Journal articles: 'Gardens, European Australia History'

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Read, Stuart. "Bidwill of Wide Bay: A Botanist Cut Short." Queensland Review 19, no. 1 (June 2012): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qre.2012.7.

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John Carne Bidwill was born in 1815 in England and died in Queensland in 1853. His short life is relevant to Australia's garden history, botany, the horticultural use of Australian plants in European gardens and the colonial history of Sydney, New Zealand, Wide Bay and Maryborough. He may have been the first to introduce plant breeding into Australia. In a short life, and working in his spare time, he contributed more than many full-time and longer-lived horticulturists. This included discovering new species, crossing new hybrids (specific and inter-generic), and propagating and promulgating plants for the nursery trade and gardeners. His efforts are marked by his name gracing many Australian and New Zealand plants, exotic plant hybrids and modern suburbs of Sydney and Maryborough. This brief biography outlines Bidwill's time in Australasia and Queensland.

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Aldous, David E. "Perspectives on Horticultural Therapy in Australia." HortTechnology 10, no. 1 (January 2000): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.10.1.18.

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Human awareness of plants in Australia goes back 50,000 years when the aboriginal first began using plants to treat, clothe and feed themselves. The European influence came in 1778 with the First Fleet landing in New South Wales. Australia's earliest records of using horticulture for therapy and rehabilitation were in institutions for people with intellectual disabilities or who were incarcerated. Eventually, legislation created greater awareness in the government and community for the needs of persons with disabilities, and many worthwhile projects, programs and organizations were established or gained greater recognition. Horticultural therapy programs may be found in nursing homes, rehabilitation centers, adult training support services, hospitals, day centers, community centers and gardens, educational institutions, supported employment, and the prisons system. This article reviews the history and development of Australian horticulture as a therapy in the treatment of disabilities and social disadvantaged groups, and includes an overview of programs offered for special populations and of Australia's horticultural therapy associations. It also discusses opportunities for research, teaching and extension for horticultural therapy in Australia.

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Friedel, M. H. "Unwelcome guests: a selective history of weed introductions to arid and semi-arid Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 68, no. 2 (2020): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt20030.

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Following European settlement of Australia, numerous plant species were deliberately introduced for use in crops, pastures, gardens and horticulture, and others arrived by chance. Many subsequently escaped and became weedy. Of the 54 weed species of natural environments of arid and semi-arid Australia that are considered here, 27 were apparently accidentally introduced, 20 were intentionally introduced and 7 were probably introduced both accidentally and intentionally. Livestock including camels and their harness, and contaminated seed and hay were the most common vectors for accidental introduction. Amongst intentional introductions, rather more ornamental species appear to have invaded successfully than pasture species, but the former generally occupy niche habitats. Recent new introductions are few due to pre-border, border and post-border protections, but many current arid zone weeds continue to spread. Understanding the history of weed invasions can help to guide current and future management by clarifying pathways for introduction.

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Merrillees, R. S. "Greece and the Australian Classical connection." Annual of the British School at Athens 94 (November 1999): 457–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006824540000068x.

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The study of ancient Greek and Latin in Australia and New Zealand, especially at Sydney Church of England Grammar School in New South Wales, produced this century a number of leading scholars who made a major contribution to the study of Old World archaeology in Europe and Australia this century. Among them were V. G. Childe, T. J. Dunbabin, J. R. Stewart and A. D. Trendall. In developing their respective fields of expertise, all spent some time in Greece, as students, excavators, research workers and soldiers, and had formative links with the British School at Athens. Australia's debt to the Classics is reflected not only in the life-long attachment to their legacy, and to Greece, by the former Prime Minister, the Hon. E. G. Whitlam, but in the perpetuation of their influence in such Colonial and modern structures as the monument of Lysicrates in Sydney's Botanic Gardens and the National Library and new Parliament House in Canberra, and in an official poster illustrating multiculturalism in Australia. Despite their role in shaping Australia's European history, the teaching of Classics is under threat as never before, and the late Enoch Powell, at one time Professor of Ancient Greek at the University of Sydney, has stigmatised the obscurantism which threatens to impoverish if not undermine Western civilisation by closing access to knowledge of our Classical past.

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Lucas, A. M. "Assistance at a distance: George Bentham, Ferdinand von Mueller and the production of Flora australiensis." Archives of Natural History 30, no. 2 (October 2003): 255–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2003.30.2.255.

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George Bentham's seven volume Flora australiensis (1863–1879) was the first continental Flora, and for over a century was the only flora treating the whole of Australia. The work was produced with the “assistance” of Ferdinand Mueller, later von Mueller, the Government Botanist of Victoria from 1853, who loaned his collection, group by group, to Kew, enabling Bentham to compare the specimens with those in British and European herbaria. Mueller, who himself had wished to write the Flora, was stimulated to produce descriptions of the species as they were prepared for shipment, and Bentham's timetable strongly structured his publication programme. The limits of taxa recognized by each were similar, although there were often differences in the rank accorded the taxon. The return of Mueller's now authenticated specimens also temporarily transferred the power over Australian plant systematics to Melbourne, a power Mueller later used. Despite his initial disappointment that Bentham was assigned the Australian Flora by William Hooker in the series of colonial Floras, Mueller's association with the project later became a lifeline, helping him keep his self esteem after he was dismissed from his concurrent post as Director of the Melbourne Botanic Gardens in 1873.

