Academic literature on the topic 'Gang members'
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Journal articles on the topic "Gang members"
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Sempron, Joesil Dianne, Reina Rose Amor Galo, and Josie Vida Sempron. "Profile of Youth Gang Members, Causes and Effects of their Activities in Tagbilaran City." University of Bohol Multidisciplinary Research Journal 4 (September 30, 2016): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15631/ubmrj.v4i1.76.
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The problems of youth in modern society are both international and local concerns. One of the most alarming issues the world is facing today is the existence of youth gangs, and the actions of the gang members once fully indoctrinated. This study delved into the youth gang culture in Tagbilaran City, Bohol, Philippines. It focused on children in school and out-of-school who were particularly vulnerable to the influence of the gangs. The researchers surveyed 81 respondents who were members of any gang in the city between the ages of 10 to 18 years old. It sought to explore the gang member’s reasons why he or she opted to join such a gang, the activities of the gang, and its effects. This study was essential because it determined the damage caused by the members to victims and its adverse effects on the community. This study utilized the quantitative approach through the distribution of questionnaires to the respondents.
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Scott, Daniel W. "Attitude is everything: Youth attitudes, gang involvement, and length of institutional gang membership." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 17, no. 6 (September 17, 2014): 780–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430214548285.
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Prison gangs have been a topic of interest among scholars, but research on youth prison gangs is limited. Furthermore, violent attitudes and gang involvement have not been addressed extensively, and a better understanding of youth prison gang involvement is needed to effectively inform responses to violence in correctional facilities. This paper fills this research gap through an analysis of violent attitudes as they relate to gang involvement and length of gang membership. The data derive from interviews with 285 males conducted in a larger study on gangs and violence in California’s youth correctional facilities. The results show that gang members tend to have stronger violent and aggressive attitudes compared to nongang members, and length of institutional gang membership is statistically significant and negatively associated with violent and aggressive attitudes. Furthermore, a youth’s violent and aggressive attitudes will vary depending on if the youth has never spent time in an institutional gang, is currently in one, or is a former institutional gang member. I conclude the paper with a discussion of these findings and what they imply for gang group processes, theory, institutional policy, and programs.
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Boots, Denise Paquette, Jennifer Wareham, Kelli Stevens-Martin, and Nina Barbieri. "A Preliminary Evaluation of the Supervision With Immediate Enforcement Probation Program for Adult Gang–Affiliated Offenders in Texas." Criminal Justice and Behavior 45, no. 7 (June 1, 2018): 1047–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854818774386.
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As of 2012, it was estimated that there were more than 30,000 active gangs in the United States with at least 850,000 members. Despite significant challenges that criminal justice agencies and personnel face in treating and supervising gang members, few studies have examined adult gang member outcomes and the effects of community supervision on gang-affiliated offenders. Recent research demonstrates mixed evidence that high-risk offenders have better outcomes in smaller problem-solving courts and programs, which have dual emphasis on rehabilitation and deterrence-based approaches to corrections. This study evaluates the efficacy of the Supervision with Immediate Enforcement (SWIFT) Court Program for young adult gang–affiliated probationers compared with non-SWIFT gang members and high-risk non-gang offenders. Findings indicated SWIFT had a moderate deterrent impact on offending compared with alternative probation sanctions. Results and discussion related to problem-solving courts and policy-related issues surrounding gang-affiliated and youthful violent offenders are offered.
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De Vito, Katherine. "Seeking a secure base: Gangs as attachment figures." Qualitative Social Work 19, no. 4 (May 24, 2019): 754–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473325019852659.
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Street gangs are problematic throughout the world. Youth involved with street gangs are at a higher risk for winding up seriously physically injured, dead, or incarcerated. The purpose of this qualitative research study was to examine (a) how the childhood experiences of former gang members shape their decision to join a gang and (b) the factors that contribute to former gang members’ decision to disengage from gang membership. This study will promote the use of attachment theory to analyze motivating/disengagement factors for gang involvement. The voices of 14 former gang members are heard through qualitative interviews. Thematic analysis was used to identify the following themes: Lack of Family Consistency, Brotherhood, Sisterhood, Unity: Gang as Replacement Family, “No other Option,” and “Jail, Death, or a Turnaround:” Making the Decision to Disengage. Findings could be used to aid in youth gang prevention and intervention.
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Pedersen, Maria Libak. "Do offenders have distinct offending patterns before they join adult gang criminal groups? Analyses of crime specialization and escalation in offence seriousness." European Journal of Criminology 15, no. 6 (March 10, 2018): 680–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370817751351.
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Researchers have put serious efforts into identifying youth at high risk of joining gangs. Their main focus has been on street gangs, whereas risk factors for joining adult gang criminal groups have received less attention. This study examines crime specialization and crime seriousness prior to gang initiation among 564 adult gang members, 800 outlaw bikers and matched comparison groups of offenders (up to three offenders convicted of the same number of offences) who stayed out of such gangs. The data stem from Statistics Denmark and the Police Intelligence Database. The study findings demonstrate that the gang members and the outlaw bikers commit more serious offences than their non-gang counterparts, but the study also provides evidence that it is difficult – most likely impossible – to identify upcoming members of gangs by paying attention to crime patterns only.
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Alleyne, Emma, and Elizabeth Pritchard. "Psychological and behavioral characteristics differentiating gang and non-gang girls in the UK." Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 2, no. 2 (June 13, 2016): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-05-2015-0017.
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Purpose – Research has demonstrated that girls are involved in gangs as members and affiliates. However, the psychological processes related to female gang membership has, to date, not been examined using a rigorous comparative design. The purpose of this paper is to assess whether female gang members exhibit distinct psychological and behavioral features when compared to female non-gang youth. Design/methodology/approach – In total, 117 female students were recruited from all-girls’ secondary schools in London, UK. Gang members (n=22; identified using the Eurogang definition) were compared to non-gang youth (n=95) on self-report measures of criminal activity, sexual activity, self-esteem, anti-authority attitudes, their perceived importance of social status, and hypermasculinity, using a series of MANCOVAs. Findings – The results found that gang members reported significantly more criminal activity, sexual activity, unwanted sexual contact, and held more anti-authority attitudes when compared to their non-gang counterparts. Practical implications – These findings support Pyrooz et al.’s (2014) findings that gang membership contributes to the theoretical conceptualization of the victim-offender overlap. Practitioners need to take this into consideration when working with female gang members. Originality/value – There is very little research that explicitly examines the characteristics of female gang members with suitable comparison groups. This study adds to the growing literature on female involvement in gangs and highlights the distinct psychological and behavioral characteristics of this group. In summary, these findings support the notion that female gang members are both at risk of being sexually exploited and engaging in criminal activities.
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Gérard, Bertrand F. "Gang members." Essaim 12, no. 1 (2004): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ess.012.0139.
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Maitra, Dev Rup. "‘If You’re Down With a Gang Inside, You Can Lead a Nice Life’: Prison Gangs in the Age of Austerity." Youth Justice 20, no. 1-2 (February 20, 2020): 128–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473225420907974.
