Journal articles: 'Gametophyte development'

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DeYoung, Brody, Todd Weber, Barbara Hass, and Jo Ann Banks. "Generating Autotetraploid Sporophytes and Their Use in Analyzing Mutations Affecting Gametophyte Development in the Fern Ceratopteris." Genetics 147, no. 2 (October 1, 1997): 809–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/147.2.809.

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The haploid gametophytes of the fern Ceratopteris richardii are autotrophic and develop independently of the diploid sporophyte plant. While haploid genetics is useful for screening and characterizing mutations affecting gametophyte development in Ceratopteris, it is difficult to assess whether a gametophytic mutation is dominant or recessive or to determine allelism by complementation analysis in a haploid organism. This report describes how apospory can be used to produce genetically marked polyploid sporophytes whose gametophyte progeny are heterozygous for mutations affecting sex determination in the gametophyte and a known recessive mutation affecting the phenotype of both the gametophyte and sporophyte. The segregation ratios of wild-type to mutant phenotypes in the gametophyte progeny of polyploid sporophyte plants indicate that all of the mutations examined are recessive. The presence of many multivalents and few univalents in meiotic chromosome preparations of spore mother cells confirm that the sporophyte plants assayed are polyploid. The DNA content of the sperm of their progeny gametophytes was also found to be approximately twice that of sperm from wild-type haploid gametophytes.

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Hickok, Leslie G. "Genetics of gametophyte development." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 86 (1985): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000007909.

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SynopsisFern gametophytes provide unique opportunities for the investigation of various aspects of physiology, genetics and development. Past genetic studies of gametophytes have primarily involved investigations of variegation and radiation-induced plastid aberrations. Two studies have utilised the gametophyte generation to develop screens for specific types of mutations. The considerable natural variation that exists in gametophyte development has not been investigated genetically. Genetic studies can provide needed information regarding basic aspects of development. A selection system with broad applicability has been developed to isolate gametophyte mutations that confer resistance to growth regulators. An example of the use of the screen with abscisic acid is given and preliminary characterisations of some of the mutants are presented.

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Peterson, R. L., and D. P. Whittier. "Transfer cells in the sporophyte–gametophyte junction of Lycopodium appressum." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-031.

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The sporophyte–gametophyte interface in cultured Lycopodium appressum gametophytes consists of a sporophytic foot embedded in gametophyte tissue. Foot cells and contiguous gametophytic cells develop extensive wall ingrowths, making them transfer cells. Transfer cells in the foot of young sporophytes and in adjacent gametophyte cells have elongated, narrow wall ingrowths forming a labrynthine wall–membrane apparatus, numerous mitochondria, and plastids with variable amounts of starch. Transfer cells in older interfaces have thickened wall ingrowths, few mitochondria, plastids with numerous plastoglobuli and little starch, and a large central vacuole. Plasmodesmata do not develop between cells of sporophyte and gametophyte generations and these are, therefore, isolated symplastically during all stages of sporophyte development. Key words: Lycopodium, foot, haustorium, transfer cells, ultrastructure.

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Ashapkin, Vasily V., Lyudmila I. Kutueva, Nadezhda I. Aleksandrushkina, and Boris F. Vanyushin. "Epigenetic Regulation of Plant Gametophyte Development." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 12 (June 22, 2019): 3051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20123051.

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Unlike in animals, the reproductive lineage cells in plants differentiate from within somatic tissues late in development to produce a specific haploid generation of the life cycle—male and female gametophytes. In flowering plants, the male gametophyte develops within the anthers and the female gametophyte—within the ovule. Both gametophytes consist of only a few cells. There are two major stages of gametophyte development—meiotic and post-meiotic. In the first stage, sporocyte mother cells differentiate within the anther (pollen mother cell) and the ovule (megaspore mother cell). These sporocyte mother cells undergo two meiotic divisions to produce four haploid daughter cells—male spores (microspores) and female spores (megaspores). In the second stage, the haploid spore cells undergo few asymmetric haploid mitotic divisions to produce the 3-cell male or 7-cell female gametophyte. Both stages of gametophyte development involve extensive epigenetic reprogramming, including siRNA dependent changes in DNA methylation and chromatin restructuring. This intricate mosaic of epigenetic changes determines, to a great extent, embryo and endosperm development in the future sporophyte generation.

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Shimizu, K. K., and K. Okada. "Attractive and repulsive interactions between female and male gametophytes in Arabidopsis pollen tube guidance." Development 127, no. 20 (October 15, 2000): 4511–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.127.20.4511.

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Sexual reproduction in plants, unlike that of animals, requires the action of multicellular haploid gametophytes. The male gametophyte (pollen tube) is guided to a female gametophyte through diploid sporophytic cells in the pistil. While interactions between the pollen tube and diploid cells have been described, little is known about the intercellular recognition systems between the pollen tube and the female gametophyte. In particular, the mechanisms that enable only one pollen tube to interact with each female gametophyte, thereby preventing polysperm, are not understood. We isolated female gametophyte mutants named magatama (maa) from Arabidopsis thaliana by screening for siliques containing half the normal number of mature seeds. In maa1 and maa3 mutants, in which the development of the female gametophyte was delayed, pollen tube guidance was affected. Pollen tubes were directed to mutant female gametophytes, but they lost their way just before entering the micropyle and elongated in random directions. Moreover, the mutant female gametophytes attracted two pollen tubes at a high frequency. To explain the interaction between gametophytes, we propose a monogamy model in which a female gametophyte emits two attractants and prevents polyspermy. This prevention process by the female gametophyte could increase a plant's inclusive fitness by facilitating the fertilization of sibling female gametophytes. In addition, repulsion between pollen tubes might help prevent polyspermy. The reproductive isolations observed in interspecific crosses in Brassicaceae are also consistent with the monogamy model.

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Davidson, Carla, Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz, and Patrick von Aderkas. "Description of a novel organ in the gametophyte of the fern Schizaea pusilla and its contribution to overall plant architecture." Botany 86, no. 10 (October 2008): 1217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b08-085.

