Relevant bibliographies by topics / Gangs

Academic literature on the topic 'Gangs'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Gangs"

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Valdez, Avelardo. "Mexican American Youth and Adult Prison Gangs in a Changing Heroin Market." Journal of Drug Issues 35, no. 4 (October 2005): 843–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260503500409.

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This article focuses on the interaction between the larger community's drug markets and youth and adult prison gangs, and the process that leads to specific adverse consequences both to the youth gangs as organizations, and to individual members. Described is the emergence of a restructured heroin market dominated by an adult prison gang. A major consequence of this was the increasing use of heroin among Mexican American gang members and their transformation from autonomous youth gangs to extensions of the adult prison gangs or their demise. Data was collected from 160 members of 26 Mexican American youth gangs and key informants in San Antonio. Findings focus on organizational rules, drug market transformations, consequences on members, and the impact of heroin on the gang's organization. Discussed is how the dominance of prison gangs is related to the increased incarceration and recidivism rates of Mexican Americans and declining economic opportunities for urban minorities.
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BAIRD, ADAM. "Becoming the ‘Baddest’: Masculine Trajectories of Gang Violence in Medellín." Journal of Latin American Studies 50, no. 1 (June 14, 2017): 183–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x17000761.

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AbstractDrawing upon 40 life-history interviews with gang members in Medellín, Colombia, this paper argues that many young men join gangs to emulate and reproduce ‘successful’ local male identities. The accumulation by the gang of ‘masculine capital’, the material and symbolic signifiers of manhood, and the accompanying stylistic and timely displays of this capital, means that youths often perceive gangs to be spaces of male success. This drives the social reproduction of gangs. Once in the gang, the youths become increasingly ‘bad’, using violence to defend the gang's interests in exchange for masculine capital. Gang leaders, colloquially known asdurosor ‘hard men’, tend to be themás malos, the ‘baddest’. The ‘ganging process’ should not be understood in terms of aberrant youth behaviour; rather there is practical logic to joining the gang as a site of identity formation for aspirational young men who are coming of age when conditions of structural exclusion conspire against them.
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Grund, Thomas U., and James A. Densley. "Ethnic heterogeneity in the activity and structure of a Black street gang." European Journal of Criminology 9, no. 4 (July 2012): 388–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370812447738.

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Despite acknowledgment of ‘hybrid’ street gangs in the literature, there is little systematic research into ethnic heterogeneity within gangs. This research aims at moving beyond the broad categorization of the Black street gang. For this purpose, we examine an all-Black London-based gang in detail, using fieldwork and police arrest data, and investigate the role of ethnic heterogeneity for the workings of the gang. Our findings suggest that ethnic heterogeneity within this gang is crucial for its criminal operation. Although there is no evidence for ethnicity-related specialization of crime, the structural co-offending pattern of the gang’s activities is dominated by ethnicity. Ethnicity matters for who offends with whom.
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Bolden, Christian L. "Friendly foes: Hybrid gangs or social networking." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 17, no. 6 (September 12, 2014): 730–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430214548284.

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Hybrid gangs have been identified as having organizational processes that differ from traditional gangs. This study comparatively examines structural processes and characteristics of gangs in a chronic gang city, San Antonio, and an emerging gang city that would be more likely to have “hybrid” gangs, Orlando. A limited number of recent studies have indicated that some gangs may better fit into a social network framework, which calls into question presumptions about hybrid gangs. In this analysis, cooperation between gang members from rival gangs is examined through a social network lens, and findings indicate that such cooperation is a normalized process in the gang landscape.
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SKARBEK, DAVID. "Governance and Prison Gangs." American Political Science Review 105, no. 4 (October 18, 2011): 702–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055411000335.

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How can people who lack access to effective government institutions establish property rights and facilitate exchange? The illegal narcotics trade in Los Angeles has flourished despite its inability to rely on state-based formal institutions of governance. An alternative system of governance has emerged from an unexpected source—behind bars. The Mexican Mafia prison gang can extort drug dealers on the street because they wield substantial control over inmates in the county jail system and because drug dealers anticipate future incarceration. The gang's ability to extract resources creates incentives for them to provide governance institutions that mitigate market failures among Hispanic drug-dealing street gangs, including enforcing deals, protecting property rights, and adjudicating disputes. Evidence collected from federal indictments and other legal documents related to the Mexican Mafia prison gang and numerous street gangs supports this claim.
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Contreras, Randol. "Not Bowing Down." Swiss Journal of Sociocultural Anthropology 29, no. 1 (January 3, 2024): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/sjsca.2023.29.8825.

