Journal articles: 'GAMs'

1

Boutemeur, M., and J. P. Peigneux. "GAMS results." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 21 (June 1991): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5632(91)90251-9.

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Hsu, K. J., A. M. Rosenthal, D. I. Miller, and J. M. Bailey. "Who are gynandromorphophilic men? Characterizing men with sexual interest in transgender women." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 4 (October 26, 2015): 819–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715002317.

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BackgroundGynandromorphophilia (GAMP) is sexual interest in gynandromorphs (GAMs; colloquially, shemales). GAMs possess a combination of male and female physical characteristics. Thus, GAMP presents a challenge to conventional understandings of sexual orientation as sexual attraction to the male v. female form. Speculation about GAMP men has included the ideas that they are homosexual, heterosexual, or especially, bisexual.MethodWe compared genital and subjective sexual arousal patterns of GAMP men with those of heterosexual and homosexual men. We also compared these groups on their self-ratings of sexual orientation and sexual interests.ResultsGAMP men had arousal patterns similar to those of heterosexual men and different from those of homosexual men. However, compared to heterosexual men, GAMP men were relatively more aroused by GAM erotic stimuli than by female erotic stimuli. GAMP men also scored higher than both heterosexual and homosexual men on a measure of autogynephilia.ConclusionsResults provide clear evidence that GAMP men are not homosexual. They also indicate that GAMP men are especially likely to eroticize the idea of being a woman.

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Barca, Cristina, Claudia Foray, Bastian Zinnhardt, Alexandra Winkeler, Ulrich Herrlinger, Oliver M. Grauer, and Andreas H. Jacobs. "In Vivo Quantitative Imaging of Glioma Heterogeneity Employing Positron Emission Tomography." Cancers 14, no. 13 (June 27, 2022): 3139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14133139.

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Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumor, highly aggressive by being proliferative, neovascularized and invasive, heavily infiltrated by immunosuppressive glioma-associated myeloid cells (GAMs), including glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMM) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Quantifying GAMs by molecular imaging could support patient selection for GAMs-targeting immunotherapy, drug target engagement and further assessment of clinical response. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and amino acid positron emission tomography (PET) are clinically established imaging methods informing on tumor size, localization and secondary phenomena but remain quite limited in defining tumor heterogeneity, a key feature of glioma resistance mechanisms. The combination of different imaging modalities improved the in vivo characterization of the tumor mass by defining functionally distinct tissues probably linked to tumor regression, progression and infiltration. In-depth image validation on tracer specificity, biological function and quantification is critical for clinical decision making. The current review provides a comprehensive overview of the relevant experimental and clinical data concerning the spatiotemporal relationship between tumor cells and GAMs using PET imaging, with a special interest in the combination of amino acid and translocator protein (TSPO) PET imaging to define heterogeneity and as therapy readouts.

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Kranjc, Andrej. "Ivan Gams – karstologist." Acta geographica Slovenica 53, no. 1 (September 30, 2013): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/ags53101.

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Brikaa, Zheng, and Ammar. "Fuzzy Multi-objective Programming Approach for Constrained Matrix Games with Payoffs of Fuzzy Rough Numbers." Symmetry 11, no. 5 (May 22, 2019): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11050702.

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Imprecise constrained matrix games (such as fuzzy constrained matrix games, interval-valued constrained matrix games, and rough constrained matrix games) have attracted considerable research interest. This article is concerned with developing an effective fuzzy multi-objective programming algorithm to solve constraint matrix games with payoffs of fuzzy rough numbers (FRNs). For simplicity, we refer to this problem as fuzzy rough constrained matrix games. To the best of our knowledge, there are no previous studies that solve the fuzzy rough constrained matrix games. In the proposed algorithm, it is proven that a constrained matrix game with fuzzy rough payoffs has a fuzzy rough-type game value. Moreover, this article constructs four multi-objective linear programming problems. These problems are used to obtain the lower and upper bounds of the fuzzy rough game value and the corresponding optimal strategies of each player in any fuzzy rough constrained matrix games. Finally, a real example of the market share game problem demonstrates the effectiveness and reasonableness of the proposed algorithm. Additionally, the results of the numerical example are compared with the GAMS software results. The significant contribution of this article is that it deals with constraint matrix games using two types of uncertainties, and, thus, the process of decision-making is more flexible.

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Kawhena, Tatenda Gift, Umezuruike Linus Opara, and Olaniyi Amos Fawole. "Effect of Gum Arabic and Starch-Based Coating and Different Polyliners on Postharvest Quality Attributes of Whole Pomegranate Fruit." Processes 10, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10010164.

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This study investigated the effect of gum Arabic and starch-based coating and two polyliners (Liner 1-micro-perforated Xtend® and Liner 2-macro-perforated high-density polyethylene) on whole ‘Wonderful’ pomegranate fruit during cold storage (5 ± 1 °C and 95 ± 2% RH). Uncoated (UC) and coated (GAMS) fruit were packaged into standard open top ventilated cartons (dimensions: 0.40 m long, 0.30 m wide and 0.12 m high) with (GAMS + Liner 1, GAMS + Liner 2, UC + Liner 1 and UC + Liner 2) or without (UC and GAMS) polyliners. After 42 d, treatment GAMS + Liner 1 recorded the least weight loss (4.82%), whilst GAMS recorded lower (8.77%) weight loss than UC + Liner 2 (10.07%). The highest (24.74 mLCO2 kg−1h−1) and lowest (13.14 mLCO2 kg−1h−1) respiration rates were detected in UC and GAMS + Liner 1, respectively. The highest and lowest total soluble solids were recorded for GAMS (16.87 °Brix), and GAMS + Liner 1 (15.60 °Brix) and UC + Liner 1 (15.60 °Brix), respectively. Overall, no decay was detected for coated fruit packaged with either Liner 1 or Liner 2. Therefore, the combination of GAMS with Xtend® polyliners proved to be an effective treatment to maintain the quality of ‘Wonderful’ pomegranates during storage.

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Peracchia, Sara, Fabio Presaghi, and Giuseppe Curcio. "Pathologic Use of Video Games and Motivation: Can the Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS) Predict Depression and Trait Anxiety?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 6 (March 20, 2019): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061008.

