Dissertations / Theses: 'Gangs'

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Durán, Robert. "Fatalistic social control : the reproduction of oppression through the medium of gangs /." Connect to online resource, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3207689.

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Kelly, Ashlin. "Girls in Gangs: Listening to and Making Sense of Females' Perspectives of Gang Life." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32202.

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This thesis is an exploratory qualitative study that seeks to capture some of the experiences and challenges faced by females who have been gang-involved, either directly or peripherally. A total of eleven interviews were completed with seven women who were either former members of a gang (directly involved) or knew and associated with male and female gang members (peripherally involved) in Canada. The thesis examines my participants’ views of why women enter, persist and desist from gangs. My participants reported that girls join and stay in a gang primarily because they have a significant other who is a male gang member. A sense of kinship, financial dependency, and a lack of alternatives were cited as reasons for girls to join and persist in gangs. The main motivators for desisting were pregnancy, physical separation, treatment and hitting “rock bottom”. The principal findings indicate that there is a gendered hierarchy within mixed gangs that enables males to maintain power and control over females, impacting girl’s expectations, roles and responsibilities in a mixed gang. The significant social, psychological, physical and financial barriers to desistance are outlined and should be considered when devising programming to facilitate gang desistance for females. Furthermore, my participants stressed the need for comprehensive intervention initiatives that account for gender in order to help women desist safely and successfully. The study highlights that desisting from a gang can be a lifelong process, requiring ongoing support structures. The findings speak to the need to make the ‘invisible’ female gang members visible.

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Wijnberg, Marcelle. "Exploration of male gang members' perspectives of gangs and drugs." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20000.

