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Journal articles on the topic 'Gamma'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 September 2023

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1

Tombor, László, Brigitta Kakuszi, Szilvia Papp, János Réthelyi, István Bitter, and Pál Czobor. "Atypical resting-state gamma band trajectory in adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder." Journal of Neural Transmission 128, no. 8 (June 23, 2021): 1239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00702-021-02368-2.

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AbstractDecreased gamma activity has been reported both in children and adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, while ADHD is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder, our insight into the associations of spontaneous gamma band activity with age is limited, especially in adults. Therefore, we conducted an explorative study to investigate trajectories of resting gamma activity in adult ADHD patients (N = 42) versus matched healthy controls (N = 59). We investigated the relationship of resting gamma activity (30–48 Hz) with age in four right hemispheric electrode clusters where diminished gamma power in ADHD had previously been demonstrated by our group. We found significant non-linear association between resting gamma power and age in the lower frequency gamma1 range (30–39 Hz) in ADHD as compared to controls in all investigated locations. Resting gamma1 increased with age and was significantly lower in ADHD than in control subjects from early adulthood. We found no significant association between gamma activity and age in the gamma2 range (39–48 Hz). Alterations of gamma band activity might reflect altered cortical network functioning in adult ADHD relative to controls. Our results reveal that abnormal gamma power is present at all ages, highlighting the lifelong nature of ADHD. Nonetheless, longitudinal studies are needed to confirm our results.

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2

Lietti, S. M., and C. A. de S. Pires. "Testing non-commutative QED $\gamma\gamma\gamma$ and $\gamma\gamma\gamma\gamma$ couplings at LHC." European Physical Journal C 35, no. 1 (June 2004): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s2004-01777-5.

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3

Qu, Feifei, and Xin Wei. "Limit behaviour of constant distance boundaries of Jordan curves." AIMS Mathematics 7, no. 6 (2022): 11311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/math.2022631.

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<abstract><p>For a Jordan curve $ \Gamma $ in the complex plane, its constant distance boundary $ \Gamma_ \lambda $ is an inflated version of $ \Gamma $. A flatness condition, $ (1/2, r_0) $-chordal property, guarantees that $ \Gamma_ \lambda $ is a Jordan curve when $ \lambda $ is not too large. We prove that $ \Gamma_ \lambda $ converges to $ \Gamma $, as $ \lambda $ approaching to $ 0 $, in the sense of Hausdorff distance if $ \Gamma $ has the $ (1/2, r_0) $-chordal property.</p></abstract>

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4

Arcasoy, M. O., M. Romana, M. E. Fabry, E. Skarpidi, R. L. Nagel, and B. G. Forget. "High levels of human gamma-globin gene expression in adult mice carrying a transgene of deletion-type hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin." Molecular and Cellular Biology 17, no. 4 (April 1997): 2076–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.17.4.2076.

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Persistent expression of the gamma-globin genes in adults with deletion types of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) is thought to be mediated by enhancer-like effects of DNA sequences at the 3' breakpoints of the deletions. A transgenic mouse model of deletion-type HPFH was generated by using a DNA fragment containing both human gamma-globin genes and HPFH-2 breakpoint DNA sequences linked to the core sequences of the locus control region (LCR) of the human beta-globin gene cluster. Analysis of gamma-globin expression in six HPFH transgenic lines demonstrated persistence of gamma-globin mRNA and peptides in erythrocytes of adult HPFH transgenic mice. Analysis of the hemoglobin phenotype of adult HPFH transgenic animals by isoelectric focusing showed the presence of hybrid mouse alpha2-human gamma2 tetramers as well as human gamma4 homotetramers (hemoglobin Bart's). In contrast, correct developmental regulation of the gamma-globin genes with essentially absent gamma-globin gene expression in adult erythroid cells was observed in two control non-HPFH transgenic lines, consistent with autonomous silencing of normal human gamma-globin expression in adult transgenic mice. Interestingly, marked preferential overexpression of the LCR-distal (A)gamma-globin gene but not of the LCR-proximal (G)gamma-globin gene was observed at all developmental stages in erythroid cells of HPFH-2 transgenic mice. These findings were also associated with the formation of a DNase I-hypersensitive site in the HPFH-2 breakpoint DNA of transgenic murine erythroid cells, as occurs in normal human erythroid cells in vivo. These results indicate that breakpoint DNA sequences in deletion-type HPFH-2 can modify the developmentally regulated expression of the gamma-globin genes.

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5

Haas, C., B. Ryffel, and M. Le Hir. "IFN-gamma is essential for the development of autoimmune glomerulonephritis in MRL/Ipr mice." Journal of Immunology 158, no. 11 (June 1, 1997): 5484–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.158.11.5484.

