Academic literature on the topic 'Garde nationale History'

A call for design proposals for three features for the National Garden was held in October, 1992 by the National Fund for the U.S. Botanic Garden. The competition called for refinement of an existing master plan developed by EDAW, a landscape architectural firm, or the design of a new concept for the National Garden. This creative project chose to develop a new master and to document the research, process, and assumptions that lead to the final design. The research will focus on the examination of the site and it's history (Washington, D.C.) and examination into the history, evolution, and relevance of botanic gardens.The underlying thesis is that the changing roles that botanic gardens have played in society have had an effect on their built form. The current role of botanic garden as a pleasure garden aswell as an educational experiences is the result of hundreds of years of evolution. By the examination of the history and changing roles of botanic gardens, this creative project will design a space that not only meets the needs of the competition, but will meet the needs of the generation at hand.
Department of Landscape Architecture

Ce travail présente, tout d'abord, les conditions du licenciement de la garde municipale en Février 1848 et de la naissance de la garde républicaine dans les premières semaines de la République. Il suit la garde entre les barricades de Juin 1848, puis détaille les vagues d'épuration qui l'affecte, de 1849 à 1850, et enfin son attitude lors du coup d'État de 1851. Durant ces années, la garde républicaine, composée au départ de citoyens-soldats, se mue peu à peu en une garde prétorienne, dont le républicanisme apparaît comme secondaire voire indésirable. Le Second Empire offre ensuite la possibilité d'examiner ses missions quotidiennes, la place de cette formation atypique au sein de la gendarmerie et de l'armée, ses rapports avec la municipalité et avec ses autorités de tutelle, et enfin les gardes, ces militaires pas comme les autres. Si ce régiment de gendarmes, au service des Parisiens, reste financé en partie par la ville, il est également une arme du gouvernement à Paris. En première ligne ou maintenue en réserve les jours d'émeute, la garde s'avère enfin être un acteur essentiel de l'ordre public. Avec la croissance de la police en uniforme à partir de 1854, la garde participe à un nouveau mode de gestion de la rue. L'étude, sur le long terme, du rôle de la garde à Paris et particulièrement de son action lors des troubles de 1869-1870, permet de comprendre l'émergence du maintien de l'ordre, dans l'acception moderne de l'expression. À partir du 4 septembre 1870, la garde devient spectatrice de l'histoire de Paris et se fond parmi la masse des défenseurs de la capitale. Son retour sur l'avant scène, le 18 mars 1871, est un fiasco qui clôt un chapitre de son histoire
This work presents at first the conditions of the demobilization of the municipal guard just after February 1848 and of the beginning of the Republican Guard during the early weeks of the Republic. It follows this last guard between the barricades of June 1848, then details the purges than affect it, from 1849 to 1850, and, at last, its attitude at the time of the 1851 coup. During its first years, the Republican Guard, composed at the start of citizens-soldiers, moves slightly into a praetorian guard, which the republicanism appears secondary nay undesirable. Next, Second Empire offers the means to examine its daily missions, the place of this atypical unity within gendarmerie and army, its links with municipality and its tutelary authorities, and then the guards, these soldiers not like the others. If this regiment of gendarmes, at the service of Parisians, is still financed by the city, is also a government weapon in Paris. In first line or laid by reserve in case of riots, the guard is a major actor of the public order. Parallel to the increase of the uniformed policed starting in 1854, the guard takes part of the elaboration of a new kind of street control. The long-term study of the guard role in Paris and specially of its action during the troubles of the two last years of the Empire, helps to understand the emergence of keeping, in the modern sense of the term. From September 4th 1870, the guard becomes spectator of Paris history and it fades into the mass of the capital defenders. Its return to the front scene, the 18th of March 1871, is a fiasco which turns into a drama and which opens a new chapter of its history

Héritière des anciennes milices du royaume de France, la garde nationale a été officiellement créée en 1791 et était initialement chargée du maintien de l’ordre. Elle connut bien des vicissitudes au gré des régimes qui se sont succédé et fut dissoute en 1852. Devant la menace que la victoire prussienne de Sadowa, en 1866, faisait peser sur la France, Napoléon III créa la garde nationale mobile en 1868 et c’est elle qui, avec la garde nationale mobilisée et les francs-tireurs, suppléa l’armée française, défaite à Sedan et enfermée dans Metz, pour continuer la lutte contre l’envahisseur en 1870-1871. L’arrondissement de Beaune dut lever quatre bataillons et demi qui furent principalement appelés à participer à la défense de Paris et à la répression de la révolte kabyle. À l’instar des corps auxiliaires recrutés dans les autres départements, ces troupes, levées dans l’impréparation la plus totale, ont suscité l’espoir et n’ont pas démérité. À défaut d’avoir pu rétablir la situation en France, elles ont permis qu’à la défaite ne s’ajoute pas la déstabilisation en Algérie. Après la guerre, les anciens de ces corps ont pleinement imprégné la société et contribué à forger l’esprit de revanche
The National guard was established in 1791 as a direct descendent of the former militias in the Kingdom of France. The National guard was first tasked with policing, and, during the regimes that followed, experienced various ups and downs before disbanding in 1852. In 1868, however, Napoléon III created the garde nationale mobile to address the impending threat from the Prussian victory in Sadowa in 1866. In 1868, the garde nationale mobile supplemented the regular Army, which had suffered defeat in Sedan and had been pinned down in Metz. Alongside the mobilized garde nationale and the franc-tireurs, the garde nationale mobile continued fighting the invasion forces in the years 1870-1871. The arrondissement of Beaune had to form four battalions and a half through levée en masse. These were mainly tasked with the defense of Paris and the repression of the Kabyle revolt. Just like the corps auxiliaires recruited in the other départements, these conscripted troops were thoroughly unprepared, although they did raise hopes and fought bravely. Despite failing to restore the status quo in France, they did ensure that destabilization was not exacerbated in Algeria. After the 1870 war, the veterans of these forces were at the heart of the society and contributed to forge the spirit of revenge