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Plant architecture is determined by cell division and growth, thus simulation models describing these processes are ideal for determining how local development produces the overall plant form. Because fern gametophytes are structurally simple, they are ideal for investigating the effects of cellular growth and division on plant form. In this work we examine the gametophytic development of Schizaea pusilla Pursh., a small, bog-adapted fern whose gametophyte forms as a mass of single-celled filaments. Using light and scanning electron microscopy we made detailed observations of gametophyte development to generate data for a simulation mechanical model of S. pusilla gametophyte development. To examine how plant architecture is an emergent property of cell division, we constructed a simulation model expressed using the formalism of L-systems. While developing a model of growth in this fern we discovered a previously undescribed structure that contributes to the architecture of this plant, which we term knots. We document the development of knots and demonstrate how they contribute to the overall plant architecture.

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Cvetic, Tijana, Aneta Sabovljevic, M. Sabovljevic, and D. Grubisic. "Development of the moss Pogonatum urnigerum (Hedw.) P. Beauv. under in vitro culture conditions." Archives of Biological Sciences 59, no. 1 (2007): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0701057c.

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Pogonatum urnigerum (Polytrichaceae) in vitro culture was established from spores collected in nature. Both protonema and gametophore stages of gametophyte development were obtained. Also, a stable callus culture was established using hormone-free nutrient medium. The best nutrient medium for development was half-strength Murashige- Skoog medium supplemented with 1.5% sucrose. Auxin treatment enabled some gametophores to develop, but prolonged treatment induced early senescence. Tissues grown on cytokinin did not produce any gametophytes and did not survive prolonged treatment.

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Zhao, Zuo-Yu, and David F. Weber. "Male gametophyte development in monosomics of maize." Genome 32, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-423.

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The development of male gametophytes in diploid and monosomic-1, -2, -3, -4, -6, -7, -8, -9, and -10 maize plants was characterized. Developmental differences due to nullisomy in the gametophyte were evaluated by comparing the development of haploid and nullisomic microspores formed by monosomic plants, while differences due to gene dosage in the sporophyte were evaluated by comparing the development of haploid microspores in monosomic plants with those in diploids. These analyses show that (i) male gametophytes nullisomic for the chromosomes analyzed are developmentally delayed and eventually abort; (ii) male gametophytes nullisomic for chromosome 2 or 6 can reach the first mitosis, but those nullisomic for chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, or 10 do not reach the first division; and (iii) monosomy of chromosome 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, or 9 interferes with normal male gametophyte development, and monosomic-2 and -9 plants specifically cannot support pollen maturation.Key words: aneuploidy, monosome, nullisome, microspore, r-X1, deficiency.

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Aslam, Mohammad, Beenish Fakher, and Yuan Qin. "Big Role of Small RNAs in Female Gametophyte Development." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 4 (February 10, 2022): 1979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23041979.

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In living organisms, sexual reproduction relies on the successful development of the gametes. Flowering plants produce gametes in the specialized organs of the flower, the gametophytes. The female gametophyte (FG), a multicellular structure containing female gametes (egg cell and central cell), is often referred to as an embryo sac. Intriguingly, several protein complexes, molecular and genetic mechanisms participate and tightly regulate the female gametophyte development. Recent evidence indicates that small RNA (sRNA) mediated pathways play vital roles in female gametophyte development and specification. Here, we present an insight into our understanding and the recent updates on the molecular mechanism of different players of small RNA-directed regulatory pathways during ovule formation and growth.

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Punetha, Nilambar, Kamlesh Bhakuni, and Bhupendra Kholia. "Habitat ecology and prothallial development in endemic Pteris subquinata." Indian Journal of Forestry 31, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2008-nqeko6.

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Population structure of endemic Pteris subquinata is given along with the ecology of the substrata. Gametophytes collected from the nature were analyzed for the sexuality which revealed that the gametophyte populations are generally unisexual but when isolated gametophytes were grown, they became bisexual. Reasons of being endemic are discussed.

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Banks, Jo Ann. "The TRANSFORMER Genes of the Fern Ceratopteris Simultaneously Promote Meristem and Archegonia Development and Repress Antheridia Development in the Developing Gametophyte." Genetics 147, no. 4 (December 1, 1997): 1885–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/147.4.1885.

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Abstract The sex of the haploid gametophyte of the fern Ceratopteris is determined by the presence or absence of the pheromone antheridiogen, which, when present, promotes male development and represses female development of the gametophyte. Several genes involved in sex determination in Ceratopteris have been identified by mutation. In this study, the epistatic interactions among new and previously described sex-determining mutants have been characterized. These results show that sex expression is regulated by two sets of genes defined by the FEM1 and TRA loci. Each promotes the expression of either male or female traits and simultaneously represses the expression of the other. A model describing how antheridiogen regulates the expression of these genes and the sex of the gametophyte is described. The observation that some gametophytic sexdetermining mutants have phenotypic effects on the spore phyte plant indicates that sex determination in the Ceratopteris gametophyte is regulated by a mechanism that also regulates sporophyte development.

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Li, Wuxing, and Hong Ma. "Gametophyte development." Current Biology 12, no. 21 (October 2002): R718—R721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(02)01245-9.

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Mendoza-Ruiz, Aniceto, and Blanca Pérez-García. "Comparative analysis of the sexual phase of Phanerophlebia (Dryopteridaceae) in Mexico." Canadian Journal of Botany 81, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 501–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-044.

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A comparative analysis is presented of the spore morphology, germination pattern, and prothallial development of the sexual phase of seven species in the fern genus Phanerophlebia C. Presl. Gametophyte development was studied from samples grown both on agar and soil. Spores are monolete, ellipsoid, with light brown to dark brown perine; the germination pattern is Vittaria-type and the prothallial development is Aspidium-type in all of the species. The gametangia are of the type typical for leptosporangiate ferns. Gametophytes of all species initially become female, then bisexual. Differences among species include spore germination time (612 days), shape of the gametophytes (spatulatecordiform to cordiformreniform, with smooth to very irregular margins), development time of trichomes (1224 days), and appearance of gametangia (40200 days). Some species develop the first leaves of the sporophytes after 200 days. Results are contrasted with previously published reports on gametophyte development in Arachniodes Blume, Cyrtomium C. Presl, Didymochlaena Desv., Dryopteris Adans, Olfersia Raddi, Polystichum Roth, and Stigmatopteris C. Chr.Key words: Dryopteridaceae, fern gametophyte, Mexico, morphogenesis, Phanerophlebia, sexual phase.

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Banks, J. A. "Sex-determining genes in the homosporous fern Ceratopteris." Development 120, no. 7 (July 1, 1994): 1949–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120.7.1949.