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In many countries, there has been growing academic attention towards the activities of street and prison gang members. However, while much of the American literature explores the experiences of prison gang members, such investigation has been notably absent in the English context. This article seeks to address this deficit in the literature. Through gathering data from interviews with active prison gang members, it shows how reduced staffing levels in English prisons has led to an increasingly ‘ungovernable’ prison space. This, in turn, has led to an increase in levels of gang membership. Most notably, the high numbers of street gangs ‘imported’ into prisons has had the unintended effect of creating several ‘in prison’ gangs, which form for the first time in prison, with their members seeking protecting from more established gangs. This proliferation of gangs has had a significant impact on rates of in-prison violence, and how prisons are managed.
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Quinn, Katherine, Julia Dickson-Gomez, Michelle Broaddus, and Maria Pacella. "“Running Trains” and “Sexing-In”: The Functions of Sex Within Adolescent Gangs." Youth & Society 51, no. 2 (August 30, 2016): 151–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x16667375.
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Gang members are exposed to unique sexual risks, yet little work has explored the influence of gang social norms. This study examines the functions and meanings of sex within gangs, with a specific focus on the ways in which sex is used to reinforce gang membership and norms, gender roles, and group cohesion. We conducted 58 semi-structured interviews with adolescent members of six gangs. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis and constant comparative method in MAXQDA. Sexual risk behaviors within gangs are upheld and reinforced through unspoken norms and expectations. These high-risk sexual practices increase group cohesion and reinforce gender norms and power differences. Despite the prevalence of such practices, many gang members felt regret and remorse over their participation but noted it was just part of “the life.” Our findings highlight the need for interventions to address the norms of the gang that reinforce sexual risk behavior.
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Wood, Jane L. "Understanding gang membership: The significance of group processes." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 17, no. 6 (September 29, 2014): 710–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430214550344.
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Gang researchers have robustly established that gangs facilitate increased criminal activity in members—even those who were prolifically delinquent before gang membership (Klein, Weerman, & Thornberry, 2006). This suggests that there is something about gang membership, specifically, that influences individuals’ criminality. However, so far it is not clear what this influence is. This paper, taking a social psychological perspective on gang membership considers the potential influence that group processes exert on gang members to identify with a gang, to conform to group norms, become cohesive and to strive to acquire group goals—such as status. It further speculates that adherence to group norms may cultivate gang members’ social cognitions such as moral disengagement, offense supportive cognitions, and rumination. Conclusions note how group processes deserve closer research attention due to their potential for informing more accurate gang interventions to deter potential members and to reduce existing gang membership.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gang members"
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Kelly, Jane Frances. "Narratives of gang desistance amongst former gang members." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29549.
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Gangs are found all over the world, including South Africa. In Cape Town specifically, gang involvement is a critical problem in need of intervention. Despite this, little research has explored the perspectives of former gang members on leaving and staying out of the gang. Understanding how and why individuals desist from gangs has important implications for policymakers, the criminal justice system, and in the development of effective interventions, which is particularly important in low- and middle-income countries like South Africa, where very little is known about desistance from gangs, and where economic and other conditions that may lead to gang involvement are different from those in high-income countries. Drawing on a narrative theoretical framework as well as the theory of critical realism, this research sought to examine how former South African gang members understand and make sense of their desistance from gang involvement, focusing on exiting the gang life as well as maintaining a reformed lifestyle after exiting, despite the challenges this may present. Two rounds of life history interviews were conducted with twelve former gang members from a Cape Town community with a high prevalence of gangsterism. Thematic narrative analysis was used to analyse the interview data. Findings revealed that the participants’ narratives of desistance focused on a profound transformation in identity in which they moved away from the hardened, stoic gangster identity and embraced a more prosocial identity, such as that of a positive role model in the community. This transformation was a process punctuated with key turning points (such as incarceration or becoming religious) that prompted active reflection on the gang life and contributed to their decision to desist. The participants’ narratives also focused on their agency in the desistance process, which included forming a purposive intention to change their lives, committing to and maintaining this change, in spite of challenges they faced (for example, a relapse into drugs), taking personal responsibility for their pasts and striving for more independence in the future. Importantly, it also involved actively drawing on protective resources (such as meaningful and practical support from loved ones and religious belief systems) and prosocial identities (for example, being a caring husband and father) available to them within their environments, thus illustrating how the desistance process is an interaction between inner and outer resources. Therefore, it is imperative that interventions that assist desisting gangsters are targeted not only on an individual level, but a contextual level too, ensuring that individuals have access to the kinds of resources in their environment that will support their desistance.
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Wijnberg, Marcelle. "Exploration of male gang members' perspectives of gangs and drugs." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20000.
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Thesis (M Social Work)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Western Cape is notorious for its high prevalence of gangs and resulting gang violence. This is confirmed in the multitude of frequent reports of homicides attributed to gangs. This area of South Africa further has elevated substance abuse statistics. Literature clearly states that gangs and drugs are inextricably linked. The nature of the interaction is however unclear, although the effects of the interaction is significantly apparent as the consequences of gang activities is often felt by innocent bystanders. It is concerning that gangsterism and drug usage is normalised and ceases to be viewed as deviant in some communities. The consequences of the interaction between gangs and drugs has ramifications for community safety and further places much strain on the health, social welfare, as well as defence sectors. Effective interventions need to be informed by insight into the interaction between gangs and drugs. The best source of reliable information in this regard would be gang members. A dearth of research with regards to the gang members‟ perspective on the connection between gangs and drugs thus motivated the study. The study was conducted with male gang members within the setting of a substance treatment centre, where drug usage is normalised. An empirical study with a combination of a qualitative and quantitative approach was used, where a semi structured questionnaire was administered with individual participants as well as a focus group. The study illustrated that gangs attract members through their ability to meet the individuals‟ needs. These needs are linked to those indentified within motivational theory. Gangs met physiological needs through access to drugs, safety needs through providing protection, and self esteem needs through the provision of money and status. Significantly, gangs were identified as meeting individuals‟ belonging needs. Commonality was established in risk factors for involvement