This thesis analyzes the English National Trust’s interpretation of the making and reception of Stowe Landscape Garden. Specifically, this is a critique of the Trust’s narrative of nationalism, which is overlaid by the use of romantic interpretive themes. Arguably, Stowe’s first contribution was the combination of expressions of nature through landscape with architectural and sculptural monuments of Englishness. The National Trust, however, has combined interpretations of multiple landscape gardens across a century, thus blurring its actual significance. Stowe has been lumped into a jumbled framework of anachronistic landscape commentary much based in the literature of reception. The use of receptive history as fact to define concepts like ‘Englishness’, ‘Landscape Garden’, and the ‘Picturesque’ only further aid the unsustainable development of the historical landscape. Stowe is recognized as the most extensive extant landscape garden to exemplify contributions by the first four designers in the medium: Vanbrugh, Bridgeman, Kent, and Brown. Lancelot ‘Capability’ Brown’s place-making role in the history of English landscape, much derided by the proponents of the Picturesque, found its first expression at Stowe from 1740 to 1751. Thus, Stowe’s Brownian dominant landscape, of which the bones are still largely intact, should be used as the designated period of interpretation. In this way, the National Trust could fulfill a modern desire for connection to nature, and with greater specificity, diversity and transparency in historical accounts, expand the accessibility of ‘Englishness’ in the form the consummate national landscape garden.