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Haploid Ceratopteris gametophytes are either hermaphroditic or male. The determinate of sex type is the pheromone antheridiogen (ACE) which is secreted by the meristic hermaphrodite and promotes ameristic male development of sexually undetermined gametophytes. Several mutations effecting the sex of the haploid gametophyte have been isolated and are described. The hermaphroditic (her) mutants are insensitive to ACE and develop as meristic hermaphrodites. These mutations effect ameristic male development in the presence of ACE but have no effect on hermaphroditic development. While most her mutations also have no effect on diploid sporophyte development, some partially ACE-insensitive her mutations have profound effects on sporophyte development. The transformer (tra) mutation effects both meristem and archegonia formation and causes the gametophyte to be an ameristic male under conditions that promote hermaphroditic development. The feminization (fem) mutation effects antheridia development in both male and hermaphroditic gametophytes and causes the gametophyte to develop as a meristic female in the absence or presence of the pheromone. The her1 tra1 double mutant is male in the absence or presence of ACE, indicating that tra1 is epistatic to her1. The phenotypes of her1, tra1 and fem1 single gene mutant phenotypes and the her1 tra1 double mutant phenotype are used to deduce a model suggesting how the products of these genes might interact in a regulatory pathway to control sex determination.

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Grini, Paul E., Arp Schnittger, Heinz Schwarz, Inge Zimmermann, Birgit Schwab, Gerd Jürgens, and Martin Hülskamp. "Isolation of Ethyl Methanesulfonate-Induced Gametophytic Mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana by a Segregation Distortion Assay Using the Multimarker Chromosome 1." Genetics 151, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 849–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/151.2.849.

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Abstract The life cycle of plants comprises two alternating generations, the diploid sporophyte (spore-bearing plant) and the haploid gametophyte (gamete-bearing plant). In contrast to animals, the postmeiotic cells give rise to haploid organisms whose function is to produce the gametes and to mediate fertilization. Analysis of gametophyte development and function has been hampered by the difficulty of identifying haplo-phase-specific mutants in conventional mutagenesis screens. Here we use a genetic strategy that is based on segregation distortion of nearby visible markers to screen for EMS-induced gametophytic mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana. Using the multiple marker chromosome mm1 we have isolated seven lines that displayed an altered segregation of markers. Reciprocal backcrosses of these lines showed a marked reduction of the transmission of the male and/or female gametes. Phenotypic analysis revealed that different aspects of either gametophytic development or function were affected. Three male gametophytic lines showed specific arrests during pollen development. One male gametophytic line was specifically defective in pollen tube elongation. Three gametophytic lines showed variable defects in both male and female gametophytic development.

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ZHAO, RANRAN, WENLI YANG, and GANGMIN ZHANG. "A study of chromosome and gametophyte development in Pellaea connectens C. Chr." Phytotaxa 266, no. 3 (June 24, 2016): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.266.3.4.

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Pellaea connectens C. Chr., a cheilanthoid fern species, is rare and endemic to West Sichuan, China, and has an ambiguous taxonomical status. Recent molecular phylogenetic work has supported that it is a member of the genus Argyrochosma. In this research, we studied chromosome number and gametophyte development of this species to further elucidate its phylogenetic placement. We found that Pellaea connectens is a sexual tetraploid species with 64 spores per sporangium and with a base chromosome number of x = 27, which is consistent with Argyrochosma and different from other cheilanthoid ferns. We also found that the spore germination pattern of Pellaea connectens is of the Vittaria type and subsequent gametophyte development process is of the Ceratopteris type. All of the above concur with the characteristics of Argyrochosma nivea. Most of the gametophytes of Pellaea connectens reach an adult stage with a cordate symmetric shape, with a few developed as irregularly lobed prothalli. We conclude that cytology and gametophyte development characters support the previous taxonomic treatment of removing Pellaea connectens from Pellaea to Argyrochosma.

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Meliza, Rezika, Tatik Chikmawati, and Sulistijorini Sulistijorini. "MORFOLOGI SPORA DAN PERKEMBANGAN GAMETOFIT Davallia denticulata dan Davallia trichomanoides." Jurnal Bioteknologi & Biosains Indonesia (JBBI) 6, no. 1 (June 17, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jbbi.v6i1.2607.

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Spore Morphology and Gametophyte Development of Davallia denticulata and Davallia trichomanoidesABSTRACTDavallia denticulata and D. trichomanoides are two attractive and decorative fern species for ornamental. Spore morphology has an important role in fern taxonomy, while media composition has important role in the growth and development of their gametophytes. Such information on the two fern species was lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to reveal the information of the spore morphology and gametophyte developmental stages of D. denticulata and D. trichomanoides on three different media. The spores were collected from Bogor, West Java. The spores were sown in three sterile media. Spore morphology and gametophyte development were observed under a stereoscopic microscope. Both gametophyte species reached their mature stage at 25 weeks after planting on the different media compositions. D. denticulata showed the best gametophyte development, and formed mature gametophytes on the media of vermiculite, sphagnum moss, and perlite, while D. trichomanoides grew best into maturity stage on the media containing vermiculite, and sphagnum moss. Thus, the presence of sphagnum moss in the media is an important material for the growth and development of Davallia gametophyte.Keywords: Davallia, development, gametophyte, growth, media ABSTRAKDavallia denticulata dan D. trichomanoides merupakan dua spesies tumbuhan paku yang menarik dan indah untuk tanaman hias. Morfologi spora memiliki arti penting dalam taksonomi tumbuhan paku, sedangkan komposisi media berperan penting untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gametofitnya. Informasi seputar hal ini terkait dua spesies tumbuhan paku tersebut belumlah ada. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap informasi mengenai ciri morfologi spora dan tahapan perkembangan gametofit D. denticulata dan D. trichomanoides pada tiga komposisi media berbeda. Pengambilan spora dilakukan di Bogor, Jawa Barat. Spora ditumbuhkan pada tiga media steril. Morfologi spora dan perkembangan gametofit diamati menggunakan mikroskop stereo. Kedua spesies memiliki waktu perkembangan terbaik untuk mencapai tahap gametofit dewasa yaitu 25 minggu pada komposisi media yang berbeda. D. denticulata berkembang dengan baik, dan membentuk gametofit dewasa pada media vermiculite, lumut sphagnum, dan perlite. D. trichomanoides berkembang hingga tahap gametofit dewasa dengan baik pada media vermiculite, dan lumut sphagnum. Dengan demikian keberadaan lumut sphagnum pada media sangat penting untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gametofit Davallia.Kata Kunci: Davallia, gametofit, media, perkembangan, pertumbuhan

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McCormick, Sheila. "Male Gametophyte Development." Plant Cell 5, no. 10 (October 1993): 1265. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3869779.