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Abstract MRL/lpr mice develop lymphoproliferation and accelerated autoimmune glomerulonephritis from which they ultimately die. To investigate the role of IFN-gamma in the manifestation of the disease, we generated MRL/lpr mice lacking the IFN-gamma receptor (MRL/lpr gammaR -/-). The absence of IFN-gamma signaling had no effect on generalized lymphoproliferation, expansion of CD4- CD8- double-negative T cells, or hypergammaglobulinemia. By contrast, glomerulonephritis as detected by proteinuria and histology was absent in MRL/lpr gammaR -/- mice. While serum IgG1 anti-dsDNA Abs were increased in all three strains of MRL/lpr mice (gammaR +/+, +/-, -/-), those of the IgG2a and IgG3 isotypes were low in MRL/lpr gammaR -/- mice. Immune complexes and C3 deposition were dramatically reduced in the glomerular capillaries of MRL/lpr gammaR -/- mice compared with MRL/lpr gammaR +/+ and +/- mice. Therefore, IFN-gamma plays a key regulatory role in the development of nephritis in MRL/lpr mice. Low levels of IFN-gamma-dependent IgG2a and IgG3 autoantibodies in MRL/lpr gammaR -/- mice might protect them from the pathogenic features of IgG3 cryoglobulins and complement-activating IgG2a and IgG3.

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6

Donnachie, A., H. G. Dosch, and M. Rueter. "$\gamma^* \gamma^*$." European Physical Journal C 13, no. 1 (2000): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100520050682.

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7

Eakawinrujee, Pannawat, and Nantapath Trakultraipruk. "γ-paired dominating graphs of cycles." Opuscula Mathematica 42, no. 1 (2022): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/opmath.2022.42.1.31.

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A paired dominating set of a graph \(G\) is a dominating set whose induced subgraph contains a perfect matching. The paired domination number, denoted by \(\gamma_{pr}(G)\), is the minimum cardinality of a paired dominating set of \(G\). A \(\gamma_{pr}(G)\)-set is a paired dominating set of cardinality \(\gamma_{pr}(G)\). The \(\gamma\)-paired dominating graph of \(G\), denoted by \(PD_{\gamma}(G)\), as the graph whose vertices are \(\gamma_{pr}(G)\)-sets. Two \(\gamma_{pr}(G)\)-sets \(D_1\) and \(D_2\) are adjacent in \(PD_{\gamma}(G)\) if there exists a vertex \(u\in D_1\) and a vertex \(v\notin D_1\) such that \(D_2=(D_1\setminus \{u\})\cup \{v\}\). In this paper, we present the \(\gamma\)-paired dominating graphs of cycles.

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8

Wang, Youjun, and Yaotian Shen. "Existence and Asymptotic Behavior of Positive Solutions for a Class of Quasilinear Schrödinger Equations." Advanced Nonlinear Studies 18, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ans-2017-6026.

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AbstractIn this paper, we study the quasilinear Schrödinger equation{-\Delta u+V(x)u-\frac{\gamma}{2}(\Delta u^{2})u=|u|^{p-2}u},{x\in\mathbb{R}^{N}}, where{V(x):\mathbb{R}^{N}\to\mathbb{R}}is a given potential,{\gamma>0}, and either{p\in(2,2^{*})},{2^{*}=\frac{2N}{N-2}}for{N\geq 4}or{p\in(2,4)}for{N=3}. If{\gamma\in(0,\gamma_{0})}for some{\gamma_{0}>0}, we establish the existence of a positive solution{u_{\gamma}}satisfying{\max_{x\in\mathbb{R}^{N}}|\gamma^{\mu}u_{\gamma}(x)|\to 0}as{\gamma\to 0^{+}}for any{\mu>\frac{1}{2}}. Particularly, if{V(x)=\lambda>0}, we prove the existence of a positive classical radial solution{u_{\gamma}}and up to a subsequence,{u_{\gamma}\to u_{0}}in{H^{2}(\mathbb{R}^{N})\cap C^{2}(\mathbb{R}^{N})}as{\gamma\to 0^{+}}, where{u_{0}}is the ground state of the problem{-\Delta u+\lambda u=|u|^{p-2}u},{x\in\mathbb{R}^{N}}.

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9

Tartas, Adrianna, Lovisa Lundholm, Harry Scherthan, Andrzej Wojcik, and Beata Brzozowska. "The order of sequential exposure of U2OS cells to gamma and alpha radiation influences the formation and decay dynamics of NBS1 foci." PLOS ONE 18, no. 6 (June 12, 2023): e0286902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286902.

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DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are a deleterious form of DNA damage. Densely ionising alpha radiation predominantly induces complex DSBs and sparsely ionising gamma radiation—simple DSBs. We have shown that alphas and gammas, when applied simultaneously, interact in producing a higher DNA damage response (DDR) than predicted by additivity. The mechanisms of the interaction remain obscure. The present study aimed at testing whether the sequence of exposure to alphas and gammas has an impact on the DDR, visualised by live NBS1-GFP (green fluorescent protein) focus dynamics in U2OS cells. Focus formation, decay, intensity and mobility were analysed up to 5 h post exposure. Focus frequencies directly after sequential alpha → gamma and gamma → alpha exposure were similar to gamma alone, but gamma → alpha foci quickly declined below the expected values. Focus intensities and areas following alpha alone and alpha → gamma were larger than after gamma alone and gamma → alpha. Focus movement was most strongly attenuated by alpha → gamma. Overall, sequential alpha → gamma exposure induced the strongest change in characteristics and dynamics of NBS1-GFP foci. Possible explanation is that activation of the DDR is stronger when alpha-induced DNA damage precedes gamma-induced DNA damage.