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In the United States, some prison gangs control not only inmates, but also what happens on the street. Since most gang members eventually get detained and incarcerated, prison gangs will victimize or kill any resistors in jail and prison. In this paper, I examine such a case between the California prison gang, La Eme, and the rebel Maravilla gangs of East Los Angeles. La Eme controls almost all the Latino gangs in Southern California and enforces prison and street rules that “Southsider” gangs must follow. Between 1993 and 2006, the Maravilla gangs resisted La Eme’s prison co-governance and then experienced a violence and victimization perhaps unrivaled in the gang world. Through field research on the Maravilla gangs, this paper reveals how some gangs defy prison co-governance, which then makes them feel meaningful in the gang world.
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McLean, Robert, and Chris Holligan. "The Semiotics of the Evolving Gang Masculinity and Glasgow." Social Sciences 7, no. 8 (July 30, 2018): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci7080125.

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Glasgow has a persistent and historical gang culture. Dimensions of ‘the gang’ are widely recognized in terms of behavior, formation, membership, and territoriality. The gap in our knowledge lies in the nature of a gang’s evolutionary flexibility. Given that life-course criminology foregrounds continuity and change in offending, it is surprising that this evolution has gone unrecognized in Scotland. Many contemporary studies of youth gangs connect ‘gang talk’ exclusively with territoriality and masculinity overlooking criminal progression. The argument of this article does not dispute the dominant received conceptualization of the youth urban street gang. The article’s contribution is to progress beyond these narrowing tropes and chronological age boundaries to encompass a more complex portrayal of Glasgow gangs and the lives of the indigenous Scottish young lads who were interviewed. The article does this by voicing the lived experiences of those whose lives are enmeshed with gang membership and whose linguistic register rarely achieves a serious platform in the middle-class world in control of the British media.
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Wood, Jane L., and Howard Giles. "Group and intergroup parameters of gang activities: An introduction and research agenda." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 17, no. 6 (September 12, 2014): 704–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430214548620.

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In introducing this Special Issue on gangs, we overview the thrust of its papers, demonstrating how they assist in plugging research gaps from the dearth of psychological attention to gangs. The papers therein raise important theoretical considerations of group process effects, social identity, and communication influences in gangs. Also included are empirical examinations of how attitudes to formal organized crime groups may nurture progang views, how social networks bridge gang divides, the dehumanization and social dominance association with gang membership, and how membership longevity associates with gang members’ attitudes to their group. We conclude with theoretical prospects and empirical vistas for future work. For instance, vitality theory may help explain members’ immersion in gangs, discursive strategies could explain how youth are enticed into gangs, and examinations of community and law enforcement attitudes to gangs may provide insight into how oppositional attitudes are fostered on both sides of the gang divide.
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Durán, Robert J. "The Core Ideals of the Mexican American Gang." Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies 34, no. 2 (2009): 99–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/azt.2009.34.2.99.

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Current approaches to designing antigang policies overemphasize the notion that criminality is the defining characteristic of gangs and that solutions require a get-tough approach. As an ex-gang member, I conducted a five-year ethnographic study and a fourteen-year informal study of Mexican American street gangs in two Southwestern states to understand the persistence of gangs. I found that the obstacles that have been imposed on low-income, ethnic minority neighborhoods have led to an adaptive strategy for survival in which gangs play a central, albeit destructive, role. Gangs maintain their cohesiveness and longevity through four core ideals: displaying loyalty, responding courageously to external threats, promoting and defending gang status, and maintaining a stoic attitude toward the negative consequences of gang life. State-sponsored opposition to gangs only further solidifies these ideals. Pragmatic solutions will require rechanneling the collective energy of current and former gang members toward community empowerment.
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Rstami, Amir. "Street-gang violence in Swedenis a growing concern." Sociologisk Forskning 54, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37062/sf.54.18237.