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Videogaming is an increasingly prevalent activity among adolescents worldwide. The present study aimed at adapting the Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS) to the Italian context, assessing its psychometric properties and verifying its sensitivity to predict depression and anxiety levels. From a sample of 1899 participants, a group of 388 adolescents who participated in the survey was divided into two subgroups of Heavy (HG, N = 188) and Light Gamers (LG, N = 200). A sub-sample of N = 172 adolescents also filled-in CESD and STAI to assess, respectively, depression and trait anxiety. Internal consistency and factorial structure of the Italian version of GAMS (GAMS-it) have been evaluated. Moreover, a latent regression structural equation model by predicting the CES-D and STAI scores with the GAMS-it factors has been carried out. GAMS-it has adequate validity and reliability levels, showing a very similar factorial structure to the original version. Therefore, this scale can be used to evaluate gaming motivation, which is useful for gaming motivation screening. Finally, it has been found that lower gaming motivation can be related to high level of depression and anxiety. The present findings provide a coherent picture, supporting the reliability and validity of the GAMS-it, that appears potentially useful in predicting anxiety and depression levels in a population of adolescents.

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Gams, Matjaž, and Franci Pivec. "Prof. dr. Matjaž Gams." Organizacija znanja 7, no. 1-2 (2002): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3359/oz0212050.

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9

Stroot, J. P. "New results from GAMS." Il Nuovo Cimento A 107, no. 10 (October 1994): 1919–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02823586.

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10

Binon, Freedy G. "GAMS search for exotics." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 8 (June 1989): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5632(89)90191-6.

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11

Brook, Anthony, David Kendrick, and Alexander Meeraus. "GAMS, a user's guide." ACM SIGNUM Newsletter 23, no. 3-4 (December 1988): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/58859.58863.

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12

Kumar, Vineet, and R. Naresh. "Application of BARON Solver for Solution of Cost Based Unit Commitment Problem." International Journal on Electrical Engineering and Informatics 12, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 807–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15676/ijeei.2020.12.4.7.

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This paper presents the solution to cost-based unit commitment (CBUC) problem with and without ramp rate limits of thermal power plants using general algebraic modelling system (GAMS) with BARON solver. The BARON solver in GAMS environment takes care of different units and system constraints to find an optimal solution. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed GAMS solution, simulations have been performed on six different systems consisting of 10-units, 20-units, 40-units, 60-units, 80-units and 100-units, respectively. The analysis also includes the valve-point loading along with the ramp rate limits of thermal units. Results obtained with BARON solver in GAMS have been compared with other approaches available in literature. Comparative analysis shows that the performance of GAMS is better as compared to other existing techniques in terms of operating cost obtained and satisfaction level of constraints.

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13

Qu, H., D. F. Kong, M. Xu, A. D. Liu, Y. F. Liang, S. B. Zhang, H. S. Cai, et al. "Experimental investigation of electromagnetic GAMs under the influence of 3D magnetic topological structure in EAST." Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 64, no. 5 (April 4, 2022): 054007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/ac5a0c.

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Abstract The relationship between geodesic acoustic modes (GAMs) and tearing modes (TMs), or locked modes (LMs), have been investigated in EAST. Firstly, multi-branch electromagnetic GAMs are observed synchronously after the excitation of TMs. Broadened radial coverage is observed for these branches, and these frequencies can be described by the dispersion relation of GAM. Secondly, multi-branch electromagnetic GAMs are generated after the excitation of LMs. The toroidal asymmetric structure of GAMs is excited due to the existence of 3D intrinsic error fields, and the radial distribution of those branches is altered accordingly. Four branches of electromagnetic GAMs are observed in the region that is closer to the ‘X’-point of the locked magnetic islands, which should be merged into two branches for the region that is closer to the ‘O’-point, as confirmed by XUV array measurement. Thirdly, a similar phenomenon is reproduced by the modulation of resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP). The frequency of GAM increases with the current of the RMP coils, and multi-branches of similar modes are generated when the current achieves I R M P = 2.5 kA, where the electrostatic and electromagnetic components are altered accordingly. The features of those branches are modulated by the rotation of the RMP. Therefore, the structures of the pair of GAMs can be different, which should be influenced by the different magnetic topological structure.

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Perko, Drago. "Regional geography and Ivan Gams." Dela, no. 20 (December 1, 2003): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dela.20.101-114.

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V drugi polovici 20. stol. sta bila za regionalno geografijo značilna predvsem nazadovanje njene teorije in izjemen razvoj njene metodologije. V zadnjih letih se krepi vloga kartografije in zemljepisnih imen v regionalni geografiji ter poudarja human(ističn)a komponenta regionalne geografije. V Sloveniji se je pomen regionalne geografije povečal zlasti po osamosvojitvi Slovenije. I. Gams je k razvoju slovenske regionalne geografije največ prispeval z regionalizacijami Slovenije, srednješolskim učbenikom in vodenjem dolgoletnega regionalnogeografskega znanstvenega projekta ter kot mentor mladim raziskovalcem.

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15

Stroot, Jean-Pierre. "GAMS and light meson spectroscopy." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 23, no. 2 (August 1991): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5632(91)90689-c.

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Bussieck, Michael R., Michael C. Ferris, and Alexander Meeraus. "Grid-Enabled Optimization with GAMS." INFORMS Journal on Computing 21, no. 3 (August 2009): 349–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/ijoc.1090.0340.

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17

Binon, F., V. M. Buyanov, S. V. Donskov, P. Duteil, M. Gouanere, A. V. Inyakin, D. B. Kakauridze, et al. "Hodoscope multiphoton spectrometer GAMS-2000." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 248, no. 1 (July 1986): 86–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(86)90501-2.

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Pintér, János D. "Nonlinear optimization with GAMS /LGO." Journal of Global Optimization 38, no. 1 (October 7, 2006): 79–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10898-006-9084-2.

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Wei, Qingxia, Olivia Singh, Can Ekinci, Jaspreet Gill, Mira Li, Mamatjan Yasin, Shirin Karimi, et al. "TAMI-46. TNFα SECRETED BY GLIOMA ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGES PROMOTES ENDOTHELIAL ACTIVATION AND RESISTANCE AGAINST ANTI-ANGIOGENIC THERAPY." Neuro-Oncology 22, Supplement_2 (November 2020): ii223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaa215.933.