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Prendergast, Kit S., Kingsley W. Dixon, and Philip W. Bateman. "Interactions between the introduced European honey bee and native bees in urban areas varies by year, habitat type and native bee guild." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 133, no. 3 (April 5, 2021): 725–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blab024.

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Abstract European honey bees have been introduced across the globe and may compete with native bees for floral resources. Compounding effects of urbanization and introduced species on native bees are, however, unclear. Here, we investigated how honey bee abundance and foraging patterns related to those of native bee abundance and diversity in residential gardens and native vegetation remnants for 2 years in urbanized areas of the Southwest Australian biodiversity hotspot and assessed how niche overlap influenced these relationships. Honey bees did not overtly suppress native bee abundance; however, complex relationships emerged when analysing these relationships according to body size, time of day and floral resource levels. Native bee richness was positively correlated with overall honeybee abundance in the first year, but negatively correlated in the second year, and varied with body size. Native bees that had higher resource overlap with honey bees were negatively associated with honey bee abundance, and resource overlap between honey bees and native bees was higher in residential gardens. Relationships with honey bees varied between native bee taxa, reflecting adaptations to different flora, plus specialization. Thus, competition with introduced bees varies by species and location, mediated by dietary breadth and overlap and by other life-history traits of individual bee species.

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Lynch, A. Jasmyn J. "The ‘Bush Capital’—A Review of 100+ Years of Integrative Spatio-Temporal Planning for a City in the Landscape and Nature in the City." Land 11, no. 2 (January 21, 2022): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11020169.

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Over approximately 100 years, the Australian capital, Canberra, has evolved in association with the predominant values, vision and cultural relationships of people to the area. The location and design of the city derived from a formal intention to integrate nature and culture for the benefit and edification of residents and in symbolisation of the city’s importance as the seat of national decision-making and legislature. Established on a native grassland surrounded by wooded hills and ridges, and with nearby confluences of rivers as security of water supply, the city’s landscape was transformed through centralised planning and implementation of Garden City and City Beautiful constructs to become one of the world’s most liveable regions. Twentieth-century expansion of the city’s suburbs, tree streetscapes and gardens progressed with varying emphasis on exotic versus native species, and contemporary programs aim to increase urban tree canopy cover to 30%. Yet, there is increasing acknowledgement of the landscape’s rich history of culture–nature interactions extending back at least 25,000 years. Indicators are evident in human modification of tree-dominated ecosystems, the overlapping ways in which people related to elemental landscape features, and a continuity of valuing particular sites for ceremonies, social activities and human movement. With projected steady population growth, climate change, and associated impacts on the environment and natural resources, contemporary planning must be innovative and integrative to ensure ecologically sustainable development. Strong visionary leadership is needed to develop a landscape policy that encompasses key natural assets including threatened woodlands and mature native trees for their intrinsic values and as habitat for threatened fauna, cultural landscape values such as forested montane and ridge areas, and heritage and protected trees. From pre-European to current times, planning, modification and management of environmental and ecosystem values has been integral to enabling local people to sustain themselves. The next challenge is to create clarity about the future of this cultural landscape and enhance the community’s attachment to and stewardship of the city and its landscape.

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Cooke, Stuart. "Unsettling sight: Judith Wright's journey into history and ecology on Mt Tamborine." Queensland Review 22, no. 2 (December 2015): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qre.2015.22.

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AbstractMt Tamborine is a crucial location for Judith Wright's poetry, and for the development of her thought. She wrote the majority of her poetry collections while living on the mountain from 1948–75; it was there that she came face to face with the complexities of Australian ecologies and colonial histories. While her earlier poems from this period reflect a concerted, anti-colonial desire to separate the world of Tamborine from her European inheritance and perspective, by the early 1970s her work becomes preoccupied with symbiotic relationships between her body, her house and garden, and the surrounding landscape. This turn reflects broader shifts in thought in the mid-twentieth century, where notions of separation and precision were being problematised by the emerging field of quantum mechanics.

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Carrión, María M. "Planting dwelling thinking. Natural history and philosophy in sixteenth-century European dried gardens." Gardens and Landscapes of Portugal 6, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/glp-2019-0009.

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Abstract European dried gardens from the 16th century have been traditionally associated with the emergence of early modern botany and its relation to the traditional genre of pharmacopeias. This study reviews a sample of the 37 known exemplars of these bound collections and argues that the design and development of these herbaria or dried gardens (orti sicci), as they were also known, reveal a broader set of questions on nature and about the relationships of humans with the natural world than the ones with which they have been linked. Based on the evidence of a diverse corpus of dried gardens—some richly bound, others composed over recycled paper, some with copious annotations, others with a seemingly random layout and distribution of plants—, this paper argues for a comparative reading of these books as a corpus that contributed significantly to early modern natural history and philosophy.

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MAKITA, Naoko, Tsutomu HATTORI, and Makoto SUZUKI. "A Study on the History and Present of Japanese Gardens in Australia." Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture 74, no. 5 (2011): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5632/jila.74.365.

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11

Bennett, Brett M. "Decolonization, Environmentalism and Nationalism in Australia and South Africa." Itinerario 41, no. 1 (April 2017): 27–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115317000079.

