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Journal articles on the topic 'Gargles'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Lin, Carren Teh Sui, and Rajagopalan Raman. "Comparison of the Efficacy Between Oral Rinse, Oral Gargle, and Oral Spray." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 3, no. 2 (November 3, 2011): 80–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150131911417185.

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Introduction and Aims: Patients with sore throats are often treated with oral gargles or oral sprays. Some may rinse instead of gargle, leading to unsatisfactory outcome. The authors studied the efficacy of oral rinses, gargles, and sprays and the effect of Friedman palate position on the outcome. Methods: Ten subjects used specially prepared solutions to rinse, gargle, and then spray their oral cavities at 2-hour intervals. The blue dye indicated the areas stained by the solution, which were scored. Results: Although there was no difference in reaching the oropharynx between the gargles and sprays, they were both better than were the oral rinses ( P < .001). The difference in Friedman palate position did not have an effect on the efficacy of the different modalities. Conclusion: Oral gargles and sprays have been shown to be significantly better than are oral rinses if the oropharynx is the targeted site, and the size of the oral airway does not impede their efficacy.

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2

Wetal, Veena, and Maya Jamkar. "Comparative study between ketamine versus betamethasone gargles in attenuating post-operative sore throat after endotracheal intubation." Indian Journal of Clinical Anaesthesia 9, no. 3 (August 15, 2022): 453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijca.2022.070.

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: Postoperative sore throat (POST) is a commonly encountered side effect which causes patient discomfort after airway instrumentation during general anesthesia (GA). This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of preoperative gargling with Ketamine, a NMDA receptor antagonist and Betamethasone gargles, a steroidal anti inflammatory drug in reducing POST in patients being intubated for surgery under GA. This was a randomized, single blinded, prospective study conducted after obtaining the Institutional Ethics Committee approval. 90 patients undergoing surgery under GA with endotracheal intubation were enrolled in the study after obtaining written informed consent from all. They were further divided into 3 groups; group B, group K and group C who received Betamethasone gargles, Ketamine gargles and Dextrose Saline gargles respectively, 5 minutes before GA. Results obtained were compared statistically by using Kruskal-Wallis test, which showed significant difference between median POST grading. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for the statistical intergroup analysis. There was no statistical difference among groups as far as age, height, weight by using ANOVA test; p value > 0.05. Age of patients varied between 16-60 years in three groups. The severity of sore throat were noticeably reduced after Ketamine, Betamethasone gargles in group K and group B (p < 0.05) as compared to group C when statistically analysed by Mann-Whitney U test. But Betamethasone gargles in group B patients more efficiently reduced the incidence, severity of sore throat compared to Ketamine gargles (p<0.05) during postoperative period. The incidence & severity of POST decreased with use of pre-operative Ketamine gargles or Betamethasone gargles during post-operative period in patients with tracheal intubation. The Betamethasone gargles were more effective than Ketamine gargles in reducing the incidence, severity of POST.

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Ali, Abid, Ishfaq Ahmed, Kashif Ali, Muhammad Hammad Raza, Zafar Mahmood, and Ali Aftab. "Effectiveness of Ketamine Gargles in Prevention of Post-Operative Sore Throat in Patients Undergoing Endotracheal Intubation." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 2 (February 26, 2022): 343–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22162343.

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Objective: To compare the efficacy of ketamine gargles versus placebo in prevention of post-operative sore throat in patients undergoing endotracheal intubation. Study design: Randomized controlled trial. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi from 13th April 2018 to 12th October 2018. Methodology: Eighty six patients undergoing elective pelvic or abdominal surgery under general anaesthesia of age between 18–50 years of either gender were included. Patients with preoperative sore throat in addition to asthma who require more than single attempt for tracheal-tube passage were excluded from the study. Patients were allocated into two groups (Group K and Group P). All patients were premedicated with alprazolam 0.25 mg orally 3 hours before surgery. Patients in group K was given preservative free ketamine 1 ml (50 mg) in 29 ml of drinking water whereas group P was given 30 ml drinking water on entering the operation theater and was asked to gargle with the preparation for 40 seconds. At the end of 24 hours of surgery patients were asked to mark the severity of POST pain on the scale. A score of 0-3 was considered as effectiveness. Results: The mean age of women in group K was 38.58±7.57 years and in group P was 38.21±7.33 years. Fifty nine (68.60%) were males and 27 (31.40%) were females. The efficacy (in terms of prevention of postoperative sore throat) was seen in 36 (83.72%) patients in group K (ketamine gargles) and in 22 (51.16%) patients in group P (placebo) with p-value of 0.001. Conclusion: Ketamine gargle is very effective in prevention of post-operative sore throat in patients undergoing endotracheal intubation. Keywords: Endotracheal intubation, Ketamine gargles, Post-operative sore throat

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4

Al-Janabi, Ahmed S., and Oras M. Khadim. "Mouth Gargles and Antimicrobial Activities of Extracts of Corn Silk." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY TECHNOLOGY 12, no. 03 (June 30, 2022): 1025–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.12.3.18.

