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Journal articles on the topic 'Gambusia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 21 February 2023

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1

Ivantsoff, Walter, and Aarn. "Detection of predation on Australian native fishes by Gambusia holbrooki." Marine and Freshwater Research 50, no. 5 (1999): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf98106.

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Clearing and staining of Gambusia holbrooki facilitated identification of juvenile fishes among the gut contents, and a feeding trial with captive Gambusia allowed assessment of gut transit time and degradation of melanotaeniid larvae. Regurgitated fishes and eggs in fixative solutions were also investigated. These techniques, extending to 12 h the post-feeding interval in which fishes may be found and differentiated among Gambusia gut contents, were tested on 631 wild-caught Gambusia collected in eastern Australia; an ingested native fish could be identified in the gut of 18 Gambusia, and a cannibalized fish in the gut of three.

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2

Bool, Joshua D., Kristen Witcomb, Erin Kydd, and Culum Brown. "Learned recognition and avoidance of invasive mosquitofish by the shrimp, Paratya australiensis." Marine and Freshwater Research 62, no. 10 (2011): 1230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf11140.

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Little is known about the learning ability of crustaceans, especially with respect to their anti-predator responses to invasive species. In many vertebrates, anti-predator behaviour is influenced by experience during ontogeny. Here, predator-naïve glass shrimp (Paratya australiensisis) were exposed to a predatory, invasive fish species, Gambusia holbrooki, to determine whether shrimp could learn to: (1) avoid the scent of Gambusia via classical conditioning; and (2) restrict their activity patterns to the night to reduce predatory encounters. Conditioned shrimp were placed in containers in aquaria containing Gambusia for 3 days during which time they could be harassed but not consumed by Gambusia. When tested in a Y-maze, conditioned shrimp showed a long delay before making a choice between Gambusia scented water and aged tap water but chose an arm at random. Control shrimp showed a brief delay in emergence and also chose at random. In a second experiment, we housed shrimp with a single Gambusia and observed their activity patterns. In the presence of Gambusia, shrimp switched from diurnal to nocturnal foraging. These results show that naïve shrimp learn to recognise novel predatory species via chemical cues and adjust their activity patterns to coincide with periods when Gambusia are inactive.

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3

Chapman, P., and K. Warburton. "Postflood movements and population connectivity in gambusia (Gambusia holbrooki)." Ecology of Freshwater Fish 15, no. 4 (December 2006): 357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.2006.00145.x.

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4

Macdonald, Jed I., Zeb D. Tonkin, David S. L. Ramsey, Andrew K. Kaus, Alison K. King, and David A. Crook. "Do invasive eastern gambusia (Gambusia holbrooki) shape wetland fish assemblage structure in south-eastern Australia?" Marine and Freshwater Research 63, no. 8 (2012): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12019.

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Defining the ecological impacts conferred by invasive fishes provides a framework for evaluating the feasibility of control efforts in invaded waterways, and for predicting the consequences of future incursions. Eastern gambusia (Gambusia holbrooki) is a remarkably successful invader of freshwater systems worldwide, with the capacity to detrimentally impact native fishes both directly (e.g. competition, predation, agonistic interactions) and indirectly (e.g. triggering trophic cascades). Here, we modelled the influence of eastern gambusia and several environmental covariates on fish species diversity, abundance and condition based on quantitative survey data collected from 93 wetlands in south-eastern Australia. We predicted that small-bodied, wetland specialist species sharing dietary- and habitat-niches with eastern gambusia would be most severely impacted, and that environmental stressors associated with wetland drying during late summer would magnify these impacts. Eastern gambusia influenced the occurrence, abundance and/or body condition of most common wetland species; however, the direction and level of impact appeared dependent on both biotic and environmental forces. From these results, we postulate that generalist life-history strategies that permit niche-segregation may release some native species from competitive/predatory pressures, allowing coexistence with eastern gambusia in resource-limited, environmentally harsh habitats, whilst specialist species that occupy narrower ecological niches may be less resistant.

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5

Komak, Spogmai, and Michael R. Crossland. "An assessment of the introduced mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis holbrooki) as a predator of eggs, hatchlings and tadpoles of native and non-native anurans." Wildlife Research 27, no. 2 (2000): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99028.

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The introduced mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis holbrooki) is a pest species in Australia and has been implicated in the decline of populations of native fishes and anurans. However, few quantitative data exist regarding interactions between Gambusia and native aquatic fauna. We used replicated laboratory experiments to investigate predation by G. a. holbrooki on eggs, hatchlings and tadpoles of native (Limnodynastes ornatus) and non-native (Bufo marinus) anurans. Our aims were to determine (1) whether the susceptibility of anurans to predation by G. a. holbrooki changes during larval development, and (2) the potential for G. a. holbrooki as a predator of the introduced toad B. marinus. Gambusia were significant predators of all aquatic life-history stages of L. ornatus, but were significant predators of B. marinus only at the hatchling stage. When offered both species simultaneously, Gambusia consumed tadpoles of L. ornatus but avoided those of B. marinus. The differences between the responses of Gambusia to L. ornatus and B. marinus are probably due to differences in palatability and toxicity of eggs, hatchlings and tadpoles of these species. The results indicate that G. a. holbrooki is unlikely to significantly affect larval populations of B. marinus via predation. However, Gambusia has the potential to significantly affect larval populations of L. ornatus in natural water bodies where these species co-occur.

