wave source clearly demonstrate the P-P reflectivity and P-S mode conversions within the Bossier section. We designate conventional P-wave reflectivity as P-P, shear-wave reflectivity as S-S, and P-wave/shear-wave mode conversion data as P-S. While Bossier P-P reflectivity is low, it appears to be adequate for mapping thick sandbodies such as the York Sandstone, the main exploration target in this area. However, P-P reflectivity is even lower and is inadequate for imaging the overlying Cotton Valley Sands. In contrast, the far-offset VSP data acquired with a P-wave source demonstrate a high level of P-S-mode conversion, which is used to image this interval with definition that is not provided by P-P reflectivity. This provides strong support for the use of P-S-mode conversion imaging for seismic characterization of tight sand reservoirs. Near-offset shear-wave VSP data acquired with a shearwave source show low S/N ratio and limited bandwidth for the downgoing waveform because of the depth of the target; shear-wave energy appears to have a more limited range of propagation than P-waves. Such effects may also have a strong negative impact on multicomponent imaging of these sands using surface seismic techniques. Multicomponent 3D VSP imaging provides a superior solution by placing the geophones closer to the subsurface zone of interest.

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38

Thassanaprichayanont, S., Duangduen Atong, and Viboon Sricharoenchaikul. "Alumina Supported Ni-Mg-La Tri-Metallic Catalysts for Toluene Steam Reforming as a Biomass Gasification Tar Model Compound." Advanced Materials Research 378-379 (October 2011): 614–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.378-379.614.

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The steam reforming of toluene as a model compound of biomass gasification tar was carried out over Mg and La oxide-promoted Ni-metal oxide/Al2O3 catalysts. Catalysts were prepared by two different methods, co- and sequential impregnation. The findings indicate that conversion of gas products was improved with the use of prepared catalysts especially on syn-gas (H2 and CO) species and the highest conversions were obtained at the reaction temperature of 800°C. LHV’s of product gas when using catalysts at 800°C were over 4 MJ/m3 and ratios of H2 to CO were between 2.49-2.77. For long term test, Carbon and hydrogen conversion to CO and H2 of the catalysts with respect to time on stream in the steam toluene reforming for 480 min were studied. La2O3+MgO+Ni/Al2O3 catalyst revealed the highest and stable conversion rate of closely 50% and 70% for CO and H2, respectively. Whisker carbon species and encapsulating carbon were found on used catalysts after reaction. The La2O3+MgO+Ni/Al2O3 catalyst showed lesser amount of whisker carbon and encapsulating carbon.

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39

Gates, Bruce C., George W. Huber, Christopher L. Marshall, Phillip N. Ross, Jeffrey Siirola, and Yong Wang. "Catalysts for Emerging Energy Applications." MRS Bulletin 33, no. 4 (April 2008): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.85.

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AbstractCatalysis is the essential technology for chemical transformation, including production of fuels from the fossil resources petroleum, natural gas, and coal. Typical catalysts for these conversions are robust porous solids incorporating metals, metal oxides, and/or metal sulfides. As efforts are stepping up to replace fossil fuels with biomass, new catalysts for the conversion of the components of biomass will be needed. Although the catalysts for biomass conversion might be substantially different from those used in the conversion of fossil feedstocks, the latter catalysts are a starting point in today's research. Major challenges lie ahead in the discovery of efficient biomass conversion catalysts, as well as in the discovery of catalysts for conversion of CO2 and possibly water into liquid fuels.

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40

Myltykbayeva, L. K., K. Dossumov, G. E. Yergaziyeva, M. M. Telbayeva, А. Zh Zhanatova, N. А. Assanov, N. Makayeva, and Zh Shaimerden. "Catalysts for methane conversion process." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Chemistry. Geography. Ecology Series 134, no. 1 (2021): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6771-2021-134-1-44-53.