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Carries and plaque of dental are the most widespread diseases, this problem are caused by the mixture of microorganisms and debris of food and are caused by a mixture of microorganisms and debris of food debris. Streptococcus mutans are the main culprit for dental problems that colonize on the dental surface and caused damage to the tooth surface. Corn silk alludes to the marks of shame of Zea mays L. (Gramineae) from the female blossoms of maize. it is restoratively utilized in the treatment various infection. Screening of plant against pathogenic microscopic organisms is a significant stage to approve its restorative properties. Subsequently, the point of this review was to research the capacity of extracted corn silk to inhibit the growth of cariogenic bacteria and compare the efficacy with commercial gargles and Amoxi-Clav antibiotics. Our in-vitro study results show a double inhibition effect on S. mutans as compared with amoxi-clav, and a significant inhibitory effect compared with commercial gargles. Corn silk extract were tested for their antimicrobial activity and showed higher significant activity than amoxi-clav and commercial gargle against S. mutans (p < 0.05)

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Saraladevi V, Ravichandran S, Bhavani J, Satheesh Kumar D, Chandrasekaran A R, and Irfana Asma S. "Antibacterial Activity of the Herbal Gargles." International Journal of Pharmacometrics and Integrated Biosciences 4, no. 2 (December 25, 2019): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijpib.v4i2.1255.

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Teeth and mouth are the supportive organs to enable us in doing all the functions of the body by consuming. So, cleanliness of the oral areas is important for the healthy and nourished body which is devoid of microorganisms. Herbs have been in the investigations for the antibacterial and antiviral properties along with the history of the medical systems. They were effective and safer relative to the available synthetic drugs. Three formulations of gargle were prepared using Extract of Neem, Aloe Gel and clove oil which were named as GNF, GAF and GCF. The physical parameters were estimated, such as pH and one formulation failed in the stability study. The prepared GNF and GAF showed better antibacterial activity against the bacteria extracted by swabbing the mouth and also the three strains like E coil, Streptomyces and staphylococcus.

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Ali, Liaqat, Sabir Khan, Haroon Israr, and Aamir Furqan. "SORE THROAT." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 09 (September 10, 2018): 1421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.09.148.

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Objectives: To compare the effect of ketamine nebulization and ketamine gargleon post operative sore throat. Study Design: Randomized control trial. Setting: Department ofAnaesthesia Ibn e Sina Hospital. Multan and National, Lahore. Period: May 2016 to May 2017.Methodology: After provision form ethical committee and informed consent to be included instudy. Patients of age 20-60 years, ASA status I and II, elective surgeries under GA and both sexwere included in the study through consecutive sampling technique. SPSS software was used toanalyze all variables included in the study continuous variables were measured and presentedas mean and standard deviation, categorical measurement were measured in numbers andpercents. Chi square test was applied to check the difference among both groups. P value ≤0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Overall, 100% (n=160) patients were included, inthis study; divided into two equal groups, 50% (n=80) in each, gargled ketamine group (GKgroup) and nebulization group (NK group) respectively. The incidence of postoperative sorethroat at 0, 2, 4, and 24 hours, in GK group, was (n=8) 40%, (n=4) 20%, (n=3) 15% and (n=3)15%respectively. While, at corresponding time point in group NK it was (n=1) 5%, (n=7) 35%,(n=4) 20% and (n=2) 10%respectively. Conclusion: The observations of our study revealedthat ketamine nebulization and ketamine gargles having no significant difference in reductionof POST incidence.

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Bhalla, M., and G. P. Thami. "Acute urticaria following 'gomutra' (cow's urine) gargles." Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 30, no. 6 (November 2005): 722–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.2005.01890.x.

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8

Montgomery, J., and A. Robertson. "Vapours, gargles, darts and bougies: Victorian ENT treatments." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 126, no. 11 (July 18, 2012): 1159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215112001612.

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AbstractBackground:Sir Morell Mackenzie (1837–1892), the pre-eminent early laryngologist in the UK, is nowadays perhaps better remembered for his role in the management of the Crown Prince of Germany in 1887, than for his major contribution to the development of laryngology as a specialty. In this article we focus upon his text The Pharmacopoeia of the Hospital for Diseases of the Throat (fourth edition), and attempt a comparison of Victorian ENT treatments with today's management of ENT diseases.Treatments:Some of these Victorian treatments bear a resemblance to modern day practices. Others have not withstood the test of time, in particular: silver nitrate sticks for syphilitic ulcers of the larynx (not epistaxis); nebulised sulphuric acid, which was used as a stimulant; nasal bougies, including scotch pine and lead acetate; chloroform vapour for the treatment of hay fever; ‘London paste’, a non-surgical treatment for the reduction of the tonsils, (which was perhaps the Victorian equivalent of coblation); and zinc chloride darts, which were plunged into intractable goitres.Conclusion:Some of these remedies bear no resemblance to today's evidence-based practices, while other treatments (such as silver nitrate) are still in common use. In Victorian times, however, Mackenzie's books were widely read throughout Europe and were the standard references for a specialty in its infancy. The Pharmacopoeia was published in 1872, and major advances in medicine have been made since then. We have no way of knowing which treatments in today's British National Formulary will still be in use in 140 years.