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6

Fairfax, R., R. Fensham, R. Wager, S. Brooks, A. Webb, and P. Unmack. "Recovery of the red-finned blue-eye: an endangered fish from springs of the Great Artesian Basin." Wildlife Research 34, no. 2 (2007): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06086.

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The red-finned blue-eye (Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis) is endemic to a single complex of springs emanating from the Great Artesian Basin, Australia. The species has been recorded as naturally occurring in eight separate very shallow (generally <20 mm) springs, with a combined wetland area of ~0.3 ha. Since its discovery in 1990, five red-finned blue-eye (RFBE) populations have been lost and subsequent colonisation has occurred in two spring wetlands. Current population size is estimated at <3000 individuals. Artesian bores have reduced aquifer pressure, standing water levels and spring-flows in the district. There is evidence of spatial separation within the spring pools where RFBE and the introduced fish gambusia (Gambusia holbrooki) co-occur, although both species are forced together when seasonal extremes affect spring size and water temperature. Gambusia was present in four of the five springs where RFBE populations have been lost. Four out of the five remaining subpopulations of RFBE are Gambusia free. Circumstantial evidence suggests that gambusia is a major threat to red-finned blue-eyes. The impact of Gambusia is probably exacerbated by domestic stock (cattle and sheep), feral goats and pigs that utilise the springs and can negatively affect water quality and flow patterns. Three attempts to translocate RFBE to apparently suitable springs elsewhere within the complex have failed. Opportunities to mitigate threats are discussed, along with directions for future research to improve management of this extremely threatened fish and habitat.

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7

Hinchliffe, Charles, Trisha Atwood, Quinn Ollivier, and Edd Hammill. "Presence of invasive Gambusia alters ecological communities and the functions they perform in lentic ecosystems." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 10 (2017): 1867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf16301.

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By acting as novel competitors and predators, a single invasive species can detrimentally affect multiple native species in different trophic levels. Although quantifying invasive effects through single-species interactions is important, understanding their effect on ecosystems as a whole is vital to enable effective protection and management. This is particularly true in freshwater ecosystems, where invasive species constitute the single greatest threat to biodiversity. Poeciliid fishes of the genus Gambusia are among the most widespread invasive species on earth. In the present study of lentic ecosystems (i.e. lakes), we first showed that Gambusia alter zooplankton community composition and size distribution, likely through size-selective predation. Second, we demonstrate that benthic macroinvertebrate communities significantly differ between sites with and without invasive Gambusia. The presence of Gambusia appears to reduce leaf-litter decomposition rates, which is likely an indirect effect of reductions in detritivore abundances. Reductions in decomposition rates found in the present study suggest that through trophic cascades, invasive Gambusia is able to indirectly alter ecosystem functions. The study has highlighted that the widespread effects of invasive aquatic species are able to permeate through entire ecosystems, being more pervasive than previously recognised.

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8

Why, Adena M., and William E. Walton. "Oviposition Behavior of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) Responding to Semiochemicals Associated with the Western Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis (Cyprinodontiformes: Poecilliidae)." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 2 (November 19, 2019): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz204.

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Abstract Considerable previous research has focused on predator-associated semiochemicals and how they affect mosquito oviposition behavior. However, most of this work has been done without taking into consideration either the natural density of the predators or how other semiochemicals in aquatic environments might affect the responses of gravid mosquitoes. The influence of mosquitofish density, source water (tap vs pond), presence of freshly laid egg rafts, and removal of a putative source of semiochemicals (bacteria) on oviposition by Culex tarsalis Coquillett (Diptera: Culicidae) was studied in laboratory bioassays. Culex tarsalis females were deterred from laying egg rafts on water that contained semiochemicals associated with Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard), but this deterrence was not strongly associated with the density of fish used to condition aged tap water. The number of egg rafts laid onto Gambusia-exudate water made with either tap water (density < 1 fish per liter) or pond water was typically ≥ 50% of that onto water that did not house mosquitofish. Gravid mosquitoes tested individually did not reduce oviposition onto Gambusia-exudate water as compared to controls. Likewise, oviposition by females with ablated wings did not differ significantly between Gambusia-exudate water and controls. Oviposition onto filter-sterilized Gambusia-exudate water was reduced relative to unfiltered water, suggesting that semiochemicals deterring egg-laying were still present after bacteria were removed. Taken together, these findings suggest that the responses of gravid Cx. tarsalis to chemicals from habitats containing mosquitofish are complex and the origin of the semiochemicals present in the Gambusia-exudate water needs to be elucidated.