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Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) remains a universal fatal disease and improving survival remains a challenge. One of the most prominent features of GBM is hyper-vascularization, characterized by abnormally dilated, distorted, and leaky vessels. Bone marrow (BM)-derived macrophages are recognized to be an important host cell population that are actively recruited to the tumor and referred to as glioma-associated macrophages (GAMs). GAMs are found to associate closely with blood vessels, and thought to provide a critical role in tumor neo-vascularization. However, the mechanisms by which GAMs regulate and promote endothelial cells (ECs) in the process of tumor vascularization and response to anti-angiogenic therapy (AATx) is not understood. To understand how GBM, GAMs and EC interacts, we designed and developed a novel GBMs-GAMs-EC co-culture system as well as a unique in vivo model in which the BM of NOD/SCID mice were reconstituted with red fluorescent protein (RFP)-BM cells to create a chimeric mouse and then using intracranial injection of GFP-U87 cells to create a GBM xenograft. Our study is the first to demonstrate that glioma cells-secreted IL8 and CCL2 which stimulate GAMs to secrete TNFα and promote EC activation. TNFα inhibition led to normalization of the tumor vasculature and significant improvement in survival in glioma mice model. More importantly, we validate these findings using clinical data showing that TNFα is a predictor of overall survival and response to AATx in GBM patients. We further demonstrated that increased macrophage recruitment and upregulation of TNFα in GAMs activating EC in response to bevacizumab treatment is one of the critical molecular mechanisms underlying the failure of AATx in GBM. Collectively, these results provide compelling evidence to further explore the clinical impact of inhibiting TNFα concurrent with AATx.

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Dzwigonska, M., J. Mieczkowski, P. Pilanc, S. Cyranowski, A. Kominek, K. Piwocka, B. Kaminska, and K. B. Leszczynska. "P16.09 Regulation of chromatin accessibility in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment of glioblastoma." Neuro-Oncology 23, Supplement_2 (September 1, 2021): ii57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noab180.200.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Chromatin structure is often dysregulated in cancers, including glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive type of primary brain tumor. GBM has the poorest prognosis with no efficient cure to date due to diffusive growth into the brain, resistance to treatments and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). The growth and invasiveness of GBM is supported by the heterogeneous TME including local microglia and bone-marrow-derived macrophages (collectively known as glioma-associated microglia and macrophages, GAMs). In addition, tumor hypoxia is a key factor in the progression of GBM, as it can globally and rapidly alter gene expression, induce cancer cell invasiveness, stemness and lead to therapy resistance. Hypoxia can influence the pro-tumorigenic function of GAMs by inducing the expression of cytokines and cell surface receptors. However, little is known on the hypoxia-imposed chromatin changes of GAMs and GBM cells, which can in turn impact the interaction between these cell populations. Here we analyze these changes using a single-cell method, which preserves in situ hypoxia within the TME of GBM. MATERIAL AND METHODS Single-cell Pi-ATAC-seq (Protein-indexed Assay of Transposase Accessible Chromatin with sequencing) method in a GL261 murine glioma model was used to simultaneously assess genome-wide chromatin accessibility and expression of intracellular protein markers in single cells, enabling accurate selection of hypoxic and non-hypoxic tumor cells and GAMs. Pi-ATAC-seq is used on paraformaldehyde-perfused tumors and therefore allows capturing unaltered hypoxia-dependent cellular states, that often become distorted during dissociation and preparation of fresh material in most common single-cell methods. RESULTS We optimized Pi-ATAC method in a GL261 GBM mouse model, with specific sorting of GAMs using CD11b+ immunosorting followed by separation of microglia and macrophages, based on intensity of CD45 staining. HIF-1α induction and binding of pimonidazole were used to mark hypoxic populations. Currently, we are investigating the chromatin accessibility profiles of cancer cells and GAMs within the hypoxic tumor microenvironment of GBM. Exploring open chromatin profiles in GAMs and glioma-microglia co-cultures will allow to unravel the mechanisms of chromatin accessibility modulation in the oxygen-dependent manner. CONCLUSION In summary, we optimized the Pi-ATAC method in a mouse GBM model to characterize the chromatin openness changes in GAMs and cancer cells in response to hypoxic stress. Further validation of these results will provide the potential to identify novel markers for GAMs/glioma interactions in hypoxic GBMs and develop novel therapeutic targets.

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Dzwigonska, Monika, Jakub Mieczkowski, Paulina Pilanc, Salwador Cyranowski, Agata Kominek, Katarzyna Piwocka, Bozena Kaminska, and Katarzyna B. Leszczynska. "OTME-2. Regulation of chromatin accessibility in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment of glioblastoma." Neuro-Oncology Advances 3, Supplement_2 (July 1, 2021): ii13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/noajnl/vdab070.053.

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Abstract Chromatin structure is often dysregulated in cancers, including glioblastoma (GBM), the most common primary brain tumor in adults. GBM has the poorest prognosis and no efficient cure to date due to diffusive growth into the surrounding brain, preventing complete surgical resection and leading to inevitable tumor relapse. Tumor microenvironment (TME) of GBM contains brain-residing microglia and bone-marrow derived macrophages (collectively known as glioma-associated microglia/macrophages, GAMs) that constitute up to 30% of the tumor mass and promote tumor invasion. Hypoxia (a shortage of oxygen) is a key factor in tumor progression of GBM as it can globally and rapidly alter the gene expression, induce cancer cell invasiveness, stemness and lead to therapy resistance. Hypoxia can enhance the pro-tumorigenic function of GAMs, e.g. by inducing expression of cytokines and cell surface receptors both in GAMs and glioma cells, but little is known about chromatin alterations of GBM under hypoxia. Since regulation of expression of such molecules could depend on the epigenetic alterations, we hypothesize that hypoxia may potently alter the chromatin accessibility and functions of GAMs and glioma cells. We determine the genome-wide changes in chromatin accessibility in GAMs and glioma cells in response to hypoxic stress using single-cell Pi-ATAC-seq (Protein-indexed Assay of Transposase Accessible Chromatin with sequencing), which allows simultaneous genome-wide assessment of chromatin accessibility and expression of intracellular protein markers in single cells, allowing faithful selection of hypoxic and non-hypoxic cells. Secondly, we are employing an oxygen-dependent co-culture model in vitro to study the mechanisms of chromatin alterations in GAMs and glioma cells under controlled hypoxic conditions and test how these changes depend on the glioma - GAMs cross-communication. In summary, we characterize the interactions between innate immune cells and glioma cells by looking at their chromatin alterations under hypoxia. Supported by the National Science Center grant (Poland) 2019/33/B/NZ1/01556 (KBL).