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Thesis (M Social Work)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Western Cape is notorious for its high prevalence of gangs and resulting gang violence. This is confirmed in the multitude of frequent reports of homicides attributed to gangs. This area of South Africa further has elevated substance abuse statistics. Literature clearly states that gangs and drugs are inextricably linked. The nature of the interaction is however unclear, although the effects of the interaction is significantly apparent as the consequences of gang activities is often felt by innocent bystanders. It is concerning that gangsterism and drug usage is normalised and ceases to be viewed as deviant in some communities. The consequences of the interaction between gangs and drugs has ramifications for community safety and further places much strain on the health, social welfare, as well as defence sectors. Effective interventions need to be informed by insight into the interaction between gangs and drugs. The best source of reliable information in this regard would be gang members. A dearth of research with regards to the gang members‟ perspective on the connection between gangs and drugs thus motivated the study. The study was conducted with male gang members within the setting of a substance treatment centre, where drug usage is normalised. An empirical study with a combination of a qualitative and quantitative approach was used, where a semi structured questionnaire was administered with individual participants as well as a focus group. The study illustrated that gangs attract members through their ability to meet the individuals‟ needs. These needs are linked to those indentified within motivational theory. Gangs met physiological needs through access to drugs, safety needs through providing protection, and self esteem needs through the provision of money and status. Significantly, gangs were identified as meeting individuals‟ belonging needs. Commonality was established in risk factors for involvement in a gang and as well as in the usage of substances. The study showed unstable home environments with absent fathers and multiple stressors such as exposure to high levels of violence and abuse. Disconnectedness within families was further highlighted. The participants were exposed to elevated levels of substance misuse within their families as well as elevated levels of familial involvement in the sale of drugs. Familial involvement in gangs was also high within participants. The findings of the study indicate that drugs are enmeshed within gang activities. Drug usage occurs before and after going out and committing crimes. Drugs were used to heighten gang members‟ fortitude, diminishing inhibitions. Participants spoke about being incapable of undertaking violent acts, without first using drugs. Gang members used drugs to quieten the conscience and in self medicating after completing a task, in order to cope with flashbacks and intrusive thoughts and images. Gang norms with regards to the sanctioning of drugs is a complex issue. The study demonstrated that gangs make a distinction between drugs, for example heroin usage is not encouraged by all gangs due to the associated tolerance and severe withdrawal symptoms. Gangs tread a thin line between condoning and discouraging drug usage. Supporting drug usage may benefit the gang, as it encourages and motivates gang activities. Gang members who become dependent on drugs are however a risk for the gang, as they become unreliable and disloyal, as their absolute devotion to the gang is challenged by their physiological needs. Gang members however perceive the gangs‟ prohibition of certain drugs, as motivated by a concern for their wellbeing rather than self interest. The temporal order of drug usage and gang membership illustrated that drug usage preceded involvement in a gang. Drug usage however significantly increased and progressed after inclusion in a gang. Recommendations emphasised a need to acknowledge the link between drugs and gangs. Insight provided by gang members is needed in order to inform effective interventions. Within the substance dependence field, the gang member presents with unique treatment needs, which must be understood in order to gain optimum results. Ill-informed, generic treatment is ineffective, irresponsible and costly for service providers, communities affected by gangsterism, and those gang members with some willingness to change.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Wes-Kaap is berug vir dié provinsie se hoë voorkoms van bendes en gepaardgaande bendegeweld. Dít word bevestig deur die menigte gereelde berigte van moord waarby bendes betrek word. Hierdie gebied van Suid-Afrika toon boonop verhoogde middelmisbruik-statistieke. Literatuur stel dit onomwonde dat bendes en dwelmmiddels op onlosmaaklike wyse verbind is. Die aard van hierdie wisselwerking is onduidelik, hoewel die uitwerking daarvan onmiskenbaar is: Veral onskuldige omstanders word dikwels deur die gevolge van bendebedrywighede geraak. Dit is kommerwekkend dat bendes en dwelmmisbruik oënskynlik genormaliseer en in sommige gemeenskappe nie meer as afwykend bestempel word nie. Die wisselwerking tussen bendes en dwelms hou ernstige gevolge in vir gemeenskapsveiligheid, en plaas daarbenewens heelwat druk op die gesondheid-, maatskaplikewelsyn- sowel as verdedigingsektor. Doeltreffende intervensies moet gerig word deur insig in die wisselwerking tussen bendes en dwelms. Die beste bron van betroubare inligting in hierdie verband is natuurlik bendelede self. Tog is daar ‟n gebrek aan navorsing oor bendelede se eie beskouings van die verband tussen bendes en dwelms, en dít het dus as beweegrede vir hierdie studie gedien. Die studie is onder manlike bendelede in ‟n behandelingsentrum vir middelmisbruik onderneem, waar dwelmgebruik genormaliseer word. ‟n Empiriese studie met ‟n kombinasie van ‟n kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe benadering is gebruik, en ‟n semigestruktureerde vraelys is onder individuele deelnemers sowel as ‟n fokusgroep afgeneem. Die studie toon dat bendes lede werf deur hul vermoë om in die individu se behoeftes te voorsien. Hierdie behoeftes stem ooreen met die behoeftes wat in motiveringsteorie uitgewys word. Bendes voorsien in sielkundige behoeftes deur toegang tot dwelms te bied; hulle voorsien in veiligheidsbehoeftes deur beskerming te verleen, en hulle voorsien in selfbeeldbehoeftes deur geld en status beskikbaar te stel. In die besonder is bevind dat bendes in individue se behoefte voorsien om iewers tuis te hoort. Daar is ‟n gemeenskaplikheid uitgewys in die risikofaktore vir bendebetrokkenheid en vir middelmisbruik. Die studie lewer bewys van onstabiele huislike omgewings met afwesige vaderfigure en veelvuldige stressors, soos blootstelling aan hoë vlakke van geweld en misbruik. ‟n Gebrek aan familiebande kom voorts aan die lig. Die deelnemers is in hulle families aan verhoogde vlakke van middelmisbruik sowel as verhoogde vlakke van betrokkenheid by dwelmhandel blootgestel. Familiebetrokkenheid by bendebedrywighede blyk ook algemeen te wees onder deelnemers. Die bevindinge van die studie toon dat dwelms en bendebedrywighede ineengevleg is. Dwelmgebruik vind plaas voor sowel as nadat misdaad in bendeverband gepleeg word. Dwelms word gebruik om bendelede moed te gee en hul inhibisies te laat verdwyn. Deelnemers noem dat hulle nie geweld kan pleeg sonder om eers dwelms te gebruik nie. Bendelede gebruik dwelms om hul gewete te sus en hulself ná die voltooiing van ‟n taak te behandel om terugflitse en aanhoudende gedagtes aan die gebeure te kan hanteer. Bendenorme met betrekking tot die goedkeuring van dwelms is ‟n komplekse saak. Die studie toon dat bendes tussen verskillende soorte dwelms onderskei: Alle bendes moedig byvoorbeeld nie heroïengebruik aan nie weens die verwante toleransie en ernstige onttrekkingsimptome. Vir bendes is daar ‟n baie fyn lyn tussen die kondonering en ontmoediging van dwelmmisbruik. Die ondersteuning van dwelmgebruik kan tot voordeel van die bende wees, want dit dien as aansporing en motivering vir bendebedrywighede. Tog hou dwelmafhanklike lede ook ‟n gevaar vir die bende in, aangesien hulle onbetroubaar en ontrou raak wanneer hulle absolute toewyding aan die bende teen hul fisiologiese behoeftes te staan kom. Bendelede beskou egter die bende se verbod op sekere dwelms as ‟n teken van hul besorgdheid oor hulle lede se welstand eerder as selfbelang. Die tydsorde van dwelmgebruik en bendelidmaatskap toon dat dwelmgebruik bendebetrokkenheid voorafgaan. Dwelmgebruik het egter beduidend toegeneem en verhewig ná insluiting by ‟n bende. Aanbevelings beklemtoon die behoefte om die koppeling tussen bendes en dwelms te erken. Insigte wat van bendelede bekom word, is nodig ten einde doeltreffende intervensies te rig. Op die gebied van middelafhanklikheid het die bendelid unieke behandelingsbehoeftes wat verstaan moet word ten einde optimale resultate te behaal. Generiese behandeling sonder die nodige agtergrondinligting is ondoeltreffend, onverantwoordelik en duur vir diensverskaffers, gemeenskappe wat deur bendebedrywighede geraak word, sowel as daardie bendelede wat wél bereid is om te verander.

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Delgado, Alvin Alexis. "A gang's way spirit of the gang /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.

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Mozova, Katarina. "Ties in gangs : exploration of perceived group processes in gang membership." Thesis, University of Kent, 2017. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/61260/.