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9

Ho, Susie S., Nick R. Bond, and P. Sam Lake. "Comparing food-web impacts of a native invertebrate and an invasive fish as predators in small floodplain wetlands." Marine and Freshwater Research 62, no. 4 (2011): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf10222.

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Gambusia holbrooki is an invasive predatory poeciliid fish in wetlands of south-eastern Australia, where it coexists with the native waterbug Anisops thienemanni (Notonectidae). Gambusia has been shown to produce trophic cascades, leading to increased algal biomass following invasion, whereas these effects relative to the often-dominant invertebrate predator Anisops are unknown. Given its flexible diet, we predicted that Gambusia would feed more broadly than Anisops, thereby reducing the abundance of zooplankton grazers, and increasing chlorophyll a. We tested this hypothesis in experimental 110-L wetland mesocosms, using Gambusia and Anisops alone and in combination, in addition to no-predator treatments. We ran two experiments lasting 91 and 35 days, respectively. Both fish and macroinvertebrates generated weak trophic cascades, resulting in minor increases in chlorophyll a above concentrations in control treatments. Gambusia, in lowering total zooplankton abundances, triggered a larger, although still relatively small, algal response relative to Anisops. Impacts of both predators on dominant invertebrate grazers (e.g. Simocephalus spp., copepod nauplii) were similar, although Anisops was associated with an increase in ostracod (Newnhamia sp.) numbers. The similar trophic role of the two predators on algae was unexpected, given their different effects on planktonic communities and their very different taxonomic positions and zoogeographic origins.

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10

Sanchez, Jessica L., Stacy B. Stoops, Nathan L. Allan, James C. Cureton, Gary P. Garrett, Christopher W. Kroll, Richard H. Lewis, Edie Marsh-Matthews, Janalyn West, and Raelynn Deaton. "Current Distribution of the Introduced Largespring Gambusia,Gambusia geiseri, In Texas." Southwestern Naturalist 58, no. 4 (December 2013): 497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909-58.4.497.

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11

Leiser, John K., Kimberly Little, and Murray Itzkowitz. "Mate Sampling in a Natural Population of Pecos Gambusia,Gambusia nobilis." Western North American Naturalist 70, no. 4 (January 2011): 483–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3398/064.070.0408.

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12

Walton, William E. "LARVIVOROUS FISH INCLUDING GAMBUSIA." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 23, sp2 (July 2007): 184–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/8756-971x(2007)23[184:lfig]2.0.co;2.

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13

Hubbs, Clark, and Doyle T. Mosier. "Fecundity of Gambusia gaigei." Copeia 1985, no. 4 (December 10, 1985): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1445264.

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14

Hubbs, Clark. "Intrageneric "Cannibalism" in Gambusia." Southwestern Naturalist 36, no. 2 (June 1991): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3671915.

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15

Adam, Moh Awaludin, Ach Khumaidi, Ramli, Ira Mei Widiastuti, Ernawati, Era Insivitawati, and Agoes Soegianto. "Detoxification mechanisms in oxidative stress and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in gills of gambusia fish (Gambusia affinis) exposed to Cadmium." E3S Web of Conferences 322 (2021): 01025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132201025.

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This research aims to measure and analyze oxidative stress and ROS, aside from analyzing the detoxification mechanism in the gill of gambusia fish exposed to Cd. During maintenance and acclimatization, fish were fed pellets with smooth water circulation. After seven days of acclimation, the test fish were then transferred to a 4-liter aquarium. Before treatment, fish are fasted for 24 hours to ensure the stomach is empty. The study used 5 treatment groups with 1 control (C), treatment A: 0.03; B: 0.015; C: 0.011; D: 0.007; E: 0.003 (mg/L). The results showed a significant difference between the treatment and control groups (p <0.05). Treatments A and B were showed the highest reactive levels. Stress caused by Cd can increase ROS activity in the gill of gambusia fish. The production of ROS and the exposure to Cd stressors trigger the production of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). This study concludes that exposure to Cd in juvenile gambusia fish causes oxidative stress through increased antioxidant enzymes and ROS. Analysis related to the mechanism of detoxification of heavy metals in the body of juvenile gambusia fish.

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16

Watters, Amanda M., Freya E. Rowland, and Raymond D. Semlitsch. "Larval salamanders are as effective at short-term mosquito predation as mosquitofish." Canadian Journal of Zoology 96, no. 10 (October 2018): 1165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2017-0267.