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10

Amrani, DL, PJ Newman, D. Meh, and MW Mosesson. "The role of fibrinogen A alpha chains in ADP-induced platelet aggregation in the presence of fibrinogen molecules containing gamma' chains." Blood 72, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 919–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v72.3.919.919.

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Abstract Human plasma fibrinogen (Fgn) is heterogenous with respect to the size of its gamma chains, which differ in that residues 408 to 411 of gammaA chains (93% of total) are replaced in gamma' chains by a unique 20 amino acid sequence (gamma408 to gamma427). In this study, we compared the contribution to adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation of the A alpha chains in Fgn molecules containing predominantly (fraction 1–2) or exclusively (peak 1 Fgn) gammaA chains with that of molecules containing approximately 50% gamma' chains (peak 2 Fgn). Using washed human platelets, we confirmed that the number of peak 2 Fgn molecules binding to platelets in the presence of ADP was about half the number of peak 1 Fgn molecules (18,962 +/- 2,298 v 44,366 +/- 16,096 molecules per platelet), and that isolated S- carboxymethylated (SCM) gammaA chains supported ADP-induced platelet aggregation nearly as well as peak 1 Fgn. In contrast, SCM-gamma' chains alone supported aggregation poorly, whereas a mixture of SCM- gammaA and gamma' chains (1:1 ratio) gave intermediate results. Despite the findings with isolated SCM-gamma' chains, we found that peak 2 Fgn supported platelet aggregation nearly as well as peak 1 Fgn. However, peak 2 Fgn from which carboxy (COOH)-terminal A alpha chain segments had been removed by digestion with plasmin showed a markedly decreased platelet aggregation potential. Peak 1 Fgn core fraction from an 88% to 90% coagulable plasmin digest, or Fgn fraction 1–9, which has a high gammaA/gamma' chain ratio (93:7), but lacks COOH-terminal regions of A alpha chains, supported platelet aggregation to the same extent as did intact peak 2 Fgn. These findings indicate that Fgn molecules containing gamma' chains can approach the aggregation potential of Fgn molecules containing predominantly or exclusively gammaA chains only if intact A alpha chains are also present.

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11

Amrani, DL, PJ Newman, D. Meh, and MW Mosesson. "The role of fibrinogen A alpha chains in ADP-induced platelet aggregation in the presence of fibrinogen molecules containing gamma' chains." Blood 72, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 919–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v72.3.919.bloodjournal723919.

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Human plasma fibrinogen (Fgn) is heterogenous with respect to the size of its gamma chains, which differ in that residues 408 to 411 of gammaA chains (93% of total) are replaced in gamma' chains by a unique 20 amino acid sequence (gamma408 to gamma427). In this study, we compared the contribution to adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation of the A alpha chains in Fgn molecules containing predominantly (fraction 1–2) or exclusively (peak 1 Fgn) gammaA chains with that of molecules containing approximately 50% gamma' chains (peak 2 Fgn). Using washed human platelets, we confirmed that the number of peak 2 Fgn molecules binding to platelets in the presence of ADP was about half the number of peak 1 Fgn molecules (18,962 +/- 2,298 v 44,366 +/- 16,096 molecules per platelet), and that isolated S- carboxymethylated (SCM) gammaA chains supported ADP-induced platelet aggregation nearly as well as peak 1 Fgn. In contrast, SCM-gamma' chains alone supported aggregation poorly, whereas a mixture of SCM- gammaA and gamma' chains (1:1 ratio) gave intermediate results. Despite the findings with isolated SCM-gamma' chains, we found that peak 2 Fgn supported platelet aggregation nearly as well as peak 1 Fgn. However, peak 2 Fgn from which carboxy (COOH)-terminal A alpha chain segments had been removed by digestion with plasmin showed a markedly decreased platelet aggregation potential. Peak 1 Fgn core fraction from an 88% to 90% coagulable plasmin digest, or Fgn fraction 1–9, which has a high gammaA/gamma' chain ratio (93:7), but lacks COOH-terminal regions of A alpha chains, supported platelet aggregation to the same extent as did intact peak 2 Fgn. These findings indicate that Fgn molecules containing gamma' chains can approach the aggregation potential of Fgn molecules containing predominantly or exclusively gammaA chains only if intact A alpha chains are also present.

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12

Will, A., U. Hemmann, F. Horn, M. Röllinghoff, and A. Gessner. "Intracellular murine IFN-gamma mediates virus resistance, expression of oligoadenylate synthetase, and activation of STAT transcription factors." Journal of Immunology 157, no. 10 (November 15, 1996): 4576–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.157.10.4576.