in a gang and as well as in the usage of substances. The study showed unstable home environments with absent fathers and multiple stressors such as exposure to high levels of violence and abuse. Disconnectedness within families was further highlighted. The participants were exposed to elevated levels of substance misuse within their families as well as elevated levels of familial involvement in the sale of drugs. Familial involvement in gangs was also high within participants. The findings of the study indicate that drugs are enmeshed within gang activities. Drug usage occurs before and after going out and committing crimes. Drugs were used to heighten gang members‟ fortitude, diminishing inhibitions. Participants spoke about being incapable of undertaking violent acts, without first using drugs. Gang members used drugs to quieten the conscience and in self medicating after completing a task, in order to cope with flashbacks and intrusive thoughts and images. Gang norms with regards to the sanctioning of drugs is a complex issue. The study demonstrated that gangs make a distinction between drugs, for example heroin usage is not encouraged by all gangs due to the associated tolerance and severe withdrawal symptoms. Gangs tread a thin line between condoning and discouraging drug usage. Supporting drug usage may benefit the gang, as it encourages and motivates gang activities. Gang members who become dependent on drugs are however a risk for the gang, as they become unreliable and disloyal, as their absolute devotion to the gang is challenged by their physiological needs. Gang members however perceive the gangs‟ prohibition of certain drugs, as motivated by a concern for their wellbeing rather than self interest. The temporal order of drug usage and gang membership illustrated that drug usage preceded involvement in a gang. Drug usage however significantly increased and progressed after inclusion in a gang. Recommendations emphasised a need to acknowledge the link between drugs and gangs. Insight provided by gang members is needed in order to inform effective interventions. Within the substance dependence field, the gang member presents with unique treatment needs, which must be understood in order to gain optimum results. Ill-informed, generic treatment is ineffective, irresponsible and costly for service providers, communities affected by gangsterism, and those gang members with some willingness to change.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Wes-Kaap is berug vir dié provinsie se hoë voorkoms van bendes en gepaardgaande bendegeweld. Dít word bevestig deur die menigte gereelde berigte van moord waarby bendes betrek word. Hierdie gebied van Suid-Afrika toon boonop verhoogde middelmisbruik-statistieke. Literatuur stel dit onomwonde dat bendes en dwelmmiddels op onlosmaaklike wyse verbind is. Die aard van hierdie wisselwerking is onduidelik, hoewel die uitwerking daarvan onmiskenbaar is: Veral onskuldige omstanders word dikwels deur die gevolge van bendebedrywighede geraak. Dit is kommerwekkend dat bendes en dwelmmisbruik oënskynlik genormaliseer en in sommige gemeenskappe nie meer as afwykend bestempel word nie. Die wisselwerking tussen bendes en dwelms hou ernstige gevolge in vir gemeenskapsveiligheid, en plaas daarbenewens heelwat druk op die gesondheid-, maatskaplikewelsyn- sowel as verdedigingsektor. Doeltreffende intervensies moet gerig word deur insig in die wisselwerking tussen bendes en dwelms. Die beste bron van betroubare inligting in hierdie verband is natuurlik bendelede self. Tog is daar ‟n gebrek aan navorsing oor bendelede se eie beskouings van die verband tussen bendes en dwelms, en dít het dus as beweegrede vir hierdie studie gedien. Die studie is onder manlike bendelede in ‟n behandelingsentrum vir middelmisbruik onderneem, waar dwelmgebruik genormaliseer word. ‟n Empiriese studie met ‟n kombinasie van ‟n kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe benadering is gebruik, en ‟n semigestruktureerde vraelys is onder individuele deelnemers sowel as ‟n fokusgroep afgeneem. Die studie toon dat bendes lede werf deur hul vermoë om in die individu se behoeftes te voorsien. Hierdie behoeftes stem ooreen met die behoeftes wat in motiveringsteorie uitgewys word. Bendes voorsien in sielkundige behoeftes deur toegang tot dwelms te bied; hulle voorsien in veiligheidsbehoeftes deur beskerming te verleen, en hulle voorsien in selfbeeldbehoeftes deur geld en status beskikbaar te stel. In die besonder is bevind dat bendes in individue se behoefte voorsien om iewers tuis te hoort. Daar is ‟n gemeenskaplikheid uitgewys in die risikofaktore vir bendebetrokkenheid en vir middelmisbruik. Die studie lewer bewys van onstabiele huislike omgewings met afwesige vaderfigure en veelvuldige stressors, soos blootstelling aan hoë vlakke van geweld en misbruik. ‟n Gebrek aan familiebande kom voorts aan die lig. Die deelnemers is in hulle families aan verhoogde vlakke van middelmisbruik sowel as verhoogde vlakke van betrokkenheid by dwelmhandel blootgestel. Familiebetrokkenheid by bendebedrywighede blyk ook algemeen te wees onder deelnemers. Die bevindinge van die studie toon dat dwelms en bendebedrywighede ineengevleg is. Dwelmgebruik vind plaas voor sowel as nadat misdaad in bendeverband gepleeg word. Dwelms word gebruik om bendelede moed te gee en hul inhibisies te laat verdwyn. Deelnemers noem dat hulle nie geweld kan pleeg sonder om eers dwelms te gebruik nie. Bendelede gebruik dwelms om hul gewete te sus en hulself ná die voltooiing van ‟n taak te behandel om terugflitse en aanhoudende gedagtes aan die gebeure te kan hanteer. Bendenorme met betrekking tot die goedkeuring van dwelms is ‟n komplekse saak. Die studie toon dat bendes tussen verskillende soorte dwelms onderskei: Alle bendes moedig byvoorbeeld nie heroïengebruik aan nie weens die verwante toleransie en ernstige onttrekkingsimptome. Vir bendes is daar ‟n baie fyn lyn tussen die kondonering en ontmoediging van dwelmmisbruik. Die ondersteuning van dwelmgebruik kan tot voordeel van die bende wees, want dit dien as aansporing en motivering vir bendebedrywighede. Tog hou dwelmafhanklike lede ook ‟n gevaar vir die bende in, aangesien hulle onbetroubaar en ontrou raak wanneer hulle absolute toewyding aan die bende teen hul fisiologiese behoeftes te staan kom. Bendelede beskou egter die bende se verbod op sekere dwelms as ‟n teken van hul besorgdheid oor hulle lede se welstand eerder as selfbelang. Die tydsorde van dwelmgebruik en bendelidmaatskap toon dat dwelmgebruik bendebetrokkenheid voorafgaan. Dwelmgebruik het egter beduidend toegeneem en verhewig ná insluiting by ‟n bende. Aanbevelings beklemtoon die behoefte om die koppeling tussen bendes en dwelms te erken. Insigte wat van bendelede bekom word, is nodig ten einde doeltreffende intervensies te rig. Op die gebied van middelafhanklikheid het die bendelid unieke behandelingsbehoeftes wat verstaan moet word ten einde optimale resultate te behaal. Generiese behandeling sonder die nodige agtergrondinligting is ondoeltreffend, onverantwoordelik en duur vir diensverskaffers, gemeenskappe wat deur bendebedrywighede geraak word, sowel as daardie bendelede wat wél bereid is om te verander.
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Burnett, Natasha R. "Gang Injunctions Effects: The Experiences of Residents and Enjoined Gang Members." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6977.
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Civil gang injunctions (CGIs) are bans on nuisance behavior that have been enacted against gang members. Numerous studies conducted on the efficacy of CGIs have proven that they have little to no long-term effects on the communities in which they are implemented, nor on the gang members enjoined under them and their gang activities. The purpose of this empirical, phenomenological interpretative analysis study was to (a) determine the sociofamilial effects of CGIs on community residents; (b) determine the effects of CGIs on the behaviors and activities of enjoined gang members; and (c) determine the overall efficacy of CGIs based on the perspectives of community residents and enjoined gang members, with the goal of creating avenues to improve CGIs or eliminate them, if necessary. The theoretical framework for this study was Berger and Luckmann's social construction theory. A total of 7 anonymous phone interviews were conducted with community residents, enjoined gang members, and local law enforcement living and/or working in the enjoined neighborhood during the implementation of the first gang injunction in Memphis, TN. Data from these interviews were coded for thematic analysis and constant comparison. The findings were mixed in that some participants expressed that the injunction had positive results for a while and others expressed that it had a negative effect on the community. It was found that the injunction was positively effective, but only on a short-term basis, and that consistent introduction of community resources to address underlying issues that lead to crime would have been a better solution.