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Over the past 30 years, Sweden has witnessed a growth in criminal gangs. Gun violence among young males is also on the rise and have only recently gained wide political attention. Street gangs and gun violence are two prevalent, partially overlapping phenomena that constitute social challenges. Empirically supported legal, policy and practical frameworks are needed in order to reduce the prevalence of gangs and gang violence in Sweden. The first step is to recognize that gangs and gang violence are an emerging societal problem and to identify its root causes, organizational dimensions, and operational patterns. In this note, Swedish street gangs and gang violence are briefly discussed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gangs"

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Durán, Robert. "Fatalistic social control : the reproduction of oppression through the medium of gangs /." Connect to online resource, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3207689.

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Kelly, Ashlin. "Girls in Gangs: Listening to and Making Sense of Females' Perspectives of Gang Life." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32202.

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This thesis is an exploratory qualitative study that seeks to capture some of the experiences and challenges faced by females who have been gang-involved, either directly or peripherally. A total of eleven interviews were completed with seven women who were either former members of a gang (directly involved) or knew and associated with male and female gang members (peripherally involved) in Canada. The thesis examines my participants’ views of why women enter, persist and desist from gangs. My participants reported that girls join and stay in a gang primarily because they have a significant other who is a male gang member. A sense of kinship, financial dependency, and a lack of alternatives were cited as reasons for girls to join and persist in gangs. The main motivators for desisting were pregnancy, physical separation, treatment and hitting “rock bottom”. The principal findings indicate that there is a gendered hierarchy within mixed gangs that enables males to maintain power and control over females, impacting girl’s expectations, roles and responsibilities in a mixed gang. The significant social, psychological, physical and financial barriers to desistance are outlined and should be considered when devising programming to facilitate gang desistance for females. Furthermore, my participants stressed the need for comprehensive intervention initiatives that account for gender in order to help women desist safely and successfully. The study highlights that desisting from a gang can be a lifelong process, requiring ongoing support structures. The findings speak to the need to make the ‘invisible’ female gang members visible.
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Wijnberg, Marcelle. "Exploration of male gang members' perspectives of gangs and drugs." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20000.