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Abstract IFN-gamma is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a major role in anti-infectious immune responses. The physiologic effects of IFN-gamma are thought to be mediated by the binding of extracellular IFN-gamma to its receptor at the cell surface, thereby triggering an intracellular signaling cascade. In this work, we present evidence for a completely intracellular mechanism for IFN-gamma to induce virus protection. Murine fibroblasts were transfected with the cDNA for murine IFN-gamma, and although no detectable amounts of IFN-gamma were released, these cells were resistant to lysis by the cytolytic vesicular stomatitis virus. In contrast to exogenously added IFN-gamma, the effect of the endogenously produced IFN-gamma was not abolished by treatment with neutralizing Abs. To test whether intracellular signal transduction occurs, an IFN-gamma variant was constructed with the carboxyl-terminal endoplasmic reticulum retention signal Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu (KDEL). Transfection of fibroblasts with this mutant IFN-gamma, anchored in the endoplasmic reticulum, led to virus resistance, thus demonstrating that biologic effects of this protein do not necessarily require binding to the receptor at the cell surface. However, the antiviral state induced by transfection with IFN-gamma-KDEL was strictly dependent on the presence of the IFN-gammaR, since fibroblasts derived from IFN-gammaR-deficient mice (IFN-gammaR -/-) were not rendered virus resistant. The virus resistance induced was accompanied by enhanced expression of 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase and constitutive activation of STAT1 (signal transducers and activators of transcription). Hence, autocrinous effects of IFN-gamma in cells naturally producing this cytokine might occur even in the absence of its secretion. The mechanisms involved in signaling appear to be identical with or closely related to those occurring after binding of IFN-gamma to its receptor at the cell surface.

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13

Groux, H., T. Sornasse, F. Cottrez, J. E. de Vries, R. L. Coffman, M. G. Roncarolo, and H. Yssel. "Induction of human T helper cell type 1 differentiation results in loss of IFN-gamma receptor beta-chain expression." Journal of Immunology 158, no. 12 (June 15, 1997): 5627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.158.12.5627.

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Abstract Differential expression of cytokine receptors accounts for an important regulatory mechanism in differentiation of Th1/Th2 subsets. Here, we report that human Th0 and Th2 clones constitutively express transcripts for the IFN-gammaR beta-chain, whereas mRNA for this signaling component of the IFN-gamma receptor is absent in Th1 clones. Activation of T cell clones, however, resulted in a transient induction or enhancement of IFN-gammaR beta-chain mRNA expression in Th1 clones and Th0/Th2 clones, respectively. IL-12-mediated Th1 cell differentiation of naive CD4+, CD45RA+ cord blood T cells, which constitutively express IFN-gammaR beta-chain mRNA, resulted in a loss of expression of this cytokine receptor chain after 6 to 12 days of culture. In contrast, Th2 populations, differentiated from CD4+, CD45RA+ cord blood T cells in the presence of IL-4, continued to express high levels of IFN-gammaR beta-chain transcripts. The loss of IFN-gammaR beta-chain expression in Th1 populations was accompanied by a failure of IFN-gamma to induce the expression of the IFN-gamma-inducible gene, IFN response factor-1, whereas IFN-gamma was effective in inducing IFN response factor-1 mRNA expression in Th0 and Th2 cells. These results indicate that down-regulation of the IFN-gammaR beta-chain correlates with impaired IFN-gamma-induced signaling in Th1 cells. Finally, Th2 populations, generated in the presence of both IL-4 and IFN-gamma, expressed levels of IFN-gammaR beta-chain transcripts similar to those produced by cells differentiated in the presence of IL-4 only, demonstrating that IFN-gamma does not modulate the expression of its receptor. Together, these data indicate that human Th0/Th2 and Th1 subsets, respectively, can be distinguished based on the expression of the IFN-gammaR beta-chain.

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14

Czakoj, Tomáš, Michal Košťál, Evžen Novák, Evžen Losa, Jan Šimon, Martin Schulc, and Zdeněk Matěj. "MEASUREMENT OF PROMPT GAMMAS OF INELASTIC SCATTERING IN D2O SPHERE USING AMBE SOURCE." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 198, no. 9-11 (August 2022): 698–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncac122.

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Abstract The inelastic neutron scattering is often followed by the emission of gamma photon. As the prompt gammas have a discrete level character they can be used for the identification of nuclides. Because of this fact, a good knowledge of photon production from inelastic scattering is important. Described research deals with the measurement of gamma originated from inelastic scattering of neutrons on 16O. The 241Am–Be was used as a neutron source because of its high average neutron energy. The oxygen in form of heavy water was used for maximization of neutron flux on oxygen and minimization of background gammas’ production, namely 2223 keV gammas accompanying capture on hydrogen 1H. The gamma spectrum was measured by HPGe and the stilbene detector. The HPGe measured quantities are comparted with calculation and discrepancies between measured and calculated gamma fluxes are reported. Stilbene measurement shows indistinguishability of gamma peaks above 6 MeV.

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15

Ferri, Raffaele, Paolo Bergonzi, Filomena I. I. Cosentino, Maurizio Elia, Bartolo Lanuzza, Roberto Marinig, and Sebastiano A. Musumeci. "Scalp Topographic Distribution of Beta and Gamma Ratios During Sleep." Journal of Psychophysiology 16, no. 2 (January 2002): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0269-8803.16.2.107.