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Gang membership is a global phenomenon and a problem affecting a multitude of official and unofficial agencies, often reported by the media and causing overwhelming financial strain, as well as increasing fear of crime in communities. Whilst research on gangs has enjoyed popularity for almost a century now, this was mostly based on a criminological perspective, which did not provide a holistic picture for practitioners. Specifically, little is known about the psychology of gang membership, as such research is still in its infancy. Moreover, calls for understanding the social psychological motives for gang membership - such as gang members' perceptions of group processes, and how these influence individuals - have been present for the last 50 years but development in the area has been limited. The aim of this thesis was to address some of this crucial gap in our knowledge of gang membership, to help enrich theoretical understanding, as well as prevention and rehabilitation strategies, so that these can be appropriately developed. In order for this to happen, it is key to understand which group processes lie behind gang membership based on gang members' subjective experiences, in different types of gang members, and how these relate to members' decisions to join and remain with a gang. The core assumption of gangs - that they are groups - has been largely neglected by research. The studies in this thesis provide the first holistic picture of the relevance of group processes in gang membership. The first, qualitative study, identified that group processes regularly manifesting in groups do, indeed, also manifest in gangs. It was also found that such group processes are understood by gang members in a manner specific to them. Further, the perceived group processes manifested differently at different stages of membership - when joining a gang and when remaining in a gang. The large quantitative studies that follow revealed that gangs differ from non-gang delinquent groups, and that different types of gang members differ in their perception of how group processes manifest. It was found that different types of groups and gangs were characterised by a specific set of perceived group processes. Further, these group process clusters differed, based on the stage of an individual's membership. This thesis therefore uncovered that the area of social cognition based on group processes is important. The main conclusions drawn from the studies presented in this PhD are: 1) Group processes manifest in gangs and are perceived in a specific manner. 2) The perception of group processes differ in gangs and other delinquent groups, and between different types of gang members. 3) There are specific clusters of perceived group processes which characterise specific types of groups and at different stages of membership - group processes should not be dealt with in isolation. 4) The findings show that how gang members perceive group processes should be a key consideration in future research and any intervention strategies designed for gang members.

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Agnew, Emma R. E. "Discourse, policy, gangs : an analysis of gang members' talk and policy." Thesis, University of East London, 2016. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/5384/.

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European academics have historically been reluctant to conduct explicit gang research on the premise that it risks stereotyping communities. Subsequently, notions about gangs in the UK have been transposed from American literature, which is primarily based within a criminological perspective and focuses on personal characteristics of gang members, such as their violent tendencies (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). Alternatively, underpinned by a community psychology perspective, this research explores how young people involved in gangs construct their identities and experiences, and to what extent these constructions reproduce or resist political discourse. Semi-structured interviews with six self-identified gang members, as well as the UK policy ‘Ending Gang and Youth Violence’ (Home Office, 2011) were analysed using a hybrid approach of discursive psychology and critical discourse analysis. The four main discursive sites identified in the policy were: i) The demonization of gangs, ii) the inevitability of gangs, iii) gangs: the product of ‘troubled families’, iv) the racialization of gangs. The four main discursive sites within the interviews were: i) experiences of racism, ii) the inevitability of gang membership, iii) problematized identities, iv) individual and family responsibility. The analysis indicated that, at times, the participants reproduced problematising ideological discourse, at other times they constructed reimagined personal narratives which resisted hegemonic discourses about gang members, and at other times they exposed the oppressive mechanisms of political discourse, by detailing how being labelled a ‘gang member’ and racial discrimination had shaped their subjectivities and lived experiences. The findings indicate the need for an overhaul of elitist policy production, for authentic participation of young people with experiences of living in deprived areas, and for a shift from the ‘criminological’ framework of gang policy towards ‘welfare’. Furthermore, the findings highlight the need to direct political attention to addressing racial discrimination. Clinically, community psychology approaches are recommended, as well as working at macro levels to change cultural narratives around this group.

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Ip, pau-fuk Peter. "The sociolinguistics of triad language in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20842739.

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Hope, Trina Louise 1968. "Crime, criminality, and gangs." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288718.

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This project attempts to clarify the relationships between gang membership, crime, and criminality. It begins by introducing the distinction between crime and criminality, and analyzing criminological theory using this distinction. Next, it describes how these same theories view the role of social institutions like family, school, and peers. It also explores more substantive/methodological questions concerning gang membership. Using survey data obtained from gang and non-gang youth, the characteristics that distinguish gang from non-gang youth are discovered, along with the theoretical and policy implications of these distinctions. Measures of crime and criminality, as well as variables relating to family, school, and peers will be used to discover which traits distinguish gang from non-gang youth. Finally, a methodological concern is addressed when the reliability and validity of data provided by gang youth is compared to that provided by non-gang youth.

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Peters, Sean Michael. "Youth gang involvement in early adolescence an examination of environmental and individual risk factors /." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3035164.

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Pecoulas, Katherine A. "Perceptions of Gangs and Their Effect on the Legal System." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/521.