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Biological control of mosquitoes can have unintended ecological consequences. One example is the introduction of the genus Gambusia Poey, 1854 into ponds and wetlands. Gambusia spp. are invasive in many parts of the world and have the potential to alter ecosystems by changing trophic interactions and extirpating amphibians. We sought to determine whether larval amphibians are capable of consuming larval mosquitoes as effectively as Gambusia spp. We tested the predation ability of larval Spotted Salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw, 1802); n = 13), Southern Leopard Frog (Rana sphenocephala Cope, 1886; n = 12) tadpoles, and western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard, 1853); n = 13) across a range of body sizes in laboratory experiments. Our results showed that over a 24 h period, salamander larvae (mean ± SE; 238 ± 14) and mosquitofish (195 ± 17) consumed a statistically equivalent number of mosquito larvae, whereas tadpoles consumed a large number (113 ± 14) but significantly less. All species had significant (or marginally significant) positive relationships between body size and rate of mosquito consumption. Further studies into the ability of native larval amphibians to consume mosquito larvae are needed to assess whether amphibians can be successful at mosquito control instead of introducing nonnative species to new areas.

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17

Kerezsy, Adam, and Rod Fensham. "Conservation of the endangered red-finned blue-eye, Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis, and control of alien eastern gambusia, Gambusia holbrooki, in a spring wetland complex." Marine and Freshwater Research 64, no. 9 (2013): 851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12236.

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The red-finned blue-eye is the only pseudomugilid fish known from inland Australia and it is found only within an isolated cluster of Great Artesian Basin springs on Edgbaston Reserve in central-western Queensland. Surveys conducted in early 2009 revealed that red-finned blue-eye was present in four individual springs and that invasion of the spring complex by alien eastern gambusia was the most likely factor contributing to local extirpations. A three-year project commenced in the same year, with the twin aims of investigating methods for removing gambusia from springs and relocating small populations of red-finned blue-eye to fish-free springs. Gambusia removal with rotenone has been successful in a trial spring at Edgbaston and aquatic invertebrates have not been adversely affected. From a total of seven relocation events conducted in the same period, red-finned blue-eye populations have persisted in three. The results indicate that gambusia removal and red-finned blue-eye relocation are both suitable methods for red-finned blue-eye conservation, and as the fish is both endangered and declining, these methods and other strategies such as captive breeding should be implemented to prevent species extinction.

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18

Yuliana, I Gusti Ngurah Putu Utama, and Moh Awaluddin Adam. "Acute Lethal Toxicity Test of Cd2 + Against Gambusia (Gambusia affinis) and Influence on Protease Activity." Samakia : Jurnal Ilmu Perikanan 11, no. 1 (April 11, 2020): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35316/jsapi.v11i1.707.

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Cadmium the form of undamaged elements but can change shape to different compounds. The low concentrations of toxic cadmium for all life, including plants, fish, birds, mammals (including humans), and microorganisms. The purpose of this research is to know the value of LC50-96 hours Cd2+ on test biota. The test biota was Gambusia fish (Gambusia affinis), the test biota can represented the actual state of the environment. The study was divided into two stages, namely preliminary test and acute lethal toxicity (LC50-96 hours), each treatment repeated three times. Acute lethal toxicity test data were analyzed probit. The results showed that the value of LC50-96 hours Cd2+ to fish gambusia was 0.03 ppm. While in the protease activity of cadmium exposed preliminary fish increased activity from the control fish.

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19

Noggle, Jessica J., Timothy S. Gross, and Stewart E. Holm. "Masculinization of Eastern Mosquitofish (Gambusia) and Exposure to Pulp and Paper Discharge: Diminished Responses Following Mill Process Modifications." Water Quality Research Journal 45, no. 2 (May 1, 2010): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2010.018.

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Abstract The abnormal induction of anal fin elongation (masculinization) in female Gambusia was first reported in the 1980s for Florida streams receiving pulp and paper effluents. Although these early reports indicated masculinization responses that were similar to the complete development of a gonopodium (male secondary sex structure), additional evaluations throughout the 1990s demonstrated significant reductions in this response. These historic data suggested that mill process modifications may have been responsible for the reduced masculinization responses. The objective of the current study was to utilize Georgia Pacifics Palatka Mill to monitor a series of mill process modifications and their effects on masculinization responses in Mosquitofish (Gambusia). Gambusia were collected from upstream, discharge, and downstream sites in the Palatka Mill receiving stream (Rice Creek) and masculinization was evaluated. Collections were conducted annually during 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, and 2009, before and after a series of modifications which included: conversion to elemental chlorine free bleaching, conversion of secondary treatment to aerobic degradation, reduction of in-mill black liquor losses, addition of condensate stripping, reduction in water usage from 136 to 83 million litres per day (36 to 22 million gallons per day), installation of new brown stock washers, and oxygen delignification. Masculinization responses were evaluated using the anal fin index (ratio or anal fin rays 4 and 6). Reductions in this masculinization response were observed gradually across 1999 through 2009, with an absence of response in female Gambusia during 2004, 2006, and 2008 to 2009. These data indicate that pulp and paper mill upgrades and process modifications have resulted in the elimination of this biological response in Gambusia.