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Suresh, Varun, Saurabh Sharma, and Anurag Aggarwal. "Preanesthetic Povidone-Iodine gargles for patients with COVID-19." Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 67 (December 2020): 110035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.110035.

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10

Cho, H., T. Kishikawa, Y. Tokita, M. Suzuki, N. Takemoto, A. Hanamoto, T. Fukusumi, et al. "Prevalence of human papillomavirus in oral gargles and tonsillar washings." Oral Oncology 105 (June 2020): 104669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104669.

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11

HOSHINO, NOBUO, NOBUHITO SHIBATA, TOKUZO MINOUCHI, and AKIRA YAMAJI. "Evaluation of Thickening Agents in Preparation of Sodium Gualenate Gargles." Japanese Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 24, no. 6 (1998): 687–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5649/jjphcs1975.24.687.

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12

Cho, Sun Young, Jeong-Hyun Choi, Seung Hyeun Lee, Yong-Sung Choi, Sung Wook Hwang, and Young Jin Kim. "Metataxonomic investigation of the microbial community in the trachea and oropharynx of healthy controls and diabetic patients using endotracheal tubes." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 5, 2021): e0259596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259596.

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Background Although the study of respiratory microbiota has been an active field of research, obtaining the appropriate respiratory samples for healthy controls remains to be a challenge. As such, this study aims to evaluate the use of endotracheal tube washing as a viable control for sputum samples. Methods A total of 14 subjects, including 8 healthy respiratory controls and 6 diabetic patients without any respiratory disease, were enrolled in this study, during which the endotracheal tubes used in their scheduled routine surgery were collected. Pre-operative oral gargles were also collected from non-diabetic subjects. Results 16S amplicon sequencing revealed similar taxa composition in endotracheal tube washings and oral gargles in the healthy control subjects, although the relative abundance of 11 genus level operational taxonomic units was significantly different between the two sample sources. The diabetic subjects showed relatively lower diversity than those of non-diabetic subjects. The proportion range of the most abundant taxa detected in each endotracheal tube washings were 10.1–33.2%. Conclusion Endotracheal tube washing fluid may provide healthy control samples for upper respiratory investigations without incurring any additional risk to the subject.

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13

Shetty, Sumalatha R., Karan Pratap Singh Panaych, and Raveendra U. S. "Randomised, single blinded, controlled, prospective study comparing ketamine, lignocaine and chlorhexidine gargle in prevention of post-operative sore throat." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 05, no. 03 (September 2015): 082–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1703917.

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Abstract Background: Postoperative sore throat is a common complaint in patients after extubation and can be distressing to the patients. Hence we aimed to compare efficacy of lignocaine, ketamine and chlorhexidine gargle for the control of postoperative sore throat. Materials and Methods: After institutional ethical committee clearance, 100 patients were allotted into 4 groups of 25 each in this randomized, double blind, control study. The study solution for gargle in Group L, Group C and Group K contained 50mg lignocaine, 30mg chlorhexidine and 50 mg ketamine in 30ml sterile water respectively while in Group W it was 30ml of sterile water. The study solution was given 5 minutes before induction and the patients were made to gargle it for 30 seconds. The post-operative sore throat (POST) grading was done at 0, 2, 6 and 24 hours after extubation. Results: At 0 hour, there was a significant lower grades of POST in Group K as compared to Group W (p=0.011). At the 4 hour interval, the grades of POST were significantly lower in group K (p=0.001) and Group L (p<0.001) whencompared to Group C.At the 24 hour time interval, the grades of POST were lower in Group L (p=0.007) and Group K (p<0.001) when compared to Group C. At the same time interval, significantly lower grades of POST in Group W was seen compared to Group C (p=0.001). At the end of all time intervals there was no statistical significant difference in the severity of POST in Group L and Group K. There were no significant haemodynamic changes in any of the groups. Conclusion: Ketamine and Lignocaine gargles are effective in the reduction of postoperative sore throat without any changes in haemodynamics.

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Suzuki, Takahisa, Hiroshi Kataoka, Takashi Ida, Takeshi Mikuniya, Takahisa Suzuki, and Kazunari Kamachi. "Bactericidal activity of topical antiseptics and their gargles against Bordetella pertussis." Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 18, no. 2 (2012): 272–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10156-011-0312-4.

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15

Haritha, C., and V. Shankar. "Oral morphine gargles: A cost effective approach for pain relief in patients with chemoradiation induced acute oral mucositis in head and neck cancers." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): e20504-e20504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.e20504.