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Several studies have examined the effect of gang affiliation on jury decision-making. However, none of such studies have examined how jurors perceive female gang members in the legal system, and how such perceptions may differ based on the geographic location of jurors. In the proposed study, jury-eligible participants from Chicago or Los Angeles will read a vignette about a gang member defendant, whose race and gender will vary. After reading the vignette, participants will be asked about the defendant’s guilt, sentence length, verdict confidence, aggression, and their familiarity with gang laws. It is hypothesized that while male gang members will be perceived as guiltier than females, they will receive shorter sentences. Additionally, while racial minority gang members will be perceived as guiltier, they will receive shorter sentences. Lastly, given the differing racial compositions of Chicago and Los Angeles, the combined effect of race and location will be examined on jury decision-making. These results may help in further understanding how certain types of gangs are perceived, and how these perceptions shape the legal outcomes of gang members.

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Atkinson-Sheppard, Sally. "The Gangs of Bangladesh : exploring organised crime, street gangs and exploited child workers in Dhaka." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2015. http://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-gangs-of-bangladesh(3ba577aa-cb23-412b-bf4a-19daeeadf873).html.

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This thesis presents a study of street children’s involvement as workers in Bangladeshi organised crime groups, based on a three-year ethnographic study in Dhaka. The study focuses on the views and experiences of 22 children from the streets and slums. Drawing on participant observation and group interviews with the children, the study explores how these children perceived organised crime and why young people become involved in these groups. It argues that children’s perspectives are essential, even when the subject under discussion is the adult world of organised crime. The study also utilises data drawn from interviews with 80 criminal justice practitioners, NGO workers and community members and three years of participant observation of the Bangladesh criminal justice system and wider society. This thesis offers five main contributions to knowledge. Firstly, the study documents the ways that Bangladeshi organised crime groups – the mastaans – operate. It explores how these groups are structured, the crimes they commit and their subculture. Secondly, the study demonstrates that mastaans are ‘mafia-type’ organisations that operate in a market for social protection and are involved in a range of criminal activities. Thirdly, the study explains how street children work as labourers within these crime groups. They are hired to carry weapons, sell drugs, collect extortion money, participate in ‘land grabbing’, conduct contract killings and commit political violence. It argues that mastaan groups offer street children a way to earn money and access patronage, protection and inclusion. The study concludes that these children are neither victims nor offenders; they are instead ‘active social agents’, doing what they can to protect themselves and survive on the streets. Finally, the study contributes to literature on research methodologies, because it was the first to employ an empirical case study design to explore the relationship between street children and organised crime in Bangladesh.

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Higgins, Mary Beth Vang Ka. "An examination of gangs in Eau Claire, Wisconsin and the community's racial perception of gangs." Online version, 1999. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/1999/1999higginsm.pdf.

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Escribano, Lorraine M. "Exploring School Engagement as a Protective Factor for Youth At Risk of Joining Gangs." PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/441.

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Research on gangs has traditionally focused on identifying the risk factors associated with youth gang membership in multiple developmental domains with limited attention on examining the protective factors that may buffer youth from joining gangs (Howell & Egley, 2005). Educational and psychological research have found robust evidence that school engagement protects youth from a host of risky activities and negative outcomes (e.g., substance use, dropping out of school) and may hold promise in also protecting youth from gang involvement. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is three-fold: (1) to identify students who are at risk for gangs; (2) to investigate whether school engagement can be a protective factor for youth at risk for joining gangs; and (3) to examine whether a well-supported model of motivational development can account for the dynamics that may facilitate or undermine school engagement as a protective factor for gang involvement. Data (N = 342) from an ethnically/racially diverse and socio-economic homogeneous sample were analyzed. Students reported on their levels of (1) engagement versus disaffection from school activities, (2) belongingness, competence, and autonomy, (3) school climate and teacher support, and (4) attraction to and participation in diverse extracurricular activities. In addition, an innovative method for measuring student attraction to gangs was tested. Preliminary evidence indicated that Gang Attraction Profile was a distinct student profile that was structurally different and not redundant with traditional methods of self-reported gang membership. The Gang Attraction profile was sensitive in distinguishing youth of differing levels of gang attraction and gang involvement. Results also indicated that school environments that are experienced as supportive and caring promoted student engagement and achievement. Evidence was found that belongingness to the school played an important role in buffering youth from being attracted to and involved in gangs. Specifically, a student's self-perception of belongingness was related to higher levels of school engagement and teacher support, and lower levels of gang attraction and gang involvement. These results not only highlighted the importance of school belongingness in buffering youth from negative outcomes such as gang involvement and gang attraction, but also revealed a different motivational process that may lead to gang involvement than previously expected. Implications for the design of prevention and intervention programs are discussed as well as directions for future research.

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Mesher, Daniel R. "Youth ministry to suburban street gangs." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2006. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p001-1093.

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Hanley, Natalia Kate. "Gangs and probation : negotiating power dynamics." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496216.