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The article describes current trends in the catalytic processing of natural gas such as partial and deep, also steam oxidation of methane and methane decomposition. Kazakhstan is rich in large energy resources. Therefore, it is important to create new gas chemical technologies that will allow gas resources to produce valuable chemical products. Currently, processes based on these reactions have not been introduced into production. There are highlighted catalyst systems for each reaction that provides good performance. The oxide catalysts based on metals of variable valency are effective in all processes. In the future, it is important to increase the activity of these catalysts. The catalysts were prepared by impregnating the carrier capillary (γ-Al2O3) by incipient wetness and subsequently dried at 2000C (2 h) and calcination at 5000C for three hours. In this article, a catalyst based on nickel-zirconium (3%NiО-2%ZrО2) is active in the partial oxidation of methane to obtain synthesis gas. On this catalyst, the reaction products are H2 - 60.5 vol.%, CO - 30.5 vol.%. On a 3%NiО-7%Со2О3-0,5%Сe2O3 catalyst in the reaction of DRY conversion methane 95.6% and the yield of hydrogen and carbon monoxide is 47.0 and 45.9 vol%, respectively. 29.6% methane is converted even at low temperatures (350°C) on catalyst 3%NiО-2%СеО2/γ-Al2O3 modified with cerium oxide in the reaction of deep oxidation of methane. Iron-based catalysts for the reaction of decomposition of methane to hydrogen gas are effective. On 5 wt.% Fe/ɣ-Al2O3 catalyst at 700°C of reaction of methane conversion was 2%, with an increase in the reaction temperature to 850°C, the methane conversion reached 13%, and the hydrogen yield is increased to 5.8 vol.%.

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41

Kang, Shi Gang, Zhi Min Zong, Heng Fu Shui, Zhi Cai Wang, and Xian Yong Wei. "Application of Hydrogen Storage Materials in Hydrogenation of Coal-Derived Preasphaltene." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 668–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.668.

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The hydrogenation of preasphaltene (PA), from Chinese Xiaolongtan lignite liquefied heavy product, was investigated with hydrogen storage materials in a batch autoclave. The effects of reaction conditions such as hydrogen storage materials and temperature on the yields of gas+oil, asphaltene, char and the conversions of preasphaltene were discussed. Preliminary studies indicate that increasing temperature not only improves hydrogen donor performance of hydrogen storage materials but also enhances conversion of feedstock PA and gas+oil yield. The conversion of PA and the yield gas+oil get to 72.02% and 41.46%, respectively, under 5% MgH2, 5MPa initial hydrogen pressure, temperature 420°C and reaction time 30min. Meanwhile MgH2 is stronger than NaBH4 in hydrodeoxygenation of PA under the same conditions. Elemental and FTIR analyses were used to illustrate the structural characteristics of feedstock PA and remaining preasphaltene (RPA).

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42

Thompson, A. H., Scott Hornbostel, Jim Burns, Tom Murray, Robert Raschke, John Wride, Paul McCammon, et al. "Field tests of electroseismic hydrocarbon detection." GEOPHYSICS 72, no. 1 (January 2007): N1—N9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2399458.

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Geophysicists, looking for new exploration tools, have studied the coupling between seismic and electromagnetic waves in the near-surface since the 1930s. Our research explores the possibility that electromagnetic-to-seismic (ES) conversion is useful at greater depths. Field tests of ES conversion over gas sands and carbonate oil reservoirs succeeded in delineating known hydrocarbon accumulations from depths up to [Formula: see text]. This is the first observation of electromagnetic-to-seismic coupling from surface electrodes and geophones. Electrodes at the earth’s surface generate electric fields at the target and digital accelerometers detect the returning seismic wave. Conversion at depth is confirmed with hydrophones placed in wells. The gas sands yielded a linear ES response, as expected for electrokinetic energy conversion, and in qualitative agreement with numerical simulations. The carbonate oil reservoirs generate nonlinear conversions; a qualitatively new observation and a new probe of rock properties. The hard-rock results suggest applications in lithologies where seismic hydrocarbon indicators are weak. With greater effort, deeper penetration should be possible.