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Craig, Cody A., Jeremy D. Maikoetter, and Timothy H. Bonner. "Temperature-mediated feeding between spring-associated and riverine-associated congeners, with implications for community segregation." PeerJ 6 (January 4, 2019): e6144. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6144.

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Freshwater fish communities segregate along water temperature gradients attributed in part to temperature-mediated physiological processes that affect species fitness. In spring complexes of southwest USA, spring complexes with narrow range of water temperatures are dominated by a community of fishes (i.e., spring-associated fishes), whereas riverine habitats with wide-range of water temperatures are dominated by a different community of fishes (i.e., riverine-associated fishes). The purpose of this study was to test a prediction of the concept that temperature-mediated species performance is a mechanism in maintaining community segregation. We predicted that a spring-associated fish (Largespring Gambusia Gambusia geiseri) would feed first and more often in a pairing with a riverine-associated fish (Western Mosquitofish G. affinis) at an average spring temperature (23 °C) and that the riverine-associated fish would feed first and more often in a pairing with the spring-associated fish at a warm riverine temperature (30 °C). Among four trails consisting of 30 pairings, at the spring complex temperature (23 °C), Largespring Gambusia had a greater number of first feeds (mean ± 1 SD, 5.0 ± 0.82) than Western Mosquitofish (2.5 ± 1.73) and had greater mean number of total feeds (1.9 ± 0.31) than Western Mosquitofish (0.81 ± 0.70). At the riverine environment temperature (30 °C), Western Mosquitofish had a greater number of first feeds (5.25 ± 1.71) than Largespring Gambusia (2.5 ± 1.73) and had greater mean number of total feeds (2.78 ± 1.05) than Largespring Gambusia (0.94 ± 0.68). Our findings suggest that temperature-mediated species performance could be maintaining segregation between the two fish communities. This study benefits our understanding of distributional patterns and improves threat assessments of stenothermal aquatic organisms.

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21

Hopkins, Alyssa, and Astrid Kodric-Brown. "Life history of Gambusia nobilis (Pecos Gambusia) from Bitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge." Environmental Biology of Fishes 98, no. 7 (February 21, 2015): 1833–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10641-015-0401-9.

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22

Wooten, Michael C., and Charles Lydeard. "Allozyme variation in a natural contact zone between Gambusia affinis and Gambusia holbrooki." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 18, no. 2-3 (June 1990): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(90)90054-j.

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Vуsotska, Olena, Konstantin Nosov, Igor Hnoevyi, Andrii Porvan, Lyubov Rysovana, Alexandr Dovnar, Mikhail Babakov, and Marharyta Kalenichenko. "Image processing procedure for remote recording of the Gambusia sp. introduced into a water for anti-malaria." Technology audit and production reserves 1, no. 2(63) (January 17, 2022): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2022.252297.

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The object of research is the procedure for processing digital images for remote registration of Gambusia sp., introduced into water bodies to combat malaria, which threatens not only the African region, but also other latitudes of the world. One of the most problematic areas of research is the elimination of the masking effect of a biological object under conditions of interference (for example, water turbidity) that make it difficult to recognize Gambusia sp. on digital images taken from aboard light drones. In the course of the study, approaches were used that allow dividing a digital image into segments and sub-segments, followed by determining the ratio of the colorimetric parameters of the RGB model of the bottom section. Dispersion and correlation analysis of mean values and mean square deviation values of the RGB model parameters were used. The standard deviation was considered as the degree of diversity of colorimetric parameters in the color of a biological object. The proposed procedure made it possible to reveal a moderate negative correlation between the predominance of green and yellow-orange-red phytopigments in the dynamics of the Margalef model of phytocenosis succession in the places of introduction and habitation of Gambusia sp. This is due to the fact that the shielding of phytocenosis areas by Gambusia sp. is reflected in the nature of the relationship of the colorimetric parameters of the RGB model of the bottom area, namely, they affect the correlation between the average values of the parameters G/(R+G+B) and R/G or between the mean value and the standard deviation of the parameter G/(R+G+B). This makes it possible to use Gambusia sp. in regions affected by malaria, a wide range of light drones with remote photofixation of relatively low quality. The implementation of these possibilities will require much less material costs and a small number of personnel than underwater video filming and other known methods for studying the ichthyofauna of small water bodies in conditions of interference. It is about the registration of the results of the introduction of Gambusia sp. in such water bodies to fight malaria.

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Gumm, Jennifer M., Jennifer L. Snekser, and Murray Itzkowitz. "Conservation and conflict between endangered desert fishes." Biology Letters 4, no. 6 (October 7, 2008): 655–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0506.