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Gangs are a contemporary criminological issue in Britain, dominating media and policy discourses around youth delinquency. This research utilises a qualitative approach to identify the impact of gangs on the Probation Service in Manchester. The relationship between Probation Officers and the Probation Service is mediated by complex power dynamics. The Probation Service has recast its role as powerful enforcer of punitive sanctions. The implications of this for Probation Officers is on the one hand, an increase in 'symbolic' power through increasingly coercive working practices and discourse whilst representing decreasing professionalization and autonomy and a lack of identification with new service values. Therefore, the reality of Probation work is characterised by a perceived reduction in power. This is mirrored in the gang experience. Gang members perceive themselves as powerful within the confines of the gang and neighbourhood, by adopting masculinised performances of identity but individual gang members are also powerless through their exclusion and alienation from mainstream society.

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Bell, Kerryn E. "Gender and gangs : a quantitative comparison." Connect to resource, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1261159815.

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Kinsey, Dirk. "Out in "The Numbers": Youth and Gang Violence Initiatives and Uneven Development in Portland's Periphery." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3365.

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Incidence of youth and gang violence in the Portland, Oregon metro area has increased dramatically over the past five years. This violence has recently become more spatially diffuse, shifting outwards from gentrified, inner city neighborhoods, towards the city's periphery. These incidents exist within the context of a shifting regional political economy, characterized by a process of gentrification associated displacement and growing, and distinctly racialized and spatialized, inequalities. While gang researchers have long argued a corollary between the emergence of gangs and economically and culturally polarized urban landscapes, the ongoing suburbanization of poverty in American cities suggests a new landscape of uneven power differentials playing out between disenfranchised youth and those seeking to police and prevent violence. This paper provides a critical examination of how local agencies charged with addressing youth and gang violence are responding to shifts in the landscape of violence and navigating the inequitable distribution of wealth and resources in the "progressive" city. Drawing on interviews conducted with police, policy makers and gang outreach workers, the author investigates both perceptions of gentrification's role in youth and gang violence and the spacialities of emerging enforcement and prevention efforts. My findings suggest that prevention and enforcement efforts frequently rely on techniques and models designed to replicate conditions in older, gentrified neighborhoods, while perhaps unwittingly reifying existing inequalities. Ultimately, I hope to reveal some of the links, both at macro-structural levels and those of daily practice, between a shifting political economy and emerging forms of suburban policing.

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Laramée, Geneviève. "La représentation médiatique des gangs dans le journal La Presse de 1980 à 2010 : la mise en discours d’une « problématique sociale »." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20570.

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Les médias occupent une place importante au sein des sociétés occidentales, notamment en raison de l’accessibilité des « nouvelles technologies de l’information ». Le marché de la nouvelle en subit des conséquences en ce qui a trait à la création de la nouvelle entourant des phénomènes sociaux ou plutôt, aux yeux des médias, des problèmes sociaux. La présente thèse jette un regard sur le discours médiatique à l’égard de l’une de ces « problématiques sociales », celle des gangs à Montréal. En observant la sélection des faits qui sont rapportés, commentés et interprétés dans la presse, notre recherche montre comment le phénomène des gangs est représenté dans le journal La Presse entre 1980 et 2010. 348 articles ont été analysés durant ces trente années où les gangs sont évoqués. Nous avons pu en dégager trois grands axes. D’abord, la définition du concept de gang n’est pas plus claire dans les médias qu’elle ne l’est dans la littérature scientifique. D’ailleurs, la ligne entre les gangs et les groupes criminels traditionnels n’est pas toujours facile à tracer dans la représentation médiatique. Ensuite, les membres des gangs ne sont pas seulement présentés comme des Autres au sens criminologique, mais généralement comme des ‘Autres étrangers’, les minorités visibles étant implicitement ou explicitement associées à cette problématique sociale tout au long de notre période à l’étude. Finalement, les gangs sont dépeints comme étant plus présents et plus dangereux chaque jour, et ce, dès 1989. Cette dimension alarmiste du discours médiatique sur les gangs semble liée au fait que, très souvent, les journalistes relaient les dires des policiers sans leur ajouter des faits explicatifs, qui auraient favorisé une meilleure compréhension de ce phénomène complexe.

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Shek, For-lin Stony. "Explore the reasons why young people participate in gang activities in Tseung Kwan O the perspective of adults and young people /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31979348.

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Li, Ngai-ling. "Youth gangs in Hong Kong the convergence of conventions and deviations /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31677927.

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Young, Tara. "Risky youth or gang members? : a contextual critique of the (re)discovery of gangs in Britain." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 2016. http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/920/.

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The aim of this body of work has been to explore the anti-social behaviour and criminality of disaffected young people. In particular, my focus has been on how the perception of young offenders as ‘youth at risk’ needing guidance has metamorphosed into one of ‘gang’ membership requiring a punitive response. My work examines how community agencies and the criminal justice system have responded to this shift and focuses on the consequences for young people. Theoretically, this body of work has been influenced by a constructionist epistemology and incorporates a feminist methodology. The research work upon which this body of work rests consists mainly of qualitative research with marginalised young people, family members and practitioners working with them. My findings, detailed in various publications, have challenged assumptions about anti-social youngsters, the nature of collective offending by young people and the role the family plays in ‘gang-related’ offending. Most notably, they have sought to shape academic and political discourse in Britain by adopting a critical position against the prevailing view that ‘gang-related’ offending is the primary driver for the rise in violent offences. The work has contributed to the conceptualisation of ‘gang’ groups as they exist in contemporary Britain. It has influenced public policy on the gang, particularly in relation to defining the gang, on crime control and it has rerouted the debate about the involvement of girls and young women in street-based groups.