Cette thèse doctorale est plus spécifiquement consacrée aux travaux de l’auteur, dont elle présente une sélection thématique en quatre parties qui mettent en perspective la nature variée mais néanmoins cohérente de son engagement scientifique dans les différents postes qu’il a occupés. La garde nationale, la construction de l'armée des E.U. et le lien armées-nation. « De la Milice en Amérique » in Les milices du XVIème siècle à nos jours, entre construction et destruction de l'Etat, sous la direction de D. Domergue-Cloarec, J-F. Muracciole (L’Harmattan,Paris), mai 2010, p. 37-57 « La Notion de Citoyen-Soldat aux Etats-Unis » Numéro spécial sur la place des armées dans la société américaine de la revue Politique Américaine (L'Harmattan), publication prévue en 2019 (52.038 signes) « Les étapes historiques de la création d’une armée nationale aux Etats-Unis », in Etats-Unis France : Postures américaines, réceptions françaises (actes du colloque des 14-15 février 2008 à Verdun) sous la direction de F. Cochet (Centre régional universitaire lorrain d’histoire, Metz, n°40) 1er semestre 2010 (39.507 signes) « Quand le Congrès créait les “Troops of Maréchaussée », Revue d'études de la Gendarmerie nationale (Ministère de la Défense), n°196, 3ème trimestre 2000, p. 93-100. L'histoire militaire comparée France-Amérique « Armée et Citoyens en France et aux Etats-Unis, une Etude Comparée », Revue d'études de la Gendarmerie nationale (Ministère de la Défense), n° 206, mars 2003, p. 87-9 « L’Esprit de Défense aux Etats-Unis », Revue de la Défense Nationale (Comité d’Etudes de la Défense Nationale), mars 2002, p. 103-112 « Une Rétrospective Historique de la Sécurité Intérieure aux Etats-Unis, de l'Individuel au Collectif» co-direction du dossier spécial « L'Ordre et la Loi aux Etats-Unis », in Revue d'Etudes de la Gendarmerie nationale (Ministère de la Défense), n° 209, décembre 2003, p.35-42 « Le Patriotisme dans tous ses Etats » Introduction (p. 73-77) et codirection avec B. Cottret du dossier « Le Phénomène Patriote » (p. 73-133) in Revue des Deux Mondes (Société de la Revue des Deux Mondes), février 2003 « From conscription to professional forces, the French military paradox », conférence prononcée à Washington, D.C. en juillet 2004, dans le cadre de l’International Conference of Military Historians organisée par l’US Army Center of Military History sur le thème «Military professionalization » (34.468 signes). Le fait militaire et la question de la « race »« Combattre le Kaiser pour en finir avec Jim Crow, les Harlem Hellfighters dans la Grande Guerre »,in Le Nouveau Monde dans la Grande Guerre, espoirs et enjeux (actes du colloque des 9-10 novembre 2017 à l'ENSAM, Châlons-en-Champagne) sous la direction de F. Cochet, Université de Lorraine-Metz / Département de la Marne, 2019 (39.632 signes)« Les Prévôtés Françaises près des Unités Américaines, 1917-1919 » Revue Historique des Armées (Ministère de la Défense), décembre 1998, p. 52-62 « Le Traitement des Prisonniers de Guerre pendant la Guerre de Sécession ou l’Improbable Cartel », dans Des Prisonniers de Guerre aux Personnes Capturées, sous la direction de Nathalie Genet-Rouffiac, Service Historique de la Défense, Vincennes, 2010 (17.110 signes). Le symbolique et le mémoriel « Le choix de l'Inconnu américain », in Châlons, une ville de l’arrière-front au coeur de la Grande Guerre sous la direction de F. Cochet et J-C Sauvage (Maisonneuve & Larose / Hémisphères Ed. ;Paris) 2019« Les Sièges de l’Autorité Militaire aux Etats-Unis » Revue Historique des Armées (Ministère de la Défense), 2007, p. 83-87
This doctoral thesis focuses on the author’s works, a selection of which is offered in four thematic sections which display the diversity and nonetheless the coherence of his scientific commitment through his successive professional positions. The national guard, the construction of the U.S. military and the army and nation relations « De la Milice en Amérique » in Les milices du XVIème siècle à nos jours, entre construction et destruction de l'Etat, sous la direction de D. Domergue-Cloarec, J-F. Muracciole (L’Harmattan,Paris), mai 2010, p. 37-57 « La Notion de Citoyen-Soldat aux Etats-Unis » Numéro spécial sur la place des armées dans la société américaine de la revue Politique Américaine (L'Harmattan), publication prévue en 2019 (52.038 signes) « Les étapes historiques de la création d’une armée nationale aux Etats-Unis », in Etats-Unis France : Postures américaines, réceptions françaises (actes du colloque des 14-15 février 2008 à Verdun) sous la direction de F. Cochet (Centre régional universitaire lorrain d’histoire, Metz, n°40) 1er semestre 2010 (39.507 signes) « Quand le Congrès créait les “Troops of Maréchaussée », Revue d'études de la Gendarmerie nationale (Ministère de la Défense), n° 196, 3ème trimestre 2000, p. 93-100. Compared French-American military history « Armée et Citoyens en France et aux Etats-Unis, une Etude Comparée », Revue d'études de la Gendarmerie nationale (Ministère de la Défense), n° 206, mars 2003, p. 87-9 « L’Esprit de Défense aux Etats-Unis », Revue de la Défense Nationale (Comité d’Etudes de la Défense Nationale), mars 2002, p. 103-112 « Une Rétrospective Historique de la Sécurité Intérieure aux Etats-Unis, de l'Individuel au Collectif» co-direction du dossier spécial « L'Ordre et la Loi aux Etats-Unis », in Revue d'Etudes de la Gendarmerie nationale (Ministère de la Défense), n° 209, décembre 2003, p.35-42 « Le Patriotisme dans tous ses Etats » Introduction (p. 73-77) et codirection avec B. Cottret du dossier « Le Phénomène Patriote » (p. 73-133) in Revue des Deux Mondes (Société de la Revue des Deux Mondes), février 2003 « From conscription to professional forces, the French military paradox », conférence prononcée à Washington, D.C. en juillet 2004, dans le cadre de l’International Conference of Military Historians organisée par l’US Army Center of Military History sur le thème « Military Professionalization » (34.468 signes). The construction of the military presence and the « racial » issue « Combattre le Kaiser pour en finir avec Jim Crow, les Harlem Hellfighters dans la Grande Guerre », in Le Nouveau Monde dans la Grande Guerre, espoirs et enjeux (actes du colloque des 9-10novembre 2017 à l'ENSAM, Châlons-en-Champagne) sous la direction de F. Cochet, Université de Lorraine-Metz / Département de la Marne, 2019 (39.632 signes) « Les Prévôtés Françaises près des Unités Américaines, 1917-1919 » Revue Historique des Armées (Ministère de la Défense), décembre 1998, p. 52-62 « Le Traitement des Prisonniers de Guerre pendant la Guerre de Sécession ou l’Improbable Cartel »,dans Des Prisonniers de Guerre aux Personnes Capturées, sous la direction de Nathalie Genet-Rouffiac, Service Historique de la Défense, Vincennes, 2010 (17.110 signes). Symbolism and remembrance « Armée et Citoyens en France et aux Etats-Unis, une Etude Comparée », Revue d'études de la Gendarmerie nationale (Ministère de la Défense), n° 206, mars 2003, p. 87-9« L’Esprit de Défense aux Etats-Unis », Revue de la Défense Nationale (Comité d’Etudes de la Défense Nationale), mars 2002, p. 103-112« Une Rétrospective Historique de la Sécurité Intérieure aux Etats-Unis, de l'Individuel au Collectif» co-direction du dossier spécial « L'Ordre et la Loi aux Etats-Unis », in Revue d'Etudes de la Gendarmerie nationale (Ministère de la Défense), n° 209, décembre 2003, p.35-42

The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), a British fur-trading enterprise, created a large garden at Fort Vancouver, now in southwest Washington, in the early- to mid-19th century. This fort was the administrative headquarters for the HBC's activities in western North America. Archaeological investigations were conducted at this site in 2005 and 2006 in order to better understand the role of this large space, which seems incongruous in terms of resources required, to the profit motive of the HBC. Questions about the landscape characteristics, and comments by 19th century visitors to the site provided the impetus for theoretical research of gardens as representations of societal power, and, on a mid-range level, the efficacy of certain archaeological methods in researching this type of space. Documentary research related to the history of the HBC Garden was also conducted, including previous archaeology completed at the site. The results of these lines of inquiry are presented, providing insight as to the diverse roles this Garden fulfilled in the survival of the HBC in the region - as a commercial enterprise, as a microcosm of western societal practice, and in the health of its employees.