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e20504 Background: Painful oral mucositis is the most significant dose-limiting toxicity in head & neck cancer patients treated with conc. CT-RT protocol. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of oral morphine gargles in reducing the severity of chemoradiation induced mucositis pain & thus, its impact on nutrition, quality of life & cost of supportive care, during the treatment period. Methods: 106 consecutive patients, recruited between May 2006 through Dec. 2007, with adv. head and neck cancers (54 oropharynx, 42 hypopharynx & 10 nasopharynx) were included in the study. All patients underwent treatment under conc. CT-RT (Inj.CDDP 40mg/m2 weekly, RT: 66–70gy/33–35# @200cgy/# delivered by 3D- CRT). Patients who had painful mucositis (RTOG Grade 3 or more) not controlled with magic mouthwash, Tab. Acetaminophen 500mg qds or Tab.Tramdol 50–100 mg tds were randomized into 2 groups: morphine group (MOP) -53 patients & Control group (CON) - 53 patients. Patients in both groups received adjusted doses of oral steroids based on the severity of oral mucositis. While CON group patients were given adjusted doses of tramadol, MOP group patients were assigned to 15ml of 2% morphine gargles administered every 4th hourly. Patients were instructed not to swallow the rinses and to hold the solution in the mouth for 3mins duration. All patients underwent weekly recording of (1) response to pain rated on VAS (2) weight (3) morphine systemic side-effects (4) QOL Questionnaire. Mann-Whitney test and ’T’ Test are used for statistical analysis of the data. Results: Patients in the MOP group had significant lower pain intensity scores, better QOL scores & less weight loss compared to patients in the CON group. The duration of the severe pain was atleast 1 week shorter in the MOP group. Systemic side-effects secondary (nausea, vomiting, constipation) to opiod use were significantly lower in the MOP group. The Cost of supportive care for pain management was less in the MOP group, with greater compliance for the treatment. Conclusions: Morphine gargles, in our experience, is an effective approach for pain relief in patients with CT-RT induced acute mucositis in head and neck cancers thus leading to better nutrition & compliance in the treatment. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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Ali, Liaqat, Sabir Khan, Haroon Israr, and Aamir Furqan. "SORE THROAT." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 09 (September 9, 2018): 1421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/18.4507.

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Omweri, Lameck Gisairo, Alex Ogero Okaru, Kennedy Omondi Abuga, and Stanley Njagih Ndwigah. "Quality of povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine-based oral care products in Nairobi, Kenya." F1000Research 11 (March 21, 2022): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.109046.1.

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Background: The oral cavity harbors many microbes that may cause diseases, including dental caries and periodontal diseases. Progressive inflammation from periodontal diseases may lead to gum detachment from the teeth. Povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine mouth rinses and gargles are broad-spectrum antimicrobial products that effectively manage dental caries and periodontal diseases and eliminate plaques. This study was conducted in Nairobi County, Kenya to establish the quality of povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine oral care products by determining the content of the active pharmaceutical ingredient and compliance with labeling requirements. Methods: A total of 34 samples (from 15 brands) of povidone-iodine and 15 samples (from nine brands) of chlorhexidine were collected from retail pharmacies using convenience sampling. All samples were subjected to labeling analysis, identity, and assay tests. Potentiometric titration was used to assay povidone-iodine in the samples, while chlorhexidine was assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) according to British Pharmacopeia 2017 specifications. Results: All samples complied with identification tests. Moreover, 47.1% of povidone-iodine and 66.7% of chlorhexidine products complied with pharmacopoeial assay specifications. Five povidone-iodine (14.7%) and four chlorhexidine (26.7%) samples had missing label information on the storage conditions and the address of the manufacturer. Conclusions: Strict adherence to current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) by manufacturers of povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine mouthwashes/gargles is necessary to guarantee quality assured products in the market. Regular post-market surveillance and regulatory enforcement of standards are instrumental in minimizing the circulation of poor-quality products.

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Patel, S. K., K. Ghufoor, S. M. Jayaraj, D. W. McPartlin, and J. Philpott. "Pictorial assessment of the delivery of oropharyngeal rinse versus oropharyngeal spray." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 113, no. 12 (December 1999): 1092–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100157974.

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AbstractOral rinses/gargles and oral sprays are frequently used in the management of oropharyngeal inflammation. This pictorial study, using methylene blue dye as a marker of the distribution of these topical preparations in the oropharynx, suggests that oral sprays are more effective in coating the oropharynx than oral rinses, whilst oral rinses are better at staining the oral cavity and base of tongue. The authors therefore suggest that oral rinses should be used to treat disease in the oral cavity and oral sprays should be used to treat ailments in the oropharynx.

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Mule, Chandrashekhar N., and Swapnil K. Chavan. "IMPORTANCE OF AYURVEDIC DANT DHAWAN VIDHI IN ORAL HYGIENE AND ORO – DENTAL DISEASES IN COMPARISON WITH MODERN METHODS: REVIEW STUDY." International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 13, no. 5 (October 15, 2022): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.1305138.