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Decolonization influenced the rise of environmental activism and thought in Australia and South Africa in ways that have been overlooked by national histories of environmentalism and imperial histories of decolonization. Australia and South Africa’s political and cultural movement away from Britain and the Commonwealth during the 1960s is one important factor explaining why people in both countries created more, and more important, public indigenous botanic gardens than anywhere else in the world during that decade. Effective decolonization from Britain also influenced the rise of indigenous gardening and the growing popularity of native gardens at a critical period in gardening and environmental history. Most facets of contemporary gardening—using plants indigenous to the site or region, planting drought-tolerant species, and seeing gardens as sites to help conserve regional and national flora—can be dated to the 1960s and 1970s. The interpretation advanced here adds to historical research tracing how the former Commonwealth settler colonies experienced effective decolonization in the same era. This article expands the focus of research on decolonization to include environmentalism. The interpretation of the article also augments national environmental histories that have hitherto downplayed the influence of decolonization on the rise of environmentalism. Putting decolonization into the history of the rise of environmental thought and action sheds light on why people in contemporary Australia and South Africa are so passionate about protecting indigenous flora and fauna, and so worried about threats posed by non-native invasive species.

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Fekete, Albert, and Peter Gyori. "Chinese pavilions in the early landscape gardens of Europe." Landscape architecture and art 18 (October 7, 2021): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2021.18.08.

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The image of China perceived by the Europeans in the 17th to 18th century was based on the travelogues of the travellers and missionaries. Despite the fact that the first descriptions did not include any pictures of the world, people and landscapes described, the far exotic country with its history and tangible heritage became very popular. This article deals with Chinese pavilions (pagodas, teahouses) built in the early European landscape gardens before 1750 without any architectural plans, using only sketches based on descriptions and travelogues, since in the first half of the 18th century, no relevant technical guidance was available yet. The structures reviewed started to be used frequently in European gardens and public parks from 1750’s, having an inevitable influence on the garden pavilions built from the second half of the 18th century, and indirectly to the image and character of some influential gardens in European context. Moreover, through their craggy appearance, the Chinese pavilions – as eye catchers – played an accentuated compositional and spatial role too in the European garden history.

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Grove, Richard. "Indigenous Knowledge and the Significance of South-West India for Portuguese and Dutch Constructions of Tropical Nature." Modern Asian Studies 30, no. 1 (February 1996): 121–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00014104.

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While the growing volume of new long distance oceanic trade which developed during the fifteenth century helped to stimulate an awareness of the wider world in Western Europe, it also had a much more specific enabling effect on the development of natural history and the status of science in the eyes of government. A rising interest in empirical fact-gathering and experimentation led to a growing enthusiasm for experimentation with new types of medical practice and new drugs. Apothecaries' gardens became established at the universities and were increasingly stocked with plants imported from distant lands. These gardens became the sites of the first attempts to classify plants on a global basis. The voyages of the first century and a half after the journeys of Henry the Navigator from 1415 onwards had already begun to transform the science of botany and to enlarge medical ambitions for the scope of pharmacology and natural history. The foundation of the new botanic gardens was, therefore, clearly connected with the early expansion of the European economic system and remained an accurate indicator, in a microcosm, of the expansion in European knowledge of the global environment. The origins of the gardens in medical practice meant that, as a knowledge of global nature was acquired, the Hippocratic agendas of medicine and medical practitioners continued to form the dominant basis of European constructions of the extra-European natural world.

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Bustanov, Alfrid K. "A Space for the Subject: Tracing Garden Culture in Muslim Russia." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 65, no. 1-2 (February 18, 2022): 74–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341563.

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Abstract This article examines the place occupied by garden culture in the mental landscape of Russia’s Muslims from the early nineteenth century to the late Socialist era. First taken from the Qur’an as a symbol of eternal salvation, the idea that gardens might embody both aesthetic and metaphysical values was further articulated by traveling missionaries with Sufi affiliations. This idea was afterwards absorbed by the generation of students graduated from Central Asian madrasas who, in the first half of the nineteenth century, brought the fashion for having gardens back to their home villages in European Russia. Gardens built or imagined by Muslims in European Russia had a history of their own, developing from the classical vision of heavenly gardens in Qur’anic exegesis into what became a central spatial category in Sufi tradition. In post-war Soviet Russia a place of piety was rethought as dacha—the entire process reflecting the evolution of Muslim subjectivity over the last few centuries.

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Davison, Graeme. "The European City in Australia." Journal of Urban History 27, no. 6 (September 2001): 779–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009614420102700606.

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Taylor, John. "Planning for Conservation of the Rockhampton Botanic Gardens." Queensland Review 10, no. 2 (November 2003): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600003330.

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Rockhampton is the principal city of Central Queensland. In the nineteenth century the city and the colony of Queensland were pursuing the policies of settlement, development and growth followed by the other colonies of Australia and in the British Empire.

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Pocock, J. G. A. "The Enlightenment and the Origins of European Australia." English Historical Review 118, no. 479 (November 1, 2003): 1403–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/118.479.1403.

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Sim, Jean. "Queen's Parks in Queensland." Queensland Review 19, no. 1 (June 2012): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qre.2012.3.