La loi du 19 juin 1851 qui étatise la police de Lyon marque une rupture majeure dans l’histoire du maintien de l’ordre en France. Depuis la Révolution française, les maires ont en effet été chargés de la police dans toutes les communes françaises, Paris exceptée. À partir de 1851, Lyon fait donc figure d’exception. Parce qu’elle s’est signalée par ses colères récurrentes depuis la fin du XVIIIe siècle, qu’elle est considérée comme la capitale du sud-est de la France et que sa population apparaît unanimement comme rétive à toute forme de domination, elle passe pour une cité rebelle. Dans le contexte d’un « Printemps des peuples » marqué par les soulèvements réguliers des partisans de la République démocratique et sociale, en juin 1848 puis en juin 1849, Lyon devient aux yeux des autorités, le quartier général de tous ceux qui veulent renverser l’ordre social en France voire en Europe. Or, durant cette période, la police lyonnaise donne chaque jour les preuves d’une défaillance complète face à la criminalité et à la délinquance, malgré une réorganisation générale tentée à l’automne 1848. En réaction, le pouvoir parisien place progressivement Lyon « hors du droit commun ». La ville et ses faubourgs sont d’abord privés de leurs gardes nationales en juillet 1848, lesquelles ne seront jamais réorganisées, à la différence des autres municipalités, car elles sont perçues, entre Rhône et Saône, comme peu sûres, faibles face à l’émeute et promptes à se retourner contre l’armée et la police. Le 15 juin 1849, une nouvelle insurrection éclate à Lyon. Réprimée par l’armée, elle enclenche la réforme générale de l’organisation administrative et policière de la ville et des faubourgs. Dans l’immédiat, Lyon et les cinq départements de la 6e division militaire sont placés et maintenus en état de siège. Tentée une première fois à l’automne 1849, la réforme aboutit avec la loi du 19 juin 1851. Désormais, Lyon jouit d’une police étatisée, aux mains d’un préfet du Rhône devenu préfet de police, agissant dans une nouvelle entité administrative, l’agglomération lyonnaise, qui regroupe une douzaine de communes et faubourgs. Le décret du 24 mars 1852 fait aboutir cette réforme, en supprimant le maire et en attribuant ses fonctions au préfet, en annexant les communes suburbaines et en divisant la ville en cinq arrondissements. Sur le plan policier, les services sont réorganisés jusqu’en 1854, sur la base des modèles parisien, londonien et genevois. La police d’État lyonnaise traverse le Second Empire et devient le modèle à partir duquel les polices des préfectures de plus de 40 000 habitants sont étatisées en 1855. Cette pérennité de la police d’État ne doit pourtant pas dissimuler une contestation permanente de son existence au cours des années 1860, au Corps législatif puis au Conseil général du Rhône. Les élus républicains demandent en effet la restitution à Lyon d’une municipalité élue, prélude au retour de la ville dans le « droit commun » sur le plan policier. Progressivement, la surveillance politique de l’agglomération s’avère difficile à assurer et les effectifs policiers apparaissent insuffisants. C’est néanmoins la défaite de Sedan qui aura raison de la police d’État. La République proclamée, la municipalité lyonnaise tout juste recomposée reprend immédiatement la direction du maintien de l’ordre le 4 septembre 1870
The law of 19th June 1851 which establishes state control over the police of Lyon marks a major break in the history of urban policing in France. Since the French Revolution, mayors were in charged of the police in all the French municipalities, Paris excepted. From 1851, Lyon thus became an exception. Because it differenced itself by its recurring revolts since the end of the XVIIIth century, because it is considered as the capital of the southeast-part of France and because its population appeared unanimously as refusing any kind of domination, it was considered as a rebel city. During the "people’s spring" marked by the regular uprisings of the partisans of the democratic and social Republic, in June, 1848 then in June, 1849, Lyon became for the authorities, the headquarters of all those who wanted to turn upside down social order in France and even in Europe. Yet, during this period, the police of Lyon gave daily proofs of a total failure to fight criminality, in spite of a general reorganization tempted in autumn 1848.In reaction, the Parisian power gradually put Lyon "outside the common law". The city and its suburbs were firstly deprived of their national guards in July 1848, unlike the other municipalities, because its guards were perceived, between the Rhône and the Saône, as weak in front of riots and quick to turn around against the army and the police. On June 15th 1849, a new uprising burst in Lyon. Repressed by the army, it engaged the general reform of the administrative and police organization of the city and the suburbs. Lyon and the five departments of the 6th military division had immediately been are placed and maintained under state of siege. Firstly tried in autumn 1849, the reform succeeded with the law of 19th June 1851. From then on, Lyon had a state-controlled police, in the hands of the prefect of the Rhône who became a prefect of police, acting in a new administrative entity, the Lyon agglomeration, which included a dozen municipalities and suburbs. The decree of March 24th, 1852 made this reform succeed, by suppressing the mayor and by attributing its functions to the prefect, by annexing the suburban municipalities and by dividing the city into five districts. On the police plan, services were reorganized until 1854, on the basis of the models of Paris, London and Geneva.The State police of Lyon crossed the Second Empire and became the model from which the polices of the prefectures of more than 40 000 inhabitants passed under state control in 1855. Nevertheless, the State police is contested during the 1860s, in the Legislative Corps and the General Council of the Rhône. The republican asked for the restoration of an elected municipality in Lyon, seen as the first step of the return of the city in the police "common law". Gradually, political surveillance of the urban space became increasingly difficult, and the police staff seemed insufficient. Nevertheless, it was the defeat of Sedan that would mark the end of the State police. Once the Republic had been proclaimed, the municipality of Lyon just recomposed took back immediately the direction of the police on September 4th, 1870