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43

Zhao, Lei, and Li Xin Yu. "The Influence of Gas Source Conversion on Flow and Reliability of Gas Pipe Network." Advanced Materials Research 614-615 (December 2012): 564–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.614-615.564.

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Maximal operation pressure, minimal allowed pressure, number of source points have greatest impact on flow and reliability of pipe network. The change of the three design parameters before and after conversion are analyzed. Through the analysis of problems on the artificial gas pipeline network in Changchun City, point out that removing extra loops is the main optimization means. The hydraulic calculations have been made for optimized pipe network, and compares the flow capacity and hydraulic condition of the pipe network before and after conversion.

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44

Perkins, Christopher, and Alan Weimer. "Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of a Tubular Aerosol Reactor for Solar Thermal ZnO Decomposition." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 129, no. 4 (May 10, 2007): 391–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2769700.

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Computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed to model solar ZnO dissociation in a tubular aerosol reactor at ultrahigh temperatures (1900–2300K). Reactor aspect ratios ranged between 0.15 and 0.45, with the smallest ratio base case corresponding to a reactor diameter of 0.02286m. Gas flow rates were set such that the Ar:ZnO ratio was greater than 3:1 and the system residence time was below 2s. The system was found to exhibit highly laminar flow in all cases (Re∼10), but gas velocity profiles did not seriously affect temperature profiles. Particle heating was nearly instantaneous, a result of the high radiation heat flux from the wall. There was essentially no difference between gas and particle temperatures due to the high surface area for conductive heat exchange between the phases. Calculation of ZnO conversion showed that significant conversions (>90%) could be attained for residence times typical of rapid aerosol processing. Particle sizes of >1μm negatively affected conversion, but sizes of 10μm still gave acceptable conversion levels. Simulation of reaction of product oxygen with the reactor wall showed that a reactor constructed of an oxidation-sensitive material would not be a viable choice for a high temperature solar reactor.

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45

Fan, Z. Q., Z. H. Jin, and S. E. Johnson. "Gas-driven subcritical crack propagation during the conversion of oil to gas." Petroleum Geoscience 18, no. 2 (April 24, 2012): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/1354-079311-030.

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46

Cho, Wonjun, Hyejin Yu, Wha-Seung Ahn, and Seung-Soo Kim. "Synthesis gas production process for natural gas conversion over Ni–La2O3 catalyst." Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 28 (August 2015): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2015.02.019.

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47

Gunawardana, P. V. D. S., John Walmsley, Anders Holmen, De Chen, and Hilde Johnsen Venvik. "Metal Dusting Corrosion Initiation in Conversion of Natural Gas to Synthesis Gas." Energy Procedia 26 (2012): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.06.018.

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48

Yin, Yao Bao, and Ling Li. "Pneumatic Mechanism of Gas Cooled or Heated Through a Throttle Orifice." Applied Mechanics and Materials 141 (November 2011): 408–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.141.408.

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The mechanism of gas cooled or heated through a pneumatic throttle orifice is analyzed. Supposing the total energy of the gas is constant, if the force between the molecules does positive energy, it makes gas heated; if it does negative energy, it makes gas cooled. The conversion temperature of gas is an evaluation parameter for repulsive or attractive force. It has utilized Joule-Thomson coefficient and real gas equation of state to obtain the characteristics of conversion temperature, and the relationships between the molecules distance and the phenomenon of gas cooled or heated after throttle at normal temperature by the conversion characteristics are achieved. The experimental results agreed well with the theoretical results.

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49

TAKEHIRA, YOSHIO. "Direct Conversion of Natural Gas to Liquid Fuels." Journal of the Japanese Association for Petroleum Technology 56, no. 6 (1991): 526–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3720/japt.56.526.

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50

Rostrup-Nielsen, Jens R. "Catalysis and large-scale conversion of natural gas." Catalysis Today 21, no. 2-3 (December 1994): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5861(94)80147-9.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Gas conversion'

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