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In Ayurveda, Dantdhawan vidhi is routine work in Dinacharya, including Dantdhawan, Jivhanirlekhan, Kawal, Gandush etc., to maintain oral hygiene. Similarly, modern methods include Tooth Brushing, Gargles etc., which help keep the mouth clean and free of disease. Ayurveda gives importance to a thorough Dant Dhawan vidhi in the early morning, while modern medicine provides a general guideline of brushing teeth twice a day after meals. Both methods give importance to cleaning teeth, interdental cleaning and gums hygiene. This article provides a brief knowledge of oral hygiene in Oro Dental disease in view of Ayurveda and Modern methods.

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Kamble, Neha P., and Manojkumar N. Gajbhare. "Efficacy of Ketamine Gargles in the Prevalence of Postoperative Sore Throat after Endotracheal Intubation." Indian Journal of Clinical Anaesthesia 2, no. 4 (2015): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2394-4994.2015.00039.6.

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Jordens, J. Z., J. N. Williams, G. R. Jones, and J. E. Heckels. "Detection of Meningococcal Carriage by Culture and PCR of Throat Swabs and Mouth Gargles." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.40.1.75-79.2002.

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IWATA, Masashi, Masako TODA, Mikio NAKAYAMA, Yukihiko HARA, and Tadakatsu SHIMAMURA. "Comparison Between Black Tea and Gargles on Inhibition of the Infectivity of Influenza Virus." Journal of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases 71, no. 11 (1997): 1175–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.71.1175.

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Combes, J. D., C. Clavel, V. Dalstein, T. Gheit, G. M. Clifford, M. Tommasino, S. Franceschi, and J. Lacau St Guily. "Human papillomavirus detection in gargles, tonsil brushings, and frozen tissues in cancer-free patients." Oral Oncology 82 (July 2018): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2018.05.001.

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Phalgune, Deepak, Munira A. Dilawer, Sandeep Mutha, and Ajit Gaikwad. "A randomized controlled study to compare the efficacy of amyl meta cresol-2, 4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol lozenges Vs warm saline gargles Vs control in the prevention and treatment of post-operative sore throat after endotracheal intubation." Indian Journal of Clinical Anaesthesia 9, no. 1 (February 15, 2022): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijca.2022.017.

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The incidence of a post-operative sore throat (POST) varied from 21%–100% in intubated patients. Numerous non-pharmacological and pharmacological measures have been used for attenuating POST with variable success. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of amyl meta cresol-2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol (AMC-2,4-DCBA) lozenges against warm normal saline (0.9%) gargles versus control in preventing and treating POST after extubation of the patients who have undergone surgical procedures under general anaesthesia.This single-blind randomised controlled study was conducted in 120 patients. Group S patients received one honey and lemon-flavoured AMC-2,4-DCBA lozenge. Group G and Group C patients received warm normal saline and distilled water for gargling respectively. Assessment of POST was carried out at 1 h, 12 h and 24 h. The primary outcome measure was to compare the degree of sore throat whereas secondary outcome measure was to compare patient comfort in terms of relief of symptoms. Comparison of quantitative and qualitative variables was done using analysis of variance test and chi-square test/Fisher’s exact test respectively.There was no statistically significant difference between Group S, Group G and Group C in relation to Ramsay sedation score, supplemental analgesics given, three-point assessment score at 1 h, 12 h, and 24 h. AMC-2,4-DCBA lozenges offered the maximum benefit in terms of patient comfort of POST symptoms at the end of 24 h post-surgically. Amyl meta cresol-2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol lozenges and warm normal saline gargles did not show a significant benefit in relieving post-operative sore throat in the post-surgical period as compared to the placebo.

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Akira, Kazuki, Ayaka Nohara, Yuka Utsunomiya, Hidemichi Mitome, Shinichi Watanabe, Mamoru Tanaka, and Akihiro Tanaka. "Application of Quantitative NMR Spectroscopy to the Quality Evaluation of Diclofenac Gargles as Hospital Preparations." Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 69, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 721–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.c21-00079.

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Jassar, P., D. P. Murray, and M. S. W. Lee. "The use of toluidine blue gargles to aid the detection of impacted pharyngeal fish bones." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 113, no. 10 (October 1999): 909–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100145554.

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AbstractFishbone impaction is a common clinical problem. In most cases careful examination pinpoints the impacted bone which can then be removed. If no bone is detected a distinction must be drawn between mucosal abrasion mimicking fishbone impaction and a fine or deeply impaled fishbone eluding detection. We present a new method that may be helpful in the detection of pharyngeal fishbones.

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Stathis, Christopher, Nikolas Victoria, Kristin Loomis, Shaun A. Nguyen, Maren Eggers, Edward Septimus, and Nasia Safdar. "Review of the use of nasal and oral antiseptics during a global pandemic." Future Microbiology 16, no. 2 (January 2021): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2020-0286.

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A review of nasal sprays and gargles with antiviral properties suggests that a number of commonly used antiseptics including povidone-iodine, Listerine®, iota-carrageenan and chlorhexidine should be studied in clinical trials to mitigate both the progression and transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Several of these antiseptics have demonstrated the ability to cut the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 by 3–4 log10 in 15–30 s in vitro. In addition, hypertonic saline targets viral replication by increasing hypochlorous acid inside the cell. A number of clinical trials are in process to study these interventions both for prevention of transmission, prophylaxis after exposure, and to diminish progression by reduction of viral load in the early stages of infection.