Nicolas Besnier (1686-1754) est le fils de François Besnier, chef du gobelet du roi, et d’Henriette Delaunay. Son oncle est Nicolas Delaunay et son parrain est Corneille Van Clève. Comme architecte, Nicolas Besnier fait le voyage en Italie de 1709 à 1712 ; étudiant à l’Académie de France à Rome, il obtient le premier prix d'architecture de l’Académie de Saint-Luc en 1711. Maître orfèvre en 1714, associé à Delaunay, logé aux galeries du Louvre à partir de 1718, il est nommé orfèvre du roi par un brevet en 1723. Il travaille pour la cour de France, notamment pour le remplacement de la vaisselle ordinaire du roi et pour les Affaires étrangères, ainsi que pour les comtes de Tarroca, de Pontchartrain, les duchesses de Retz, d'Harcourt, le maréchal de Castries, les ducs de Bouillon, de Levy, Horatio Walpole, Gaspard-César-Charles de Lescalopier, William Bateman, l'église Saint-Louis-en-l'ile, la cour de Wurtemberg, etc… Il devient échevin de la ville de Paris en 1729. A cette époque, il décide de collaborer avec son gendre Jacques Roëttiers de La Tour, à qui il laissera la conduite de son atelier d’orfèvre. De 1734 à 1753, il est directeur de la Manufacture royale de tapisserie de Beauvais. Il supervise la création de nouvelles tentures par Jean-Baptiste Oudry - Métamorphoses d'Ovide, Verdures fines -, par Charles Joseph Natoire - Histoire de don Quichotte - et par François Boucher - les Fêtes italiennes, Histoire de Psyché,Seconde tenture chinoise, les Amours des dieux, la Noble pastorale, les Fragments d'opéra ; cette période est vraiment « l'âge d'or » de la manufacture. Il quitte son logement aux galeries du Louvre en 1739 et il remet son poinçon d'orfèvre en 1744
Nicolas Besnier (1686-1754) is the son of François Besnier, head of the Gobelet du Roi and Henriette Delaunay. His uncle is Nicolas Delaunay and his godfather is Corneille Van Clève. As an architect, Nicolas Besnier traveled to Italy from 1709 to 1712. As student at the Academy of France in Rome, he obtained the first prize of architecture of the Académie de Saint-Luc in 1711. He became master goldsmith in 1714, partner with Delaunay, and was housed in the Galeries du Louvre from 1718. He was appointed goldsmith of the king by a patent in 1723. He worked for the court of France, notably for the replacement of the king's ordinary serveware and for the Foreign Affairs, as well as for the Counts of Tarroca, of Pontchartrain, the Duchess of Retz, of Harcourt, the Marshal de Castries, the Dukes of Bouillon, of Levy, Horatio Walpole, Gaspard-Caesar-Charles de Lescalopier,William Bateman... He became the alderman of the city of Paris in 1729. At that time, he decided to collaborate with his son in law Jacques Roëttiers de La Tour, who led the his workshop of goldsmith. From 1734, and until 1753, he was director of the Royal Manufacture of Tapestry of Beauvais. He supervised the creation of newhangings by Jean-Baptiste Oudry - Metamorphosis of Ovide, Fine verdures, by Charles Joseph Natoire - History of Don Quixote and by François Boucher - Italian festivals, Story of Psiché, the second Chinese hangings, the Loves of the gods, the Noble pastoral, Fragments of opera. This period is truly the « golden age » ofmanufacturing. He left his lodging at the galleries of the Louvre in 1739 and in 1744 gave back his hallmark of goldsmith