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Agnew, Emma R. E. "Discourse, policy, gangs : an analysis of gang members' talk and policy." Thesis, University of East London, 2016. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/5384/.
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European academics have historically been reluctant to conduct explicit gang research on the premise that it risks stereotyping communities. Subsequently, notions about gangs in the UK have been transposed from American literature, which is primarily based within a criminological perspective and focuses on personal characteristics of gang members, such as their violent tendencies (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). Alternatively, underpinned by a community psychology perspective, this research explores how young people involved in gangs construct their identities and experiences, and to what extent these constructions reproduce or resist political discourse. Semi-structured interviews with six self-identified gang members, as well as the UK policy ‘Ending Gang and Youth Violence’ (Home Office, 2011) were analysed using a hybrid approach of discursive psychology and critical discourse analysis. The four main discursive sites identified in the policy were: i) The demonization of gangs, ii) the inevitability of gangs, iii) gangs: the product of ‘troubled families’, iv) the racialization of gangs. The four main discursive sites within the interviews were: i) experiences of racism, ii) the inevitability of gang membership, iii) problematized identities, iv) individual and family responsibility. The analysis indicated that, at times, the participants reproduced problematising ideological discourse, at other times they constructed reimagined personal narratives which resisted hegemonic discourses about gang members, and at other times they exposed the oppressive mechanisms of political discourse, by detailing how being labelled a ‘gang member’ and racial discrimination had shaped their subjectivities and lived experiences. The findings indicate the need for an overhaul of elitist policy production, for authentic participation of young people with experiences of living in deprived areas, and for a shift from the ‘criminological’ framework of gang policy towards ‘welfare’. Furthermore, the findings highlight the need to direct political attention to addressing racial discrimination. Clinically, community psychology approaches are recommended, as well as working at macro levels to change cultural narratives around this group.
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Spies, James R. "Insurgency in the hood understanding insurgencies through urban gangs." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2752.
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Past, current and future military endeavors will invariably involve conflict at the sub-state level. A recurring problem in the study of insurgent conflict is a lack of data that has the breadth, depth, and historical accuracy to provide insight as to why, at the individual level, people participate in insurgency. Accessibility to street gangs provides a comprehensive source of data not seen in insurgencies. Street gangs provide a "ground truth", to the interaction between the state and organized substate group in a competition for control. The individuals who fuel both sides of this competition for control are basing decisions to participate in insurgency on a framework founded in rational actor theory, but modified by their perspective of the world. Groups who wish to recruit individuals into their insurgency apply incentives and disincentives selectively to individuals to compel membership. As a group gains more members it can apply more incentives, increasing the rate or future recruitment and level of control over a community. A comprehensive and effective strategy cannot be developed to counter these insurgent forces without answering the fundamental questions behind individual participation first. This thesis examines insurgency from the individual level and proposes concepts that must accompany any attempt to combat rebel groups.US Army (USA) author.
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Devor, Bryan William. "Controlling gang crime: The Santa Nita gang injunction." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/138.
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The purpose of this study will explore increasing gang membership, gang structure, and strategies utilized by the criminal justice system in attempting to curb gang-related crime and activities. Through a quantitative research study, the researcher examined crime in the cities of Garden Grove, California and Santa Ana, California in an attempt to determine the success of the Santa Nita Gang Injunction in reducing crime within the injunctions "safety zone."
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Wood, Sherree F. "Strategies Employed by School Administrators to Prevent or Reduce Gang-Related Activity and Violence in Selected High Schools in a North Central Texas School District." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278289/.
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This research investigated the strategies used by school administrators in selected high schools to prevent or reduce gang-related activity and violence. Interviews were conducted with six high school principals, six assistant principals, fifteen staff members and eleven students. All of the students were gang members. The results of the study showed that there are gang members in all schools, but that their gang activity at school is curtailed by some specific strategies.
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Goodwill, Alanaise O. "In and out of Aboriginal gang life : perspectives of Aboriginal ex-gang members." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/11076.
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This research project generated a categorical scheme to describe the facilitation of gang entry and exit for Aboriginal ex-gang members using the Critical Incident Technique (Flanagan, 1954; Woolsey, 1986) as a method of qualitative data analysis. Former gang members responded to the questions: (a) What facilitated gang entry for you? (b) What facilitated gang exit for you? Participants provided 103 and 136 critical incidents which were categorized into two separate category schemes each containing 13 different categories. The 13 categories for gang entry were; engaging in physical violence, proving one’s worth, hanging around delinquent activity, family involved in gangs and following a family pattern; going to prison, gang becoming family and support system, looking up to gang members and admiring gang lifestyle, becoming dependant on gang, experiencing unsafe or unsupportive parenting practices, gaining respect by rank increase, reacting to authority, caught in a cycle of fear, and partying. The 13 categories for gang exit were; working in the legal workforce, accepting support from family or girlfriend, helping others stay out of or move away from gang life, not wanting to go back to jail, accepting responsibility for family, accepting guidance and protection, participating in ceremony, avoiding alcohol, publically expressing that you are out of the gang, wanting legitimate relationships outside gang life, experiencing a native brotherhood, stopping self from reacting like a gangster, and acknowledging the drawbacks of gang violence. Diverse methods of checking trustworthiness and credibility were applied to these category schemes, and it was found that both category schemes can be used confidently.
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Hasan, Hammam Adib. "Developing a pictorial method to examine gang and non-gang perceptions of school /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7837.
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Boerman, Thomas J. "Adolescent gang and nongang offenders : assessment of explanatory factors and institution-to-community transitional outcomes /." view abstract or download file of text, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3055669.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2002.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 190-203). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
Books on the topic "Gang members"
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National Drug Intelligence Center (U.S.). National gang threat assessment: 2009. Washington, DC: National Drug Intelligence Center, 2009.
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McLean, Robert, and James A. Densley. Scotland’s Gang Members. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47752-3.
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Thomas, Simon, Nancy Ritter, and Reshma R. Mahendra. Changing course: Preventing gang membership. Edited by United States. Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice (U.S.), and National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (U.S.). Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, 2013.
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Pohrt, Wolfgang. Brothers in Crime: Die Menschen im Zeitalter ihrer Überflüssigkeit ; über die Herkunft von Gruppen, Cliquen, Banden, Rackets, Gangs. Berlin: Edition Tiamat, 1997.
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Guay, Jean-Pierre. Predicting recidivism with street gang members. Ottawa: Public Safety Canada, 2012.
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Morris, Dashaun. War of the Bloods in my veins: A memoir. New York: Scribner, 2008.
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National Crime Prevention Centre (Canada), ed. Youth gang involvement: What are the risk factors? Ottawa, Ont: National Crime Prevention Centre, 2007.
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Heale, John. One blood: Inside Britain's new street gangs. London: Simon & Schuster, 2008.
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Desmond, Pip. Trust: A true story of women and gangs. Auckland, N.Z: Random House New Zealand, 2009.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Gang members"
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Moran, Kevin. "Interviewing gang members." In Routledge International Handbook of Critical Gang Studies, 122–37. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429462443-11.
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McLean, Robert, and James A. Densley. "It’s the Scheme that Binds Us." In Scotland’s Gang Members, 1–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47752-3_1.