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Yadegari, R. "Female Gametophyte Development." PLANT CELL ONLINE 16, suppl_1 (March 12, 2004): S133—S141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.018192.

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Guo, Ai, and Cai Xia Zheng. "Female gametophyte development." Journal of Plant Biology 56, no. 6 (November 12, 2013): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12374-013-0131-5.

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Márton, Mihaela-Luiza, and Thomas Dresselhaus. "Female gametophyte-controlled pollen tube guidance." Biochemical Society Transactions 38, no. 2 (March 22, 2010): 627–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0380627.

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During the evolution of flowering plants, their sperm cells have lost mobility and are transported from the stigma to the female gametophyte via the pollen tube to achieve double fertilization. Pollen tube growth and guidance is largely governed by the maternal sporophytic tissues of the stigma, style and ovule. However, the last phase of the pollen tube path is under female gametophyte control and is expected to require extensive cell–cell communication events between both gametophytes. Until recently, little was known about the molecules produced by the female gametophyte that are involved in this process. In the present paper, we review the most recent development in this field and focus on the role of secreted candidate signalling ligands.

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Christensen, Cory A., Santhi Subramanian, and Gary N. Drews. "Identification of Gametophytic Mutations Affecting Female Gametophyte Development inArabidopsis." Developmental Biology 202, no. 1 (October 1998): 136–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1998.8980.

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Brock, James M. R., Bruce R. Burns, George L. W. Perry, and William G. Lee. "Gametophyte niche differences among sympatric tree ferns." Biology Letters 15, no. 1 (January 2019): 20180659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0659.

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Forest community assembly is usually framed in terms of sporophyte dynamics; however, the recruitment and maintenance of fern populations, frequently influential in forest composition and structure, are initially determined by gametophytes. Sporophytes of three Cyathea tree fern species show habitat partitioning along gradients of phosphorus and light; we asked whether gametophyte niche differences parallel this pattern. To compare niche characteristics among taxa we compared growth rates to a size threshold (≥3 mm) of gametophytes under controlled conditions using a multi-factorial, multi-level (3 × 4) experiment, varying irradiance (5.4 ± 4.4; 59.1 ± 44.3; 107 ± 74.1 µmol m −2 s −1 ) and orthophosphate concentrations (5, 10, 20, 40 mg kg −1 ). Gametophytes of the pioneer species C. medullaris developed to the size threshold across a broad range of phosphate and irradiance treatments (more than 20% of gametophytes in ≥ 7 of the 12 treatments), peaking at 20 mg kg −1 P and 60 µmol m −2 s −1 irradiance. The growth rates of the forest understorey species C. dealbata and C. smithii also peaked at 60 µmol m −2 s −1 but varied across treatments, suggesting niche differentiation along irradiance and orthophosphate gradients. Our analysis suggests that gametophyte development is strategically aligned to the ecological habits of sporophytes and that forest community assembly is likely strongly influenced by the independent gametophyte life-stage.

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Susaki, Daichi, Takamasa Suzuki, Daisuke Maruyama, Minako Ueda, Tetsuya Higashiyama, and Daisuke Kurihara. "Dynamics of the cell fate specifications during female gametophyte development in Arabidopsis." PLOS Biology 19, no. 3 (March 26, 2021): e3001123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001123.

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The female gametophytes of angiosperms contain cells with distinct functions, such as those that enable reproduction via pollen tube attraction and fertilization. Although the female gametophyte undergoes unique developmental processes, such as several rounds of nuclear division without cell plate formation and final cellularization, it remains unknown when and how the cell fate is determined during development. Here, we visualized the living dynamics of female gametophyte development and performed transcriptome analysis of individual cell types to assess the cell fate specifications in Arabidopsis thaliana. We recorded time lapses of the nuclear dynamics and cell plate formation from the 1-nucleate stage to the 7-cell stage after cellularization using an in vitro ovule culture system. The movies showed that the nuclear division occurred along the micropylar–chalazal (distal–proximal) axis. During cellularization, the polar nuclei migrated while associating with the forming edge of the cell plate, and then, migrated toward each other to fuse linearly. We also tracked the gene expression dynamics and identified that the expression of MYB98pro::GFP–MYB98, a synergid-specific marker, was initiated just after cellularization in the synergid, egg, and central cells and was then restricted to the synergid cells. This indicated that cell fates are determined immediately after cellularization. Transcriptome analysis of the female gametophyte cells of the wild-type and myb98 mutant revealed that the myb98 synergid cells had egg cell–like gene expression profiles. Although in myb98, egg cell–specific gene expression was properly initiated in the egg cells only after cellularization, but subsequently expressed ectopically in one of the 2 synergid cells. These results, together with the various initiation timings of the egg cell–specific genes, suggest complex regulation of the individual gametophyte cells, such as cellularization-triggered fate initiation, MYB98-dependent fate maintenance, cell morphogenesis, and organelle positioning. Our system of live-cell imaging and cell type–specific gene expression analysis provides insights into the dynamics and mechanisms of cell fate specifications in the development of female gametophytes in plants.

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Srivastava, Ruchi, P. L. Uniyal, and B. S. Kholia. "Studies on Reproductive Biology ofMicrosorum alternifoliumCopel." International Journal of Plant Reproductive Biology 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14787/ijprb.2014.6.1.15-19.

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ABSTRACTMicrosorum alternifoliumis a threatened fern of the family Polypodiaceae. Present paper deals with the events of spore germination, gametophyte growth and differentiation, ontogeny of sex organs and development of sporophytes inin vitroconditions. Spore germination and prothallial development is ofVittaria-type andDrynaria-type, respectively. Frequency of sporophyte production was 44% in composite gametophyte populations, while no sporophytes were produced in isolate population. SinceM. alternifoliumwas found to have no capacity to form sporophyte through intra-gametophytic selfing, it is not a pioneer colonizer in barren land. Instead, it reproduces by inter-gametophytic selfing and also possibly by crossing. The main cause of rarity could be genetic barriers and over exploitation for economic purposes. Conservation of this taxon in the natural habitat is urgently required.

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Ganger, Mike, and Tiffany Sturey. "Antheridiogen concentration and spore size predict gametophyte size in Ceratopteris richardii." Botany 90, no. 3 (March 2012): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b11-097.