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Khan, Mubarak Muhamed, and Sapna Ramkrishna Parab. "Tolerability and usability of 0.5% PVP-I gargles and nasal drops in 6692 patients: Observational study." American Journal of Otolaryngology 42, no. 2 (March 2021): 102880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102880.

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29

Blasi, Claudio. "A case of COVID-19 infection quickly relieved after nasal instillations and gargles with povidone iodine." Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine 22, no. 2 (2021): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.31083/j.rcm2202033.

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30

Garg, Pankaj. "Role of povidone-iodine gargles in COVID-19 pandemic and a ray of hope for future." Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 10, no. 10 (2021): 3941. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2611_20.

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31

Combes, Jean-Damien, Véronique Dalstein, Tarik Gheit, Gary M. Clifford, Massimo Tommasino, Christine Clavel, Jean Lacau St Guily, and Silvia Franceschi. "Prevalence of human papillomavirus in tonsil brushings and gargles in cancer-free patients: The SPLIT study." Oral Oncology 66 (March 2017): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.01.001.

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32

Kanno, Keiji, Kenji Mogi, Kuninori Sasaoka, and Akihide Negishi. "The Study on the Oral Bacteria Decreasing Effect of Various Oral Care Methods: The Drug Efficacy of Gargle Solutions II. Studies on the Oral Bacteria Reducing Effect of Various Gargles." Kitakanto Medical Journal 58, no. 1 (2008): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2974/kmj.58.1.

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33

Cho, H., T. Kishikawa, Y. Tokita, M. Suzuki, N. Takemoto, A. Hanamoto, T. Fukusumi, et al. "Corrigendum to “Prevalence of human papillomavirus in oral gargles and tonsillar washings” [Oral Oncol. 105 (2020) 104669]." Oral Oncology 120 (September 2021): 105478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2021.105478.

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34

Zhang, Yan-zhen, Yan-chun Zhou, Li Liu, and Yan Zhu. "Simultaneous determination of fluoride, chloride, sulfate, phosphate, monofluorophosphate, glycerophosphate, sorbate, and saccharin in gargles by ion chromatography." Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B 8, no. 7 (June 2007): 507–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1631/jzus.2007.b0507.

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35

Kourieh, Aboud, Jean-Damien Combes, Massimo Tommasino, Véronique Dalstein, Gary M. Clifford, Jean Lacau St Guily, Christine Clavel, Silvia Franceschi, and Tarik Gheit. "Prevalence and risk factors of human polyomavirus infections in non-malignant tonsils and gargles: the SPLIT study." Journal of General Virology 99, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 1686–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001156.

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36

Giuliano, Anna R., Belinda Nedjai, Attila T. Lorincz, Michael J. Schell, Shams Rahman, Rawinder Banwait, David Boulware, et al. "Methylation of HPV 16 and EPB41L3 in oral gargles: Associations with oropharyngeal cancer detection and tumor characteristics." International Journal of Cancer 146, no. 4 (July 26, 2019): 1018–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.32570.

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37

Nikolaeva, S. V., D. V. Usenko, S. V. Shabalina, L. V. Feklisova, Yu N. Khlypovka, and A. V. Gorelov. "What should we know about antibacterial therapy for respiratory infections in children. The right start ensures a successful finish." Infekcionnye bolezni 18, no. 4 (2020): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1729-9225-2020-4-195-200.

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Despite significant public health efforts, acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are still very common among children. Most ARIs (both mono- and mixed forms that became more frequent recently) are caused by viruses. Inappropriate use of antibiotics in patients with ARIs leads to an increase in antibiotic resistance, which is a highly relevant problem now. Administration of antibiotics requires an individual approach and better knowledge of practitioners regarding the problem of antibiotic resistance. Since clinical manifestations of upper respiratory tract infections (that represent a large proportion of all ARIs in children) include both general intoxication symptoms (fever, decreased appetite, weakness, and fatigue) and local symptoms (nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, sore throat increasing during swallowing, and cough) and the most common pathogens causing ARIs are viruses, local anti-inflammatory and bactericidal agents in the form of gargles or tablets for resorption are preferable. Key words: respiratory infections, children, mixed infection, Faringosept

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38

Tirunagari, Mamatha, Nagadivya Nerella, Anupama Koneru, Madihah, Syed Sarfaraz, and M. A. Mushtaq. "Formulation and Evaluation of Pediatric Paracetamol Elixir Using Natural Colorant." International Journal of PharmTech Research 13, no. 3 (2020): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20902/ijptr.2019.130307.