This dissertation is a quantitative study with elements of qualitative analysis. The purpose of this quantitative study was to investigate WHAT was written about Ukraine's independence 1917 in Swedish press 1917–1918. The qualitative part of the survey was intended to answer the question if the newspaper's political attitude influenced the news reports during the chosen period. The exact periodization was determined to be between March 1, 1917 and June 30, 1918. This periodization was chosen because of the March Revolution in 1917, which triggered independence declarations in a number of countries oppressed by Moscow, who now saw their chance of freedom. June 1918 became the end of the investigation because it was just when the peace agreement between Ukraine and the Soviet Union was signed. The source material has been chosen to represent a multitude of ideological orientations. It was liberal, moderate, conservative, liberal and left-wing orientations. The source material consisted of newspaper articles from the following newspapers: Dagens Nyheter, Aftonbladet, Göteborgs Aftonblad, Svenska Dagbladet, Dalpilen, Kalmar Tidning and Norrskensflamman. Quantitative methodology was used on the source material. This method consisted of a reviewing of newspaper articles in searching of news reports from Ukraine or articles which had something to do with the events in Ukraine. Every newspaper was searched day after day. The crawled material was presented in two chapters representing different periods. The first chapter of the results presented the results from 1917, and more precisely from March to December 1917. The second chapter presented the results from 1918, but also from December 1917, that is, the result from December 1917 through June 1918. The whole result was then discussed in a separate chapter where the qualitative analysis was also discussed. The result of the quantitative analysis showed that it has been written relatively sparcely about Ukraine's independence although the volume of articles increased from December 1917 and even more in 1918. Sometimes there were articles on the first page. But for the most part, the articles with Ukraine issues were placed among other foreign articles. It was also found in the survey that it was the first World War that drew attention to the newspapers, even though the events in Petrograd and then in Ukraine took more space. This survey also showed that what was written about Ukraine's independence was also what appears in the reference literature. The news reports reported how Ukraine proclaimed independence in March 1917 and later on proclaimed an independent republic in November 1917 when the Bolsheviks conducted their coup d'état in Petrograd. The newspapers also wrote how the Russian Communists sent a declaration of war to Ukraine in December 1917 and about the war that followed. The articles also tell us how negotiations on Ukraine Peace went on in Brest-Litovsk, and how they ended up with alliance between Germany and Ukraine with the campaign against the communists. It was told how the German army marched into Ukraine to free it from the bolsheviks. Until May 1918 there were battles between the German-Ukrainian Army and the Communists. In June 1918 the peace agreement was signed and this survey’s investigation ended. The survey showed that it was written about Ukraine's independence in all newspapers. Dagens Nyheter had the most news articles linked to the survey. Although the number of articles was not subject for analysis in this survey. The qualitative analysis was based on using Höjelid's theoretical concepts "positive sound" and "negative sound" on the quantitative analysis material. The qualitative analysis’ result showed that it was almost impossible to see the differences between the newspapers because the articles were traded between the newspapers, i.e. the content was copied straight away. It should be noted that not all content was the subject of copying between the newspapers. Copying occurred to a greater extent, but there were still original articles derived from the respective newspaper. Most of the articles were also direct telegrams that were communicated abroad to the newspaper's editors. A lot of these telegrammic articles were sent with a purpose to mislead society. These angled articles were published without further examination in Swedish press. There were articles from, for example, Dagens Nyheter whose editors noted the "strange Petrograd reports" and informed about it for the purpose of enlightening the public. However, as most newspapers were occupied with World War I, as was shown in the source material, the newspaper editorial office was less interested in other foreign events. Therefore, such angled articles could be found in Swedish press on a larger scale.
Denna avhandling är en kvantitativ studie med inslag av kvalitativ analys. Syftet med denna kvantitativa studien var att undersöka VAD som skrevs om Ukrajinas självständighet 1917 i svensk press 1917–1918. Den kvalitativa delen av undersökningen ämnade att besvara frågan om tidningens politiska hållningen påverkade nyhetsrapporteringen under den valda perioden. Den exakta periodiseringen fastställdes att vara mellan den 1 mars 1917 och den 30 juni 1918. Denna periodisering valdes på grund av marsrevolutionen 1917 som utlöste självständighets-förklaringar i en rad länder som var förtryckta av Moskovitien och som nu såg sin chans till frihet. Juni 1918 blev slutpunkten i undersökningen därför att det var just då som fredsavtalet mellan Ukrajina och Sovjet undertecknades. Källmaterialet har valts att representera en mångfald ideologiska inriktningar. Det var liberal, moderat, konservativ, frisinnad samt vänstersocial inriktningar. Källmaterialet bestod av tidningsartiklar från följande tidningar: Dagens Nyheter, Aftonbladet, Göteborgs Aftonblad, Svenska Dagbladet, Dalpilen, Kalmar tidning och Norrskensflamman. Det användes kvantitativ metod på källmaterialet som bestod i en genomsökning av tidningsartiklarna efter nyhetsrapporter från Ukrajina eller som hade något med händelserna i Ukrajina att göra. Varje tidning genomsöktes dag för dag. Det genomsökta materialet presenterades i två kapitel som representerade olika perioder. Det första resultatkapitlet presenterade resultatet från år 1917, och mer exakt från mars till december 1917. Det andra kapitlet presenterade resultatet från år 1918, men även från december 1917, det vill säga resultatet från och med december 1917 till och med juni 1918. Det hela resultatet diskuterades sedan i ett eget kapitel där även den kvalitativa analysen diskuterades. Resultatet från den kvantitativa analysen visade att det har skrivits relativt sparsmakat om Ukrajinas självständighet även om artikelmängden ökade från december 1917 och ännu mer under 1918. Ibland förekom det artiklar på första sidan. Men för det mesta placerades artiklarna med Ukrajina-frågor bland andra utlandsartiklar. Det framgick också i undersökningen att det var mest första världskriget som upptog tidningarnas uppmärksamhet, även om händelserna i Petrograd och sedan i Ukrajina tog allt mer plats allt eftersom. Denna undersökning visade också att det som skrevs om Ukrajinas självständighet var också det som förekommer i referenslitteraturen. Nyhetsrapporterna berättade hur Ukrajina utropat sin självständighet i mars 1917 tills landet proklamerat en oberoende republik i november 1917 när bolsjevikerna genomförde sin statskupp i Petrograd. Tidningarna skrev också hur de ryska kommunisterna skickade krigsförklaring till Ukrajina i december 1917 och om det kriget som följde efter det. Artiklarna berättar även om hur förhandlingarna för Ukrajinafreden gick till i Brest-Litovsk samt hur dessa avslutades med att Tyskland allierade sig med Ukrajina i kampen mot kommunisterna. Det berättades hur den tyska armén marscherade in i Ukrajina för att befria det från bolsjevikerna. Fram till maj 1918 pågick det strider mellan tysk-ukrajinska armén och kommunisterna. I juni 1918 undertecknades fredsavtalet och där slutade undersökningen.  Undersökningen visade att det skrevs om Ukrajinas självständighet i samtliga tidningar. Dagens Nyheter hade flest nyhetsartiklar kopplade till undersökningen. Även om antalet artiklar ej var i syfte att analysera i denna undersökning. Den kvalitativa analysen gick ut på att använda Höjelids teoretiska begrepp ”positiv klang” och ”negativ klang” på den kvantitativa analysens resultatmaterial. Det kvalitativa resultatet visade att det var nästintill omöjligt att se skillnad mellan de olika tidningarna eftersom artiklarna traderades mellan tidningarna, det vill säga innehållet kopierades rakt av. Det bör påpekas att inte allt innehåll var ämne för kopiering mellan tidningarna. Kopieringen förekom i större utsträckning men det fanns ändå originella artiklar som härstammade från respektive tidning. De flesta av artiklarna var dessutom direkta telegram som kommunicerades i utlandet till tidningens redaktioner. En hel del av dessa telegraferade artiklar skickades med ett givet syfte att vilseleda samhällsopinionen. Dessa vinklade artiklar publicerades utan vidare granskning i svensk press. Det förekom artiklar från exempelvis Dagens Nyheter vars redaktion uppmärksammat de ”märkliga Petrogradrapporter” och informerat om det i möjligt syfte att upplysa allmänheten. Men eftersom de flesta tidningarna var upptagna med första världskriget, som det visades i källmaterialet, var tidningsredaktionerna mindre intresserade av andra utländska händelser. Därför kunde sådana vinklade artiklar förekomma i svensk press i en större omfattning.