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Pitts, M. C., L. W. Thomason, J. M. Zawodny, B. N. Wenny, J. M. Livingston, P. B. Russell, J. H. Yee, W. H. Swartz, and R. E. Shetter. "Ozone observations by the Gas and Aerosol Measurement Sensor during SOLVE II." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 5, no. 5 (October 13, 2005): 9953–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-5-9953-2005.

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Abstract. The Gas and Aerosol Measurement Sensor (GAMS) was deployed aboard the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the second SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE II). GAMS acquired line-of-sight (LOS) direct solar irradiance spectra during the sunlit portions of ten science flights of the DC-8 between 12 January and 4 February 2003. Differential line-of-sight (DLOS) optical depth spectra are produced from the GAMS raw solar irradiance spectra. Then, DLOS ozone number densities are retrieved from the GAMS spectra using a multiple linear regression spectral fitting technique. Both the DLOS optical depth spectra and retrieved ozone data are compared with coincident measurements from two other solar instruments aboard the DC-8 platform to demonstrate the robustness and stability of the GAMS data. The GAMS ozone measurements are then utilized to evaluate the quality of the Wulf band ozone cross sections, a critical component of the SAGE III aerosol, water vapor, and temperature/pressure retrievals. Results suggest the ozone cross section compilation of Shettle and Anderson currently used operationally in SAGE III data processing may be in error by as much as 10–20% in the Wulf bands, and their lack of reported temperature dependence is a significant deficiency. A second, more recent, cross section database compiled for the SCIAMACHY satellite mission appears to be of much better quality in the Wulf bands, but still may have errors as large as 5% near the Wulf band absorption peaks. Additional laboratory measurements of the Wulf band cross sections should be pursued to further reduce their uncertainty and better quantify their temperature dependence.

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Pitts, M. C., L. W. Thomason, J. M. Zawodny, B. N. Wenny, J. M. Livingston, P. B. Russell, J. H. Yee, W. H. Swartz, and R. E. Shetter. "Ozone observations by the Gas and Aerosol Measurement Sensor during SOLVE II." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, no. 9 (July 6, 2006): 2695–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-2695-2006.

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Abstract. The Gas and Aerosol Measurement Sensor (GAMS) was deployed aboard the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the second SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE II). GAMS acquired line-of-sight (LOS) direct solar irradiance spectra during the sunlit portions of ten science flights of the DC-8 between 12 January and 4 February 2003. Differential line-of-sight (DLOS) optical depth spectra are produced from the GAMS raw solar irradiance spectra. Then, DLOS ozone number densities are retrieved from the GAMS spectra using a multiple linear regression spectral fitting technique. Both the DLOS optical depth spectra and retrieved ozone data are compared with coincident measurements from two other solar instruments aboard the DC-8 platform to demonstrate the robustness and stability of the GAMS data. The GAMS ozone measurements are then utilized to evaluate the quality of the Wulf band ozone cross sections, a critical component of the SAGE III aerosol, water vapor, and temperature/pressure retrievals. Results suggest the ozone cross section compilation of Shettle and Anderson currently used operationally in SAGE III data processing may be in error by as much as 10–20% in the Wulf bands, and their lack of reported temperature dependence is a significant deficiency. A second, more recent, cross section database compiled for the SCIAMACHY satellite mission appears to be of much better quality in the Wulf bands, but still may have errors as large as 5% near the Wulf band absorption peaks, which is slightly larger than their stated uncertainty. Additional laboratory measurements of the Wulf band cross sections should be pursued to further reduce their uncertainty and better quantify their temperature dependence.

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Chuang, Hao-Yu, Yu-kai Su, Heng-Wei Liu, Chao-Hsuan Chen, Shao-Chih Chiu, Der-Yang Cho, Shinn-Zong Lin, Yueh-Sheng Chen, and Chien-Min Lin. "Preclinical Evidence of STAT3 Inhibitor Pacritinib Overcoming Temozolomide Resistance via Downregulating miR-21-Enriched Exosomes from M2 Glioblastoma-Associated Macrophages." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 7 (July 2, 2019): 959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8070959.

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Background: The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in virtually every aspect of tumorigenesis of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). A dysfunctional TME promotes drug resistance, disease recurrence, and distant metastasis. Recent evidence indicates that exosomes released by stromal cells within the TME may promote oncogenic phenotypes via transferring signaling molecules such as cytokines, proteins, and microRNAs. Results: In this study, clinical GBM samples were collected and analyzed. We found that GBM-associated macrophages (GAMs) secreted exosomes which were enriched with oncomiR-21. Coculture of GAMs (and GAM-derived exosomes) and GBM cell lines increased GBM cells’ resistance against temozolomide (TMZ) by upregulating the prosurvival gene programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4) and stemness markers SRY (sex determining region y)-box 2 (Sox2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), Nestin, and miR-21-5p and increasing the M2 cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6) and transforming growth factor beta 1(TGF-β1) secreted by GBM cells, promoting the M2 polarization of GAMs. Subsequently, pacritinib treatment suppressed GBM tumorigenesis and stemness; more importantly, pacritinib-treated GBM cells showed a markedly reduced ability to secret M2 cytokines and reduced miR-21-enriched exosomes secreted by GAMs. Pacritinib-mediated effects were accompanied by a reduction of oncomiR miR-21-5p, by which the tumor suppressor PDCD4 was targeted. We subsequently established patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models where mice bore patient GBM and GAMs. Treatment with pacritinib and the combination of pacritinib and TMZ appeared to significantly reduce the tumorigenesis of GBM/GAM PDX mice as well as overcome TMZ resistance and M2 polarization of GAMs. Conclusion: In summation, we showed the potential of pacritinib alone or in combination with TMZ to suppress GBM tumorigenesis via modulating STAT3/miR-21/PDCD4 signaling. Further investigations are warranted for adopting pacritinib for the treatment of TMZ-resistant GBM in clinical settings.

