Journal articles: 'Galvanic elements'

1

Petrov, L. N. "Galvanic elements in corrosion cracks." Soviet Materials Science 25, no. 1 (1989): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00727917.

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Fritz, Heinz P., Klaus Stein, and Rudolf Herr. "A new type of electrolyte for galvanic elements." Journal of Power Sources 37, no. 3 (February 1992): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(92)85015-3.

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Petrov, L. N., V. G. Zakharchuk, K. Sulek, and B. Szczegelnjak. "On concentration galvanic elements in corrosion-mechanical cracks." Materials Science 35, no. 2 (March 1999): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02359984.

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Pierozynski, Boguslaw, and Henryk Bialy. "Galvanic coupling effects for module-mounting elements of ground-mounted photovoltaic power station." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjct-2017-0063.

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Abstract This communication reports on the concerns associated with possible generation of galvanic coupling effects for construction materials that are used to manufacture mounting assemblies for ground-mounted photovoltaic (PV) power stations. For this purpose, six macro-corrosion galvanic cells were assembled, including: hot-dip Zn/Magnelis®-coated steel/Al and stainless steel (SS)/Al cells. Corrosion experiments involved continuous, ca. three-month exposure of these couplings in 3 wt.% NaCl solution, conducted at room temperature for a stable pH value of around 8. All corrosion cells were subjected to regular assessment of galvanic current-density and potential parameters, where special consideration was given to compare the corrosion behaviour of Zn-coated steel samples with that of Magnelis®-coated electrodes. Characterization of surface condition and elemental composition for examined materials was carried-out by means of SEM and EDX spectroscopy techniques.

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Sriyono, Sriyono, Rahayu Kusumastuti, Sofia Loren Butarbutar, Abdul Hafid, Geni Rina Sunaryo, Diyah E. Lestari, and Elisabeth Ratnawati. "THE DEBRIS PARTICLES ANALYSIS OF RSG GAS COOLANT TO ANTICIPATE SEDIMENT INDUCED CORROSION." Jurnal Pengembangan Energi Nuklir 18, no. 1 (October 20, 2016): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/jpen.2016.18.1.2675.

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THE DEBRIS PARTICLES ANALYSIS OF RSG-GAS COOLANT TO ANTICIPATE SEDIMENT-INDUCED CORROSION. The reliability of the structures, systems and components (SSC) of the G.A. Siwabessy Multipurpose Research Reactor (RSG-GAS) should be maintained to keep the reactor operates safely. Chemical control and management of coolant is one factor which determines the SSC’s reliability. The debris sedimentation in the primary coolant system must be examined. Debris occurs in the reactor pool, originating from airborne dust from the engineering hall. Several elements contained by the sediment can induce corrosion. This research was conducted to identify the trace elements which were contained in the sediments and determine their concentrations. The objective was to anticipate the occurrence of galvanic and pitting corrosion due to the presence of elements which are more noble than aluminum. The measurement methodology is Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA). Two groups of samples were analyzed; the first group was sampled from the debris trapped in the mechanical filter after the resin column, or known as the resin trap, and second was sampled from the debris which adhered to the heat exchanger tube. The primary coolant debris analysis showed that the neutron-activated sediment contained Na-24, Na-25, Al-28, Mg-27, Cr-51, Mn-54, Mn-56, Co-58, Co-60, Ni-65, and Fe-59. The Mn, Cr, Co, Ni, and Fe are more noble than aluminum can induce galvanic corrosion while Na, Ba, Al, and Mg are not. The radionuclides contained by the result of neutron activation of sediment from the heat exchanger tube are Mn-56, Na-24, As-76, Br-82, Fe-59, Zn-65, Cr-51, La-140, and Sc-46 which are mostly carbon steel corrosion products. Those elements do not initiate galvanic corrosion. The prevention of galvanic corrosion can be done by periodic maintenance.Key Words : sediment, debris, corrosion, galvanic, pitting, RSG Gas

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Savin, Cristian, Carmen Nejneru, Manuela Cristina Perju, Costica Bejinariu, Diana Burduhos-Nergis, and Andrei Victor Sandu. "Galvanic Corrosion of Ductile Cast Iron Coupled with Different Alloys in Synthetic Domestic Waste Water." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 2 (March 15, 2019): 506–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.2.6945.

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Waste water is an aggressive environment for transport pumps to treatment plants. The pumps used are generally, immersion pumps and are made of various elements like, rotor, stator, housing, screws, flanges, springs, seals, etc. The construction elements of the pumps are made of various metallic materials, such as nodular cast iron, gray cast iron, low alloy steel, stainless steel, aluminum, bronze, brass, copper, etc. When immersed in waste water, the metals form galvanic series. The paper presents the galvanic corrosion analysis of the above-mentioned metals in case the corrosive environment is waste water with various compositions.