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Oral dosage forms are most popular among other dosage forms. In terms of bioavailability liquid dosage form is better than that of solid dosage form. In the present scenario monophagic liquid dosage forms such as syrups, elixirs, throat paints, mouth washes, gargles have gained huge popularity. These are very basic preparations which involve brief processes, machineries and are cost effective also. They come in wide range colours and flavors so as to attract the pediatric age group. Currently colors derived from natural sources are given priority compared to synthetic ones. In this study we formulated paracetamol which is a bitter drug as an elixir using natural colorant from annatto seeds at three different concentrations in F1, F2, and F3. Ethanol. Propylene glycol, mixed fruit juice, chloroform spirit, sucrose syrup and glycerin were also used. These formulations were evaluated for different physical parameters and it showed good results.

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39

Shoemaker, Kirsten, Christopher SG Thompson, Rupali Sawant, and Gundula Thiel. "Potential life-threatening complication of tonsillectomy: cervicofacial surgical emphysema." BMJ Case Reports 12, no. 1 (January 2019): e228377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-228377.

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A 30-year-old woman presented to the accident and emergency department 3 days post-tonsillectomy with bleeding from the tonsillar fossa and left-sided facial swelling. The patient denied any dysphagia or breathing difficulties but experienced pain on neck movement. On examination, although the bleeding had stopped on reaching the emergency department, a small clot was noted in her left tonsillar fossa. A left facial/submandibular swelling was seen, which had been present since her operation and was slowly enlarging. Flexible nasendoscopy showed a mild left sided oropharyngeal swelling but was otherwise normal. She was treated initially with antibiotics and hydrogen peroxide gargles. After 24 hours of observation and a slight worsening of the swelling she underwent a CT of the neck. This showed widespread indurated subcutaneous surgical emphysema, originating from the left tonsillar bed. Following a period of observation and improvement in her symptoms, she was discharged home with safety netting.

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40

Navaneeth, Vyshnavi, Ajmal Erambath Basheer, Akhila Uthirampally Premarajan, Dhilin Pathayappurakkal Mohanan, Saranya Thekkila-Veedu, Jobin Ravi, Rajesh Ramachandran Savithriamma, Lal Prasanth Mercy Lazar, and Dilip Krishnan Krishnan. "Saponin and Immune Stimulant Based Gargles and Nasal Rinses: A Potential Virucidal for Preventive Management of SARS-CoV-2 Infection?" Exploratory Research and Hypothesis in Medicine 000, no. 000 (July 5, 2022): 000. http://dx.doi.org/10.14218/erhm.2021.00007.

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41

Balasubramanian, Balaguhan, Sudhakar Venkatachalapathy, Kirthika Natarajan, Mathan M. Aiyathurai, and TS Vinodhini Sudhakar. "In Vivo Efficacy of Povidone-iodine Mouth Gargles in Reducing Salivary Viral Load in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review." World Journal of Dentistry 12, no. 6 (November 24, 2021): 504–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1868.

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42

Birrer, Richard B., Anthony J. Shallash, and Vicken Totten. "Hypermagnesemia-induced fatality following epsom salt gargles 1 1Selected Topics: Toxicology is coordinated by Kenneth Kulig, MD, of Denver, Colorado." Journal of Emergency Medicine 22, no. 2 (February 2002): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0736-4679(01)00462-0.

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43

Fukushima, Chizu, Terufumi Shimoda, Tetsuya Kawano, Sinnya Tomari, Kazuko Mitsuta, Yasushi Obase, Nobuko Matsuo, Hiroto Matsuse, and Shigeru Kohno. "Effects of Amphotericin B Gargles on Oral Colonization of Candida albicansin Asthmatic Patients on Steroid Inhalation Therapy." Respiration 68, no. 5 (2001): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000050552.

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44

LeBlanc, Jason J., Janice Pettipas, Melanie Di Quinzio, Todd F. Hatchette, and Glenn Patriquin. "Reliable detection of SARS-CoV-2 with patient-collected swabs and saline gargles: A three-headed comparison on multiple molecular platforms." Journal of Virological Methods 295 (September 2021): 114184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114184.

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45

Liu, Na, Yue Liu, Hailin Zhang, and Qing Liu. "Investigation on the Cognitive Situation of Gargles by Dentists with Different Titles in a Province of China: A Cross-sectional Survey." Clinical Medicine Research 9, no. 3 (2020): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.cmr.20200903.11.

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46

Goldstein, E. J., and R. N. Gunson. "In-house validation of the cobas Liat influenza A/B and RSV assay for use with gargles, sputa and endotracheal secretions." Journal of Hospital Infection 101, no. 3 (March 2019): 289–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2018.10.025.

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47

Suchitra M R and Parthasarathy S. "Partha’s new techniques to counter corona virus – the usefulness of Camphor vapour and Mandl’s paint." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL1 (August 17, 2020): 472–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.2822.

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The use of N95 masks is being recommended for the control of transmission of the dreaded corona virus. As this mask is relatively costly in the Indian set up, of masks has been suggested. One of the common methods of sterilization is keeping the mask dry for three days. As a different modification of the technique, we suggest (’s technique) that it can be kept in a box with camphor crystals. The smell of the camphor has soothing effects in the nose with actions. a simple drying can be done in a box with camphor which has got added beneficial effects. Application of iodine in the nose and the throat known to have effects. But the commonly present gargles are more watery to stay in the . Here we suggest a paint prepared as Mandl’s paint (an old preparation) which is more viscous to stay in the for a few hours to have a potent effect. The technique (’s technique) of application was by a throat swab with the paint followed touching the back of the two nostrils with cotton buds soaked in Mandl’s paint.