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Fermi, Valentina, Rolf Warta, Christine Jungk, Philip Dao Trong, Andreas Unterberg, and Christel Herold-Mende. "IMMU-07. REPROGRAMMING OF MICROGLIA/MACROPHAGES IN GLIOBLASTOMA IMPROVES ANTI-TUMOR T CELL RESPONSES." Neuro-Oncology 23, Supplement_6 (November 2, 2021): vi93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noab196.367.

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Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) still remains incurable. In search for new treatment modalities immunotherapy might be attractive but highly depends on a sufficient infiltration and function of effector T cells in an immunosuppressive microenvironment. In this study, we analyzed if blocking or reprogramming M2polarized glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) could improve spontaneous effector T cell responses and thus enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapy. This was tested by sorting patient-derived CD11b+ cells from GBM tissues and treating these GAMs with small molecule inhibitors (SMI) targeting the colony stimulating factor1 receptor (CSF1R). Especially CD11b+ cells treated with the SMI GW2580 presented with a reduced expression of the M2 marker CD163 (p < 0.01) and an increased expression of HLA-DR (p < 0.05). Conditioned media of SMI-treated GAMs also contained significantly higher levels of nitrite (p < 0.001) and a reduced concentration of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-6 (p < 0.05). Moreover, gene expression profiles of GW2580-treated GAMs showed a shift from an immunosuppressive towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Most importantly, the addition of conditioned media of GW2580-treated GAMs to a co-culture of autologous tumor and T cells significantly reduced the number of live tumor cells as compared to the use of conditioned media of untreated GAMs (p < 0.05). Interestingly, in some cases the ability of T cells to transmigrate through a dense barrier of autologous tumor-derived endothelial cells could also be increased. In summary, we showed that CSF-1R blockade with the SMI GW2580 can reprogram GAM phenotype and thereby improve T cell activation. This strongly suggests further studies on the use of GW2580 in combination with immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of GBM.

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Su, Yu-Ting, Madison Butler, Lee Hwang, Dragan Maric, Shelton Earp, Masaki Terabe, Mark Gilbert, and Jing Wu. "EXTH-44. INHIBITION OF MerTK ACTIVATES GLIOBLASTOMA-ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGES AND INDUCES TUMOR CELL DEATH IN GLIOMA MICROENVIRONMENT." Neuro-Oncology 21, Supplement_6 (November 2019): vi91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noz175.376.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Glioblastoma-associated macrophages and microglia (GAMs) are the predominant immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Activation of MerTK, a receptor tyrosine kinase, triggers efferocytosis and polarizes GAMs to an immunosuppressive phenotype, promoting glioma growth. Our previous findings showed that UNC2371, a small-molecule inhibitor of MerTK, induced a less immunosuppressive phenotype of GAMs. Here, we investigate the role of MerTK inhibition on glioblastoma cells in the tumor microenvironment in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Cytotoxicity of UNC2371 in glioblastoma cells was determined by cell viability and colony formation assays. The protein expression of MerTK, AKT, and Erk were quantified by Western blotting in UNC2371-treated glioblastoma cells. A syngeneic GL261 mouse orthotopic glioblastoma model was used to evaluate the survival benefit of UNC2371 treatment. Fluorescent multiplex immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to evaluate the expression of CD206, an anti-inflammatory marker on GAMs in murine brain tumor tissues. RESULTS UNC2371 inhibited GBM cell growth with an EC50 < 100 nM in both human U251 and mouse GL261 glioma cells, but not in GAMs. UNC2371-induced cell death and decreased cell proliferation were demonstrated by colony formation assays. UNC2371 decreased protein expression of phosphorylated MerTK, AKT, and Erk, which are essential for cell survival signaling, in U251 and GL261 cells. Furthermore, UNC2371 treatment prolonged survival in the mouse orthotopic GL261 glioblastoma model, suggesting that UNC2371 induces glioma cell death. A decreased of CD206+ GAMs was found in mice glioma tissues by fluorescent multiplex IHC, consistent with our previous findings in the in vitro cell-based assays. These data suggest that in addition to alleviate immunosuppression in the glioma microenvironment, UNC2371 directly inhibits GBM cell growth in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that UNC2371 has a therapeutic benefit via promoting GAM polarization towards proinflammatory status in the glioblastoma microenvironment and unexpectedly, inducing tumor cell death.

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Leal, Isabel, René I. Alfaro, Young Woon Lim, and Harry H. Kope. "Molecular characterization of the entomopathogenic fungi Lecanicillium spp. (Deuteromycota: Hyphomycetes) isolated from white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in British Columbia." Canadian Entomologist 140, no. 2 (April 2008): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n07-051.

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AbstractThe entomopathogenic fungal genus Lecanicillium Gams and Zare includes species that are highly pathogenic to many genera of insects. Three species, Lecanicillium longisporum (Petch) Zare and W. Gams, L. muscarium (Petch) Zare and W. Gams, and L. pissodis Kope and Leal, were found to be entomopathogens of adult white pine weevils, Pissodes strobi (Peck), in coastal British Columbia. Morphological characteristics were used to identify these species, but variation in conidial shape and size made it difficult to classify some of the isolates into the correct species of Lecanicillium. To confirm the identity of these Lecanicillium species, we used molecular tools such as polymerase chain reaction – restriction fragment length polymorphism and DNA sequencing.

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Augustin, N. H., D. L. Borchers, E. D. Clarke, S. T. Buckland, and M. Walsh. "Spatiotemporal modelling for the annual egg production method of stock assessment using generalized additive models." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 2608–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f98-143.

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Generalized additive models (GAMs) are used to model the spatiotemporal distribution of egg density as a function of locational and environmental variables. The main aim of using GAMs is to improve precision of egg abundance estimates needed for the annual egg production method. The application of GAMs requires a survey design with good coverage in space and time. If the only results available are from less optimal survey designs, they can be improved by using historical data for spawning boundaries. The method is applied to plankton egg survey data of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) in 1995. The GAM-based method improves the precision of estimates substantially and is also useful in explaining complex space-time trends using environmental variables.