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Thesis (M Social Work)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Western Cape is notorious for its high prevalence of gangs and resulting gang violence. This is confirmed in the multitude of frequent reports of homicides attributed to gangs. This area of South Africa further has elevated substance abuse statistics. Literature clearly states that gangs and drugs are inextricably linked. The nature of the interaction is however unclear, although the effects of the interaction is significantly apparent as the consequences of gang activities is often felt by innocent bystanders. It is concerning that gangsterism and drug usage is normalised and ceases to be viewed as deviant in some communities. The consequences of the interaction between gangs and drugs has ramifications for community safety and further places much strain on the health, social welfare, as well as defence sectors. Effective interventions need to be informed by insight into the interaction between gangs and drugs. The best source of reliable information in this regard would be gang members. A dearth of research with regards to the gang members‟ perspective on the connection between gangs and drugs thus motivated the study. The study was conducted with male gang members within the setting of a substance treatment centre, where drug usage is normalised. An empirical study with a combination of a qualitative and quantitative approach was used, where a semi structured questionnaire was administered with individual participants as well as a focus group. The study illustrated that gangs attract members through their ability to meet the individuals‟ needs. These needs are linked to those indentified within motivational theory. Gangs met physiological needs through access to drugs, safety needs through providing protection, and self esteem needs through the provision of money and status. Significantly, gangs were identified as meeting individuals‟ belonging needs. Commonality was established in risk factors for involvement in a gang and as well as in the usage of substances. The study showed unstable home environments with absent fathers and multiple stressors such as exposure to high levels of violence and abuse. Disconnectedness within families was further highlighted. The participants were exposed to elevated levels of substance misuse within their families as well as elevated levels of familial involvement in the sale of drugs. Familial involvement in gangs was also high within participants. The findings of the study indicate that drugs are enmeshed within gang activities. Drug usage occurs before and after going out and committing crimes. Drugs were used to heighten gang members‟ fortitude, diminishing inhibitions. Participants spoke about being incapable of undertaking violent acts, without first using drugs. Gang members used drugs to quieten the conscience and in self medicating after completing a task, in order to cope with flashbacks and intrusive thoughts and images. Gang norms with regards to the sanctioning of drugs is a complex issue. The study demonstrated that gangs make a distinction between drugs, for example heroin usage is not encouraged by all gangs due to the associated tolerance and severe withdrawal symptoms. Gangs tread a thin line between condoning and discouraging drug usage. Supporting drug usage may benefit the gang, as it encourages and motivates gang activities. Gang members who become dependent on drugs are however a risk for the gang, as they become unreliable and disloyal, as their absolute devotion to the gang is challenged by their physiological needs. Gang members however perceive the gangs‟ prohibition of certain drugs, as motivated by a concern for their wellbeing rather than self interest. The temporal order of drug usage and gang membership illustrated that drug usage preceded involvement in a gang. Drug usage however significantly increased and progressed after inclusion in a gang. Recommendations emphasised a need to acknowledge the link between drugs and gangs. Insight provided by gang members is needed in order to inform effective interventions. Within the substance dependence field, the gang member presents with unique treatment needs, which must be understood in order to gain optimum results. Ill-informed, generic treatment is ineffective, irresponsible and costly for service providers, communities affected by gangsterism, and those gang members with some willingness to change.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Wes-Kaap is berug vir dié provinsie se hoë voorkoms van bendes en gepaardgaande bendegeweld. Dít word bevestig deur die menigte gereelde berigte van moord waarby bendes betrek word. Hierdie gebied van Suid-Afrika toon boonop verhoogde middelmisbruik-statistieke. Literatuur stel dit onomwonde dat bendes en dwelmmiddels op onlosmaaklike wyse verbind is. Die aard van hierdie wisselwerking is onduidelik, hoewel die uitwerking daarvan onmiskenbaar is: Veral onskuldige omstanders word dikwels deur die gevolge van bendebedrywighede geraak. Dit is kommerwekkend dat bendes en dwelmmisbruik oënskynlik genormaliseer en in sommige gemeenskappe nie meer as afwykend bestempel word nie. Die wisselwerking tussen bendes en dwelms hou ernstige gevolge in vir gemeenskapsveiligheid, en plaas daarbenewens heelwat druk op die gesondheid-, maatskaplikewelsyn- sowel as verdedigingsektor. Doeltreffende intervensies moet gerig word deur insig in die wisselwerking tussen bendes en dwelms. Die beste bron van betroubare inligting in hierdie verband is natuurlik bendelede self. Tog is daar ‟n gebrek aan navorsing oor bendelede se eie beskouings van die verband tussen bendes en dwelms, en dít het dus as beweegrede vir hierdie studie gedien. Die studie is onder manlike bendelede in ‟n behandelingsentrum vir middelmisbruik onderneem, waar dwelmgebruik genormaliseer word. ‟n Empiriese studie met ‟n kombinasie van ‟n kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe benadering is gebruik, en ‟n semigestruktureerde vraelys is onder individuele deelnemers sowel as ‟n fokusgroep afgeneem. Die studie toon dat bendes lede werf deur hul vermoë om in die individu se behoeftes te voorsien. Hierdie behoeftes stem ooreen met die behoeftes wat in motiveringsteorie uitgewys word. Bendes voorsien in sielkundige behoeftes deur toegang tot dwelms te bied; hulle voorsien in veiligheidsbehoeftes deur beskerming te verleen, en hulle voorsien in selfbeeldbehoeftes deur geld en status beskikbaar te stel. In die besonder is bevind dat bendes in individue se behoefte voorsien om iewers tuis te hoort. Daar is ‟n gemeenskaplikheid uitgewys in die risikofaktore vir bendebetrokkenheid en vir middelmisbruik. Die studie lewer bewys van onstabiele huislike omgewings met afwesige vaderfigure en veelvuldige stressors, soos blootstelling aan hoë vlakke van geweld en misbruik. ‟n Gebrek aan familiebande kom voorts aan die lig. Die deelnemers is in hulle families aan verhoogde vlakke van middelmisbruik sowel as verhoogde vlakke van betrokkenheid by dwelmhandel blootgestel. Familiebetrokkenheid by bendebedrywighede blyk ook algemeen te wees onder deelnemers. Die bevindinge van die studie toon dat dwelms en bendebedrywighede ineengevleg is. Dwelmgebruik vind plaas voor sowel as nadat misdaad in bendeverband gepleeg word. Dwelms word gebruik om bendelede moed te gee en hul inhibisies te laat verdwyn. Deelnemers noem dat hulle nie geweld kan pleeg sonder om eers dwelms te gebruik nie. Bendelede gebruik dwelms om hul gewete te sus en hulself ná die voltooiing van ‟n taak te behandel om terugflitse en aanhoudende gedagtes aan die gebeure te kan hanteer. Bendenorme met betrekking tot die goedkeuring van dwelms is ‟n komplekse saak. Die studie toon dat bendes tussen verskillende soorte dwelms onderskei: Alle bendes moedig byvoorbeeld nie heroïengebruik aan nie weens die verwante toleransie en ernstige onttrekkingsimptome. Vir bendes is daar ‟n baie fyn lyn tussen die kondonering en ontmoediging van dwelmmisbruik. Die ondersteuning van dwelmgebruik kan tot voordeel van die bende wees, want dit dien as aansporing en motivering vir bendebedrywighede. Tog hou dwelmafhanklike lede ook ‟n gevaar vir die bende in, aangesien hulle onbetroubaar en ontrou raak wanneer hulle absolute toewyding aan die bende teen hul fisiologiese behoeftes te staan kom. Bendelede beskou egter die bende se verbod op sekere dwelms as ‟n teken van hul besorgdheid oor hulle lede se welstand eerder as selfbelang. Die tydsorde van dwelmgebruik en bendelidmaatskap toon dat dwelmgebruik bendebetrokkenheid voorafgaan. Dwelmgebruik het egter beduidend toegeneem en verhewig ná insluiting by ‟n bende. Aanbevelings beklemtoon die behoefte om die koppeling tussen bendes en dwelms te erken. Insigte wat van bendelede bekom word, is nodig ten einde doeltreffende intervensies te rig. Op die gebied van middelafhanklikheid het die bendelid unieke behandelingsbehoeftes wat verstaan moet word ten einde optimale resultate te behaal. Generiese behandeling sonder die nodige agtergrondinligting is ondoeltreffend, onverantwoordelik en duur vir diensverskaffers, gemeenskappe wat deur bendebedrywighede geraak word, sowel as daardie bendelede wat wél bereid is om te verander.
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Delgado, Alvin Alexis. "A gang's way spirit of the gang /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.