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de Oliveira, Cícero Lucas Martins, Francisco José de Paula Filho, João Victor Barbosa Moura, Daniel Muller G. Freitas, and Marcelo Oliveira Santiago. "Characterization of Galvanic Sludges Waste Derived of the Metal Plating Industry from Cariri Region, Northeastern of Brazil." Materials Science Forum 930 (September 2018): 541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.930.541.

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In this study, galvanic sludge waste (GSW) was characterized in order to identify its chemical and structural properties, allowing indicate reuse, treatment and final disposal methods, and evaluate the environmental hazards. The characterization of the galvanic sludge sample originating from a surface treatment plant from galvanic industries of semi-jewels in the Cariri region, NE of Brazil was performed. The chemical characterization of the samples by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) showed that Zn and Cu are the predominant elements. However, elements like Ni, Cd, Mn, Fe, Cr and Co are present as a minority or as trace constituents. The concentrations of residues were higher, except Ni, in the LM industry (27 g Zn.kg -1, 194 g Cu.kg -1, 8 g Fe.kg-1, 538 mg Cd.kg -1, 227 mg Ni.kg -1, 73.5 mg Cr.kg1, 14 mg Co.kg-1) in relation to LJ (11 g Zn.kg-1, 3 g Fe.kg-1, 102 g Cu.kg-1, 2 g Cd.kg-1, 141 mg Ni.kg-1, 11 mg Co.kg-1), denoting that there is no uniform standard in the treatment process of the effluent from baths for Metal deposition. According to the standard procedure (Brazilian norm NBR10004/04) the elements Cd and Cr are the main constituents responsible for the classification of the residues as hazardous. The X-ray diffractogram of the dried galvanic sludge only revealed the presence of BaSO4 and CuO as crystalline phases, a result which agrees with the results from FT-IR. The results point to an attractive way of valorizing GSW avoiding the negative impact associated with its disposal in landfills.

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Дмитриков, В. П., В. В. Падалка, О. В. Проценко, and В. І. Коломєєц. "Технологія переробки відпрацьованих свинцево-кадмієвих гальванічних елементів. Повідомлення 2. Технологічна схема переробки." Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії, no. 3 (September 27, 2013): 168–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31210/visnyk2013.03.36.

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Наведено результати досліджень із реагентної переробки відпрацьованих свинцево-кадмієвих га-льванічних елементів і акумуляторів, які слугують вторинною сировиною для електротехнічної про-мисловості. Розглянуто особливості технологіч-ного проектування, екологічні й економічні аспек-ти переробки. Проаналізовані стадії переробки відпрацьованих свинцево-кадмієвих гальванічних елементів і акумуляторів. Запропонована вдоско-налена методологія і розроблена апаратурно-технологічна схема переробки. The results of researches on the reagent processing of exhaust leaden-cadmium galvanic elements and accumulators which serve as the second raw material for electrical engineering industry are produced. The features of the technological planning, ecological and economic aspects of processing, are considered. The stages of the processing of exhaust leaden-cadmium galvanic elements and accumulators are analyzed. The improved methodology is offered and the flowsheet of processing is developed.

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Dan, Zhen Hua, Feng Xiang Qin, and Nobuyoshi Hara. "The Refinement of the Nanoporous Copper by Adding Third Elements." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 1986–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.1986.

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Fine nanoporous copper was fabricated from the amorphous Ti-Cu alloys with a minor addition of silver in 10 mM HF solutions. The pore sizes decreased from 100 nm to 12 nm with the increase of the Ag contents in comparison of Ti60Cu40 ribbons free of Ag. With increasing of the dealloying time, the sizes of the nanopores and ligaments increased for the nanostrucutres on Ti60Cu38Ag2 ribbons since the segregation of the Ag phase which triggered the galvanic dissolution of the adjacent Cu matrix in form of micro-couplings to further coarsen the nanoporous Cu. On the contrary, the trace formation of the Ag phase on the Ti60Cu39Ag1 ribbons had a weak ability to motivate the galvanic dissolution, indicating by the constant pore sizes and slight decrease in the ligament sizes with the increase in the dealloying time. The refinement of the nanoporous structures was ascribed to the drastic decrease in the surface diffusivity. The decrease in the surface diffusivity due to the involvement of Ag with a lower surface diffusivity in comparison of Cu was more than one order of magnitude. The involvement of Ag adatoms restricted the diffusion of Cu adatoms in the interface regions in the inward and outward directions.

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Nemtinov, V. A., M. A. Matrokhin, Yu V. Nemtinova, and A. V. Krylov. "Improving the Design of the Device for Galvanic Coating of Small Parts of Ferrous Metals in Bulk." Vestnik Tambovskogo gosudarstvennogo tehnicheskogo universiteta 26, no. 3 (2020): 472–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/vestnik.2020.03.pp.472-482.