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Haussler, Nicholas I. "Third generation gangs revisited : the Iraq insurgency /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Sep%5FHaussler.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2005.
Thesis Advisor(s): James Russell, Anne Marie Baylouny. Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-111). Also available online.

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Paulsson, Joseline. "Girls in Youth Gangs in Central America." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Romanska och klassiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-131103.

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Youth gangs, so-called Maras, in Central America have for a long time been one of the major factors contributing to the great amount of organized crime and violence in the Central American countries. The citizens in this region are exposed to violence and other crimes from the gangs on a daily basis. The vast amount of teens joining but also being forced to join the gangs is due to the high levels of poverty in the countries. Becoming a member in a gang is often seen as the only option to make a living. The study focuses on three countries in Central America: El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. The reason why the author chose these three countries is because they are the ones with the highest youth gang activity in the region as well as the ones who have faced and still are facing high levels of violence and corruption. They have all faced political, economic, and social challenges after civil wars and increasing drug trafficking in the region. The method used in the study is qualitative through an analysis of secondary sources on young women in youth gangs. The material is analyzed from a gender perspective and also power and social control theory. The maras mainly recruit teen boys, but also young girls and women. Teen girls are in some cases forced to join the gangs but many times they join the gangs as self- protection from other local maras. The young girls are used for different tasks and duties while in the gang, but also face abuse by being taken advantage of in a male dominated environment. The essay focuses on the role of young women in gangs. The research questions are: why the young girls join the gangs? What are their roles in the gangs? Are their roles differentiate to the mens? It is important to observe how the youth gangs function, reflect the patriarchal structures of society in general which has created differences between the sexes where males are seen as superior to females, which also is evident in criminal youth gangs. The essay shows that the main reasons why young women join gangs are because they are looking for a safe environment due to lacking support and safety at home. The young women’s roles in the gang differentiate from the men in the way that they are assigned tasks according to traditional gender roles where the women are expected to do domestic tasks and excluded from some of the gang activities because of their gender.

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Ryter, Loren. "Youth, gangs, and the state in Indonesia /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10716.

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Lor, Kevin C. "Factors leading Hmong youths to join gangs." Online version, 2003. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2003/2003lorc.pdf.

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Boerman, Thomas J. "Adolescent gang and nongang offenders : assessment of explanatory factors and institution-to-community transitional outcomes /." view abstract or download file of text, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3055669.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2002.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 190-203). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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Ford, Champagne Monique. "Examining the effects of abuse on girls in gangs." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2008. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3397.

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The purpose of this study is to encourage further study and attention to girls that are at high risk of becoming members of a gang. The more that can be learned about this group the more can be done to implement appropriate policies and programs to effectively target and assist this population. This study is based on an existing data set that profiled the needs and characteristics of girls that were incarcerated May 1996 at a California Youth Authority facility in Ventura, now called The Division of Juvenile Justice.

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Long, Joseph E. "A social movement theory typology of gang violence." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2010/Jun/10Jun%5FLong.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2010.
Thesis Advisor(s): Lee, Doowan ; Second Reader: Giordano, Frank. "June 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on July 15, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Social Movement Theory, Repression, Coercion, Negative Channeling, Gang Violence, Outreach Programs. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-61). Also available in print.

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Ng, Chun-lim. "Leaving the triad society in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38927950.

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Brunkow, Corey A. "The future of raiding lessons in raiding tactics from the Indian wars and law enforcement." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Jun/09Jun%5FBrunkow.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2009.
Thesis Advisor(s): Simons, Anna. "June 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on July 10, 2009. Author(s) subject terms: Commando Raids, Terrorism, Street Gangs, Law Enforcement Tactics, Indian Wars. Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-80). Also available in print.

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Balasuriya, Lakshika. "Finding Street Gang Member Profiles on Twitter." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1516054679956178.

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Kwan, Ming-tak Kalwan, and 關明德. "Drugs, peers, gangs, and crime: an interactional model." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43893636.

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Walter, Isabel. "Transgressing gender? : a study of girls in gangs." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310064.

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This study is an investigation into how young women construct and understand their participation in delinquent groups. Although such gangs are commonly seen as expressive or constitutive of masculinity, the girls of this research viewed their gang involvement as forging distinct femininities. In-depth interviews were conducted with 25 past and present female gang members. A grounded reflexive methodology focused on gang girls' "Voice" by exploring how theseyoung women articulated their experiences. This located particular narratives through which respondents made sense of their gang involvement. Girls told stories of the. gang as a place of belonging, ftiendship, excitement and family. They also described how the crime and violence of the gang were a means to negotiate questions of identity, status and power. Such storytellings revealed the social and subjective rewards gang involvement offers young women. Further, by attending to how gang girls' narratives manifest the race, age, class and gender locations of their speakers, the analysis of this study observed how gang participation enacts wider questions of social power at a local level. Popular and academic explanations of gang girls reproduce stereotypes of female law-breakers as Mad or Bad, as victims of troubled. personal histories., or as liberated and so somehow "male'. These all assume that delinquency is normatively masculine behaviour. In contrast, this study presents a grounded reading of how gang girls negotiated their gender identities which suggests thq crime and violence may offer feminine identities too. Girls in gangs were neither gender "liberated", nor simply subject to normative gender definitions. They displayed agency in constructing femininities of difference from other girls, but their gendered self-expressionsw ere also constrained by dominant relations of power. Rather than assume what is "masculine" and what "feminine" in advance, this suggests we need situated analyses of how gender is differentially constituted across diverse race/class/agelo cales, and how these constructions may then be linked to offending.