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48

Giuliani, Massimo, Tarik Gheit, Francesca Rollo, Massimo Tommasino, Alessandra Latini, Maria Benevolo, Barbara Pichi, et al. "Predictors of Oral Infection by Mucosal and Cutaneous Human Papillomaviruses in HIV-Infected and Uninfected Men Who Have Sex with Men of the OHMAR Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 2804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10132804.

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Mucosal Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) play a role in the development of a subset of head and neck cancers. Cutaneous HPVs are abundantly present in the oral cavity. The determinants of these infections have not been extensively investigated. We assessed the correlates of oral infection by alpha and beta and/or gamma HPVs in HIV-infected and uninfected men who have sex with men (MSM). Oral rinse-and-gargles were collected with a mouthwash. Alpha and beta/gamma HPVs were detected using the Linear Array HPV genotyping test and a multiplex PCR combined with Luminex technology, respectively. Multiple logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors of oral HPV infection. Overall, 193 HIV-uninfected and 117 HIV-infected MSM were enrolled. Among HIV-infected MSM, the only determinant of alpha HPV infection was the number of lifetime oral sex partners (AOR: 8.26, 95% CI: 2.26–30.16). The strongest determinant of beta/gamma HPV infection was represented by practicing condomless receptive oral sex (AOR: 10.76, 95% CI: 1.56–74.17). Age was independently associated with alpha HPV infection in HIV-uninfected MSM. Beta/gamma HPV infection was not associated with sexual behavior in these subjects. In conclusion, predictors of oral infection differ between HIV-infected and uninfected MSM, as well as between alpha and beta/gamma HPVs.

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49

Monteiro-Filho, Emygdio LA, and Karin DKA Monteiro. "Low-frequency sounds emitted by Sotalia fluviatilis guianensis (Cetacea: Delphinidae) in an estuarine region in southeastern Brazil." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-166.

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Recordings of the vocalizations of the dolphin Sotalia fluviatilis guianensis were made in an estuarine complex at Cananéia in southeastern Brazil over a period of 10 years (19891998). This area is characterized by mangroves and the constant presence of dolphins. Recordings were obtained at depths of 24 m using digital and analog recorders at a speed of 19 cm/s. Four classes of sounds were identified. "Whistles," which are used in social activities, occurred with the greatest frequency (χ2 = 58.92, df = 3, P < 0.001). "Calls," which were very variable in form, were the second most common class used by family groups (χ2 = 10.96, df = 2, 0.005 > P > 0.001). There were no differences in the rates at which schools emitted whistles and calls (χ2 = 2.12, df = 1, 0.25 > P > 0.10). "Gargles" were apparently emitted by calves and were similar in structure to a low-frequency call. The fourth class, "clicks," are used in echolocation. Clicks varied considerably in their frequency of occurrence and frequency of emission, and were not always detected. There were significant differences in emission rates among the four classes (χ2 = 18.73, df = 3, P < 0.001). In addition, which class of sound was emitted depended on the type of activity exhibited by the dolphins (displacement, fishing, social) and on the social structure (family or school) adopted.

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50

Ajello, Maria, Rita Greco, Francesco Giansanti, Maria Teresa Massucci, Giovanni Antonini, and Piera Valenti. "Anti-invasive activity of bovine lactoferrin towards group A streptococci." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 80, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o01-211.

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Group A streptococci (GAS) are able to invade cultured epithelial and endothelial cells without evidence of intracellular replication. GAS, like other facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens, evolved such ability to enter and to survive within host cells avoiding the host defences, and bacterial intracellular survival could explain the recurrence of infections. We report here that 1 mg bovine lactoferrin (bLf)/mL significantly hindered the in vitro invasion of cultured epithelial cells by GAS isolated from patients suffering from pharyngitis and completely inhibited the invasiveness of GAS pretreated with subinhibiting concentrations of erythromycin or ampicillin. One milligram of bLf per millilitre was also able to increase the number of epithelial cells undergoing apoptosis following GAS invasion, although the number of intracellular GAS in the presence of bLf decreased by about 10-fold. The ability of bLf to decrease GAS invasion was confirmed by an in vivo trial carried out on 12 children suffering from pharyngitis and already scheduled for tonsillectomy. In tonsil specimens from children treated for 15 days before tonsillectomy with both oral erythromycin (500 mg t.i.d. (three times daily)) and bLf gargles (100 mg t.i.d.), a lower number of intracellular GAS was found in comparison with that retrieved in tonsil specimens from children treated with erythromycin alone (500 mg t.i.d.).Key words: lactoferrin, group A streptococci, invasiveness, anti-invasive activity, apoptosis.

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