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The analysis of the processes of galvanic coating of ferrous metal parts is carried out. The results of the design development of an improved installation for galvanic coating of small parts of ferrous metals in bulk are presented. The technology of galvanic coating of small parts of ferrous metals in bulk is proposed, calculations are carried out to determine the dimensions of structural elements and an electronic model of the installation is developed. On the basis of the electronic model and drawings, an experimental prototype of the installation was made that implements this process. The approbation of the installation, using the example of the production of a batch of various small parts has shown its high efficiency and prospects for use for a whole class of products made of ferrous metals.

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Jeon, Soon-Hyeok, Geun Song, and Do Hur. "Micro-Galvanic Corrosion of Steam Generator Materials within Pores of Magnetite Flakes in Alkaline Solutions." Metals 8, no. 11 (November 2, 2018): 899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8110899.

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In secondary coolant system of the pressurized water reactors, the reduced corrosion products such as metallic Cu and Pb particles were accumulated in the pores of the magnetite flakes and electrically contacted to the steam generator materials. The micro-galvanic corrosion behavior of steam generator materials (steam generator tube materials: Alloy 600 and Alloy 690, steam generator tube sheet materials: SA508 Gr.3) contacted to the corrosion products (magnetite, Cu, and Pb) was investigated in an alkaline solution. The steam generator materials considered in this study were all the anodic elements of the galvanic pair because their corrosion potentials were lower than those of the corrosion products. The corrosion rate of the steam generator materials was increased by the galvanic coupling with the each corrosion products, and was more accelerated with increasing the area ratio of the corrosion products to the steam generator materials. Among the corrosion products, Cu has the largest galvanic effect on steam generator materials in the pores when area ratio of cathode to anode is 10.

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12

Redaelli, Elena, Federica Lollini, and Luca Bertolini. "Cathodic protection with localised galvanic anodes in slender carbonated concrete elements." Materials and Structures 47, no. 11 (August 1, 2013): 1839–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-013-0154-x.

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Hallopeau, Xavier, Eugène Moucadeau, Roberto Giorgini, Olivier Lesieutre, Arnaud Meillier, and Camille Annede-Villeau. "Zinc layer anode applied on reinforced concrete structures." MATEC Web of Conferences 289 (2019): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928903004.

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The application of zinc layer anode to reinforced concrete structure has been well known for many years. This galvanic cathodic protection system was specified being a corrosion control system for general steel in concrete as well as civil structures. A good way to determine the dimensioning elements of the galvanic protection system, is to carry out a pilot test being monitored in situ, and exposed under on site conditions including local concrete remediation or repair works. This paper presents an analysis of the current distribution and steel polarization data that have been collected from a car park project in the French Alps.

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Bogucki, Karol. "Corrosion Testing of Kinematic Connection Details from the Jet Engine in a Seawater Environment." Journal of KONBiN 51, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 173–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jok-2021-0012.

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Abstract Corrosion is a worldwide problem, posing a threat to the safe operation of machinery and equipment. In this article has been analyzed the problem of corrosion on selected elements of the aircraft engine. At the beginning, are discussed the types of corrosion, as well as the materials from which were made the examined parts. The sensitive kinematic vapor from the jet engine was examined in three different galvanic coatings and in the state without any anti-corrosion coating in order to check the effectiveness of galvanic coatings. The results of the NSS tests were then illustrated and discussed. On the basis of the obtained test results, were formulated final conclusions.

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Prosyanyuk, V. V., N. V. Prudnikov, I. S. Suvorov, B. Yu Parshikov, and M. V. Dyubanov. "On High-Temperature Galvanic Elements of Standby Power Supply Sources based on Energy Condensed Systems." Nano- i Mikrosistemnaya Tehnika 23, no. 3 (June 21, 2021): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17587/nmst.23.162-168.

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Study of ignition, combustion and electrochemical processes occurring in thin multilayer high-temperature galvanic elements derived from low-gas energy condensed systems was carried out. The research results made it possible to design a wide range of multifunctional standby power supply sources with improved performance, differing in application types, initiation modes, activation and operation times, overall dimensions and shape.

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Splinter, Alexandra, Jörg Stürmann, and Wolfgang Benecke. "New porous silicon formation technology using internal current generation with galvanic elements." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 92, no. 1-3 (August 2001): 394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-4247(01)00578-7.

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Ben Hamu, Guy, and Polina Metalnikov. "Development of New Wrought Mg Alloys: Improving the Corrosion Resistance by Addition of Alloying Elements." Diffusion Foundations 27 (May 2020): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.27.50.