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Oehme, Chester Gordon. "Youth gangs and youth groups : perceptions and responses." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.627044.

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Kwan, Ming-tak Kalwan. "Drugs, peers, gangs, and crime : an interactional model /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19470563.

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Pizano, Melissa. "Gangs in schools: Appropriate resources for elementary schools." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1992. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1051.

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Giles, Christopher M. H. "The history of street gangs in Winnipeg from 1945 to 1997, a qualitative newspaper analysis of gang activity." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ61432.pdf.

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Wood, Sherree F. "Strategies Employed by School Administrators to Prevent or Reduce Gang-Related Activity and Violence in Selected High Schools in a North Central Texas School District." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278289/.

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This research investigated the strategies used by school administrators in selected high schools to prevent or reduce gang-related activity and violence. Interviews were conducted with six high school principals, six assistant principals, fifteen staff members and eleven students. All of the students were gang members. The results of the study showed that there are gang members in all schools, but that their gang activity at school is curtailed by some specific strategies.

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Wall-Whitfield, Martha. "Listening to their Voices: Gang Members’ Perceptions of their Schooling and their Teachers." VCU Scholars Compass, 2010. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2159.

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Although gangs have long been present, gangs exert an increasingly significant influence on the culture of students who attend schools, especially in urban environments. This case study investigation involved a purposeful sampling of four young men who were involved in gangs. By spending time with each young man in several interviews, I was able to gain insight into his perceptions of schooling, his teachers, and his view on caring in schools. The individual interviews focused on each student’s experiences in schooling through the lens of care. This research took in-depth look at these four gang members in their individual schooling environments. Although the literature gives a glance at gang members and their perspectives on education, the research has only touched the surface in understanding this complex youth. This study has added to the literature on gangs in schools and has explained in detail what these four gang members perceived in regards to their teachers and care. With these interviews, I have identified other themes related to gangs in schools that can be further researched. In this study, these four gang members have been given a voice.

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Butorac, Marylin Marie. "Policy responses to gang-related activity in public secondary schools /." Full-text version available from OU Domain via ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 1995.

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Evans, Edward R. Spies James R. "Insurgency in the hood understanding insurgencies through urban gangs /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Jun%5FEvans.pdf.

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Lemire, Chantal. "The shadow of violence, youth gangs in El Salvador." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ57705.pdf.

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Gilbert, Jarrod. "The rise and development of gangs in New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Sociology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9400.

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Although gang behaviour was in evidence in early colonial New Zealand, the advent of modern gangs can be seen to have occurred in the post World War II period. Since this time, gangs have been heralded as a significant and often severe social problem, particularly as they pertain to issues of law and order. Initially, concerns regarding gangs were focused on their anti social activities and the occasional violent episode, but as many of the gangs became more established this focus broadened to include organised criminal activity. Whether it is images and stories of violent brawls, murders and rapes or, as has been more prominent in recent times, reports of profit driven crime, gang activity receives considerable media attention and thus gangs are afforded a high public profile. Given this profile, it is not surprising that gangs have been an important target for politicians and governments who have introduced various laws in an effort to counter them. Despite the attention paid to them, however, gangs have not been subjected to significant research in this country. Using a wide range of historical documents, ethnographic research and formal interviews, this thesis seeks to examine the rise of gangs in New Zealand and track their evolutionary development. It also focuses on how the community has responded to the issue of gangs, and how, in turn, the gangs have responded to that attention. The findings of this thesis will undoubtedly be surprising to many; despite gangs having a high profile, commonly held ‘knowledge’ of them has most often been learned by sensational media or political rhetoric and is consequently often removed from reality. Informed by many of the understandings gained from the plethora of international research, this thesis attempts to outline and give meaning to a hitherto untold story.

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Densley, James Andrew. "Under the hood : the mechanics of London's street gangs." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cea29f30-a98d-4f20-828b-6556a0ac51f4.