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Queen's Park in Maryborough is one of many public gardens established in the nineteenth century in Queensland: in Brisbane, Ipswich, Toowoomba, Warwick, Rockhampton, Mackay, Townsville, Cairns and Cooktown. They were created primarily as places of horticultural experimentation, as well as for recreational purposes. They formed a local area network, with the Brisbane Botanic Garden and the Government Botanist, Walter Hill, at the centre – at least in the 1870s. From here, the links extended to other botanic gardens in Australia, and beyond Australia to the British colonial network managed through the Royal Botanic Gardens (RBG), Kew. It was an informal network, supplying a knowledge of basic economic botany that founded many tropical agricultural industries and also provided much-needed recreational, educational and inspirational opportunities for colonial newcomers and residents. The story of these parks, from the time when they were first set aside as public reserves by the government surveyors to the present day, is central to the history of urban planning in regional centres. This article provides a statewide overview together with a more in-depth examination of Maryborough's own historic Queen's Park.

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Gibson, Peter. "The Market Gardens of Dark Dragon Ridge, New South Wales, Australia, 1876–1930." Australian Economic History Review 60, no. 3 (April 2, 2020): 372–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aehr.12195.

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Hunt, John Dixon. "Disclosure and Unveiling of Nature in European and Early American Gardens." Huntington Library Quarterly 84, no. 3 (September 2021): 447–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hlq.2021.0031.

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DUCKER, SOPHIE C., and T. M. PERRY. "James Fleming: the first gardener on the River Yarra, Victoria." Archives of Natural History 13, no. 2 (June 1986): 123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.1986.13.2.123.

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James Fleming, a convict gardener, was a member of the party in the Colonial Schooner Cumberland, on a journey of exploration to Bass Strait and Port Phillip Bay in 1802 and 1803; they were the first Europeans to visit the northern part of the Bay and discovered the River Yarra. The acting Surveyor General of N.S.W., Charles Grimes mapped the whole Bay. Fleming wrote a journal of the expedition and the descriptions of the country on Grimes's map. Later in 1803, he compiled a list of plants introduced into the colony of New South Wales and returned to England on H.M.S. Glatton in charge of a collection of Australian plants and seeds: A note sets the work of the Cumberland's expedition in the context of early discoveries and charting of Port Phillip Bay.

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BOSWORTH, R., and J. WILTON. "A Lost History? The Study of European Migration to Australia." Australian Journal of Politics & History 27, no. 2 (April 7, 2008): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.1981.tb00554.x.

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Murray, Philomena. "European Studies and Research in Australia – Bridging History and Geography." European Political Science 11, no. 3 (April 20, 2012): 298–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/eps.2012.17.

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Paganoni, Anthony. "Book Review: The European Peopling of Australia: A Demographic History." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 4, no. 4 (December 1995): 627–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689500400414.

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Brock, Peggy. "The Contest for Aboriginal Souls: European Missionary Agendas in Australia." Australian Historical Studies 50, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1031461x.2019.1598318.

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Persian, Jayne. "‘The Dirty Vat’: European Migration to Australia from Shanghai, 1946–47." Australian Historical Studies 50, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1031461x.2018.1551411.

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Казакова, А. Ю. "Green History: Polish Experience of Musealisation of Landscape Art Heritage." Nasledie Vekov, no. 1(29) (March 31, 2022): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.36343/sb.2022.29.1.009.

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Рецензия призвана познакомить отечественного читателя с практически не развитой в России формой актуализации культурного потенциала исторических садов и парков, которая представляет собой их превращение в объекты самостоятельного музейного показа. Работа польского специалиста по музеефикации зеленых насаждений анализируется с точки зрения возможностей компаративного анализа состава, использования и сохранности садового культурного наследия как национального, так и регионального уровней; роли, доли и места памятников садово-паркового искусства и исторически ценных озелененных территорий в культурной политике государства и потребностей населения (туристических, оздоровительных, рекреационных, досуговых, образовательных и иных), перспектив исследования взаимоотношений между элитарной и массовой культурой садоводства и ландшафтного дизайна. The review presents the experience of musealisation of objects of landscape and park cultural heritage summarized in the books of Jacek Kuśmierski, who is a Polish specialist in the field of conservation and restoration of green spaces of historical value. The books were published in 2020 and 2021 by the Foundation for the Reconstruction of the “Dwór Sarny” Palace and Park Complex, located in the village of Ścinawka Górna in Lower Silesia (Republic of Poland). The time was chosen to coincide with the certification in 2020 by the Council of Europe of the European Route of Historical Gardens, in which Kuśmierski sees great international, tourist, nature conservationб and culture-preserving importance. Since specialized descriptions of historical gardens and parks as independent objects of musealisation, museum and tourist display are still rare not only in domestic but also in European literature, small works by Kuśmierski have indisputable novelty and practical value. Mapping of historical gardens of Europe and garden museums, classification of types of garden heritage and forms of their musealisation open up broad prospects for comparative research and understanding of the structure, levels, functions of “high” and “low” garden culture in Russia and abroad. The historiography of the scientific analysis of the problem of musealisation of green spaces and the periods of the formation of the institutional framework of this process in Europe that the author identified determine the theoretical significance of the work. The book is addressed to specialists in museum business. It can also be useful to persons who study the problems of forming a favorable urban environment, the potential of the socioeconomic development of territories, and determines the guidelines of urban development. The preservation of cultural heritage objects and the conditions that can ensure it are independent and extremely urgent problems for Russia. They indicate the value of familiarization with the European experience of protecting historically valuable green spaces for specialists in the field of jurisprudence, state and municipal management. Kuśmierski’s works suggest the need to revise the priorities of the state cultural policy in the field of cultural heritage protection. This policy should shift towards the “musealisation of the world”. Kuśmierski characterizes “musealisation of the world” as a pan-European sociocultural trend of increasing the value of historical memory, as efforts to ensure the preservation of not only an isolated artifact, but its entire unique ecosystem as a complex of elements of natural, tangible and intangible cultural heritage.