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Korhonen, N., A. Venäläinen, H. Seppä, and H. Järvinen. "Statistical downscaling of a climate simulation of the last glacial cycle: temperature and precipitation over Northern Europe." Climate of the Past Discussions 9, no. 3 (June 21, 2013): 3371–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-3371-2013.

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Abstract. Earth System Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs) have proven to be able to simulate the large-scale features of glacial-interglacial climate evolution. For many climatic applications the spatial resolution of the EMICs' output is, however, too coarse, and downscaling methods are needed. We used Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) for downscaling the large-scale output of an EMIC. GAMs are regression models in which a combination of explanatory variables are related to the response through a sum of spline functions. We calibrated the GAMs using observations of the recent past climate and the results of short time-slice simulations of glacial climate performed by the relatively high-resolution general circulation model CCSM and the regional climate model RCA3. As explanatory variables we used the output of a simulation by CLIMBER-2 EMIC of the last glacial cycle, coupled with the SICOPOLIS ice sheet model, i.e., the large-scale temperature and precipitation data of CLIMBER-2, and the elevation, distance to ice sheet, slope direction and slope angle from SICOPOLIS. The fitted GAMs were able to explain more than 96% of the temperature response with a correlation of > 0.98 and more than 59% of the precipitation response with a correlation of >0.72. The first comparison with two pollen-based reconstructions of temperature for Northern Europe showed that CLIMBER-2 data downscaled by GAMs corresponded better with the reconstructions than did the bi-linearly interpolated CLIMBER-2 surface temperature.

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Bauer, Will, and Bruce Foss. "GAMS: An Integrated Media Controller System." Computer Music Journal 16, no. 1 (1992): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3680491.

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Mace, Robert E., and Cindy Ridgeway. "Major goal achieved with major GAMs." Ground Water 43, no. 2 (March 2005): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.0014.x.

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Seifert, Keith A., Rasoul Zare, and Richard C. Summerbell. "In memoriam: Walter Gams (1934–2017)." Mycologia 111, no. 4 (June 13, 2019): 690–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2019.1619058.

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Lührs, K. "Cephalosporium-artige Schimmelpilze. Von Walter Gams." Mycoses 15, no. 10 (April 24, 2009): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.1972.tb01344.x.

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Olesen, O. B., and N. C. Petersen. "A presentation of GAMS for DEA." Computers & Operations Research 23, no. 4 (April 1996): 323–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0548(95)00042-9.

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Stroot, J. P. "Scalar and exotics mesons at GAMS." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 39, no. 2-3 (March 1995): 284–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5632(95)00089-r.

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Varikunta, Saikrishna, and Ashwani Kumar Sharma. "GAMS applications to capacitors location and its sizing in a RDS." International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology 14, no. 3 (August 30, 2022): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijest.v14i3.3s.

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This paper presents a new approach for finding capacitor's location and it's sizing in a radial distribution system (RDS) optimally with an aim of reducing the active power loss. In this paper, the problem of minimizing power loss is converted into a Mixed Integer Non-Linear Program (MINLP) problem, and it will be solved by using Generalized Algebraic Modeling Systems (GAMS) software with MINLP-SBB Solver. The proposing GAMS approach is tested on IEEE 10 bus RDS. By using GAMS, the programming will be simple and more accurate results can be achieved with less execution time. The MATLAB R2020b is used to run the load flows program and analyze results. The results are compared with the other optimization techniques results.

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Wei, Jun, Konrad Gabrusiewicz, and Amy Heimberger. "The Controversial Role of Microglia in Malignant Gliomas." Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/285246.

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Malignant gliomas contain stroma and a variety of immune cells including abundant activated microglia/macrophages. Mounting evidence indicates that the glioma microenvironment converts the glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) into glioma-supportive, immunosuppressive cells; however, GAMs can retain intrinsic anti-tumor properties. Here, we review and discuss this duality and the potential therapeutic strategies that may inhibit their glioma-supportive and propagating functions.

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McCarl, Bruce A. "A Note on Fixing Misbehaving Mathematical Programs: Post-Optimality Procedures and GAMS-Related Software." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 30, no. 2 (December 1998): 403–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800008385.

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AbstractMathematical programming formulations can yield faulty answers. Models can be unbounded, infeasible, or optimal with unrealistic answers. This article presents techniques for theory-based discovery of the cause of faulty models. The approaches are demonstrated in the context of linear programming. They have been computerized and interfaced using the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS), and are distributed free of charge through new GAMS versions and an online web page.

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Koukal, Veronika, Michael Wagreich, Mădălina-Elena Kallanxhi, and Wolfgang Knierzinger. "The Paleogene Gosau Group Slope Basins of the Incipient Eastern Alpine Orogenic Wedge: A Case Study at the Gams Basin (Austria)." Minerals 12, no. 2 (January 29, 2022): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12020178.

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This study investigates the Paleogene deep-water depositional system of the Gosau Group at Gams, Styria (Austria). The examined sections of the Danian to the Ypresian age (NP1–NP12) comprise sediments of the Nierental and Zwieselalm Formations. Four deep-water clastic facies assemblages were encountered: (1) pelagic marls with thin turbidites, (2) carbonate-rich turbidites, (3) carbonate-poor turbidites, and (4) marl-bearing turbidites; slump beds and mass flow deposits are common features in all facies assemblages. Based on heavy mineral, thin section, microprobe, and paleoflow analyses, provenance was from the surrounding Northern Calcareous Alps (NCA) rocks and exhuming metamorphic Upper Austroalpine units to the south. In addition, biogenic calcareous material was delivered by adjacent contemporaneous shelf zones. The sedimentary depocenter was situated at the slope of the incipient Alpine orogenic wedge, in frontal parts of the NCA, facing the subducting Penninic Ocean/Alpine Tethys. The evolution of the Gams Basin was connected to the eoalpine and mesoalpine orogeny and the adjunctive transpressional setting. The Gams deep-water depositional system is interpreted as an aggrading or prograding submarine fan, deposited into a small confined slope basin, positioned along an active continental margin, bound and influenced by (strike-slip) faults, related to crustal shortening. The development of the Gams slope basin and its infilling sequences was mainly dominated by tectonism and sediment supply, rather than by eustatic sea-level fluctuations. The basin was cut off during the Eocene due to renewed orogeny. A Quaternary analogue for the Upper Cretaceous to Paleogene basin setting of the Gams area is represented by the Santa Monica Basin in the California Continental Borderland.