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Magnesium (Mg) alloys constitute an attractive structural material for transportation industries, due to their low density and high strength/weight ratio. However, high susceptibility to corrosion of Mg alloys limits their use. Therefore, there is a growing interest for development of new Mg alloys with good mechanical properties and superior corrosion resistance. Production of wrought Mg alloys results in enhancement of mechanical properties, whereas addition of alloying elements may result in improved corrosion behavior. In this study we distinguish the role of aluminum, zinc, tin and calcium additions on the corrosion performance of new wrought Mg alloys. Overall, addition of alloying elements resulted in precipitation of second phase particles with cathodic behavior (relatively to Mg matrix). This enhanced the micro-galvanic effects and the corrosion resistance in short periods of immersion was deteriorated. However, in longer periods of immersion the passive characteristics of the oxide layer played a significant role in improving the alloys' corrosion resistance. The contribution of each element to the oxide layer will be discussed in detail. In general, the quantities of alloying element should be sufficient to stabilize the corrosion products layer; yet as low as possible, in order to reduce the micro-galvanic effects.

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Samarkin, Alexander, Sergey Dmitriev, Alexander Dementyev, Evgeniya Evgenyeva, and Elena Samarkina. "MODELING THE OPERATION OF A GALVANIC BATH WITH ELECTRIC HEATERS AND OPTIMIZING ITS DESIGN BASED ON NUMERICAL SIMULATION." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 3 (June 16, 2021): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2021vol3.6581.

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A model of the processes in a galvanic bath during heating is based on the finite element method. The processes of heating the air chamber and directly the reagent solution are simulated. Based on the constructed model, an automatic control system for heating elements is being developed, which provides a sufficient heating rate, a stable temperature and protects the heating elements from burnout. An application program has been created that allows performing the calculations without studying complex modeling systems.

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Zander, Daniela, Meredith Heilig, Norbert Hort, Gerald Klaus, Andreas Bührig Polaczek, Joachim Gröbner, and Rainer Schmid Fetzer. "Influence of Cerium on the Formation of Micro-Galvanic Corrosion Elements of AZ91." Materials Science Forum 690 (June 2011): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.690.381.

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Investigations of AZ91D revealed a strong influence of mainly the following microstructural parameters on corrosion: porosity, the eutectic, the Al-content of the Mg-phase as well as the volume fraction and distribution of gamma-Al12Mg17. Further an improved corrosion resistance was observed by the addition of rare earth elements. The influence of Ce on microstructure and corrosion of sand cast and high pressure die cast AZ91D with 0.5-2.0 wt.% Ce was investigated by SEM before and after potentiodynamic polarization measurements in pH7.5 (bi-distilled water adjusted with KOH). It was observed that Ce significantly improved the corrosion resistance by changing the microstructure. A strong influence of Ce on the average grain size, the fraction of the eutectic, changes in morphology and/or volume fraction of gamma Al12Mg17 and formation of a Ce-rich intermetallic phase was observed. Therefore, not only the chemical composition but also the change of microstructure and the formation of micro-galvanic elements influence the local corrosion mechanism of AZ91D with cerium.

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Lee, Si-Young, Hyun-Jun Lee, Jong-Hee Baek, Sung Soo Park, and Jung Gu Lee. "Microstructural and Corrosion Properties of Ti-to-Zr Dissimilar Alloy Joints Brazed with a Zr-Ti-Cu-Ni Amorphous Filler Alloy." Metals 11, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11020192.

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Titanium and Zircaloy-4 dissimilar alloys were brazed with a zirconium-titanium-copper-nickel amorphous filler alloy, and the resulting joint structures as well as their corrosion properties were examined. The microstructure of the brazed joints was investigated according to brazing holding time at 850 °C, and the corrosion property was analyzed by potentiodynamic polarization. During brazing, joints were produced by diffusion-induced isothermal solidification of the molten filler alloy. At a relatively brief brazing holding time of 5 min, a large segregation zone consisting of an active α-phase and a nobler intermetallic phase was generated in the joint center, which suffered from micro-galvanic corrosion. The presence of alloyed titanium deteriorated the nobility of the α-zirconium phase near the joint and induced galvanic coupling with cathodic base metals, resulting in massive localized corrosion. This localized corrosion caused the pitting behavior at the applied potential of −51.1~187.5 mV during anodic polarization. With a brazing holding time of 20 min, the concentration of the alloying elements was homogenized to eliminate the electrochemical potential difference and minimize the galvanic corrosion susceptibility of the joint region. This homogeneous joint resulted in a highly passive corrosion behavior comparable to that of the titanium base metal.

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Vishnevsky, A. M., and A. J. Lapovok. "Boundary integral computation of electric fields in multielectrode galvanic systems using normally continuous elements." IEE Proceedings - Science, Measurement and Technology 147, no. 3 (May 1, 2000): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-smt:20000247.

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Shtin, S. V., and A. A. Lykasov. "Investigation of the Equilibrium Germanium-Substituted Wustite with Metal and Spinel Solutions in the Fе-Gе-O System." Solid State Phenomena 265 (September 2017): 827–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.265.827.