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Fraser, Valerie. "Cannibalizing Le Corbusier: The MES Gardens of Roberto Burle Marx." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 59, no. 2 (June 1, 2000): 180–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/991589.

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In 1938 Roberto Burle Marx designed the gardens for the new Ministry of Education building in Rio de Janeiro, a building that had been designed by a team of Brazilian architects, with Le Corbusier acting as consultant. In the 1920s and 1930s, Brazilian radicals, anxious not to perpetuate the dependency of the past, often adopted an irreverent attitude toward European culture, and although Le Corbusier's visits to Brazil in 1929 and 1936 were undoubtedly influential, his ideas were not received uncritically. This paper suggests that Le Corbusier's negative attitude to aspects of the natural landscape of South America could have provided Burle Marx with an incentive for incorporating the forms of that landscape into his gardens for Brazil's first modernist skyscraper.

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LUCAS, A. M. "Disposing of John Lindley's library and herbarium: the offer to Australia." Archives of Natural History 35, no. 1 (April 2008): 15–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0260954108000053.

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Shortly before he died, John Lindley decided to dispose of his herbarium and botanical library. He sold his orchid herbarium to the United Kingdom government for deposit at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and then offered his library and the remainder of his herbarium to Ferdinand Mueller in Melbourne. On his behalf, Joseph Hooker had earlier unsuccessfully offered the library and remnant herbarium to the University of Sydney, using the good offices of Sir Charles Nicholson. Although neither the University of Sydney nor Mueller was able to raise the necessary funds to purchase either collection, the correspondence allows a reconstruction of a catalogue of Lindley's library, and poses some questions about Joseph Hooker's motives in attempting to dispose of Lindley's material outside the United Kingdom. The final disposal of the herbarium to Cambridge and previous analyses of the purchase of his Library for the Royal Horticultural Society are discussed. A list of the works from Lindley's library offered for sale to Australia is appended.

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Sankey, Margaret. "French Studies in Australia." Tocqueville Review 29, no. 1 (January 2008): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.29.1.175.

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The Department of French Studies at the University of Sydney is the largest and oldest in Australia, with undergraduate and postgraduate students numbering approximately 600. Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth universities also have significant departments, but melbourne and Monash universities (both in Melbourne) are the only others to have Professorial chairs: in the hey-day of French Studies there were 13 professorial chairs in Australian universities and the lack of chairs now signals that French Studies programmes overall have been downgraded, French language programmes and the study of France and the French often becoming part of comparative literature or European studies courses.

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Koeberl, Martina, Dean Clarke, Katrina J. Allen, Fiona Fleming, Lisa Katzer, N. Alice Lee, Andreas L. Lopata, et al. "European Regulations for Labeling Requirements for Food Allergens and Substances Causing Intolerances: History and Future." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 101, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.17-0386.

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Abstract Food allergies are increasing globally, including numbers of allergens, the sensitization rate, and the prevalence rate. To protect food-allergic individuals in the community, food allergies need to be appropriately managed. This paper describes current Australian food allergen management practices. In Australia, the prevalence of food allergies, the anaphylaxis rate, and the fatal anaphylaxis rate are among the highest in the world. Interagency and stakeholder collaboration is facilitated and enhanced as Australia moves through past, current, and ongoing food allergen challenges. As a result, Australia has been a global leader in regulating the labeling of common allergens in packaged foods and their disclosure in foods not required to bear a label. Moreover, the food industry in Australia and New Zealand has developed a unique food allergen risk management tool, the Voluntary Incidental Trace Allergen Labelling program, which is managed by the Allergen Bureau. This paper summarizes insights and information provided by the major stakeholders involved to protect food-allergic consumers from any allergic reaction. Stakeholders include government; consumer protection, regulation, and enforcement agencies; the food industry; and food allergen testing and food allergen/allergy research bodies in Australia. The ongoing goal of all stakeholders in food allergen management in Australia is to promote best practice food allergen management procedures and provide a wide choice of foods, while enabling allergic consumers to manage their food allergies and reduce the risk of an allergic reaction.

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Doyle, H. "Geophysics in Australia." Earth Sciences History 6, no. 2 (January 1, 1987): 178–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.6.2.386k258604262836.