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Mozova, Katarina. "Ties in gangs : exploration of perceived group processes in gang membership." Thesis, University of Kent, 2017. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/61260/.

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Gang membership is a global phenomenon and a problem affecting a multitude of official and unofficial agencies, often reported by the media and causing overwhelming financial strain, as well as increasing fear of crime in communities. Whilst research on gangs has enjoyed popularity for almost a century now, this was mostly based on a criminological perspective, which did not provide a holistic picture for practitioners. Specifically, little is known about the psychology of gang membership, as such research is still in its infancy. Moreover, calls for understanding the social psychological motives for gang membership - such as gang members' perceptions of group processes, and how these influence individuals - have been present for the last 50 years but development in the area has been limited. The aim of this thesis was to address some of this crucial gap in our knowledge of gang membership, to help enrich theoretical understanding, as well as prevention and rehabilitation strategies, so that these can be appropriately developed. In order for this to happen, it is key to understand which group processes lie behind gang membership based on gang members' subjective experiences, in different types of gang members, and how these relate to members' decisions to join and remain with a gang. The core assumption of gangs - that they are groups - has been largely neglected by research. The studies in this thesis provide the first holistic picture of the relevance of group processes in gang membership. The first, qualitative study, identified that group processes regularly manifesting in groups do, indeed, also manifest in gangs. It was also found that such group processes are understood by gang members in a manner specific to them. Further, the perceived group processes manifested differently at different stages of membership - when joining a gang and when remaining in a gang. The large quantitative studies that follow revealed that gangs differ from non-gang delinquent groups, and that different types of gang members differ in their perception of how group processes manifest. It was found that different types of groups and gangs were characterised by a specific set of perceived group processes. Further, these group process clusters differed, based on the stage of an individual's membership. This thesis therefore uncovered that the area of social cognition based on group processes is important. The main conclusions drawn from the studies presented in this PhD are: 1) Group processes manifest in gangs and are perceived in a specific manner. 2) The perception of group processes differ in gangs and other delinquent groups, and between different types of gang members. 3) There are specific clusters of perceived group processes which characterise specific types of groups and at different stages of membership - group processes should not be dealt with in isolation. 4) The findings show that how gang members perceive group processes should be a key consideration in future research and any intervention strategies designed for gang members.
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Agnew, Emma R. E. "Discourse, policy, gangs : an analysis of gang members' talk and policy." Thesis, University of East London, 2016. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/5384/.