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Conservation of naturally sympatric endangered species requires unique considerations. While impacts of invasive species garner much attention, interactions between endangered species must also be managed. The endangered Leon Springs pupfish, Cyprinodon bovinus , has suffered a population decline due to decreasing natural habitat. As breeding habitat is lost, C. bovinus is also adversely affected by the sympatric, endangered Pecos gambusia, Gambusia nobilis . Here, we document interactions between these species, finding significantly more G. nobilis accumulated at pupfish spawning events than randomly distributed on breeding grounds in the absence of spawning. As a known egg predator, our results suggest that G. nobilis presence at spawnings may further decrease pupfish numbers while also altering the evolutionary dynamics of C. bovinus breeding tactics. Habitat restoration may decrease Gambusia concentrations or influence C. bovinus breeding behaviour and increase the number of territorial males resulting in viable population sizes for both critically endangered fishes.

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Langerhans, R. Brian, Matthew E. Gifford, and Everton O. Joseph. "ECOLOGICAL SPECIATION IN GAMBUSIA FISHES." Evolution 61, no. 9 (September 2007): 2056–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00171.x.

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26

ECHELLE, ALICE F., ANTHONY A. ECHELLE, and DAVID R. EDDS. "Conservation Genetics of a Spring-dwelling Desert Fish, the Pecos Gambusia (Gambusia nobilis, Poeciliidae)." Conservation Biology 3, no. 2 (June 1989): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1989.tb00068.x.

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27

Adam, M. A., Maftuch, Y. Kilawati, A. Soegianto, and Y. Risjani. "The effects of acute exposure to cadmium nitrate (CdNO3) on gambusia fish (Gambusia affinis)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 259 (May 13, 2019): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/259/1/012004.

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28

Van, H. Y. "Report of a naturally masculinized female of the Clear Creek gambusia, Gambusia heterochir Hubbs." Journal of Fish Biology 28, no. 1 (January 1986): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1986.tb05141.x.

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29

Gao, Jiancao, Francesco Santi, Linjun Zhou, Xiaoqin Wang, Rüdiger Riesch, and Martin Plath. "Geographical and temporal variation of multiple paternity in invasive mosquitofish ( Gambusia holbrooki , Gambusia affinis )." Molecular Ecology 28, no. 24 (November 22, 2019): 5315–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.15294.

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30

Vázquez-Euán, Roberto, Karla S. Escalante-Herrera, and Gabriela Rodríguez-Fuentes. "Partial Gene Sequencing of CYP1A, Vitellogenin, and Metallothionein in Mosquitofish Gambusia yucatana and Gambusia sexradiata." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 98, no. 1 (December 2, 2016): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-016-1994-1.

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31

Hubbs, Clark, Gerard Hoddenbach, and C. Mike Fleming. "An Enigmatic Population of Gambusia gaigei." Southwestern Naturalist 31, no. 1 (March 31, 1986): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3670976.

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32

Ahmad, Mohammad H. "Evaluation of Gambusia, Gambusia affinis, Fish Meal in Practical Diets for Fry Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus." Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 39, no. 2 (April 2008): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2008.00154.x.

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33

Abney, Michael A., and Chet F. Rakocinski. "Life-History Variation in Caribbean gambusia, Gambusia puncticulata puncticulata (Poeciliidae) from the Cayman Islands, British West Indies." Environmental Biology of Fishes 70, no. 1 (May 2004): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:ebfi.0000022854.58506.8d.

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34

Crowl, Todd A., and James E. Alexander Jr. "Parental care and foraging ability in male water bugs (Belostoma flumineum)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 513–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-074.

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The predatory water bug Belostoma flumineum is one well-known insect example of male parental care. Male water bugs, while brooding eggs, may suffer several potential costs. These include the following: energetic costs, increased vulnerability to predation, and decreased foraging ability. We conducted investigations to determine whether encumbered males exhibited decreased foraging ability on two different prey types: fast moving fish (Gambusia affinis) and slower moving snails (Physella virgata virgata). Encumbered males encountered and captured snails at the same rate as did unencumbered males and females; however, encumbered males were less likely to encounter and capture the more mobile Gambusia than were unencumbered males and females. These results demonstrate that the magnitude of parental care costs in Belostoma depends in part on the relative abundance of sessile and mobile prey.

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35

Snelson, Franklin F., Richard E. Smith, and M. Rebecca Bolt. "A Melanistic Female Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis holbrooki." American Midland Naturalist 115, no. 2 (April 1986): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2425877.

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36

Langerhans, R. Brian, Craig A. Layman, A. Mona Shokrollahi, and Thomas J. DeWitt. "PREDATOR-DRIVEN PHENOTYPIC DIVERSIFICATION IN GAMBUSIA AFFINIS." Evolution 58, no. 10 (2004): 2305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1554/04-127.

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Langerhans, R. Brian, Craig A. Layman, A. Mona Shokrollahi, and Thomas J. DeWitt. "PREDATOR-DRIVEN PHENOTYPIC DIVERSIFICATION IN GAMBUSIA AFFINIS." Evolution 58, no. 10 (October 2004): 2305–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb01605.x.