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In many plants females invest more in reproduction than males. In organisms that exhibit environmental sex determination, individuals in low-quality environments or who are slow growing are expected to develop into males. The gametophytes of Ceratopteris richardii Brongn., a homosporous fern, may develop as males or hermaphrodites. Hermaphrodites secrete a pheromone called antheridiogen that induces undifferentiated spores to develop as males. Given that induction is not 100% in the presence of antheridiogen, it is hypothesized that resources may alter C. richardii gender decisions. An experiment was undertaken to determine (i) whether spore size predicts gender, (ii) whether spore size predicts gametophyte size, (iii) whether antheridiogen negatively affects the growth of C. richardii, and (iv) whether wild-type C. richardii and him1 mutants (genetic mutants disposed to male development regardless of antheridiogen presence) behave similarly in their response to antheridiogen. Spore size was not predictive of gender but was positively related to both male and hermaphrodite gametophyte size. Antheridiogen was found to slow the growth of male and hermaphrodite gametophytes of the wild type and male gametophytes of the him1 mutant. These results are supportive of the idea that gender may be determined indirectly through antheridiogen’s effect on gametophyte growth.

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Gregorich, Michele, and Roxanne Fisher. "Auxin regulates lateral meristem activation in developing gametophytes of Ceratopteris richardii." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 10 (October 2006): 1520–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-113.

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This study investigates the auxin regulation of lateral meristem activation in the gametophytes of the fern Ceratopteris richardii Brongn. Exogenous auxin in the form of α-naphthaleneacetic acid or 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy-acetic acid repressed the activation of the lateral meristem, and generated a male-like body plan. The auxin antagonist p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid reduced activity of both the apical and lateral meristems, and produced a circular-shaped gametophyte. Disrupting auxin transport with 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid led to a time lag in lateral meristem activation, while disrupting auxin transport with n-1-naphthylphthalamic acid produced several different body plans generated by the formation of a second lateral meristem. These findings suggest auxin mediates the activation of the lateral meristem and regulates lateral meristem function. In addition, auxin transport may be necessary for communication between the lateral meristem and other regions of the developing gametophyte. Auxin also controls the position of rhizoids produced by the gametophyte, and exogenous auxin interferes with the sexual differentiation of the gametophyte. These results are summarized in a model of how auxin regulates lateral meristem activation and meristem activity during gametophyte development in C. richardii.

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Chen, Y. C., and S. McCormick. "sidecar pollen, an Arabidopsis thaliana male gametophytic mutant with aberrant cell divisions during pollen development." Development 122, no. 10 (October 1, 1996): 3243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.122.10.3243.

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During pollen development each product of meiosis undergoes a stereotypical pattern of cell divisions to give rise to a three-celled gametophyte, the pollen grain. First an asymmetric mitosis generates a larger vegetative cell and a smaller generative cell, then the generative cell undergoes a second mitosis to give rise to two sperm cells. It is unknown how this pattern of cell divisions is controlled. We have identified an Arabidopsis gene, SIDECAR POLLEN, which is required for the normal cell division pattern during pollen development. In the genetic background of the NoO ecotype, sidecar pollen heterozygotes have about 45% wild-type pollen, 48% aborted pollen and 7% pollen with an extra cell. Homozygous sidecar pollen plants have about 20% wild-type pollen, 53% aborted pollen and 27% extra-celled pollen. Similar ratios of sidecar pollen phenotypes are seen in the Columbia ecotype but sidecar pollen is a gametophytic lethal in the Landsberg erecta ecotype. Thus this allele of sidecar pollen shows differential gametophytic penetrance and variable expressivity in different genetic backgrounds. The extra cell has the cell identity of a vegetative cell and is produced prior to any asymmetric microspore mitosis. Pollen tetrad analysis directly demonstrates that SIDECAR POLLEN is indeed expressed in male gametophytes. To our knowledge, scp is the first male gametophytic mutation to be described in Arabidopsis.

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Banks, Jo Ann. "GAMETOPHYTE DEVELOPMENT IN FERNS." Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 50, no. 1 (June 1999): 163–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.163.

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Strain, Errol, Barbara Hass, and Jo Ann Banks. "Characterization of Mutations That Feminize Gametophytes of the Fern Ceratopteris." Genetics 159, no. 3 (November 1, 2001): 1271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/159.3.1271.

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Abstract Gametophytes of the fern Ceratopteris are either male or hermaphroditic. Their sex is epigenetically determined by the pheromone antheridiogen, which is secreted by the hermaphrodite and induces male and represses female development in other young, sexually undetermined gametophytes. To understand how antheridiogen represses the development of female traits at the genetic level, 16 new mutations that feminize the gametophyte in the presence of antheridiogen were identified and characterized. Seven are very tightly linked to the FEM1 locus previously described. Nine others define another locus named NOTCHLESS1 (NOT1), as several of the not1 mutants lack a meristem notch. Some not1 mutations also affect sporophyte development only when homozygous, indicating that the not1 mutations are recessive and that NOT1 is also required for normal sporophyte development. The epistatic interactions among FEM1, NOT1, and other sex-determining genes are described. This information was used to expand the genetic model of the sex-determining pathway in Ceratopteris. On the basis of this model, we can say that the presence of antheridiogen leads to the activation of the FEM1 gene, which not only promotes the differentiation of male traits, but also represses female development by activating the NOT1 gene. NOT1 represses the TRA genes necessary for the development of female traits in the gametophyte.

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Sabovljević, Marko, Milorad Vujičić, Jasmina Šinžar Sekulić, Jose Gabriel Segarra-Moragues, Beata Papp, Marijana Skorić, Luka Dragačević, and Aneta Sabovljević. "Reviving, In Vitro Differentiation, Development, and Micropropagation of the Rare and Endangered Moss Bruchia vogesiaca (Bruchiaceae)." HortScience 47, no. 9 (September 2012): 1347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.9.1347.

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This study provides the results of the developmental biology of the highly rare and endangered moss species Bruchia vogesiaca (recorded in less than 30 localities in the Northern Hemisphere, mainly western, central, and southwestern Europe). The aim of the study was to achieve the fully developed gametophyte and to propagate it for the purpose of conservation, reintroduction, and introduction to potential habitats free from xenic contamination. These gametophytes will be used for the study of genetics and genomics of this species. The micropropagation of B. vogesiaca was successfully applied on BCD medium supplemented with 0.1 μM BA and on BCD supplemented with 0.3 μM IBA and 0.3 μM BA for numerous gametophore production. The highest production of secondary protonema was achieved on MS/2 S/2 medium enriched with 0.1 or 0.3 μM IBA and 0.3 μM BA. Rather successfully applied micropropagation of this threatened moss species enables better knowledge of its biology and is of great value for its conservation biology and developmental research. Chemical names used: indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), N6-benzyladenine (BA), Murashige and Skoog medium (MS).