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McLean, Robert, and James A. Densley. "Conclusion." In Scotland’s Gang Members, 177–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47752-3_10.
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McLean, Robert, and James A. Densley. "Growing Pains." In Scotland’s Gang Members, 29–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47752-3_2.
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McLean, Robert, and James A. Densley. "The School Years." In Scotland’s Gang Members, 51–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47752-3_3.
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McLean, Robert, and James A. Densley. "Breaking Through." In Scotland’s Gang Members, 71–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47752-3_4.
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McLean, Robert, and James A. Densley. "Things Get Serious." In Scotland’s Gang Members, 89–108. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47752-3_5.
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McLean, Robert, and James A. Densley. "Nightmare on The Street." In Scotland’s Gang Members, 109–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47752-3_6.
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McLean, Robert, and James A. Densley. "Show Me the Money." In Scotland’s Gang Members, 127–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47752-3_7.
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McLean, Robert, and James A. Densley. "All Things Must Pass." In Scotland’s Gang Members, 155–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47752-3_8.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Gang members"
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Balasuriya, Lakshika, Sanjaya Wijeratne, Derek Doran, and Amit Sheth. "Finding street gang members on Twitter." In 2016 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asonam.2016.7752311.
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Shaabani, Elham, Ashkan Aleali, Paulo Shakarian, and John Bertetto. "Early Identification of Violent Criminal Gang Members." In KDD '15: The 21th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2783258.2788618.
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Sherfey, Steven K. "Structural Analysis of Mechanical Modules for Modular Designed Nuclear Plants." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-58089.
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Most nuclear power plants being designed and constructed in the world today utilize advanced light water reactors with improved economics and safety; they are referred to by the US Department of Energy as Generation III+ Nuclear Plants. Overall, the Generation III+ power plants are expected to be safer and more affordable than those presently in operation. The offsite construction of structural and mechanical modules is a key element of the Generation III+ plant design; this feature significantly reduces the amount of onsite laborers and compresses the construction schedule. Each mechanical module must be structurally qualified to support its attached components for transportation, lifting, and operation scenarios. Qualification of the modules is very complicated because of the applicable codes and criteria as well as the diversity of components that may be attached to them. The purpose of this paper is to provide analysis instruction and to recommend special modeling techniques for structurally analyzing mechanical modules; the recommendations provided in this paper should not be taken as absolute rules but rather as guidelines to be altered, as needed, in order to more accurately simulate specific plant requirements. A mechanical module may be classified as a large gang hanger which supports many system components; a module may have dozens of pipe supports attached to it as well as tanks, piping, valves, pumps, conduit, ductwork, and cable trays. Mechanical modules are a fundamental aspect of the Generation III+ plant, and therefore must be properly analyzed and qualified. Due to the practically infinite possible arrangements of structural members and components, special modeling techniques are often required for considering all the possible loadings that may exist for the transportation, lifting, and operation scenarios. A structural analysis computer program such as GTStrudl or StaadPro must be used to build an analytical model of the module; the module frame and its attached components must be simulated in the model. Loadings such as dead weight, live load, thermal expansion, earthquake, wind, pressure, and flow transients are commonly applied to modules and their components. The analysis and qualification of the mechanical module frame must address structural member stresses, weld stresses, connection local stresses, and module support design. Results of the module qualification must be documented and verified according to plant procedures and criteria.
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Parung, Christina Albertina Ludwinia, and I. Gusti Ayu Maya Vratasti. "PSYCHOEDUCATION TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF HIV AMONG MEN WHO HAVE SEX WITH MEN IN SURABAYA CITY." In International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact015.
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"Sexual transmission of HIV among Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) is believed to be one of the sources of the AIDS epidemic. Nowadays, governments, communities, and NGOs are taking action to prevent its spread by assisting and educating groups of MSM in their countries. This assistance involves experts in many fields of study, including psychology. In the field of psychology, psychoeducation is believed to be one of the ways to assist the MSM groups. In September to December 2019, the authors conducted a mentoring effort to the MSM community at the MSM community gathering location called Gang Pattaya, in the city of Surabaya, the second largest and densely populated city in Indonesia The existence of this community is disguised by the general public, but is well known by NGOs. Community members do MSM out of their liking, although some do it in exchange for money. However, safety factors, such as using condoms for MSM, are not a priority for this community. They do MSM whether they receive a reward or not, just out of a boost of pleasure. There is no attempt to find out the health of the partner once they are attracted to each other. In general, they do not know whether they are infected with HIV. Most of them feel healthy and since they do not show any symptoms, they think it is not necessary to get tested. In the mentoring process, we conduct psychoeducation, which begins with an approach to certain individuals so that they are comfortable with our presence, then increasing awareness of safer sex behavior for HIV prevention for groups in the form of counseling using the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) approach. Counseling is carried out in various forms including roleplay, games, and seminars. The number of participants was 11 people as agents of changes of the community, varying from 19 - 47 years old. Pretest related to knowledge of safer sex was carried out before conducting the intervention and post-test after the intervention. The normality test used is the Shapiro-Wilk analysis. Different tests on the data obtained were carried out using the non-parametric Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. None of the participants had lower post-test knowledge scores than the pre-test. Prestest and post test for safer sex behavior showed 2 participants with safer sex behavior did not change. Both belong to the senior group, while other participants have an improvement in their safer sex behavior. These findings suggest that intervention programs for MSM as an effort to reduce HIV transmission should pay attention to affective and cognitive coping strategies."
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Singla, Jatin, and Sumantra Sengupta. "Residual Fatigue Strength Assessment & Rehabilitation of Rajendra Setu, Mokama, India-Case Study." In IABSE Congress, New Delhi 2023: Engineering for Sustainable Development. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newdelhi.2023.1295.
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<p>Rajendra Setu (Rail Cum Road Mokama Bridge) was constructed in 1959 over river Ganga on NH-31 is of Span 3 x18,30m + 2 x 30,50m +14 x 121m + 2x30,5 m + 3x18,3m. The bridge was originally designed for BGML loading at railway level and 2-Lane Class A or 1-Lane Class AA at roadway level. East Central Railway intends to use the train for 25T – 2008 loading which is of higher loading standard than it was originally designed for and wanted to check the residual fatigue strength and to do the necessary modification for this purpose. This paper presents the steps followed for assessing the residual fatigue strength of the truss members and the railway & roadway floor system, i.e. the railway stringers & its connections and roadway stringers. The reason for the damage of the connection of the railway central stringers with rail cross are also assessed and presented in the paper along with its remedial measures.</p>
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Saeed Ghafoor Ahmad, Kosar, and Amanj nasih qadir omer. "Prosecuting the perpetrators of the Camp Speicher crime according to Iraqi laws or the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court." In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/45.