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38

Yan, H. Y. "Size at maturity in male Gambusia heterochir." Journal of Fish Biology 30, no. 6 (June 1987): 731–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1987.tb05802.x.

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39

Hertika, Asus Maizar Suryanto, Diana Arfiati, Evellin Dewi Lusiana, and Renanda B. D. S. Putra. "Effect of environmental factors on blood counts of Gambusia affinis caught at Brantas River watershed, Indonesia." F1000Research 10 (March 23, 2022): 1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.74117.2.

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Background: Contamination of freshwater ecosystems has become a major issue as it threatens public water sources as well as aquatic life. It is important to predict changes in organism health, given a known number of environmental factors and pollutant concentrations, in order to better manage contaminants through biomarker analysis. This study aims to examine the ecosystem health of the Brantas River based on its environmental condition and the hematology profile of Gambusia affinis fish present in the river. This species was chosen because of its wide distribution along the Brantas River, and because it is very tolerant, adaptable, highly abundant, and easy to catch. Methods: The study area included 10 sampling sites along the Brantas River watershed. In total, six water quality parameters were observed (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), ammonia concentration, and phenol concentration) and hematology measurements consisted of erythrocyte, leucocyte, and micronuclei analyses. Results: The results showed that the upstream area of Brantas River, located in Batu, was the least polluted region, while Mojokerto was the most polluted. The erythrocyte level of Gambusia affinis caught in most sampling sites was quite low. Furthermore, research revealed that the status of Gambusia affinis' hematological profile was significantly correlated (p<0.05) with water quality parameters, particularly DO, BOD, ammonia, and phenol. Conclusions: It can be concluded from these results that the hematological profile of the fish is poor due to high levels of organic waste and harmful substances.

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Hertika, Asus Maizar Suryanto, Diana Arfiati, Evellin Dewi Lusiana, and Renanda B. D. S. Putra. "Effect of environmental factors on hematology profile of Gambusia affinis caught at Brantas River watershed, Indonesia." F1000Research 10 (November 17, 2021): 1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.74117.1.

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Background: Contamination of freshwater ecosystems has become a major issue as it threatens public water sources as well as aquatic life. It is important to predict changes in organism health, given a known number of environmental factors and pollutant concentrations, in order to better manage contaminants through biomarker analysis. This study aims to examine the ecosystem health of the Brantas River based on its environmental condition and the hematology profile of Gambusia affinis fish present in the river. This species was chosen because of its wide distribution along the Brantas River, and because it is very tolerant, adaptable, highly abundant, and easy to catch. Methods: The study area included 10 sampling sites along the Brantas River watershed. In total, six water quality parameters were observed (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), ammonia concentration, and phenol concentration) and hematology measurements consisted of erythrocyte, leucocyte, and micronuclei analyses. Results: The results showed that the upstream area of Brantas River, located in Batu, was the least polluted region, while Mojokerto was the most polluted. The erythrocyte level of Gambusia affinis caught in most sampling sites was quite low. Furthermore, research revealed that the status of Gambusia affinis' hematological profile was significantly correlated (p<0.05) with water quality parameters, particularly DO, BOD, ammonia, and phenol. Conclusions: It can be concluded from these results that the hematological profile of the fish is poor due to high levels of organic waste and harmful substances.

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Ayres, Renae M., Vincent J. Pettigrove, and Ary A. Hoffmann. "Genetic structure and diversity of introduced eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) in south-eastern Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 63, no. 12 (2012): 1206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf11279.

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The closely related eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) and western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) have been introduced into many countries and collectively represent the most widely distributed freshwater fish in the world. We investigated genetic patterns associated with the spread of G. holbrooki in its introduced range in south-eastern Australia, by sampling 60 G. holbrooki populations (n = 1771) from major regions where G. holbrooki was initially introduced into Australia, and characterising the genetic diversity and population structure of G. holbrooki, using five polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci and sequences from two mitochondrial genetic markers. Results were compared with published data on American and European Gambusia samples and historical records. Low microsatellite diversity and strong population genetic structuring were found within G. holbrooki in south-eastern Australia. Observed heterozygosity and allelic richness declined regionally in the order Sydney, Brisbane, Canberra, Melbourne and Adelaide. Microsatellite variation in Australia was reduced compared with native populations. Two mitochondrial DNA haplotypes of G. holbrooki were found; one was common, whereas the other was detected in one Sydney population and one Melbourne population. Cytochrome b sequence diversity was reduced compared with native and European ranges, and sequences were identical to two haplotypes previously identified. Microsatellite diversity of G. holbrooki in south-eastern Australia validates historical records of its spread, beginning north and moving south. Mitochondrial sequencing confirms that G. holbrooki is present in Australia, but the origins of Australian G. holbrooki populations remain unclear.