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Abstract The present study analyzes the topographic distribution of two newly introduced measures related to the beta and gamma EEG bands during REM sleep. For this purpose, power spectra of three EEG channels (F4, C4, and O2, all referred to A1) were obtained by means of the fast Fourier transform, and the power of the bands ranging from 0.75-4.50 Hz (delta) and 12.50-15.00 (sigma) was calculated for the whole period of analysis (7 h) in 10 healthy subjects. Also, two additional time series - the ratio between beta and gamma2 and between gamma1 and gamma2 - were calculated (beta and gamma ratios). The difference between the mean group values of the delta and sigma bands power, and of the beta and gamma ratios, during the different sleep stages, over the three different scalp locations recorded was evaluated by means of the nonparametric Friedman ANOVA. During non-REM slow-wave sleep, the delta band showed the highest values over the central and frontal regions, followed by those observed over the occipital lead. During sleep stage 2, the sigma band showed the highest values over the central regions, followed by those observed over the occipital areas and, lastly, those from the frontal lead. During REM sleep, the beta ratio showed its highest values over the central field, which were significantly higher that those obtained from both the frontal and the occipital regions. The gamma ratio showed a statistically nonsignificant tendency to show a similar topographic distribution pattern. Sleep can be considered a complex phenomenon with a differential involvement of multiple cortical and subcortical structures. The analysis of high-frequency EEG bands and of our beta and gamma ratios represent an additional important element to include in the study of sleep.

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16

Han, Chuanliang, Tian Wang, Yujie Wu, Yang Li, Yi Yang, Liang Li, Yizheng Wang, and Dajun Xing. "The Generation and Modulation of Distinct Gamma Oscillations with Local, Horizontal, and Feedback Connections in the Primary Visual Cortex: A Model Study on Large-Scale Networks." Neural Plasticity 2021 (January 18, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8874516.

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Gamma oscillation (GAMMA) in the local field potential (LFP) is a synchronized activity commonly found in many brain regions, and it has been thought as a functional signature of network connectivity in the brain, which plays important roles in information processing. Studies have shown that the response property of GAMMA is related to neural interaction through local recurrent connections (RC), feed-forward (FF), and feedback (FB) connections. However, the relationship between GAMMA and long-range horizontal connections (HC) in the brain remains unclear. Here, we aimed to understand this question in a large-scale network model for the primary visual cortex (V1). We created a computational model composed of multiple excitatory and inhibitory units with biologically plausible connectivity patterns for RC, FF, FB, and HC in V1; then, we quantitated GAMMA in network models at different strength levels of HC and other connection types. Surprisingly, we found that HC and FB, the two types of large-scale connections, play very different roles in generating and modulating GAMMA. While both FB and HC modulate a fast gamma oscillation (around 50-60 Hz) generated by FF and RC, HC generates a new GAMMA oscillating around 30 Hz, whose power and peak frequency can also be modulated by FB. Furthermore, response properties of the two GAMMAs in a network with both HC and FB are different in a way that is highly consistent with a recent experimental finding for distinct GAMMAs in macaque V1. The results suggest that distinct GAMMAs are signatures for neural connections in different spatial scales and they might be related to different functions for information integration. Our study, for the first time, pinpoints the underlying circuits for distinct GAMMAs in a mechanistic model for macaque V1, which might provide a new framework to study multiple gamma oscillations in other cortical regions.

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17

Novelli, F., M. M. D'Elios, P. Bernabei, L. Ozmen, L. Rigamonti, F. Almerigogna, G. Forni, and G. Del Prete. "Expression and role in apoptosis of the alpha- and beta-chains of the IFN-gamma receptor on human Th1 and Th2 clones." Journal of Immunology 159, no. 1 (July 1, 1997): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.159.1.206.

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Abstract The mRNA and protein expression of the alpha- and beta-chains of IFN-gammaR were evaluated on a panel of human Th1 and Th2 clones. When cultured in IL-2-conditioned medium, both types of clones expressed mRNA for the alpha- and beta-chains, and both chains were present in the cytoplasm. Membrane expression of the alpha-chain was higher on Th2 than on Th1, whereas the beta-chain was poorly expressed on both types but increased following IL-2 withdrawal or PHA stimulation. In addition, both types of clones overexpressed MHC class I glycoproteins following IFN-gammaR triggering by exogenous IFN-gamma, although the kinetics was slower in Th1, and this exposure induced mRNA for IRF-1. When their TCR was triggered in the absence of APC, Th1 only underwent apoptosis. This activation-induced apoptosis was prevented by blocking of the alpha-chain or by IFN-gamma neutralization. Addition of IFN-gamma triggered the apoptosis of Th2 clones. Apoptosis of both types of clones was mediated by autocrine or exogenous IFN-gamma through the up-regulation of Fas-L expression, since anti-IFN-gammaR alpha mAb inhibited its expression on Th1 and exogenous IFN-gamma increased its expression on Th2. These results indicate that activated human Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes express IFN-gammaR alpha- and beta-chains and are both sensitive to signals provided by IFN-gamma. Data also suggest that IFN-gamma is critical for switching off their responses.

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18

Yoshikawa, Keiji. "PPAR^|^gamma;." Japanese Journal of SURGICAL METABOLISM and NUTRITION 48, no. 2 (2014): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.11638/jssmn.48.2_81.

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19

Carro, M. J., and J. Cerdà. "Interpolation of families $\{L^{p(\gamma)}_{\mu(\gamma)}, \gamma\in\Gamma\}$." Publicacions Matemàtiques 36 (July 1, 1992): 449–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/publmat_362a92_09.

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20

Zhang, Li, and Ying-Ying Zhang. "The Bayesian Posterior and Marginal Densities of the Hierarchical Gamma–Gamma, Gamma–Inverse Gamma, Inverse Gamma–Gamma, and Inverse Gamma–Inverse Gamma Models with Conjugate Priors." Mathematics 10, no. 21 (October 28, 2022): 4005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10214005.