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The phase equilibrium in the Fe-Ge-O system is investigated by measuring EMF of galvanic elements with solid oxygen-conductive electrolytes. The samples for investigation were prepared by the solid phase reaction at 900 °C. The samples were analyzed to determine the total and phase composition. The gross composition of the samples was refined by chemical analysis. The iron content was determined by the standard method of bichromatometric titration, while that of germanium was determined by the photometric method, which is based on measuring the optical density of the colored colloid solution of germanium phenyl fluoronate, which is formed upon the interaction of germanium dioxide with phenylfluorone in the acidic medium. The phase composition was established using X-ray diffractometry and electron probe microanalysis using a DRON-3 diffractometer and a JEOL JSM-6460LV computer controlled scanning (raster) microscope. The experimental function of EMF galvanic elements of temperature is formulated. After processing the obtained data, the equilibrium oxygen pressures over the samples were calculated, the solubility of germanium in iron monoxide (wustite) was determined, the phase composition of the regions bordering the wustite region was established, the isothermal sections of the state diagram of the system were constructed at 1173 and 1273 K in the equilibrium region of the wustite solution with metallic and spinel phases

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PÎSLARU-DĂNESCU, Lucian, Victor STOICA, and Gabriela TELIPAN. "Signal Conditioning provided by Sensitive Elements of Electric Bioimpedance Sensors." Electrotehnica, Electronica, Automatica 69, no. 1 (February 15, 2021): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.46904/eea.21.69.1.1108007.

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Dry polarizable electric bioimpedance sensors for ECG (electrocardiogram) monitoring requires the use of signal conditioning electronic circuits that take over alternating ΔU voltages with a frequency of 40 kHz and peak-to-peak amplitude in the range of 10-50 mV. The sensitive elements of these sensors are made of sensitive materials like as conductive polymer polypyrrole or hybrid nanocomposite with 10 and 20% Ag incorporated in the polypyrrole polymer. The useful signal is picked up in differential mode by an instrumentation amplifier. The gain of the instrumentation amplifier is set to A = 100 by connecting a single external resistor, RG. The problem of eliminating the mass loops and obtaining a common mode signal is solved by using an amplifier with galvanic isolation, with the amplification factor A = 1, supplied with double differential voltage. To reject any parasitic signals that may accompany the useful signal, an electronic bandpass filtering module is used. Electrical measurements were performed which showed the accuracy of the signal amplified by the electronic instrumentation amplifier module used in the "differential mode" connection.

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Shah, Sahas Bikram, Paavo Rasilo, Anouar Belahcen, and Antero Arkkio. "Modeling of Losses Due to Inter-Laminar Short-Circuit Currents in Lamination Stacks." Electrical, Control and Communication Engineering 3, no. 1 (August 1, 2013): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ecce-2013-0012.

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Abstract The cores of electrical machines are generally punched and laminated to reduce the eddy current losses. These manufacturing processes such as punching and cutting deform the electrical sheets and deteriorate its magnetic properties. Burrs are formed due to plastic deformation of electrical sheets. Burr formed due to punching on the edges of laminated sheets impairs the insulation of adjacent sheet and make random galvanic contacts during the pressing of stacked sheets. The effect of circulating current occurs if the burrs occur on the opposite edges of the stacks of laminated sheets and incase of bolted or wielded sheets, induced current return through it. This induced current causes the additional losses in electrical machine. The existence of surface current on the boundary between two insulated regions causes discontinuity of tangential component of magnetic field. Hence, based on this principle, the boundary layer model was developed to study the additional losses due to galvanic contacts formed by burred edges. The boundary layer model was then coupled with 2-D finite element vector potential formulation and compared with fine mesh layer model. Fine mesh layer model consists of finely space discretized 950028 second order triangular elements. The losses were computed from two models and were obtained similar at 50 Hz. The developed boundary layer model can be further used in electrical machines to study additional losses due to galvanic contacts at the edges of stator cores.

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Subramanian, Arulmozhi, and Santha KR. "Review of multiport isolated bidirectional converter interfacing renewable and energy storage system." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i1.pp466-467.

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<p>Multi port converters increasingly gain prominance in the recent past to interface renewable energy sources like photovoltaic cells, fuel cells with the load. Energy storage elements like battery and supercapacitors nd major place as an additional and alternate sources in systems with primary renewable energy sources to overcome its intermittency issues. As these energy storage element's charging and discharging cycles are to be controlled, an isolated bidirectional converter topology with transformer is used. The galvanic isolation provided by the high frequency ac link transformers in partly isolated and fully isolated topologies makes these converters most preferrable in high power applications like electric vehicles. A comprehensive review is performed on various three port partly isolated and fully isolated topologies addressed by dierent research groups. The key contributions on soft switching for reducing switching losses and improving overall converter efficiency with help of resonant elements are discussed. In addition, control strategies for power ow control with enhanced soft switching of partly isolated converters are highlighted. A summary of converter topologies is provided comparing power rating, device count, soft switching resonant elements and efficiency which gives an idea for selection of suitable topology for the desired system requirement.</p>

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Yudina, E. M., Yu E. Kisel, M. R. Kadyrov, and A. S. Serguntsov. "Service properties of composite electrochemical coating." MATEC Web of Conferences 344 (2021): 01022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134401022.