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European academics have historically been reluctant to conduct explicit gang research on the premise that it risks stereotyping communities. Subsequently, notions about gangs in the UK have been transposed from American literature, which is primarily based within a criminological perspective and focuses on personal characteristics of gang members, such as their violent tendencies (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). Alternatively, underpinned by a community psychology perspective, this research explores how young people involved in gangs construct their identities and experiences, and to what extent these constructions reproduce or resist political discourse. Semi-structured interviews with six self-identified gang members, as well as the UK policy ‘Ending Gang and Youth Violence’ (Home Office, 2011) were analysed using a hybrid approach of discursive psychology and critical discourse analysis. The four main discursive sites identified in the policy were: i) The demonization of gangs, ii) the inevitability of gangs, iii) gangs: the product of ‘troubled families’, iv) the racialization of gangs. The four main discursive sites within the interviews were: i) experiences of racism, ii) the inevitability of gang membership, iii) problematized identities, iv) individual and family responsibility. The analysis indicated that, at times, the participants reproduced problematising ideological discourse, at other times they constructed reimagined personal narratives which resisted hegemonic discourses about gang members, and at other times they exposed the oppressive mechanisms of political discourse, by detailing how being labelled a ‘gang member’ and racial discrimination had shaped their subjectivities and lived experiences. The findings indicate the need for an overhaul of elitist policy production, for authentic participation of young people with experiences of living in deprived areas, and for a shift from the ‘criminological’ framework of gang policy towards ‘welfare’. Furthermore, the findings highlight the need to direct political attention to addressing racial discrimination. Clinically, community psychology approaches are recommended, as well as working at macro levels to change cultural narratives around this group.
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Ip, pau-fuk Peter. "The sociolinguistics of triad language in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20842739.

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Hope, Trina Louise 1968. "Crime, criminality, and gangs." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288718.

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This project attempts to clarify the relationships between gang membership, crime, and criminality. It begins by introducing the distinction between crime and criminality, and analyzing criminological theory using this distinction. Next, it describes how these same theories view the role of social institutions like family, school, and peers. It also explores more substantive/methodological questions concerning gang membership. Using survey data obtained from gang and non-gang youth, the characteristics that distinguish gang from non-gang youth are discovered, along with the theoretical and policy implications of these distinctions. Measures of crime and criminality, as well as variables relating to family, school, and peers will be used to discover which traits distinguish gang from non-gang youth. Finally, a methodological concern is addressed when the reliability and validity of data provided by gang youth is compared to that provided by non-gang youth.
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Peters, Sean Michael. "Youth gang involvement in early adolescence an examination of environmental and individual risk factors /." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3035164.

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Pecoulas, Katherine A. "Perceptions of Gangs and Their Effect on the Legal System." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/521.

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Several studies have examined the effect of gang affiliation on jury decision-making. However, none of such studies have examined how jurors perceive female gang members in the legal system, and how such perceptions may differ based on the geographic location of jurors. In the proposed study, jury-eligible participants from Chicago or Los Angeles will read a vignette about a gang member defendant, whose race and gender will vary. After reading the vignette, participants will be asked about the defendant’s guilt, sentence length, verdict confidence, aggression, and their familiarity with gang laws. It is hypothesized that while male gang members will be perceived as guiltier than females, they will receive shorter sentences. Additionally, while racial minority gang members will be perceived as guiltier, they will receive shorter sentences. Lastly, given the differing racial compositions of Chicago and Los Angeles, the combined effect of race and location will be examined on jury decision-making. These results may help in further understanding how certain types of gangs are perceived, and how these perceptions shape the legal outcomes of gang members.
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Books on the topic "Gangs"

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Larry, Mays G., ed. Gangs and gang behavior. Chicago: Nelson-Hall Publishers, 1997.

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Michael, Newton. Gangs and gang crime. New York, NY: Chelsea House, 2008.