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Calero-Pérez, Pilar, Shuang Wu, Carles Arús, and Ana Paula Candiota. "Immune System-Related Changes in Preclinical GL261 Glioblastoma under TMZ Treatment: Explaining MRSI-Based Nosological Imaging Findings with RT-PCR Analyses." Cancers 13, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 2663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13112663.

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Glioblastomas (GB) are brain tumours with poor prognosis even after aggressive therapy. Previous work suggests that magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) could act as a biomarker of efficient immune system attack onto GB, presenting oscillatory changes. Glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) constitute the most abundant non-tumour cell type within the GB and can be polarised into anti-tumour (M1) or pro-tumour (M2) phenotypes. One of the mechanisms to mediate immunosuppression in brain tumours is the interaction between programmed cell death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) and programmed cell death-1 receptor (PD-1). We evaluated the subpopulations of GAMs in responding and control GB tumours to correlate PD-L1 expression to GAM polarisation in order to explain/validate MRSI-detected findings. Mice were evaluated by MRI/MRSI to assess the extent of response to treatment and with qPCR for GAMs M1 and M2 polarisation analyses. M1/M2 ratios and PD-L1 expression were higher in treated compared to control tumours. Furthermore, PD-L1 expression was positively correlated with the M1/M2 ratio. The oscillatory change in the GAMs prevailing population could be one of the key causes for the differential MRSI-detected pattern, allowing this to act as immune system activity biomarker in future work.

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Hall, M., and N. Friel. "Mortality Projections using Generalized Additive Models with applications to annuity values for the Irish population." Annals of Actuarial Science 5, no. 1 (November 12, 2010): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1748499510000011.

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AbstractGeneralized Additive Models (GAMs) with age, period and cohort as possible covariates are used to predict future mortality improvements for the Irish population. The GAMs considered are the 1-dimensional age + period and age + cohort models and the 2-dimensional age-period and age-cohort models. In each case thin plate regression splines are used as the smoothing functions. The generalized additive models are compared with the P-Spline (Currie et al., 2004) and Lee-Carter (Lee & Carter, 1992) models included in version 1.0 of the Continuous Mortality Investigation (CMI) library of mortality projections. Using the Root Mean Square Error to assess the accuracy of future predictions, the GAMs outperform the P-Spline and Lee-Carter models over intervals of 25 and 35 years in the age range 60 to 90. The GAMs allow intuitively simple models of mortality to be specified whilst also providing the flexibility to model complex relationships between the covariates. The majority of morality improvements derived from the projections of future Irish mortality yield annuity values at ages 60, 65, 70 and 80 in 2007 in the range of annuity values calculated, assuming a 2 to 4 percent annual compound improvement in mortality rates for both males and females.

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Podlaski, Rafał. "Patterns between crown characteristics and radial increment in trees are similar during recovery and normal growth: a long-term example from old-growth forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 49, no. 9 (September 2019): 1069–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0423.

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Crown traits and competition attributes have an important effect on tree radial increment. Relationships among these elements are modeled using the distributions of the crown characteristics in a given calendar year, but these patterns can differ over time. The suitability of the patterns during recovery and normal growth was investigated using silver fir, Abies alba Mill., in old-growth forests. Generalized additive models (GAMs) for silver fir in the older (OG, trees aged 136–300 years) and younger (YG, trees aged 45–135 years) generations were developed. To test the validity of these GAMs, field data sets representing silver fir recovery and normal growth were used. For silver fir in OG, crown transparency had the largest effect on tree growth, explaining more than 25% of the variance. For silver fir in YG, relative crown length had the largest effect on tree growth, explaining more than 15% of the variance. The absolute relative prediction errors, AREmin and AREmax, were less than 0.03 and 1.50 mm, respectively. The developed GAMs are suitable during recovery and normal growth, but the GAMs were fitted to a relatively small area, neglecting climatic gradients and different disturbance types. This type of investigation should be continued on a larger scale.

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Younes, Nicolas, Tobin D. Northfield, Karen E. Joyce, Stefan W. Maier, Norman C. Duke, and Leo Lymburner. "A Novel Approach to Modelling Mangrove Phenology from Satellite Images: A Case Study from Northern Australia." Remote Sensing 12, no. 24 (December 8, 2020): 4008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12244008.

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Around the world, the effects of changing plant phenology are evident in many ways: from earlier and longer growing seasons to altering the relationships between plants and their natural pollinators. Plant phenology is often monitored using satellite images and parametric methods. Parametric methods assume that ecosystems have unimodal phenologies and that the phenology model is invariant through space and time. In evergreen ecosystems such as mangrove forests, these assumptions may not hold true. Here we present a novel, data-driven approach to extract plant phenology from Landsat imagery using Generalized Additive Models (GAMs). Using GAMs, we created models for six different mangrove forests across Australia. In contrast to parametric methods, GAMs let the data define the shape of the phenological curve, hence showing the unique characteristics of each study site. We found that the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) model is related to leaf production rate (from in situ data), leaf gain and net leaf production (from the published literature). We also found that EVI does not respond immediately to leaf gain in most cases, but has a two- to three-month lag. We also identified the start of season and peak growing season dates at our field site. The former occurs between September and October and the latter May and July. The GAMs allowed us to identify dual phenology events in our study sites, indicated by two instances of high EVI and two instances of low EVI values throughout the year. We contribute to a better understanding of mangrove phenology by presenting a data-driven method that allows us to link physical changes of mangrove forests with satellite imagery. In the future, we will use GAMs to (1) relate phenology to environmental variables (e.g., temperature and rainfall) and (2) predict phenological changes.

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Korhonen, N., A. Venäläinen, H. Seppä, and H. Järvinen. "Statistical downscaling of a climate simulation of the last glacial cycle: temperature and precipitation over Northern Europe." Climate of the Past 10, no. 4 (August 7, 2014): 1489–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1489-2014.