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The article considers the ways of solving problems, regarding the rework and durability improvement of elements of industrial equipment. One of the ways to restore and improve the operational properties of machinery parts is the application of galvanic coatings, in particular, composite galvanic coatings. The article shows ways to improve the performance properties of composites, determines the optimal content of the dispersed phase in the composite, in terms of the ratio of the strength of the dispersed phase and matrix. The composite electrochemical coating wear resistance and the roughness of composites under conditions of abrasive wear have been explored. The relationship between the wear resistance and the surface roughness during wear has been determined. In an experimental study of the composite coatings abrasive wear resistance, it was found that their wear largely depends on the size and volume content of dispersed particles in the coating. It has been experimentally proven that the composite coating roughness depends on the matrix mechanical properties, the content and size of disperse particles.

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Гурович, Б. А., К. Е. Приходько, Л. В. Кутузов, Б. В. Гончаров, Д. А. Комаров, and Е. М. Малиева. "Создание элементов из NbN для логических устройств классических криокомпьютеров." Физика твердого тела 63, no. 9 (2021): 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2021.09.51246.36h.

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The paper describes a method that reduces the critical current and switching power of a nanowire of small length from a superconducting state to a normal one by embedding a section of normal metal into the nanowire. This effect is due to the local heating of the superconductor due to the heat released in the normal metal. The integrated resistance was formed from the original NbN under ion-beam irradiation through the mask. The obtained values of switching powers make it possible to design multilayer logic elements without galvanic coupling for classical cryo-computers.

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Li, Hui-Yu, and Xing-Min Guo. "Determination of Gibbs Free Energy of Formation from Elements for Ca4Fe9O17 by Solid-state Galvanic Cell." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 46, no. 1 (September 30, 2014): 278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-014-0179-8.

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Ma, L., K. Li, Y. Yan, and B. Hou. "Low Driving Voltage Aluminum Alloy Anode for Cathodic Protection of High Strength Steel." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 1047–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.1047.

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The present work was focus on developing low driving voltage sacrificial anode for high strength steels. Taking the zinc and bismuth as main active elements, we designed and prepared several aluminum alloy anodes and investigated their electrochemical performance by galvanic test in natural seawater. The results showed that the anode exhibits high performance with 0.55wt.% Zn and 0.5wt.% Bi as the alloying elements. Its potential is varied from -800mV to -820mV, the current capacity is 2565 Ahr/kg, and the dissolution is homogeneous. We concluded that Al-0.55%Zn-0.5%Bi alloy anode can be used to high strength steel for corrosion protection. The microstructures of the anodes were observed by optical microscope, the result proposed that the uniform dissolution morphology of Al-0.55%Zn-0.5%Bi anode is due to its fine grain size.

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Harzheim, Sven, Christian Steinfelder, Thomas Wallmersperger, and Alexander Brosius. "A First Approach for the Treatment of Galvanic Corrosion and of Load-Bearing Capacity of Clinched Joints." Key Engineering Materials 883 (April 2021): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.883.97.

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Corrosion is a major cause for the failure of metallic components in various branches of the industry. Depending on the corrosion severity, the time until failure of the component varies. On the contrary, a study has shown that certain riveted metal joints, exposed to a short period of mechanical loading and corrosion, have greater fatigue limits. This study gives rise to the question how different corrosion exposure times affect joint metallic components. In the present research, a theoretical approach is developed in order to evaluate the influence of galvanic corrosion on joint integrity of clinched metal joints. At first, the framework for modeling galvanic corrosion is introduced. Furthermore, a simulative investigation of a clinching point is carried out based on the assumption that corrosion leads to a reduction of the contact area which leads to a local increase in contact pressure. For this purpose, the stiffness values of individual elements in a finite element model are reduced locally in the contact area of the undercut and the contact stress along a path is evaluated. Summarizing, a modeling approach is introduced to investigate corrosion effects on load-bearing behavior of clinched joints.

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Дмитриков, В. П., В. В. Падалка, О. В. Проценко, and В. І. Коломєєц. "ПЕРЕРОБКА ВІДПРАЦЬОВАНИХ СВИНЦЕВО-КАДМІЄВИХ ҐАЛЬВАНІЧНИХ ЕЛЕМЕНТІВ ПОВІДОМЛЕННЯ 1. ПРИНЦИПИ І ПРОЦЕСИ ПЕРЕРОБКИ." Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії, no. 2 (June 28, 2013): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31210/visnyk2013.02.33.