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Positive, continuous, and right-skewed data are fit by a mixture of gamma and inverse gamma distributions. For 16 hierarchical models of gamma and inverse gamma distributions, there are only 8 of them that have conjugate priors. We first discuss some common typical problems for the eight hierarchical models that do not have conjugate priors. Then, we calculate the Bayesian posterior densities and marginal densities of the eight hierarchical models that have conjugate priors. After that, we discuss the relations among the eight analytical marginal densities. Furthermore, we find some relations among the random variables of the marginal densities and the beta densities. Moreover, we discuss random variable generations for the gamma and inverse gamma distributions by using the R software. In addition, some numerical simulations are performed to illustrate four aspects: the plots of marginal densities, the generations of random variables from the marginal density, the transformations of the moment estimators of the hyperparameters of a hierarchical model, and the conclusions about the properties of the eight marginal densities that do not have a closed form. Finally, we illustrate our method by a real data example, in which the original and transformed data are fit by the marginal density with different hyperparameters.

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21

Abbas, Mehdi S., Haytham R. Hassan, and Hussein A. Abbas. "\Gamma R-pure and \Gamma R-trace gamma submodule of \Gamma R-projective gamma modules." International Journal of Contemporary Mathematical Sciences 13, no. 2 (2018): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/ijcms.2018.839.

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22

Kang, Joon Soon, Yong Tak Kwon, Young Ju Suh, Tong Joo Lee, and Dong Jin Ryu. "Outcomes of U-Blade Lag Screw for Cephalomedullary Fixation of Unstable Trochanteric Femur Fractures: A Case Control Study." Geriatric Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation 11 (January 1, 2020): 215145932097997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2151459320979975.

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Background: Unstable trochanteric femur fractures in elderly patients with osteoporosis are still challenging. Gamma3 nail with the U-blade lag screw (U-blade gamma nail) has been developed to improve mechanical stability of proximal femoral fragment. This study aimed to compare the clinical and radiologic outcomes of U-blade gamma nail to proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA), and standard Gamma3 nail (gamma nail) for unstable trochanteric femur fractures. Methods: A retrospective matched-pair case study was performed with U-blade gamma nail, PFNA, and gamma nail. During 2012-2018, 970 patients with unstable trochanteric femur fractures were reviewed. Matching criteria were set as follows: 1) sex; 2) age (± 3 years); 3) body mass index (± 2 kg/m2); 4) bone mineral density (± 1 T-score in femur neck). Finally, a total of 159 patients were enrolled. We assessed the tip-apex distance (TAD), neck shaft angle, and hip screw sliding distance using plain radiographs. Also, we evaluated the clinical outcomes with Koval’s grade and fixation failure during 2 years. Results: The mean postoperative TAD was not significantly different among the 3 groups (p = 0.519). However, the change in the TAD at 1 year (p = 0.027) and 2 years (p = 0.008) after surgery was significantly smaller in U-blade gamma nail group compared with PFNA and gamma nail group. The hip screw sliding distance at 1 year (p = 0.004) and 2 years (p = 0.001) after surgery was significantly smaller in U-blade gamma nail group compared with PFNA and gamma nail group. However, there was no significant difference of Koval’s grade and fixation failure among the 3 groups (p = 0.535). Conclusion: U-blade gamma nail showed favorable radiologic results in terms of the change in the hip screw position. However, U-blade gamma nail was not superior to PFNA and gamma nail in clinical outcomes.

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23

Finch, Alexander John. "Gamma gamma technology group." Pramana 69, no. 5 (November 2007): 703–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12043-007-0170-x.

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Telnov, Valery. "Status of gamma-gamma and gamma-electron colliders." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 82 (March 2000): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(00)00178-x.

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25

Pancheri, M. M. Block G. "Forward elastic scattering of light on light, $\gamma+\gamma\rightarrow\gamma+\gamma$." European Physical Journal C 25, no. 2 (September 2002): 287–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10052-002-1019-6.

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26

Aghalary, R., A. Ebadian, and S. Shams. "Geometric properties of some linear operators defined by convolution." Tamkang Journal of Mathematics 39, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5556/j.tkjm.39.2008.6.

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Let $\mathcal{A}$ denote the class of normalized analytic functions in the unit disc $ U $ and $ P_{\gamma} (\alpha, \beta) $ consists of $ f \in \mathcal{A} $ so that$ \exists ~\eta \in \mathbb{R}, \quad \Re \bigg \{e^{i\eta} \bigg [(1-\gamma) \Big (\frac{f(z)}{z}\Big )^{\alpha}+ \gamma \frac{zf'(z)}{f(z)} \Big (\frac{f(z)}{z}\Big )^{\alpha} - \beta\bigg ]\bigg \} > 0. $ In the present paper we shall investigate the integral transform$ V_{\lambda, \alpha}(f)(z) = \bigg \{\int_{0}^{1} \lambda(t) \Big (\frac{f(tz)}{t}\Big )^{\alpha}dt\bigg \}^{\frac{1}{\alpha}}, $ where $ \lambda $ is a non-negative real valued function normalized by $ \int_{0}^{1}\lambda(t) dt=1 $. Actually we aim to find conditions on the parameters $ \alpha, \beta, \gamma, \beta_{1}, \gamma_{1} $ such that $ V_{\lambda, \alpha}(f) $ maps $ P_{\gamma}(\alpha, \beta) $ into $ P_{\gamma_{1}}(\alpha, \beta_{1}) $. As special cases, we study various choices of $ \lambda(t) $, related to classical integral transforms.