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Geophysical observations began in Australia with the arrival of the first European explorers in the late 18th Century and there have been strong connections with European and North American geophysics ever since, both in academic and exploration geophysics. Government institutions, particularly the Bureau of Mineral Resources, have played a large part in the development of the subject in Australia, certainly more so than in North America. Academic research in geophysics has been dominated by that at the Australian National University. Palaeomagnetic research at the Australian National University has been particularly valuable, showing the large northerly drift of the continent in Cainozoic times as part of the Australia-India plate. Heat flow, electrical conductivity and upper mantle seismic velocities have been shown to be significantly different between Phanerozoic eastern Australia and the Western Shield. Geophysical exploration for metals and hydrocarbons began in the 1920s but did not develop strongly until the 1950s and 1960s. There are relatively few Australian geophysical companies and contracting companies, and instrumentation from North America and Europe have played an important role in exploration. Exploration for metals has been hampered by the deep weathered mantle over much of the continent, but the development of pulsed (transient) electromagnetic methods, including an Australian instrument (SIROTEM), has improved the situation. Geophysics has been important in several discoveries of ore-bodies. In hydrocarbon exploration the introduction of common depth point stacking and digital recording and processing in reflection surveys have played an important part in the discovery of offshore and onshore fields, as in other countries.

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Cohn, Helen M. "Bibliography of the History of Australian Science, No. 29, 2008." Historical Records of Australian Science 20, no. 1 (2009): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr09008.

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This bibliography, in geographic terms, covers principally Australia, but also New Zealand, New Guinea and other islands of the Pacific Ocean near Australia, and Antarctica. It includes material on the history of the natural sciences (mathematics, physical sciences, earth sciences and biological sciences), some of the applied sciences (including medical and health sciences, agriculture, manufacturing and engineering), and human sciences (psychology, anthropology and sociology). Biographical material on practitioners in these sciences is also of interest. The sources used in compiling this bibliography include those that have proved useful in the past in finding relevant citations. The library catalogues of the Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, the National Library of Australia and the National Library of New Zealand Te Puna Matauranga O Aotearoa were particularly useful sources of information. Journals that have yielded articles for previous bibliographies were checked, as were some titles that have not previously been scanned. Hence a number of citations are included that were published earlier than 2008. Assistance has been received from a number of people who sent items or information about items published in 2008 for inclusion in the bibliography. In particular, Professor Rod Home has been most helpful in forwarding relevant citations. Staff of the eScholarship Research Centre at the University of Melbourne, especially Helen Morgan, were of great assistance in the preparation of this bibliography. Readers may have access to information about relevant books, journal articles, conference papers, reports, Master's and PhD theses and reviews published in 2009. They are encouraged to send such information to the compiler at the above email address for inclusion in future bibliographies.

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Borghesi, Francesco, Yixu Lü, Daniel Canaris, and Thierry Meynard. "Transforming the East: A New Research Project in Australia." Cromohs - Cyber Review of Modern Historiography 24 (June 8, 2022): 148–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/cromohs-13573.

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The Jesuit translations of the Confucian canon not only provided one of the first European windows into Chinese culture but also changed the intellectual and cultural history of Europe. This paper introduces a new project, which examines the rich history of these translations and their dissemination, and interrogates how Confucian ideas influenced the development of Enlightenment intellectual culture, analysing the personal and textual networks through which the first substantial literary and philosophical exchange was conducted between Europe and China.

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Shrivastava, Sharmila. "Slopes of struggle: Coffee on Baba Budan hills." Indian Economic & Social History Review 57, no. 2 (April 2020): 199–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019464620912613.

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The history of Mysore coffee is inextricably linked to the mountainous inam lands of Baba Budan dargah situated atop eponymous hills. In the Malnad region of the Nagar Division in the seventeenth century grew probably the earliest coffee gardens of India. This paper examines the significance of the Baba Budan inam lands coffee in the development of the coffee economy of Mysore. The trajectory of coffee, a peasant and a plantation crop, was shaped by regulation and domination by the British administration and European planters and embedded resistance to this control. Native cultivators and the Baba Budan inamdars, as indigenous coffee growers, clashed with European planters over land and labour issues. Coffee was a profitable and popular cash crop, and natives dominated land and production in the colonial period. Competition, collusion and contestation laid the foundation of the two components of the coffee industry in Mysore—native and European.

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Brixius, Dorit. "From ethnobotany to emancipation: Slaves, plant knowledge, and gardens on eighteenth-century Isle de France." History of Science 58, no. 1 (April 10, 2019): 51–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0073275319835431.

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This essay examines the relationship between slavery and plant knowledge for cultivational activities and medicinal purposes on Isle de France (Mauritius) in the second half of the eighteenth century. It builds on recent scholarship to argue for the significance of slaves in the acquisition of plant material and related knowledge in pharmaceutical, acclimatization, and private gardens on the French colonial island. I highlight the degree to which French colonial officials relied on slaves’ ethnobotanical knowledge but neglected to include such information in their published works. Rather than seeking to explore the status of such knowledge within European frameworks of natural history as an endpoint of knowledge production, this essay calls upon us to think about the plant knowledge that slaves possessed for its practical implementations in the local island context. Both female and male slaves’ plant-based knowledge enriched – even initiated – practices of cultivation and preparation techniques of plants for nourishment and medicinal uses. Here, cultivational knowledge and skills determined a slave’s hierarchical rank. As the case of the slave gardener Rama and his family reveals, plant knowledge sometimes offered slaves opportunities for social mobility and, even though on extremely rare occasions, enabled them to become legally free.

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JACKSON, LOUISE A. "Secret Gardens, Satanic Mills: Placing Girls in European History, 1750-1960 Edited by M. J. Maynes, B. Soland and C. Benninghaus." History 91, no. 303 (July 2006): 463–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-229x.2006.373_38.x.