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Evans, Matthew M. S., and Jerry L. Kermicle. "Interaction Between Maternal Effect and Zygotic Effect Mutations During Maize Seed Development." Genetics 159, no. 1 (September 1, 2001): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/159.1.303.

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Abstract Double fertilization of the embryo sac by the two sperm cells of a pollen grain initiates seed development. Proper development of the seed depends not only on the action of genes from the resulting embryo and endosperm, but also on maternal genes acting at two stages. Mutations with both sporophytic maternal effects and gametophytic maternal effects have been identified. A new maternal effect mutation in maize, maternal effect lethal1 (mel1), causes the production of defective seed from mutant female gametophytes. It shows reduced pollen transmission, suggesting a requirement in the male gametophyte, but has no paternal effect on seed development. Interestingly, the defective kernel phenotype of mel1 is conditioned only in seeds that inherit mel1 maternally and are homozygous for the recessive allele (endogenous to the W22 inbred line) of either of two genes, sporophyte enhancer of mel1 (snm1) or snm2, suggesting redundancy between maternally and zygotically required genes. Both mel1 and snm1 map to the short arm of chromosome 2, and snm2 maps to the long arm of chromosome 10. The mode of action of mel1 and the relationship between mel1 and snm1 and snm2 are discussed.

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Castrejón-Varela, Alejandra, Blanca Pérez-García, Aniceto Mendoza-Ruiz, and Silvia Espinosa-Matías. "Gametophyte morphology of Acrostichum aureum and A. danaeifolium (Pteridaceae)." Revista de Biología Tropical 66, no. 1 (December 13, 2017): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v66i1.27815.

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Acrostichum is a pantropical genus and has four species, two of which occur in the Neotropics, A. aureum and A. danaeifolium. In Mexico, A. danaeifolium grows further in land wet soils and is much more common than A. aureum, which is typically found in brackish or saline habitats near the coast, and is restricted to coastal saline mangrove communities. The purpose of this paper was to describe and compare the morphogenesis of the sexual phase of A. aureum and A. danaeifolium for systematic purposes. For this, spores of each species were sown in Petri dishes with agar, previously enriched with sterilized Thompson's medium. To avoid contamination and dehydration, the dishes were kept in transparent plastic bags under laboratory conditions. For the micro-morphological observation with SEM, the gametophyte development phases were fixed in FAA with 0.8 % sucrose for 24 h. Photomicrographs of spores, development stages of gametophytes and young sporophytes were observed with scanning electron microscope Jeol JSM5310-LV. Our results showed that the spores of both species are triletes, globose and positive photoblastic. Germination is Vittaria-type; the germinate filaments are short and uniseriate (5 to 7 cells), and prothallial development is Ceratopteris-type. The adult gametophytes of both species have asymmetrical wings. Adult gametophytes in culture are cordiform-spatulate. Antheridia have a broad basal cell, an annular cell, and an asymmetric opercular cell. Archegonia have short necks and four triangular cells at the mouth of the neck. The first leaf of the sporophyte is lobed, with dichotomous veins and anomocytic stomata. The gemmae are formed in adult gametophytes in both species. The development of the gametophyte of A. aureum, A. danaeifolium and A. speciosum share many similarities such as the development of a lateral meristem, asymmetric nature of the mature prothallus, lack of hairs on the prothallus, and undivided asymmetrical opercular antheridia morphology. The genus Acrostichum is the sister group of Ceratopteris, another genus of aquatic ferns; they differ in the antheridium morphology, Acrostichum has an asymmetric opercular cell and Ceratopteris shows an undivided cap cell, but the notable difference is the sporophyte morphology.

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Sabovljevic, Aneta, Tijana Cvetic, and M. Sabovljevic. "Establishment and development of the Catherine’s moss Atrichum undulatum (Hedw.) P. Beauv. (Polytrichaceae) in in vitro conditions." Archives of Biological Sciences 58, no. 2 (2006): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0602087s.

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The effect of sucrose and mineral salts on morphogenesis of the Catherine?s moss (Atrichum undulatum) in in vitro culture was tested. In vitro culture of this species was established from disinfected spores on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Apical shoots of gametophytes were used to investigate the influence of sucrose and mineral salts on protonemal and gametophyte growth and multiplication. Paper also treats morpho-anatomical characteristics of plants grown in nature and plants derived from in vitro culture.

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McCormick, S. "Control of Male Gametophyte Development." PLANT CELL ONLINE 16, suppl_1 (March 12, 2004): S142—S153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.016659.

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Skinner, Debra J., and Venkatesan Sundaresan. "Recent advances in understanding female gametophyte development." F1000Research 7 (June 20, 2018): 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.14508.1.

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The haploid female gametophyte (embryo sac) is an essential reproductive unit of flowering plants, usually comprising four specialized cell types, including the female gametes (egg cell and central cell). The differentiation of these cells relies on spatial signals which pattern the gametophyte along a proximal-distal axis, but the molecular and genetic mechanisms by which cell identities are determined in the embryo sac have long been a mystery. Recent identification of key genes for cell fate specification and their relationship to hormonal signaling pathways that act on positional cues has provided new insights into these processes. A model for differentiation can be devised with egg cell fate as a default state of the female gametophyte and with other cell types specified by the action of spatially regulated factors. Cell-to-cell communication within the gametophyte is also important for maintaining cell identity as well as facilitating fertilization of the female gametes by the male gametes (sperm cells).

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Krinitsyn, Igor, Dmitry Zontikov, Svetlana Zontikova, A. Baghizadeh, P. Behroozi, and Roman Sergeev. "Features of development of hametophytes Botrychium multifidum (S.G. Gmel.) Rupr. culture in vitro." BIO Web of Conferences 24 (2020): 00043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202400043.