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Based upon two years of ethnographic fieldwork in London, England, which incorporated nearly 200 interviews with gang members, gang associates, and police officers, among others, this thesis addresses three questions presently unresolved in the street gangs literature: What is the business of gangs? How are gangs organised? And how do gangs recruit? With regard the business of gangs, this thesis illustrates how recreation, crime, enterprise, and extra-legal governance represent sequential stages in the evolutionary cycle of London’s street gangs. Gang member testimony emphasises how gangs typically begin life as neighbourhood-based peer groups, but also how, in response to external threats and financial commitments, gangs grow to incorporate street-level drugs distribution businesses that very much resemble the multi-level marketing structure of direct-sales companies. People join gangs to make money, achieve status, and obtain protection. Gangs engage in turf wars, acquire violent resources, and develop hierarchical structures in order to maintain provision of these desirable goods and services. Gang organisation, in turn, becomes a function of gang business. To better understand the nature and extent of gang organisation, this thesis moves on to discuss the presence of subgroups, hierarchy and leadership, pecuniary and non-pecuniary incentives, rules, responsibilities, and restrictions, and consequences for absconding within gangs. It further presents how, in order to convey reputation and achieve intimidation, gangs seek association with elements of popular culture that help promote their image. Finally, through the novel application of signalling theory to the gang recruitment process, this thesis demonstrates how gangs face a primary trust dilemma in their uncertainty over the quality of recruits. Given that none of the trust-warranting properties for gang membership can be readily discovered from observation, gangs look for observable signs correlated with these properties. Gangs face a secondary trust dilemma in their uncertainty over the reliability of signs because certain agents (e.g., police informants, rival gang members, and adventure-seekers) have incentives to mimic them. To overcome their informational asymmetry gangs thus screen for signs that are too costly for mimics to fake but affordable for the genuine article. The thesis concludes with a discussion of gang desistance and intervention in the context of escalating youth violence in London.

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HOWARD, DESTINY S. "Social Construction of Meaning: Gangs and Fraternities in Atlanta." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1085713278.

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46

Spies, James R. "Insurgency in the hood understanding insurgencies through urban gangs." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2752.

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Past, current and future military endeavors will invariably involve conflict at the sub-state level. A recurring problem in the study of insurgent conflict is a lack of data that has the breadth, depth, and historical accuracy to provide insight as to why, at the individual level, people participate in insurgency. Accessibility to street gangs provides a comprehensive source of data not seen in insurgencies. Street gangs provide a "ground truth", to the interaction between the state and organized substate group in a competition for control. The individuals who fuel both sides of this competition for control are basing decisions to participate in insurgency on a framework founded in rational actor theory, but modified by their perspective of the world. Groups who wish to recruit individuals into their insurgency apply incentives and disincentives selectively to individuals to compel membership. As a group gains more members it can apply more incentives, increasing the rate or future recruitment and level of control over a community. A comprehensive and effective strategy cannot be developed to counter these insurgent forces without answering the fundamental questions behind individual participation first. This thesis examines insurgency from the individual level and proposes concepts that must accompany any attempt to combat rebel groups.
US Army (USA) author.

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Lee, Sou. "Asian Gangs in the United States: A Meta-Synthesis." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1875.

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The purpose of this study is to gain a holistic understanding of the Asian gang phenomenon through the application of a meta-synthesis, which is seldom utilized within the criminal justice and criminology discipline. Noblit and Hare’s (1988) seven step guidelines for synthesizing qualitative research informed this methodology. Through this process, 15 studies were selected for synthesis. The synthesis of these studies not only identified prevalent themes across the sample, but also provided the basis for creating overarching metaphors that captured the collective experience of Asian gang members. Through the interpretive ordering of these metaphors, a line of synthesis argument was developed in which three major inferences about the Asian gang experience were made. First, regardless of ethnic and geographic differences, the experiences of Asian gangs and their members are similar. Second, although extant literature has applied different theories to explain gang membership for individual ethnic gangs (e.g. Chinese, Vietnamese), this synthesis revealed that the dominant theory for explaining the onset and persistence of Asian gangs is Vigil’s (1988) multiple marginality theory. Finally, in comparison to the broader literature, Asian gangs are more similar than they are different to non-Asian gangs because of their overlap in values.

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Roxell, Lena. "Fångar i ett nätverk? : Fängelser, interaktioner och medbrottslingsskap." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Criminology, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7114.

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The objective of the thesis is to study how contacts/relationships are established in prison, and whether this is of significance for co-offending. A further objective is that of studying co-offending among individuals classified as gang members. Data have been collected from the Register of Suspected Offenders for all individuals released from Swedish prisons over a period of six months (n=3,930). Data have also been collected for individuals deemed by prison service officials to be members of various gangs (n=1,310). Twelve individuals (four women and eight men) with experience of serving time in prison have been interviewed.

The results of the register study show that it is uncommon for individuals who have spent time together at the same prison to be suspected of committing offences together subsequent to release. This was the case for two percent of the entire study population and three percent of the gang members. The co-offending of different gangs has also been studied by means of network analysis. There are substantial variations between different gangs as regards the proportion of suspected offences involving gang members and other individuals respectively, as reflected in both direct and indirect links. The interview study shows that there are different reasons for wanting to establish contacts/relationships with others. For some the intention is to maintain contacts of value for future crimes. A number of different reasons emerged however for why such contacts are discontinued. Inmates return to their old friends, they are re-arrested, women find themselves back in the worlds of men, a long time may pass between the individuals’ respective release dates, they may live a long way apart or drug use, leading to the breakdown of contacts as a result.

The theoretical framework employed in the thesis proceeds from social exchange theory. For co-offending to take place subsequent to release from prison, the contact/relationship established in prison must be worth something. Trust, contacts with other criminals, the size of an individual’s criminal network, and criminal capital are all relevant in this context.

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Ballinger, Tanja. "An investigation of socio-psychological factors that influence adolescent gang membership." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/859.

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Luk, Wai-kwok. "Hong Kong gangs do they have an irrational violent subculture? /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31979324.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Gangs'

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