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Feoktistova, Natalia Yu, Alexey V. Surov, Nikolay N. Tovpinetz, M. V. Kropotkina, Pavel L. Bogomolov, Carina Siutz, Werner Haberl, and Ilse E. Hoffmann. "The common hamster as a synurbist: a history of settlement in european cities." Zoologica Poloniae 58, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2013): 116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/zoop-2013-0009.

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Abstract Following the expansion of agriculture in the Neolithic period, the common hamster has spread throughout Europe, and occurred abundantly until the recent past. However, in the last 45 years, populations declined markedly, partly attributable to urbanization and to major changes in agricultural practices. As a result, the species has been considered endangered at international levels as well as in most European countries. At the same time, the species has established populations in large Central and Eastern-European cities such as Vienna (Austria), Simferopol (Ukraine) and Nalchik (Russia), where it inhabits green spaces such as parks, gardens, embankments and buffer strips. In an attempt to reveal factors enabling hamsters to cope with urban environments, we reviewed historical data and habitat conditions of several urban hamster populations. We suggest that supplemental food resources and reduced predation pressure were the main factors promoting urban occurrence of common hamsters in the last 30 years. Its notable adaptability may be associated with higher stress resilience, ecological opportunism, polyphagy and higher fertility compared to species relying on non-urban habitats. The phenomenon of synurbization implies coexistence of wildlife and our urban civilization, but at the same time conflicting interests in conservation and urban development. Thus, the common hamster might serve as a model species for efficient mitigation and compensation concepts in urbanism and spatial planning.

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McDonald, John, and Ralph Shlomowitz. "Mortality on Convict Voyages to Australia, 1788–1868." Social Science History 13, no. 3 (1989): 285–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200016412.

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During the past two decades, there has been an outpouring of research on the seaboard mortality associated with intercontinental migration during the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. The focus of historical interest in this linkage between mortality and migration has been the Atlantic slave trade. We now have mortality rates on voyages from various regions in Africa to various destinations in the Americas, from the late seventeenth century to the mid-nineteenth century (see Curtin, 1968, 1969: 275-286; Klein and Engerman, 1976, 1979; Klein, 1978; Postma, 1979; Miller, 1981; Cohn and Jensen, 1982a, 1982b; Cohn, 1985; Eltis, 1984, 1987; Steckel and Jensen, 1986; Galenson, 1986). These slave studies have spawned renewed interest in the mortality associated with other seaborne populations, and mortality rates have been calculated on Dutch immigrant voyages to the East Indies during the eighteenth century, European convict and immigrant voyages to North America and European immigrant voyages to Australia during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and Indian and Pacific Islander indentured labor voyages to Fiji and Queensland, Australia, during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (see Riley, 1981; Eltis, 1983; Cohn, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988; Grubb, 1987; Ekirch, 1987; Morgan, 1985; Shlomowitz, 1986, 1987, 1989; McDonald and Shlomowitz, 1988, forthcoming).

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Poniży, Lidia, Monika J. Latkowska, Jürgen Breuste, Andrew Hursthouse, Sophie Joimel, Mart Külvik, Teresa E. Leitão, et al. "The Rich Diversity of Urban Allotment Gardens in Europe: Contemporary Trends in the Context of Historical, Socio-Economic and Legal Conditions." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (October 7, 2021): 11076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131911076.

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Urban allotment gardens (AGs) provide a unique combination of productive and recreational spaces for the inhabitants of European cities. Although the reasons behind the decision to have a plot, as well as the mode of use and gardening practices, are well recognised in the literature, these issues are mainly considered in relation to particular case studies within a single country. The regional diversity of European allotment gardens is still poorly understood, however. This knowledge gap became an incentive for us to carry out the present study. The research was conducted in seven countries: Austria, Estonia, Germany, France, Portugal, Poland and the UK. Surveys were used to assess the motivations of users regarding plot uses and gardening practices. Information was also collected during desk research and study visits, making use of available statistical data. Allotment gardens in Europe are currently very diverse, and vary depending on the historical, legal, economic and social conditions of a given country, and also as determined by geographical location. Three main types of plots were distinguished, for: cultivation, recreation–cultivation, and cultivation–recreation. The recreational use of AGs has replaced their use for food production in countries with a long history of urban gardening. The only exception is the UK. In some countries, the production of food on an AG plot is still its main function; however, the motivations for this are related to better quality and taste (the UK), as well as the economic benefits of self-grown fruits and vegetables (Portugal, Estonia). Among the wide range of motivations for urban gardening in Europe, there is increasing emphasis on active recreation, contact with nature and quality food supply.

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Stanley, Timothy. "Religious Print in Settler Australia and Oceania." Religions 12, no. 12 (November 25, 2021): 1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12121048.

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A distinctive feature of the study of religion in Australia and Oceania concerns the influence of European culture. While often associated with private interiority, the European concept of religion was deeply reliant upon the materiality of printed publication practices. Prominent historians of religion have called for a more detailed evaluation of the impact of religious book forms, but little research has explored this aspect of the Australian case. Settler publications include their early Bible importation, pocket English language hymns and psalters, and Indigenous language Bible translations. As elsewhere in Europe, Australian settlers relied on print to publicize their understanding of religion in their new context. Recovering this legacy not only enriches the cultural history of Australian settler religion, it can also foster new avenues through which to appreciate Australia’s multireligious and Indigenous heritage.