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Jackson, Robert K. Understanding street gangs. Incline Village, Nev: Copperhouse Pub. Co., 2000.

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D, McBride Wesley, ed. Understanding street gangs. Sacramento: Custom Publishing Company, 1985.

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Analysis, Maryland Dept of Legislative Services Office of Policy. Criminal gangs in Maryland. Annapolis, Md: Dept. of Legislative Services, Office of Policy Analysis, 2009.

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Maryland. Dept. of Legislative Services. Office of Policy Analysis. Criminal gangs in Maryland. Annapolis, Md: Dept. of Legislative Services, Office of Policy Analysis, 2009.

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Analysis, Maryland Dept of Legislative Services Office of Policy. Criminal gangs in Maryland. Annapolis, Md: Dept. of Legislative Services, Office of Policy Analysis, 2009.

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Goldentyer, Debra. Gangs. Austin, Tex: Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 1994.

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Marcovitz, Hal. Gangs. Street, Edina, Minn: ABDO Pub., 2010.

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1959-, Lloyd J. D., ed. Gangs. San Diego, Calif: Greenhaven Press, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Gangs"

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Melde, Chris. "Gangs and Gang Crime." In The Handbook of Measurement Issues in Criminology and Criminal Justice, 157–80. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118868799.ch8.

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Glynn, Stephen. "Gangs." In The British Football Film, 179–203. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77727-6_10.

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White, Rob. "Gangs." In Encyclopedia of Adolescence, 1106–16. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_69.

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Henry, Patricia M. "Gangs." In Encyclopedia of Women’s Health, 514–16. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48113-0_172.

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Edmunds, Gary. "Gangs." In Encyclopedia of Immigrant Health, 726–27. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5659-0_310.

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Summers, Paul. "Gangs." In Forensic Psychology in Practice, 190–204. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-29723-5_12.

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Scowcroft, Elizabeth, Philip Banyard, and Belinda Winder. "Gangs." In A Psychologist’s Casebook of Crime, 100–116. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-92519-3_7.

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Sieberg, Katri K. "Gangs." In Studies in Economic Theory, 107–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04543-5_5.

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Hilk, Caroline L., and Michael C. Mensink. "Gangs." In Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural School Psychology, 463–65. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-71799-9_178.

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Jennings, Wesley G., and Jennifer M. Reingle Gonzalez. "Gangs." In APA handbook of psychology and juvenile justice., 307–24. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14643-014.

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Conference papers on the topic "Gangs"

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Chen, Chia-Hsin Owen, Chung-Wei Chen, Cynthia Kuo, Yan-Hao Lai, Jonathan M. McCune, Ahren Studer, Adrian Perrig, Bo-Yin Yang, and Tzong-Chen Wu. "GAnGS." In the 14th ACM international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1409944.1409957.

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Biaz, Saâd, and Yawen Dai Barowski. ""GANGS"." In the 42nd annual Southeast regional conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/986537.986557.

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KELANEMER, Dr Asma. "MECHANISMS FOR CONFRONTING NEIGHBORHOOD GANGS AS A CRIMINAL JUSTICE DEVELOPMENT." In I. International Century Congress for Social Sciences. Rimar Academy, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/soci.con1-13.

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Recently, dangerous crime, represented by neighbourhood gangs, has spread across Algerian society, with evictions affecting most of the chaotic neighborhoods and flowing into large new residential complexes, most of which do not have adequate security shields to maintain safety. and tranquility and protection of the people and their property. Violence is common in these communities. In the face of this increasing crime, traditional means of deterrence are no longer effective, prompting the Algerian Legislature to intervene and put an end to this dangerous criminal phenomenon by issuing Regulation No. 20/03 on Gang Prevention. Biology and its control, including preventive and deterrent measures. The importance of this study is reflected in the sensitivity of the subject, which falls within the scope of neighborhood gang crime, which continues to occur in Algeria, given the record increase in the number of criminal attacks, the use of cold weapons and drug abuse. The purpose of this intervention is to clarify the prevention and deterrence mechanisms set out in Regulation No. 20/03 of 30 August 2020 to prevent and combat neighborhood gangs, as previous legal means have failed to curb the growth of gangs in neighborhoods. this phenomenon.
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Alavesa, Paula, and Timo Ojala. "Street art gangs." In MUM '15: 14th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2836041.2836047.