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"This work includes talking about the crime of Camp Speicher, in which 1,700 students of the Iraqi army of the Sheea creed were killed by the gangs of the terrorist organization ISIS, with the aim of eliminating the members of this sect because of the misleading ideology carried by those gangs. On 6-12-2014, Iraqi soldiers at Camp Speicher (Speicher Air Base) in Tikrit were subjected to murder and enforced disappearance by terrorist organizations because of their affiliation to the Sheea creed. This crime was among a series of brutal crimes for the genocide of Sheeas in Iraq. This is similar to what happened in the Badoush prison crime in the province of Mosul, which the Iraqi Parliament considered it as a crime of genocide, in which these gangs executed about (400) members of the prison inmates of the Sheea component. After ISIS took control of the city of Tikrit in Iraq, and one day after they took control of the city of Mosul, they captured (2000-2200) soldiers and led them to the presidential palaces in Tikrit, and they shot them there and in other areas and buried some of them alive. This disaster had a negative impact on the families of the victims of the Speicher where they went out in demonstrations demanded that the leaders who handed over the victims of Speicher to ISIS must be prosecuted, and in one of the demonstrations they managed to enter Parliament and demanded that the leaders who handed over Speicher to ISIS be held accountable. After that, many demonstrations took place by the families of the victims, some of which led to the closure of a bridge in Baghdad a few times Protesting the government's delay in clarifying the fate of their children or taking quick measures. The Iraqi parliament and government recently considered the Speicher incident “genocide” in reference to the premeditated murder of Badoush Prison inmates in Nineveh Governorate and the unarmed Speicher military base, the premeditated murder of members of the Albu Nimr, Jabour, al-Lahib, and al-Ubaid tribes, and the killing and displacement of civilians from Kurds, Christians, Yazidis and Shabaks in Sahel Nineveh, Sinjar, deliberate killing and displacement of Turkmens in Tal Afar and Bashir. This decision paves the way for obtaining international recognition from it as a ""genocide"" as stipulated in the Contract of the United Nations in 1948, and Iraq signed it in the fifties of the last century. This study attempts to explain the Al-Ikhnasas Court in looking into the crimes of genocide committed by ISIS against the bereaved students of the Air Force Base (Speicher) due to what this issue raised from the national and international public opinion, especially after the involvement of the Iraqi army leaders in this massacre, according to what witnesses reported in that area and what was reported by soldiers who survived the incident, in addition to the involvement of some members of the Sunni tribes in these crimes with the terrorist organization ISIS. The importance of this study lies in the following aspects: - That ISIS elements were tried according to Anti-Terrorism Law No. 13 of 2005, and from our point of view that the aforementioned law is vague and broader than it should be, and it applies to serious and simple crimes from murder to crimes of sabotage, and the list of crimes punishable by the death penalty according to the aforementioned law is a long list and spacious. - The Iraqi government has embarked on an attempt to develop a legal framework to prosecute ISIS elements, and its mission focused on understanding the procedures and results drawn from those judicial efforts, and its mission also focused on showing the efforts taken by the Iraqi government to address violations in the field of the right to life, including those committed by affiliated forces government as well as other international and domestic actors. The International Criminal Court is specialized in considering specific crimes under Article (5) of its Statute, which are war crimes, aggression and crimes against humanity, which necessitates the adaptation of Speicher's crime within any of the mentioned types of crimes. The assumption of the International Criminal Court in relation to the Speicher crime, includes several positive matters and results at the same time a set of negatives, which must be presented to those positives and negatives in order to give preference between them and the choice of authorizing the court to consider the crime or not. The terrorist organization ISIS has committed serious systematic violations, including war crimes and others, and perhaps those that are not under its control, and that none of these crimes can be addressed within the anti-terrorism law, which cannot address human rights violations. The international community has recognized the heinous violations committed by ISIS against the citizens of Iraq by adopting Resolution (2370) in September of 2017, issued by the Security Council, which authorizes the Security Council to appoint an investigation team to support local efforts to hold ISIS elements accountable by collecting and preserving evidence in Iraq, which can rise to a high level, and it was committed by the elements of the organization. It considers that the decision constitutes a burden and an obligation on Iraq to investigate all allegations of violations committed by government forces for the purpose of holding them accountable, as well as requiring the establishment of special courts and trained judges in relation to ISIS crimes to deal with them. Terrorism is a global curse that has recently spread horizontally to all countries of the world and its effects have been concentrated vertically in some countries, and no one denies that the parties to this phenomenon are increasing (perpetrators and victims) and the United Nations in particular and the international community in general has not succeeded in reducing it despite the fact that the resolutions of the UN Security Council It is increasing, but the proportionality is absent between these decisions and the practical reality. The phenomenon of terrorism is spreading rapidly, and the perpetrators of terrorist acts are on the rise, corresponding to an increase in the victims of terrorism. Also, the circumstances and events that Iraq is going through, especially after 2003, put it at the forefront of countries which suffers from terrorism that has killed the people, using methods and forms that were not previously known and brutal and bloody cruel. ) for the year 2005, and since terrorism was not limited to Iraq, but included many countries, and was not specific to a place or time, nor was it recent in terms of composition. In addition, the aforementioned law cannot be aware of all violations of international and humanitarian law, as we mentioned previously, which requires the necessity of referring the criminals to a competent court. The Court conducts its rule under Article (13) of its Statute when referred to it by a state party to the same system or by the Security Council or when the Public Prosecutor conducts the investigation on his own, and then how does the Court take its measures regarding the aforementioned crime if we take a look Considering that the State of Iraq is not a member of the Statute of the Court. The rule of the court is free from the death penalty, which makes the idea of authorizing the court to consider the crime rejected by most Iraqis, especially the families of the victims. What are the negative aspects of the Iraqi national judiciary’s view of the Speicher crime, and how can it be avoided if the International Criminal Court plays this role? What are the guarantees provided by the court in the event that it proceeds with its procedures regarding this crime? The research on this subject is according to the appropriate method, which is the analytical and comparative method, which works on studying and comparing topics by analyzing ideas and jurisprudential rulings, and the positions of the governments of countries and the United Nations, as well as the resolutions of the Security Council and the General Assembly, and comparing arbitration between Iraqi courts. And the international courts regarding the trial of the perpetrators of the Speicher base crime, and then come up with a set of conclusions and recommendations."
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Peterson, Sherket B., Zannatul Ferdous, Magnus Höök, and K. Jane Grande-Allen. "Decorin Deficient Cells Demonstrate Increased Proliferation and Altered Phenotypic Properties." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176043.
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Decorin (DCN), a class I member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family, is composed of a protein core of approximately 40kDa [1, 2] substituted with a single glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain of chondroiton/dermatan sulfate on the N-terminal site [3]. DCN has been reported to interact with collagen [4,5] via its core protein, influence collagen fibrillogenesis [6], and inhibit the growth rates of various cell types when added exogenously to cell cultures [5,6]. There has recently been growing interest and studies in DCN related research using the knockout (KO) mice model which provides an excellent example of inherited disorders that stem from deficiencies in decorin expression [7]. Skin and tendon tissues from DCN KO mice have been characterized as being extremely fragile with significantly reduced strength and stiffness [8, 9]. The DCN KO tissues also show potential functional biglycan compensation [9] and at the microscopic level collagen fibrils with highly irregular diameters, abnormal lateral fusion, and loose packing [6] in contrast to wild type (WT) mice. Despite the intensive investigation of the DCN KO mice, the complexity of the animal model makes it difficult to assess the actual influence of decorin. In an attempt to take a more simplistic approach 2D cell phenotypic characterization studies were performed in addition to studying cell growth, contraction, and matrix organization in 3-D models to show the very distinct biochemical responses to type I collagen when compared to WT control cells.