This chapter traces the history of the Nigerien gendarmerie. The gendarmes and their colonial predecessors—the tirailleurs, méharistes, gardes de cercle, and colonial gendarmes—have always worked in vast rural Niger, populated almost exclusively by subsistence farmers and pastoralists. Since the early twentieth century, these “strangers” have disciplined the rural population, managed the French colonial, later Nigerien national territory, spread French as the national language, established bureaucratic procedures, and imposed French colonial, then Nigerien national law. They have been advancing into a sphere they perceived as an “institutional vacuum” open to legitimate intrusion and in need of a new social order. Working between the known and the unknown, the familiar and the unfamiliar, rural police forces tried to make society legible to govern it and turn a social hieroglyph into an administratively more convenient format of numbers and texts. At the same time, they attempted to impose a normative order on what they perceive as a savage and chaotic illegitimate sphere. The gendarmes have been pushing this frontier ever since; yet it cannot be crossed—it is the bureaucratic horizon that moves with them.

This chapter explains the Napolas’ significance within the Nazi state, laying out the main arguments of the book as a whole. It sketches the programmatic intentions of the key figures involved in the schools’ founding and subsequent development—Reich Education Minister Bernhard Rust, and NPEA-Inspectors Joachim Haupt and August Heißmeyer. It also provides an overview of relevant sources and secondary literature, as well as a brief summary of the schools’ overall aims and ethos. Put simply, we can see the Napolas as a microcosm in which many of the Third Reich’s most fundamental tendencies can be found in magnified form. The schools aimed to realize the more ‘Socialist’ elements of National Socialism by providing free or heavily subsidized places for children from working-class families, whilst also forming pupils into the avant-garde of the Volksgemeinschaft (the Nazi national community defined by race). All in all, in-depth analysis of the Napolas proves the worth of treating educational history as contemporary history, rather than leaving it languishing on the sub-disciplinary margins of historical enquiry.

Rowheath Park at Bournville (from 1921) and the Hills and Dales Park, the Old Barn Club and Old River Park, made for NCR employees between 1906 and 1939, are highly significant to the history of corporate landscapes in terms of their scale and the sophistication of their designs in a factory context. A comparison of these parks, designed by landscape architects Cheals of Crawley, and the Olmsted Brothers respectively, reveal differences in the cultural, symbolic and stylistic approaches to landscape design in the two nations, including what it was possible to achieve in the suburban landscapes of Britain and the United States and in the beliefs, desires and expectations of the factory worker and his patriarch in what the landscape could provide for them. In context of corporate recreation, the scale and sophistication of these gardens and parks were astonishing and unprecedented. Their landscape architects succeeded in projecting local and national landscape identities through design, thus creating spaces that heightened employees’ sense of belonging to the region and to the corporate community.

The dramatic rise in the exhibition of modern art in Ireland during the Second World War and its consequences on the reception of modern art is the focus of this chapter. The emerging art market interacted with the aspirations of the political establishment in its public approval of modernist Irish art. Close relationships with the London art world helped disseminate knowledge of contemporary Irish art in Britain. A new way of thinking about art as unique and individual, rather than communal or nationalist, is reflected in the critical backlash against academic representations of rural Ireland and by the debate generated by the cosmopolitan White Stag group (1940-46), the first manifestation of a self-proclaimed avant-garde in Dublin. In contrast the discourse generated by the Jack B. Yeats National Loan Exhibition (1945), asserted the idea that modern art could evoke a shared national history and associated collective memories. The response to the exhibition provides insights not only into Yeats’s reputation but more crucially into the conflicted state of cultural debate in Ireland at the end of the war.