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The work is devoted to studying the influence of the type of culture medium and pH on the development of gametophytes Botrychium multifidum in vitro. The spores obtained from sterilized sporangia were suspended in liquid nutrient media with initial inoculum of 10000 spores per 1 ml. Nutrient media tested in the study were composed of full Murashige and Skoog or Knudson mineral salts supplemented with kinetin (1 mg/l) and pH level 4.8-6.4. All stages of development, from spore germination to thallus and gametophyte formation, were observed in tissue culture. A low level of germinating spores was noted.

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Grini, Paul E., Gerd Jürgens, and Martin Hülskamp. "Embryo and Endosperm Development Is Disrupted in the Female Gametophytic capulet Mutants of Arabidopsis." Genetics 162, no. 4 (December 1, 2002): 1911–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/162.4.1911.

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Abstract The female gametophyte of higher plants gives rise, by double fertilization, to the diploid embryo and triploid endosperm, which develop in concert to produce the mature seed. What roles gametophytic maternal factors play in this process is not clear. The female-gametophytic effects on embryo and endosperm development in the Arabidopsis mea, fis, and fie mutants appear to be due to gametic imprinting that can be suppressed by METHYL TRANSFERASE1 antisense (MET1 a/s) transgene expression or by mutation of the DECREASE IN DNA METHYLATION1 (DDM1) gene. Here we describe two novel gametophytic maternal-effect mutants, capulet1 (cap1) and capulet2 (cap2). In the cap1 mutant, both embryo and endosperm development are arrested at early stages. In the cap2 mutant, endosperm development is blocked at very early stages, whereas embryos can develop to the early heart stage. The cap mutant phenotypes were not rescued by wild-type pollen nor by pollen from tetraploid plants. Furthermore, removal of silencing barriers from the paternal genome by MET1 a/s transgene expression or by the ddm1 mutation also failed to restore seed development in the cap mutants. Neither cap1 nor cap2 displayed autonomous seed development, in contrast to mea, fis, and fie mutants. In addition, cap2 was epistatic to fis1 in both autonomous endosperm and sexual development. Finally, both cap1 and cap2 mutant endosperms, like wild-type endosperms, expressed the paternally inactive endosperm-specific FIS2 promoter GUS fusion transgene only when the transgene was introduced via the embryo sac, indicating that imprinting was not affected. Our results suggest that the CAP genes represent novel maternal functions supplied by the female gametophyte that are required for embryo and endosperm development.

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Gorrer, Daniel Alejandro, Pedro Cayetano Berrueta, Juan Pablo Ramos Giacosa, Gabriela Elena Giudice, and Marìa Luján Luna. "Morfogénesis de la fase sexual de los helechos epífitos Microgramma mortoniana y Pleopeltis macrocarpa (Polypodiaceae) reserva Natural Punta Lara, Buenos Aires, Argentina." Revista de Biología Tropical 66, no. 3 (July 4, 2018): 1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v66i3.31775.

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The Punta Lara Natural Reserve is located on the riverside of the La Plata River in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is the Southern most relict in the world of subtropical riparian forest. The epiphytic ferns studied in this work belong to the Polypodiaceae family: Microgramma mortoniana and Pleopeltis macrocarpa. Plant communities are subject to high levels of anthropization and introduction of exotic species. The goals of this work are to provide information on the morphogenesis of epiphytic gametophytes and to extend knowledge of their life cycles, contributing to their conservation. Sowing was carried out in Dyer medium. In both species the spores are monolete, ellipsoidal, yellowish and with verrucate sculpture. The equatorial diameter is 60-61 μm, the polar diameter is 39-42 μm. The germination is the Vittaria type; in M. mortoniana occurs at 20 days, while in P. macrocarpa occurs at six days. The filaments are uniseriate of 3-6 cells in length. The gametophyte development is Drynaria type. The cordated form is given after 40 days. In M. mortoniana, buds originated after 40 days. In P. macrocarpa, after 120 days, clathrate trichomes scale-like appear mainly on the margins of the gametophyte. The gametangia are typical of leptosporangiate ferns. The sporophyte of M. mortoniana emerged after 120 days and that of P. macrocarpa arose after 500 days, its blades are simple, spatulate and unicellular and multicellular branching hairs were observed. The germination pattern, gametophyte development, the presence of a lipid globule in the prothalic cell and the formation of unicellular capitated hairs are relevant characters that could be considered for systematic group. The delay in the formation of sporophytes through sexual reproduction, allows us to infer that the success of their establishment in situ would be given by the vegetative reproduction through creeping rhizomes and buds of gametophytes.

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Goodnoe, Taylor T., and Jeffrey P. Hill. "Absolute and relative content of carbon and nitrogen differ by sex in Ceratopteris richardii gametophytes." Botany 94, no. 5 (May 2016): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2015-0254.

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When habitats are heterogeneous regarding key abiotic factors, and individual organisms have no control over the environment in which they develop, labile sex expression can allow individuals to adjust their sex based on local environmental conditions, resulting in increased individual fitness. Sexual lability is found extensively in homosporous ferns, where sex expression is often regulated via the pheromone antheridiogen. Nutrient availability may provide additional signals for sex determination in fern gametophytes, particularly if nutrient demands required for sexual development differ by sex. The model fern Ceratopteris richardii Brongn. has a well-characterized antheridiogen response and short time to sexual maturity. Although tests for nutrient effects on sex determination have been conducted in this fern, tests for differences in nutrient demands by sex have not. Elemental analysis demonstrated that 14-day-old ameristic male and meristic female or hermaphrodite gametophytes of C. richardii differ significantly in their relative carbon and nitrogen masses, resulting in significantly dissimilar C:N ratios between the sexes. Average gametophyte dry mass in ameristic males was approximately half that of meristic plants of the same age, and contained less N than meristic gametophytes in both relative and absolute terms. Those characteristic differences in elemental composition imply that variation in nutrient availability could potentially influence sex expression in C. richardii gametophyte populations, rather than regulation of sex determination by the antheridiogen system alone.

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MIR, Ricardo, and Oscar VICENTE. "POLLEN: AN AMAZING MODEL SYSTEM TO STUDY A DISPARATE SERIES OF PLANT BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES." AgroLife Scientific Journal 10, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17930/agl2021117.