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Huang, Alice H., Nuzhat A. Motlekar, Ashley Stein, Eileen M. Shore, Scott L. Diamond, and Robert L. Mauck. "High-Throughput Screening of Chemical Libraries for Modulators of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Chondrogenesis." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-193118.
Full textAbstract:
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a multi-potential cell type that can be induced to differentiate to a variety of tissue-specific cell phenotypes, including cartilage (chondrogenesis) and bone (osteogenesis). Given this multi-potentiality, MSCs are a promising cell source for exploring developmental paradigms and for tissue engineering (TE) applications. For cartilage formation assays, MSCs are collected in high-density pellets and treated with specific biofactors, including TGF-β superfamily members and dexamethasone in a chemically defined medium (CM) [1]. During chondrogenesis, extracellular matrix (ECM) rich in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and type II collagen is synthesized. While MSC chondrogenesis is well-characterized using existing protocols, the effect of alternative biofactors, their doses and combinations requires laborious combinatorial studies [2]. High-throughput screening (HTS) overcomes this limitation through the simultaneous layout and query of a large number of conditions within a single plate. HTS depends on the use of precise robotic liquid handling systems and on the development of sensitive, validated, and readily quantifiable assays. In a recent study, we optimized cell culture and assay procedures for HTS by minimizing cell number, handling and culture duration [3]. We successfully reduced the time scale from 21 to 7 days and the number of cells required from 225K to 30K cells per pellet. Further, we developed a novel in-well digestion protocol to enable high-throughput analysis and minimize handling. In this study, we have further streamlined these assays for HTS by providing a rapid and robotic approach for layout, culture, and analysis of ECM deposition using ‘micro’ MSC pellets (10K cells per pellet) in a 384-well format. Furthermore, we have carried out an initial screen of the NINDS small molecule library and demonstrated the feasibility of this technology for use in HTS of chondrogenesis.
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Alvim Gomes, Thaynná, Sara Oliveira Maia, Vítor Hugo Silva de Aguiar Ribeiro, and Ana Paula Galvão Baptista. "Diagnóstico de três pacientes com Síndrome de Morquio IV-A em centro de referência em genética no Norte Fluminense." In Semana Científica da Faculdade de Medicina de Campos. Faculdade de Medicina de Campos, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29184/anaisscfmc.v12022p31.
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Introdução: dentre as doenças de depósito lisossomal (DLS) que ocorrem por mutações hereditárias autossômicas recessivas, as mucopolissacaridoses (MPS) podem ser classificadas em sete distúrbios de acumulo de glicosaminoglicanos. A síndrome de Morquio A (MPS IV-A), ocorre por atividade aberrante da enzima Nacetilgalactosamina 6-sulfatase, codificada pelo gene GALNS modificado com incidência de 1 entre 76.000 a 640.000 nascidos vivos. Os portadores da MPS IV-A apresentam displasias esqueléticas, face grosseira, baixa estatura, dores articulares e patologias cardiorrespiratórias, sendo que a terapia de reposição enzimática (TRE) com alfaelosulfase semanalmente é o protocolo aprovado. Embora não interrompa a evolução da doença, ocorre melhora na qualidade de vida dos portadores. Objetivo: promover triagem retrospectiva de MPS diagnosticadas no serviço de genética em um centro de referência no Norte Fluminense, no período de 2006 a 2022. Descrições: após aplicação metodológica escolhida, foram filtrados três pacientes em um total de 3.500 pacientes com sinais e sintomas clássicos de MPS e diagnóstico confirmado por exames bioquímicos de MPS IV-A. Primeiro relato: paciente masculino, 20 anos. Chegou ao serviço de genética aos 4 anos e 7 meses de idade no ano de 2006, portando exames com alterações compatíveis com MPS IV-A. Na revisão neonatal, foi relatado pela mãe do paciente internação prévia na unidade de terapia intensiva por comunicação interventricular com resolução espontânea. O exame quantitativo dos metabólitos de glicosaminoglicanos (GAG’s) na urina demonstra elevação na concentração com 171 mg GAG/mmol creatinina para a referência de 4-6 anos (<9,2 mg GAG/mmol creatinina). O sequenciamento do gene GALNS (16q24.3) revelou mutação missense no éxon 11. Ao exame físico, apresentava baixa estatura (100 cm), abdome globoso, encurtamento de membros, voz fina, macrocefalia (54 cm de perímetro cefálico), encurtamento de pescoço e membros superiores em antebraço, pés e mãos em valgo, flush de esclera, tórax encurtado, discreto afastamento dentário e déficit auditivo. Além disso, relatou artralgia intensa em joelho e quadril, apresentando limitação de marcha e dispneia. O desenvolvimento cognitivo mostrouse preservado. Após oito anos da primeira consulta, o paciente retornou com artralgia crônica, cansaço físico durante a anamnese e dois episódios de dor precordial. Aos 11 anos e 8 meses, o exame quantitativo dos GAG’s urinários manteve elevação com 8,34 mg GAG/mmol creatinina (<6,7 mgGAG/mmol creatinina, entre 10-15 anos). Entretanto, o tratamento com alfaelosulfase não foi realizado por perda de seguimento. Segundo relato: paciente feminina, 27 anos e 9 meses. Procurou o serviço de genética em 2013 aos 18 anos com diagnóstico prévio de MPS IV-A. Ao exame físico: baixa estatura (100 cm), pescoço encurtado, ponte nasal aumentada, dentes espaçados, tórax encurtado, pectus protuso, encurtamento dos membros superiores com proeminência bilateral dos antebraços, mãos displásicas com clinodactilia do quinto dedo, quadril e membros inferiores encurtados bilateralmente, pés displásicos com tortuosidade de dedos bilateralmente e voz anasalada com respiração forçada, mesmo em repouso. Por motivos burocráticos, a paciente interrompeu TRE e demonstrou piora significativa da clínica. Dois anos após, retornou com tosse e secreção purulenta, artralgia intensa em punhos, mãos, quadril e dorso. Após realização de radiografia torácica, tratou com amoxicilina por apresentar infiltrado pulmonar em hemitórax direito. Desde o início do tratamento a paciente interrompeu e reiniciou o tratamento em intervalos irregulares. Em 2019 retornou para consulta com o protocolo em pausa e as queixas pregressas mantidas. A paciente segue na terapia referida sem mudanças estatísticas em parâmetros antropométricos. Terceiro relato: paciente feminina, 9 anos e 10 meses. A primeira consulta ocorreu no ano de 2013 aos 5 meses de idade. Ao exame físico: mão em tridente, face discretamente grosseira, abdome globoso e hérnia umbilical. A hipótese diagnóstica de MPS foi direcionada pelo aumento dos índices de GAG’s urinários, pois os exames de dosagem de cariótipo G, quitotriosidase, e teste expandido do pezinho para estabelecer os diagnósticos diferenciais para as doenças de Prune – Belly e Gaucher foram não reagentes. Por esse motivo, a contraprova da elevação de GAG’s foi solicitada para dar início ao protocolo de reposição enzimática, em que o laudo retornou elevado, confirmando o achado. Em 2014, aos 9 meses de idade, iniciou o tratamento com alfaelosulfase após confirmação de MPS IV-A. Após dois anos, a avaliação antropométrica apresentava baixa estatura, discreto ganho de peso, displasia esquelética importante, aumento da ponte nasal, piora da face grosseria e pectus protruso, escoliose do tipo GIBA, braquidactilia, voz anasalada, roncos, dificuldades para dormir e espessamento discreto do primeiro quirodáctilo. A mãe da paciente relatava melhora nas complicações respiratórias, com alívio do cansaço e diminuições dos roncos, porém observava-se o início das displasias esqueléticas. Em 2016, aumentou-se a dose do tratamento, sendo que, por intercorrências no agendamento da reposição enzimática, ficou aproximadamente quarenta e oito semanas sem TRE e desenvolveu um quadro de infecção respiratória evoluindo para unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) com recidivas esporádicas nos dois anos seguintes. A paciente seguiu com consultas de acompanhamento e em sua avaliação física no ano de 2020, apresentava discreto crescimento em estatura (104 cm) e, no ano seguinte, 107 cm. Até o dia de hoje mantem o uso de TRE. Conclusão: os pacientes encontrados pela triagem demonstraram clínicas semelhantes e compatíveis com os dados literários sobre os indivíduos já diagnosticados com a Síndrome de Morquio IV-A. Pode-se observar que a paciente do índice três, a qual iniciou a terapia de forma mais precoce, teve relativo crescimento em altura, comparada aos outros pacientes encontrados. Vale ressaltar que, ao interromper a terapia, os pacientes dois e três desenvolveram infecções respiratórias, demonstrando a necessidade de se manter a TRE para prevenção e estabilização dos quadros respiratórios. Os casos relatados são poucos para definir prevalência da síndrome no município, no entanto, apontam a suma importância do trabalho de rastreio, diagnóstico precoce das doenças genéticas e implementação do tratamento que é promovido pelo serviço de genética. A triagem dos casos auxiliou na análise da evolução dos sintomas e da qualidade de vida dos pacientes após TRE.