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Наведені результати досліджень із реаґентноїпереробки відпрацьованих свинцево-кадмієвих ґаль-ванічних елементів і акумуляторів, що слугуютьвторинною сировиною для електротехнічної про-мисловості. Розроблений спосіб переробки є без-відходним, енерґоресурсозберігаючим, екологічнобезпечним; водночас залишковий вміст свинцю,кадмію та їх сполук не перевищує екологічнихстандартів. Проаналізовані хіміко-технічні проце-си, запропонована вдосконалена методологія йрозроблена загальна схема технології переробкисвинцево-кадмієвих ґальванічних елементів іакумуляторів. The results of researches are resulted on the reagent processing of exhaust leaden-cadmiumgalvanic elements and accumulators which serve as the second raw material for electricalengineering industry. The method of processing is developed zero-emission, energy- and resourseseconomy, ecologically safe, at the same time remaining maintenance of lead, does not exceedcadmium and their connections ecological standards. Chemical and technic processes areanalysed, the offered is improved methodology and the general chart of technology of processing ofleaden-cadmium galvanic elements and accumulators is developed.

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Shoushtari, Mohammadreza Tavakoli, Mahdi Yeganeh, and Davoud Ghasemi Kotoki. "Enhanced corrosion resistance of 17-4 PH stainless steel fabricated by laser powder bed fusion in H₂SO₄ solution." Journal of Laser Applications 34, no. 2 (May 2022): 022023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/7.0000670.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the microstructure and corrosion performance of martensitic stainless steel 17-4 PH produced by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and its corresponding rod specimen in sulfuric acid. Based on a microstructural analysis, the LPBF alloy contained melt pools with an ultrafine cellular structure and uniform distribution of elements, including Nb. The LPBF process significantly improved the corrosion resistance of the 17-4 PH stainless steel alloy in sulfuric acid. The alloy manufactured by LPBF had a charge transfer resistance of at least 7 times that of the Rod counterpart and a corrosion current density that was 4 times lower than Rod. The homogeneous distribution of elements during the solidification process improved the electrochemical performance of LPBF 17-4 PH stainless steel due to the development of gentle galvanic cells compared to Rod one.

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Ozyildirim, H. Celik, and Stephen R. Sharp. "Bridge Substructure Repairs with Self-Consolidating Concrete and Galvanic Anodes." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 27 (June 11, 2018): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118777353.

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Historically, the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) has repaired chloride-contaminated reinforced concrete bridge substructure elements that contain vertical and overhead sections with either shotcrete or a conventional A3 (3,000 psi) or A4 (4,000 psi) concrete. This study investigated using self-consolidating concrete (SCC), which has a high flow rate, bonds well, has low permeability, and provides smooth surfaces, as another option. The study also explored the use of galvanic anodes to control corrosion activity in SCC repairs. In VDOT’s Lynchburg and Staunton Districts, SCC repairs were made with and without the use of galvanic anodes. This provided a means for determining the benefit of using the anodes. The needed repair areas were determined by visual observation and sounding. After 7 years of service, SCC repair areas with and without anodes did not exhibit corrosion activity; small vertical cracks were evident in the SCC but did not affect performance. The anodes can provide protection to the steel immediately adjacent to the repair areas. However, unrepaired concrete areas away from the patched area with anodes now require additional repairs. SCC can be successfully placed; however, attention should be paid to form pressure and slump loss. Selection of repair areas should be based on corrosion-related measurements such as half-cell or chloride content, rather than sounding. Progression of corrosion demonstrates the necessity of removing all chloride-contaminated concrete not just adjacent to, but also away from the reinforcement, as anodes in the repair area will provide protection only in a narrow area around the patch.

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Xueqing, L., Z. Jinglei, H. Baorong, and W. Jia. "Grey interrelation analysis to assess the influence of elements on the galvanic efficiency of Al sacrificial anode." Materials and Corrosion 53, no. 7 (July 2002): 491–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-4176(200207)53:7<491::aid-maco491>3.0.co;2-4.

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35

Petko, Joshua S., Philip A. Lovell, Jeremy D. Clifton, Paul H. Cohen, and Karl F. Schoch. "RF Test Article to Assess the Impact of Non-Hexavalent Chromium-Based Conversion Coatings on Electrical Assemblies." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2017, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 000046–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2017-tp23_079.