Chapter 3 examines the long history of baseball films in Japan, a tradition nearly as old as the history of Japanese cinema itself. After a brief survey of the early history of cinema in Japan, a tradition whose history parallels that of the game of baseball chronologically, the study focuses on early shomingeki films and explores how baseball became an important marker of domesticity and middle class respectability in this genre of film in the 1930s. The chapter then examines several pivotal films in the postwar era, examining how baseball was used alternately to perpetuate a national hero in Suzuki Hideo’s Immortal Pitcher (1955) or to chart the corruption and greed surrounding professional baseball as in Kobayashi Masaki’s I Will Buy You (1956). In the 1960s and 1970s, as young filmmakers arose to challenge the dominance of the great postwar filmmakers and to produce often avant-garde and politically charged films that reflected an international challenge to the hegemony of Hollywood films, the baseball film was again adopted as a means to offer that challenge. Ōshima Nagisa’s Ceremonies, in a film that contests the very concept of the baseball film, uses baseball as a metaphor for the Japan’s abandonment of its citizens during the war. The recent splatter comedy baseball films of Yamaguchi Yūdai likewise play with the familiar tropes of Japanese baseball and of the baseball hero as antihero in problematizing the very concept of the baseball film.

The article traces the history of Slovak-Russian relations in the field of drama and theater, starting from the moment of their emergence in the second half of the XIX century, and pays special attention to the period of the 1900s–30s (before the beginning of the Second World War). The influence of Russian playwrights (first of all, N. Gogol, A. Chekhov and M. Gorky) is clearly visible in the dramatic works of J. G. Tajovsky, T. Vansova and V. H. V. (Vladimir Hurban Vladimirov). After the opening of the Slovak National Theater in 1920 and the arrival of the actor and director J. Borodač, a big admirer of the Stanislavsky and Russian theater system, more and more Russian and Soviet plays appear in the repertoire of this and other Slovak theaters. The influence of the Moscow Art Theater school began to manifest itself in the director's manner of Borodač, while another prominent Slovak director of that time, J. Jamnicky, was clearly influenced by the Russian avant-garde.

The interdisciplinary field of futures research is now at the heart of policy-making and business strategy, but the serious study of the future has its roots in Cold War strategy, led by Hermann Kahn at the RAND Corporation and the Hudson Institute. The migration of futures research into business was accompanied by a burgeoning countercultural futurism, most vividly embodied in Stewart Brand’s Whole Earth Catalog. The founding of the Global Business Network in 1987 brought together many of the key players from business futurism and the avant-garde wing of futures studies, forging a high-powered consultancy that went on to provide services for multi-national corporations and government agencies. As pressing contemporary issues such as global security and climate change prompt futures researchers to develop scenarios intended to deal with potentially extinction-level catastrophes, can an interrogation of the recent history of the future contribute to the release of a critical engagement with the future that is not beholden to the lockdown of its Cold War legacy?

The modern urban ideas arrived in Bogota in 1917, three decades before the Modern Architecture Movement. The ideas burst in with the principles of the Garden City through the US City Planning. They based themselves on Raymond Unwin’s 1909 Town Planning in Practice. Were made evident with Patrick Geddes’ 1915 concept of conurbation. They took advantage of the First Congresses of National Improvements between 1917 and 1920, and materialized in the Bogotá Futuro Plan 1923-25. The Department of Urban Planning (1933), directed by Karl Brunner, and the Work Plan for the Commemoration of Bogotá’s IV Centennial in 1938 consolidated the ideas for the Garden City. These ideas were made explicit in the Urban Planning Manual of 1939-40. The Modern Movement was outlined in the Municipal Archive and Registry and in 1936 the Faculty of Architecture of the National University in Bogota was established. Keywords: Modern Urbanism, City Planning, Garden City, Work Plan. Topic: City theory and history. Las modernas ideas urbanas llegaron a Bogotá en 1917, tres décadas antes del Movimiento Moderno de la Arquitectura. Irrumpieron con los principios de la Ciudad Jardín a través del City Planning estadounidense. Se fundamentaron en La Practica del Urbanismo de Raymond Unwin en 1909. Hicieron evidente el concepto conurbación de Patrick Geddes en 1915. Aprovecharon los Primeros Congresos de Mejoras Nacionales, 1917 y 1920, concretándose en el Plano Bogotá Futuro 1923-25. Con el Departamento de Urbanismo de Bogotá en 1933, el nombramiento de Karl Brunner en su dirección y en la del Plan de Obras para la Conmemoración del IV Centenario de Bogotá en 1938, se consolidaron las ideas de la Ciudad Jardín y se hicieron explícitas en su Manual de Urbanismo de 1939-40. El Movimiento Moderno se reseñó en el Registro y Archivo Municipal y en 1936 se constituyó la Facultad de Arquitectura de la Universidad Nacional en Bogotá. Palabras clave: Urbanismo moderno, City Planning, Ciudad Jardín, Plan de Obras. Bloque temático: Teoría e historia de la ciudad.