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27

Ibrahim, Hariwan Z. "$\alpha_{(\gamma, \gamma^{'})}$-semiregular, $\alpha_{(\gamma, \gamma^{'})}$-$\theta$-semiopen Sets and $(\alpha_{(\gamma, \gamma^{'})}, \alpha_{(\beta, \beta^{'})})$-$\theta$-semi Continuous Functions." New Trends in Mathematical Science 3, no. 6 (July 29, 2018): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20852/ntmsci.2018.295.

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Dong, Fang-Xiao, Xiang-Dong Jiang, and Xian-Jian Zhou. "The C coefficients of the amplitudes of Z to 3 gamma and gamma gamma to gamma gamma*." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 19, no. 7 (July 1, 1993): 969–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/19/7/007.

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29

Mignanelli, P. M., N. G. Jones, E. J. Pickering, O. M. D. M. Messé, C. M. F. Rae, M. C. Hardy, and H. J. Stone. "Gamma-gamma prime-gamma double prime dual-superlattice superalloys." Scripta Materialia 136 (July 2017): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.04.029.

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30

Abbas, Mehdi S., Haytham R. Hassan, and Hussein A. Abbas. "\Gamma R-multiplication and \Gamma R-projective gamma modules." International Journal of Contemporary Mathematical Sciences 13, no. 2 (2018): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/ijcms.2018.8310.

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31

Willenborg, D. O., S. Fordham, C. C. Bernard, W. B. Cowden, and I. A. Ramshaw. "IFN-gamma plays a critical down-regulatory role in the induction and effector phase of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis." Journal of Immunology 157, no. 8 (October 15, 1996): 3223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.157.8.3223.

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Abstract 129/Sv mice are resistant to induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG35-55). Mice of this strain lacking the gene coding for the ligand-binding chain of the IFN-gamma receptor develop EAE with high morbidity and mortality. Spleen cells from sensitized IFN-gammaR-/- mice proliferated extensively when stimulated with MOG peptide in culture and produced high levels of IFN-gamma and TNF but no detectable IL-4. Transfer of spleen cells from sensitized IFN-gammaR-/- mice produced EAE in both IFN-gammaR+/+ and IFN-gammaR-/- recipients. Disease was severe in IFN-gammaR-/- recipients and mortality high (77%). Surviving mice remained moribund until termination of the experiments. IFN-gammaR+/+ recipients developed disease of equal severity, but with no mortality, and recovered significantly. These results indicate that IFN-gamma is not essential for the generation or function of anti-MOG35-55 effector cells but does play an important role in down-regulating EAE at both the effector and induction phase of disease.

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Sun, Y. K., H. T. Jing, B. B. Tian, X. L. Gao, and X. Y. Yang. "Research on proton beam spot imaging based on pixelated gamma detector." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 02 (February 1, 2022): P02033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/02/p02033.

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Abstract The secondary particles from the spallation target of the China Spallation Neutron Source are mainly gammas and neutrons, which are related to the incident proton. The reconstruction of the proton beam spot could be implemented based on the distribution of the positions of secondary gammas or neutrons. The methods of pinhole imaging and Compton imaging are developed by measuring the position distribution of gammas based on the pixelated detector. The secondary gammas could be detected by the pixelated gamma detector directly. The neutron can be identified by detecting the characteristic (478 keV) γ-rays from the 10B(n, α) reactions. In order to detect secondary neutrons, a layer of 10B converter is added before the pixelated gamma detector. The pixelated gamma detector is sensitive to the characteristic (478 keV) γ-rays and then the neutron imaging could be achieved based on measuring the position distribution of the characteristic (478 keV) γ-rays.

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33

Petchimuthu, S. "Gamma Semirings of Gamma Endomorphisms." Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities 7, no. 1 (2017): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-7315.2016.01370.8.

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34

UEHARA, SADAHARU. "GAMMA GAMMA PHYSICS AT BELLE." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 35 (January 2014): 1460396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194514603962.

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We report a high-statistics measurement of the differential cross section of the process [Formula: see text] with the Belle detector. We study spectroscopy of light-quark resonances and charmonia and test QCD models using the data. We summarize our systematic measurements of different processes of γγ → meson-pair production based on the parameterization of the cross sections and comparison with QCD models. We also report on the measurement of the two-photon π0 transition form factor at Belle.

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35

Sedukhin, Andrey G. "Gamma and gamma-coupled beams." Applied Optics 57, no. 14 (May 2, 2018): 3653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.57.003653.

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36

Czyż, Henryk, and Sergiy Ivashyn. "EKHARA — new gamma gamma generator." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 225-227 (April 2012): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2012.02.028.

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37

Moreno-Soto, J., E. Berthoumieux, E. Dupont, F. Gunsing, O. Serot, O. Litaize, M. Diakaki, et al. "Study of the photon strength functions and level density in the gamma decay of the n + 234U reaction." EPJ Web of Conferences 211 (2019): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921102002.