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Paciorek, Timothy, Layla Al-SHAER, and Murray Itzkowitz. "How territoriality affects the density of an egg predator: Habitat renovation and reintroduction as a method of conserving two endangered desert spring fish." Current Zoology 60, no. 4 (August 1, 2014): 527–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.4.527.

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Abstract Conservation of endangered sympatric species must be carefully executed to ensure that the protection of one species does not negatively impact the survival of another. Critically endangered Pecos gambusia Gambusia nobilis and Leon Springs pupfish Cyprinodon bovinus, which are endemic to a threatened desert spring habitat, exemplify one such scenario. Recently, this habitat has been expanded, and captively bred C. bovinus were released to repopulate an area historically known to contain this species. A previous study suggested that G. nobilis are detrimental to C. bovinus populations, due to their tendency to congregate near spawning pairs and feed on their eggs. Whether G. nobilis are attracted to territorial C. bovinus, regardless of spawning behavior, remains unclear. To determine this, the number of G. nobilis in occupied and unoccupied breeding territories of both wild and captively bred C. bovinus was measured. Gambusia nobilis densities were similar between unoccupied and occupied territorial sites, suggesting that they do not show a preference for C. bovinus territories. Regardless of habitat location or prior captivity, territorial C. bovinus significantly excluded G. nobilis within their direct vicinity (5 cm), but not from their entire territory. Decreased G. nobilis density within the habitat may allow C. bovinus to defend their breeding territories more readily during the summer spawning season. This study provides empirical evidence of captively raised individuals behaving similarly to wild individuals upon reintroduction to their natural habitat and support for conservation methods that focus on common limiting factors between endangered species [Current Zoology 60 (4): 527–533, 2014].

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Lewis, Richard H., Nathan L. Allan, Stacy B. Stoops, Gary P. Garrett, Christopher W. Kroll, Janalyn West, and Raelynn Deaton. "Status of the Endangered Pecos Gambusia (Gambusia nobilis) and Comanche Springs Pupfish (Cyprinodon elegans) in Phantom Lake Spring, Texas." Southwestern Naturalist 58, no. 2 (June 2013): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909-58.2.234.

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44

Hubbs, Clark. "Survival of Gambusia affinis in a Hostile Environment." Southwestern Naturalist 45, no. 4 (December 2000): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3672601.

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45

Bisazza, Angelo, Andrea Marconato, and Guglielmo Marin. "Male Mate Preferences in the Mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki." Ethology 83, no. 4 (April 26, 2010): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1989.tb00541.x.

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46

Tolar, Joseph F., Amy R. Mehollin, R. Douglas Watson, and Robert A. Angus. "Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) vitellogenin: identification, purification, and immunoassay." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 128, no. 2 (February 2001): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1532-0456(00)00194-0.

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47

Ward, Ashley J. W. "Social facilitation of exploration in mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki)." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 66, no. 2 (October 18, 2011): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-011-1270-7.

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48

Echelle, Anthony A., Michael R. Schwemm, Alice F. Echelle, Wade D. Wilson, and Thomas T. Turner. "NATIVE-NONNATIVE STATUS OF GAMBUSIA GEISERI (POECILIIDAE) IN WEST TEXAS WITH ASSESSMENT OF A MISSING MITOCHONDRIAL ANCESTOR OF GAMBUSIA SPECIOSA." Southwestern Naturalist 63, no. 3 (August 2, 2019): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909-63-3-161.

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49

Kerezsy, Adam. "Development of a technique for quarantining Great Artesian Basin springs from colonisation by the invasive fish Eastern Gambusia (Gambusia holbrooki)." Ecological Management & Restoration 16, no. 3 (September 2015): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/emr.12174.

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50

Martin, Shannon B., and Paul L. Leberg. "Influence of environmental stress on age- and size-at-maturity: genetic and plastic responses of coastal marsh fishes to changing salinities." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68, no. 12 (December 2011): 2121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2011-119.

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As sea levels rise, salt water will intrude into freshwater coastal habitats with greater frequency and stress resident organisms inducing physiological trade-offs that influence life history tactics. Western mosquitofish ( Gambusia affinis ) and least killifish ( Heterandria formosa ), collected along a salinity gradient and maintained in a common freshwater environment for two years (≥4 generations), were used to examine historical (genetic effects) and contemporary environmental effects of salinity on age- and size-at-maturity. There was phenotypic plasticity for sexual maturation and genetic variance among source populations for size-at-maturity, but no genetic variance for plasticity itself as indicated by the lack of genetic-by-environment interactions. Gambusia affinis males and H. formosa females exhibited stress by maturing at smaller sizes and older ages in response to being reared in 0 and 12 ppt, respectively. Our results suggest that habitats in which these fishes are most abundant do not correspond to the salinities at which they can rapidly mature at larger sizes, indicating that other environmental factors are also influential to their distribution and abundance along salinity gradients.

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