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Oatley, Giles, and Tom Crick. "Measuring UK crime gangs." In 2014 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asonam.2014.6921592.

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Papazachos, Zafeirios, and Helen Karatza. "Scheduling Gangs with Different Distributions in Gangs' Degree of Parallelism in a Multi-Site System." In 2009 Fourth Balkan Conference in Informatics. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bci.2009.10.

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Mastoori, Maryam Sadat, and Hadi Shahriar Shahhoseini. "The impact of scheduling gangs with the shortest execution time on gang scheduling performance." In 2020 20th International Symposium on Computer Architecture and Digital Systems (CADS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cads50570.2020.9211856.

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Chu, Lingyang, Zhefeng Wang, Jian Pei, Jiannan Wang, Zijin Zhao, and Enhong Chen. "Finding Gangs in War from Signed Networks." In KDD '16: The 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2939672.2939855.

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Wijeratne, Sanjaya, Derek Doran, Amit Sheth, and Jack L. Dustin. "Analyzing the social media footprint of street gangs." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics (ISI). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isi.2015.7165945.

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Zhihao, Wei, Jianyuan Li, and Wanqing Li. "Mining Accompanying Passing-Vehicles to Discover Suspected Gangs." In 2019 IEEE 19th International Symposium on High Assurance Systems Engineering (HASE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hase.2019.00016.

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Reports on the topic "Gangs"

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Medina, Luis W. Gangs in El Salvador. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada589708.

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Melnikov, Nikita, Carlos Schmidt-Padilla, and Maria Micaela Sviatschi. Gangs, Labor Mobility and Development. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27832.

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Almorjan, Dr Abdulrazaq, Dr Kyounggon Kim, and Ms Norah Alilwit. NAUSS Ransomware Trends Report in Arab Countries 2020-2022. Naif University Press, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.26735/orro4624.

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Threat actors, including infamous cybercrime groups and financially driven ransomware gangs, have focused on Arab countries› businesses and organizations as they grow and move toward digital transformation. In particular, ransomware is a very serious type of cyber-attack worldwide, and many organizations are severely affected by it. INTERPOL indicates that the ransomware gangs are targeting different regions such as Africa, Americas, Caribbean, Asia-Pacific, Europe, Middle East, and North Africa 1. The Center of Excellence in Cybercrime and Digital Forensics (CoECDF) at NAUSS has conducted a deep web search, collecting, analyzing, and classifying data on ransomware gangs targeting Arab countries and organizations from 2020 to 2022. We have collected the information of ransomware victims through the darknet and dark web, focusing on leaked information. This report focuses on the Arab countries, organizations, and sectors victimized by ransomware gangs and whose information has been leaked on the darknet. Moreover, it investigated ransomware gangs that carried out cyberattacks against Arab countries, and the tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) they were using. The number of organizations that are attacked by ransomware gangs is increasing significantly. Some organizations pay ransom to ransomware gangs in order not to publish their information on the darknet. As a result of not paying the ransom demanded by the ransomware gangs, certain organizations and countries had their private and sensitive data leaked to the dark web. The purpose of this report is to help law enforcement agencies combat ransomware cyberattacks by providing them with insights into the evolving tactics of ransomware gangs. By understanding how these gangs operate, law enforcement agencies can better prepare to combat and respond to ransomware attacks.
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Editors, Intersections. From Gangs to Gods in Guatemala. Intersections, Social Science Research Council, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35650/int.4058.d.2024.

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Gray, Howard L. Gangs and Transnational Criminals Threaten Central American Stability. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada498136.

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Freeman, Michael, and Hy Rothstein. Gangs and Guerrillas: Ideas from Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada541897.

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Barahona Fuentes, Marco V. Gangs in Honduras: A Threat to National Security. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada560682.

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Fritz, Jeremiah. Learning from American Street Gangs: Fighting Insurgency in Iraq. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada503302.

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Petersen, Kirsten Elisa, and Lars Ladefoged. Youth in Gangs. What Do We Know – and What Don’t We Know? A Research Review of National and International Knowledge about Youth in Gangs. Aarhus University Library, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/aul.284.199.

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Manwaring, Max. Gangs, "Coups D' Streets," and the New War in Central America. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada435414.

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