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Shabaya, Anne. "Building Resilience in Non-formal Education: The Case of Kenya." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.9598.
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Building resilience in the Non-formal Educational Sector Non-formal education refers to organized educational activities (Unesco, 2022) which are experiential in nature and foster developmental skills and knowledge (dothegap, 2018), but they do not have an elaborate curriculum, syllabus, accreditation, and the certification similar to that associated with formal learning (Khasnabis et al, 2010). Educational disruption is a phenomenon that may resonate with many, but it is always eschewed from non-formal education. In Kenya, non-formal education comprises of individuals from poor street families or those living in informal settlements. These are individuals who never got a chance to undergo formal schooling. To alleviate the situation, in 2002, the Kenyan government instituted Free Education for All (FEA), but a decade later, the problem still lingers. Street families are still thriving in the slums and other informal settlements in urban centers. They become fertile grounds for those who wish to prey on the marginalized such as organized crime syndicates, drug peddlers, child prostitutes, human traffickers, and all manner of forms of human dehumanization gangs. The government of Kenya instituted TVET (technical and vocational education and training) in 2013 (Wakiaga, 2022) to equip these individuals with markatable skills. Resilience in the non-formal educational sector is far reaching. It begins with identifying populations these poor populations, and then followed by an intertwined duality of rehabilitation and counseling. Street families never got any formal education, and they shun formal society and all its trimmings; furthermore, they believe that formal education is outside their reach. A way to remedy this is to offer them non-formal education through an apprentice system where they can learn and develop a skill or a craft which they can develop into an enterprise. Such skills may include masonry, carpentry, welding, painting, brick laying, stone dressing, cookery, car washing, and general cleaning, to mention, but a few. These skills are sellable since they are in demand in both formal and informal sectors of business in society. Since non-formal training is expensive, an apprentice system can ensure an income as they train. // This paper highlights the plight of these individuals and source by showing that through non-formal education and resilience; they can be rehabilitated and transformed to become productive members of society. Non-formal education is indeed an education like any other. Its consideration, and inclusion in the national educational budgets, streamlining it by having its curriculum developed, and trainers identified then trained, is vital.
Reports on the topic "Gang members"
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Editors, Intersections. From Gangs to Gods in Guatemala. Intersections, Social Science Research Council, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35650/int.4058.d.2024.
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Patton, Desmond, and Catalina Vallejo. Examining Violence and Black Grief on Social Media: An Interview with Desmond Upton Patton. Just Tech, Social Science Research Council, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35650/jt.3020.d.2022.
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As part of our “What Is Just Tech?” series, we invited several social researchers—scholars, practitioners, artists, and activists—to respond to a simple yet fundamental question: “What is just technology?” This interview was conducted by Just Tech program officer Catalina Vallejo, who spoke with Desmond Upton Patton, Professor of Social Work at Columbia University and Just Tech Advisory Board member. Patton (he/him) studies how gang-involved youth conceptualize threats on social media and the extent to which social media may shape or facilitate youth and gang violence. He is the founding director of SAFElab, which centers young people’s perspectives in computational and social work research on violence, trains future social work scholars, and actively engages in violence prevention and intervention. In their conversation, Vallejo and Patton spoke about social media as an amplifier of violence, the importance of lived experience informing computational research, and misunderstandings about Black grief.
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Kelly, Luke. Emerging Trends Within the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) Agenda. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.019.
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This report has identified emerging issues within the women, peace and security (WPS) agenda. Climate change has long been identified as a key cross-cutting issue and several potential avenues for WPS policy are identified. Other issues such as artificial intelligence (AI) have been highlighted as potentially relevant, but relatively little discussed with respect to WPS. The WPS agenda focuses on addressing the gendered impact of conflict and seeking to prevent conflict through increased women’s participation. In this report, WPS is understood as a body of UN Security Council resolutions (UNSCRs) and state national action plans (NAPs) labelled as WPS; as well as other UN and state policies using the language and ideas of WPS; and actions and ideas produced by civil society and academics inspired by the United Nations (UN) agenda or sharing ideas with it. The report focuses on new and emerging issues identified by academics and policymakers as relevant to the WPS agenda. Emerging trends and issues are broadly understood as: • Parts of the WPS agenda that are increasingly part of policies formulated by the UN, member states or civil society actors. • Parts of the WPS agenda that scholars or policymakers think have been neglected or not implemented sufficiently. • Re-interpretations of the framing of the WPS agenda. • New areas to which it is argued WPS should be applied. • Parallel international policy agendas with conceptual or legislative overlap with WPS. Emerging trends and issues are discussed with reference to their status in policy and implementation; normative debates about their place in the WPS agenda; and evidence on their implications for and applicability to certain contexts. The report does not seek to predict or assess the future trends or their relative importance, beyond highlighted existing interpretations of their status, implementation and potential implications. The report discusses a variety of emerging issues. These include issues where the WPS agenda has already been applied, but where its implementation –or lack thereof – has been criticised, such as in counterterrorism and arms control, or the conceptualisation of gender. The ability of WPS instruments to address changing forms of conflict has also been criticised. Issues to which it is argued that WPS should, and could, be applied more thoroughly, such as gang violence and trafficking, are discussed. The report includes new fields such as cybersecurity and AI, about which there is relatively little literature linked to WPS, but agreement that it may be relevant.