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Abstract. Earth system models of intermediate complexity (EMICs) have proven to be able to simulate the large-scale features of glacial–interglacial climate evolution. For many climatic applications the spatial resolution of the EMICs' output is, however, too coarse, and downscaling methods are needed. In this study we introduce a way to use generalized additive models (GAMs) for downscaling the large-scale output of an EMIC in very different climatological conditions ranging from glacial periods to current relatively warm climates. GAMs are regression models in which a combination of explanatory variables is related to the response through a sum of spline functions. We calibrated the GAMs using observations of the recent past climate and the results of short time-slice simulations of glacial climate performed by the relatively high-resolution general circulation model CCSM (Community Climate System Model) and the regional climate model RCA3 (Rossby Centre regional Atmospheric climate model). As explanatory variables we used the output of a simulation by the CLIMBER-2 (CLIMate and BiosphERe model 2) EMIC of the last glacial cycle, coupled with the SICOPOLIS (SImulation COde for POLythermal Ice Sheets) ice sheet model, i.e. the large-scale temperature and precipitation data of CLIMBER-2, and the elevation, distance to ice sheet, slope direction and slope angle from SICOPOLIS. The fitted GAMs were able to explain more than 96% of the temperature response with a correlation of >0.98 and more than 59% of the precipitation response with a correlation of >0.72. The first comparison with two pollen-based reconstructions of temperature for Northern Europe showed that CLIMBER-2 data downscaled by GAMs corresponded better with the reconstructions than did the bilinearly interpolated CLIMBER-2 surface temperature.

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Yalcin, Fatih, Alice Buonfiglioli, Ibrahim Efecan Efe, Hannah Haneke, Leonard D. Kuhrt, Michael Synowitz, Bernadette Nickl, Michael Bader, Helmut Kettenmann, and Omar Dzaye. "TMIC-30. MICROGLIA/BRAIN MACROPHAGES PROMOTE GLIOMA GROWTH BY EXPRESSING GLYCOPROTEIN NMB." Neuro-Oncology 21, Supplement_6 (November 2019): vi254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noz175.1064.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Glioma-associated microglia and blood-derived macrophages (GAMs) promote tumor growth in experimental mouse glioma models. Using microarray and RNA sequencing, we have previously shown that GAMs upregulate the expression of Glycoprotein NMB/Osteoactivin (GPNMB) when compared to naïve microglia. GPNMB is a type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein expressed intracellularly under healthy conditions. Malignancies such as glioma induce a translocation into the plasma membrane where the extracellular domain can be cleaved and released. METHODS We used qRT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, Western Blot and flow cytometry to determine the cellular localization of GPNMB expression in human and mouse glioblastoma. To test the impact of microenvironment-derived GPNMB on glioma growth, we inoculated GL261 and RCAS-PDGFb glioblastoma cells into organotypic brain slices obtained from wildtype and GPNMB-/- mice. In addition, we quantified glioma growth after injection of RCAS-PDGFb cells into wildtype and GPNMB-/- mice. The soluble extracellular domain of GPNMB was used to stimulate primary human glioblastoma and RCAS-PDGFb cells in vitro. SRB assays were performed to assess proliferation. RESULTS Our data indicate that GAMs are the predominant source of GPNMB in both human and mouse glioblastoma and that the levels of expression in GAMs in the tumor microenvironment is higher than in naïve microglia. In the organotypic brain slice model we found that tumors were significantly smaller in slices derived from GPNMB-/- mice as compared to wildtype. The tumor growth in vivo was nearly completely blocked in the absence of GPNMB. Stimulation of glioma cells with the extracellular domain of GPNMB did not increase proliferation. CONCLUSION Our results show that GPNMB is predominantly expressed in GAMs of human and murine samples. Loss of GPNMB impaired tumor growth ex vivo and glioblastoma progression in vivo. GPNMB seems to play a crucial role in the pro-tumorigenic activity of microglia and blood-derived macrophages in the tumor microenvironment.

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Aguirre-Angulo, Brayan Enrique, Lady Carolina Giraldo-Bello, Oscar Danilo Montoya, and Francisco David Moya. "Optimal Integration of Dispersed Generation in Medium-Voltage Distribution Networks for Voltage Stability Enhancement." Algorithms 15, no. 2 (January 25, 2022): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a15020037.

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This study addresses the problem of the maximization of the voltage stability index (λ-coefficient) in medium-voltage distribution networks considering the optimal placement and sizing of dispersed generators. The problem is formulated through a mixed-integer nonlinear programming model (MINLP), which is solved using General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) software. A numerical example with a 7-bus radial distribution network is employed to introduce the usage of GAMS software to solve the proposed MINLP model. A new validation methodology to verify the numerical results provided for the λ-coefficient is proposed by using recursive power flow evaluations in MATLAB and DigSILENT software. The recursive evaluations allow the determination of the λ-coefficient through the implementation of the successive approximation power flow method and the Newton–Raphson approach, respectively. It is effected by fixing the sizes and locations of the dispersed sources using the optimal solution obtained with GAMS software. Numerical simulations in the IEEE 33- and 69-bus systems with different generation penetration levels and the possibility of installing one to three dispersed generators demonstrate that the GAMS and the recursive approaches determine the same loadability index. Moreover, the numerical results indicate that, depending on the number of dispersed generators allocated, it is possible to improve the λ-coefficient between 20.96% and 37.43% for the IEEE 33-bus system, and between 18.41% and 41.98% for the IEEE 69-bus system.

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Kladnik, Drago. "Ivan Gams – terminologist, encyclopedist, biographer, and more." Acta geographica Slovenica 53, no. 2 (September 30, 2013): 215–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/ags53200.

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TIN-LOI, F. "PLASTIC LIMIT ANALYSIS, MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING AND GAMS." Engineering Optimization 20, no. 4 (February 1993): 273–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03052159308941285.

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Denuit, Michel, and Stefan Lang. "Non-life rate-making with Bayesian GAMs." Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 35, no. 3 (December 2004): 627–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.insmatheco.2004.08.001.

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Bussieck, Michael R., and Alexander Meeraus. "Algebraic modeling for IP and MIP (GAMS)." Annals of Operations Research 149, no. 1 (December 2, 2006): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10479-006-0104-x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'GAMs'

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