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Langfield, Michele. "Attitudes to European immigration to Australia in the early twentieth century." Journal of Intercultural Studies 12, no. 1 (January 1991): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07256868.1991.9963369.

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Langfield, Michele. "‘White aliens’: The control of European immigration to Australia 1920–30." Journal of Intercultural Studies 12, no. 2 (January 1991): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07256868.1991.9963375.

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Cruickshank, Joanna. "Race, History, and the Australian Faith Missions." Itinerario 34, no. 3 (December 2010): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115310000677.

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In 1901, the parliament of the new Commonwealth of Australia passed a series of laws designed, in the words of the Prime Minister Edmund Barton, “to make a legislative declaration of our racial identity”. An Act to expel the large Pacific Islander community in North Queensland was followed by a law restricting further immigration to applicants who could pass a literacy test in a European language. In 1902, under the Commonwealth Franchise Act, “all natives of Asia and Africa” as well as Aboriginal people were explicitly denied the right to vote in federal elections. The “White Australia policy”, enshrined in these laws, was almost universally supported by Australian politicians, with only two members of parliament speaking against the restriction of immigration on racial grounds.

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Clarke, F. G. "Reviews of Books:The Enlightenment and the Origins of European Australia John Gascoigne, Patricia Curthoys." American Historical Review 108, no. 5 (December 2003): 1436–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/529998.

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Köberer, Wolfgang. "Navigating by the Southern Cross: A history of the European discovery and exploration of Australia." Mariner's Mirror 108, no. 2 (April 3, 2022): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2022.2055843.

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Köberer, Wolfgang. "Navigating by the Southern Cross: A history of the European discovery and exploration of Australia." Mariner's Mirror 108, no. 2 (April 3, 2022): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2022.2055843.

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Demay, Aline. "Saigon: Une métropole touristique?" French Colonial History 12 (May 1, 2011): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41938213.

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Abstract Under French colonization, large colonial cities inevitably became tourist destinations. Colonial guidebooks recommended them for their botanical gardens, their theaters, and their “native quarters” They were used as showcases for French Overseas Territories, but we may wonder if they really had a tourist function and if they became tourist metropolises. What part did they play, and what influence did they have on the tourist sector of a colony? This is what this article seeks to examine by conducting a case study of Saigon between 1898 and 1939. Besides evaluating the tourist function of Saigon, this study proposes ways of analyzing the relationship between colonizers and colonized in terms of tourism, using French and even European tourists as an indicator of this relationship.

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BROWN, NICHOLAS. "BORN MODERN: ANTIPODEAN VARIATIONS ON A THEME." Historical Journal 48, no. 4 (December 2005): 1139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x05004954.

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Making peoples: a history of the New Zealanders from Polynesian settlement to the end of the nineteenth century. By James Belich. London: Penguin, 2001. Pp. 497. ISBN 0-14-100639-0. £9.99.Paradise reforged: a history of the New Zealanders from the 1880s to the year 2000. By James Belich. London: Allen Lane, 2002. Pp. 606. ISBN 0-7139-9172-0. £25.00.The Enlightenment and the origins of European Australia. By John Gascoigne. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xviii+233. ISBN 0-521-80343-80. £45.00.Australian ways of death: a social and cultural history, 1840–1918. By Pat Jalland. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002. Pp. vi+378. ISBN 0-19-550754-1. £15.99.White flour, white power: from rations to citizenship in central Australia. By Tim Rowse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Pp. xiii+255. ISBN 0-521-62457-6. £40.00.The five books covered here might seem a random sample: antipodean oddments from the edge of a review editor's desk. Their subject matter – from ‘ways of death’ in Australia to rationing policies for indigenous Australians – is diverse, as are their approaches: a scholarly assessment of the influence of Enlightenment ideas in the Australian colonies through to a massive two-volume general history of New Zealand to 2000. Yet even in this eclectic mix there are common themes, reflecting current interests and models in the writing of history in both countries. For some time, Australia and New Zealand have been productively positioned in relation to European social change as ‘born modern’ experiments, or at least as colonies which forced or anticipated aspects of the modernity shaping metropolitan centres. There have been several phases of historiography advancing this thesis, each reflecting a desire on the part of historians ‘down under’ to relate their account to wider dynamics, or to incorporate models that redress or refute the ‘isolation’ of their history by exploring categories extending beyond the national chronicle. More recently, historians of post-colonialism have returned the interest. They have traced in the extension of colonialism many of the crucial factors shaping core elements of nineteenth-century European nationalism, even the concept of Europe itself. In complex patterns of interdependence within ‘empire’, these historians have also identified several themes of ‘modernity’: reflexive approaches to ‘self’ and identity; discursive matrices of liberal government; the application and testing of the Enlightenment project of ‘reason’ and the ‘disenchantment’ of scientific knowledge and classification.

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HOOPER, JOHN. "Ernest K. Bramsted (1901-1978): a European historian in Germany, England and Australia*." Australian Journal of Politics & History 31, no. 3 (April 7, 2008): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.1985.tb00125.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Gardens, European Australia History'

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