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Pollen, the male gametophyte of higher plants, represents an extremely interesting, and peculiar, experimental system for the study of diverse aspects of plant biology, apart from the - obvious - research on gametophytic development in itself. For example, cell cycle progression, as the formation of mature pollen from the microspore mother cells consists in a series of specific, often synchronous cell divisions: meiosis, the asymmetric microspore mitosis and the division of the generative pollen cell. Also, for the study of the interactions between the gametophyte and the sporophyte during pollen development, the formation of the - unusual - pollen wall or intracellular transport processes during pollen tube growth. Instead of dedifferentiating and forming a callus, as normally happens with any isolated plant cell, microspores isolated from the anthers can continue in vitro their normal developmental programme, giving rise to mature, functional pollen. However, triggered by specific stress treatments, microspores and immature pollen grains can switch towards sporophytic development with the formation of (haploid) embryos and plants. These and other unique characteristics of the pollen system will be discussed in this review

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MADRID, ERIC N., and WILLIAM E. FRIEDMAN. "Female gametophyte development inAristolochia labiataWilld. (Aristolochiaceae)." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 158, no. 1 (September 2008): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00820.x.

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Yang, Wei-Cai, Dong-Qiao Shi, and Yan-Hong Chen. "Female Gametophyte Development in Flowering Plants." Annual Review of Plant Biology 61, no. 1 (June 2, 2010): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042809-112203.

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Borg, M., L. Brownfield, and D. Twell. "Male gametophyte development: a molecular perspective." Journal of Experimental Botany 60, no. 5 (January 23, 2009): 1465–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ern355.

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Borg, Michael, and Frédéric Berger. "Chromatin remodelling during male gametophyte development." Plant Journal 83, no. 1 (May 21, 2015): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tpj.12856.

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Duckett, Jeffrey G., and Roberto Ligrone. "A light and electron microscope study of the fungal endophytes in the sporophyte and gametophyte of Lycopodium cernuum with observations on the gametophyte–sporophyte junction." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-008.

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The ventral epidermal cells of the photosynthetic, surface-living gametophytes of Lycopodium cernuum, collected from moist shaded banks in Peninsular Malaysia, contain an aseptate fungus. In some cells the hyphae are thick walled and form coils encapsulated by a thin layer of host wall material. In others the fungus is thin walled and shows limited differentiation into larger trunk hyphae and arbuscules. The adjacent host cytoplasm, separated from the fungus by a granular interfacial matrix, contains numerous chloroplasts, mitochondria, and microtubules. The hyphae contact the substratum via the ventral walls of the epidermal cells and the rhizoids are free from infection. In the protocorm and root nodules, aseptate hyphae initially colonize mucilage-filled schizogenous intercellular spaces. Subsequent invasion of the host cells is associated with the development of massive overgrowths of host wall material. The fungal associations in L. cernuum share a mixture of attributes otherwise found in different angiosperm mycorrhizae and in mycotrophic relationships in liverworts. Wall ingrowths are present in both the gametophyte and sporophyte cells in the placenta of L. cernuum. The very limited development of the placenta, compared with L. appressum, certain bryophytes and ferns, the diminutive size, and early senescence of the gametophytes of L. cernuum are all linked to the presence of the protocorm. This massive absorptive organ, homologous to a foot, in terms of its position in sporophyte ontogeny, but external to the parent gametophyte, derives its nutrition partly from photosynthesis and partly from its fungal endophyte. Key words: chloroplasts, Lycopodium, mycorrhiza, pteridophytes, root nodules, symbiosis, transfer cells.

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Kartal, Ciler, Nuran Ekici, Almina Kargacıoğlu, and Hazal Nurcan Ağırman. "Development of Female Gametophyte in Gladiolus italicus Miller (Iridaceae)." Caryologia 74, no. 3 (December 21, 2021): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/caryologia-1082.

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In this study gynoecium, megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis and female gametophyte of Gladiolus italicus Miller were examined cytologically and histologically by using light microscopy techniques. Ovules of G. italicus are of anatropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate type. Embryo sac development is of monosporic Polygonum type. Polar nuclei fuse before fertilization to form a secondary nucleus near the antipodals. The female gametophyte development of G. italicus was investigated for the first time with this study.

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Haig, David, and Amity Wilczek. "Sexual conflict and the alternation of haploid and diploid generations." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 361, no. 1466 (January 4, 2006): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1794.

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Land plants possess a multicellular diploid stage (sporophyte) that begins development while attached to a multicellular haploid progenitor (gametophyte). Although the closest algal relatives of land plants lack a multicellular sporophyte, they do produce a zygote that grows while attached to the maternal gametophyte. The diploid offspring shares one haploid set of genes with the haploid mother that supplies it with resources and a paternal haploid complement that is not shared with the mother. Sexual conflict can arise within the diploid offspring because the offspring's maternal genome will be transmitted in its entirety to all other sexual and asexual offspring that the mother may produce, but the offspring's paternally derived genes may be absent from these other offspring. Thus, the selective forces favouring the evolution of genomic imprinting may have been present from the origin of modern land plants. In bryophytes, where gametophytes are long-lived and capable of multiple bouts of asexual and sexual reproduction, we predict strong sexual conflict over allocation to sporophytes. Female gametophytes of pteridophytes produce a single sporophyte and often lack means of asexual reproduction. Therefore, sexual conflict is predicted to be attenuated. Finally, we explore similarities among models of mate choice, offspring choice and segregation distortion.

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Sánchez-Tinoco, María Ydelia, E. Mark Engleman, and Andrew P. Vovides. "Cronología reproductora de Ceratozamia mexicana (Cycadales)." Botanical Sciences, no. 66 (May 27, 2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1607.

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In Ceratowmia mexicana Brongn. seed development is completed in 24 months from the initiation of ovules in August until the full development of the body of the embryo. Megasporogenesis and megagametophytogenesis occur during the first three months. At the end of February the gametophyte is coenocytic. Cellularization of the gametophyte ends in May, when other changes begin: hardening of the gametophyte, lignification of the stony layer, disappearance of trichomes, and accumulation of starch in the gametophyte. Pollination probably occurs in February and March. By the beginning of September, proteins and oil droplets appear in the gametophyte. Seeds are dispersed in September, at which time arquegonia may be present and occasionally developing suspensors. Fertilization occurs approximately at the time of dispersal, separately from the mother plant. Suspensors grow during five months and the body of the embryo develops during four months. Thus, development of protection and storage of nutrients precede the formation of the embryo.

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Hiyama, Toshihiko, Ryoko Imaichi, and Masahiro Kato. "Comparative development of gametophytes ofOsmunda lancea andO. japonica (osmundaceae): Adaptation of rheophilous fern gametophyte." Botanical Magazine Tokyo 105, no. 2 (June 1992): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02489416.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Gametophyte development'

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