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The accurate calculations of neutron-induced reaction cross sections are relevant for many nuclear applications. The photon strength functions and nuclear level densities are essential inputs for such calculations. These quantities for 235U are studied using the measurement of the gamma de-excitation cascades in radiative capture on 234U with the Total Absorption Calorimeter at n_TOF at CERN. This segmented 4π gamma calorimeter is designed to detect gamma rays emitted from the nucleus with high efficiency. This experiment provides information on gamma multiplicity and gamma spectra that can be compared with numerical simulations. The code DICEBOXC is used to simulate the gamma cascades while GEANT4 is used for the simulation of the interaction of these gammas with the TAC materials. Available models and their parameters are being tested using the present data. Some preliminary results of this ongoing study are presented and discussed.

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38

Kapil, Vikram Singh, Anil Kumar, and Tilak Raj Sharma. "Strong Gamma Group." Indian Journal Of Science And Technology 16, no. 25 (July 6, 2023): 1872–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v16i25.1325.

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39

Gounaris, G. J., and P. I. Porfyriadis. "The $\gamma \gamma \to A^0 A^0 $ process at a $\gamma \gamma $ collider." European Physical Journal C 18, no. 1 (December 2000): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100520000520.

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40

Sarapuddin, Hulsen, and Jocelyn Vilela. "On Gamma-Ideals, Gamma-Submonoids and Isomorphism Theorems of Gamma-Monoids via Gamma-Submonoids." European Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 16, no. 3 (July 30, 2023): 1772–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.29020/nybg.ejpam.v16i3.4793.

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This study introduces the concept of Gamma-ideals and Gamma-submonoids of Gamma-monoids and investigates their relationships with the existing Gamma-order-ideals. Moreover, quotient of Gamma-monoids and isomorphism theorems via Gamma-submonoids are proved.

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41

Liu Min, 刘敏, 刘锡国 Liu Xiguo, 王红星 Wang Hongxing, and 俞臻铮 Yu Zhenzheng. "Study of Gamma-Gamma Model under Gaussian Beam." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 51, no. 1 (2014): 010101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop51.010101.

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42

Baring, Matthew G. "Gamma - gamma Attenuation and Relativisitic Beaming in Gamma-Ray Bursts." Astrophysical Journal 418 (November 1993): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/173398.

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43

Han, Chuanliang, Tian Wang, Yi Yang, Yujie Wu, Yang Li, Weifeng Dai, Yange Zhang, et al. "Multiple gamma rhythms carry distinct spatial frequency information in primary visual cortex." PLOS Biology 19, no. 12 (December 21, 2021): e3001466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001466.

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Gamma rhythms in many brain regions, including the primary visual cortex (V1), are thought to play a role in information processing. Here, we report a surprising finding of 3 narrowband gamma rhythms in V1 that processed distinct spatial frequency (SF) signals and had different neural origins. The low gamma (LG; 25 to 40 Hz) rhythm was generated at the V1 superficial layer and preferred a higher SF compared with spike activity, whereas both the medium gamma (MG; 40 to 65 Hz), generated at the cortical level, and the high gamma HG; (65 to 85 Hz), originated precortically, preferred lower SF information. Furthermore, compared with the rates of spike activity, the powers of the 3 gammas had better performance in discriminating the edge and surface of simple objects. These findings suggest that gamma rhythms reflect the neural dynamics of neural circuitries that process different SF information in the visual system, which may be crucial for multiplexing SF information and synchronizing different features of an object.

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44

Postnov, Konstantin A. "Cosmic gamma-ray bursts." Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk 169, no. 5 (1999): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3367/ufnr.0169.199905e.0545.

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45

IWASHITA, TAKEKI. "Applications of .GAMMA.-.GAMMA. Angular Correlations." RADIOISOTOPES 42, no. 2 (1993): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3769/radioisotopes.42.131.

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46

Çakır, O., and K. O. Ozansoy. "Unparticle searches through gamma–gamma scattering." European Physical Journal C 56, no. 2 (July 2008): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-008-0658-7.

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47

Takahashi, Tohru. "Future Prospects of Gamma–Gamma Collider." Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology 10, no. 01 (August 2019): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793626819300111.

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Gamma–gamma colliders based on backward Compton scattering have been discussed mainly as an option for high energy electron–positron linear colliders, aiming to play a complementary role in energy frontier physics. The flexibility of gamma-ray beam by the Compton scheme, however, allows us to apply them to physics in a wide energy range, from MeV to TeV. In this paper, we review the future prospects of gamma–gamma colliders including recent discussions about Higgs boson factories and mid- and low-energy colliders as well as the option for electron–positron linear colliders.

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48

Beghin, Luisa. "Fractional Gamma and Gamma-Subordinated Processes." Stochastic Analysis and Applications 33, no. 5 (August 5, 2015): 903–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07362994.2015.1053615.

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49

Peter Ekström, L., and Anders Nordlund. "Gamma-gamma correlations with detector arrays." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 313, no. 3 (March 1992): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(92)90820-t.

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50

Donnachie, A., H. G. Dosch, and M. Rueter. "$\gamma^* \gamma^*$ reactions at high energies." European Physical Journal C 13, no. 1 (March 2000): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100520000268.

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