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Abstract Conversion coatings are used to inhibit corrosion on aluminum structures while maintaining electrical conductivity. The most common type of conversion coatings in aerospace applications (MIL-DTL-5541 Type I), contain hexavalent chromium compounds as the corrosion-inhibiting additive. These Type I conversion coatings have a long pedigree and are highly effective in preventing corrosion; however, the hexavalent chromium compounds in these coatings are carcinogenic and water-soluble. Therefore, the use of these compounds is highly regulated in order to protect both workers and the public leading to high cost in both use and disposal. In addition to these regulations, use of these materials on new designs for DOD is prohibited by DFARS 48 CFR Parts 223 and 252, and is scheduled to be prohibited in Europe in September 2017 by REACH regulations. In response, new more environmentally friendly non-hexavalent chromium-based processes are becoming available. Coatings resulting from these types of processes are referred to as MIL-DTL-5541 Type II conversion coatings. The long term reliability and performance impacts resulting from the use of these coatings are not fully understood and there currently is an effort in the U. S. aerospace industry organized by NASA to fully define these impacts while hardware is still in the design stage. While significant work has been performed to define the corrosion performance of various Type II conversion coatings, there has been minimal work performed to quantify the impact a Type II conversion coating would have on RF electrical assemblies where plated printed wiring boards (PWBs) and aluminum structures come in intimate contact. The primary concern for these assemblies is that these junctions are inherently susceptible to galvanic corrosion; PWBs are clad with copper, which is highly cathodic while aluminum is highly anodic. In order to reduce the potential for galvanic corrosion, PWBs in DOD applications are typically plated with SnPb coating which is less cathodic than the copper. In addition, an immersion bath is used to coat the aluminum with a conversion coating that is less anodic. Changes to the conversion coating could increase the galvanic corrosion occurring at this junction. In addition, RF signals may also be negatively impacted by changes to the electrical resistivity and parasitic capacitances caused by changes to this junction. For this reason, it is highly desirable to create a RF test article that is highly sensitive to the impacts of galvanic corrosion at the junctions of passivated aluminum and plated printed wiring boards. This talk discusses a RF test article that is designed to assess the longitudinal impact of galvanic corrosion on electrical assemblies. The test article features a specialized suspended stripline/microstrip stepped impedance filter that is designed to de-tune in the presence of galvanic corrosion. The design of this filter uses a pair of machined aluminum housings to sandwich a thin two sided printed wiring board. The high-impedance sections of the filter employ cavities above and below the thin PWB to create an effective airstripline transmission line. The low-impedance sections of the filter employ a PWB ground plane to create a microstrip mode. Small aluminum feet are machined in the bottom aluminum housing to create an electrical contact between the aluminum housing and PWB ground plane. These feet are designed to function as sacrificial elements that corrode away in the presence of galvanic corrosion, creating series capacitance in the ground signal path. This talk reviews recent test results that show how the response of this specially designed filter changes in the presence of galvanic corrosion and compares these results with electrical simulations. This talk also discusses how information gained from the filter response can be used to assess the electrical impact of Type II conversion coatings. Finally, this talk will discuss the experimental design needed to quantify the impact of Type II conversion coatings with respect to the current baseline processes.

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36

Ng, Ding-Quan, and Yi-Pin Lin. "Investigation of Lead Levels in Potable Water from Faucets, Water Fountains and Water Dispensers Using Various Sampling Protocols in Schools." Impact 2020, no. 7 (November 30, 2020): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2020.7.50.

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Lead contamination is an example of how elements that leach into drinking water can lead to considerable health problems in local communities. A research team led by Assistant Professor Ding-Quan Ng, from Chaoyang University of Technology, has been investigating the levels of lead found in drinking water in schools. They are also investigating lead release that occurs as a result of galvanic corrosion into potable water. Ng and his colleagues hope to shine a light on the dangers of lead contamination in drinking water supplies and seek to use their findings to promote the establishment of new regulations and policies to improve monitoring of water quality to local needs.

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37

KASHAPOVA, I. A., A. V. FEDOROV, and R. A. EGOROV. "JUSTIFICATION APPLICABILITY OF THE DYNAMIC INDENTATION METHOD FOR CONTROL HARDNESS COATING MATERIALS OF ELEMENTS LIQUID ROCKET ENGINES." Fundamental and Applied Problems of Engineering and Technology 5 (2020): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/2073-7408-2020-343-5-144-152.

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The importance of controlling the mechanical characteristics of coatings of critical products is shown. Calculation formulas for determining the dynamic hardness are given and restrictions for the control of coatings are indicated. The article discusses the features of the dynamic identification method and the substantiation of its applicability to assess the hardness of coating materials for elements of a liquid-propellant rocket engine. Based on the analysis of the mechanics of the contact interaction of a rigid sphere with an elastoplastic two-layer half-space, to assess the dynamic hardness of the coating, it is proposed to use a mixture model, in which the measured hardness is a composite hardness that integrates the hardness of the coating material and the base material to different degrees. According to the research results, a regression dependence in the form of a polynomial of the second degree was obtained, which makes it possible to assess the hardness of a galvanic nickel coating. The accuracy of the regression equation is estimated.

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Kamarul Asri, Asma, and Esah Hamzah. "Corrosion Behaviour of Lead-Free and Sn-Pb Solders in 3.5wt% NaCl." Advanced Materials Research 686 (April 2013): 250–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.686.250.

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The current need to produce lead-free solders in the electronic industries makes it necessary for the replacing solders to have properties which are comparable if not better than the conventional Sn-Pb solders. Thus this research was conducted to compare the corrosion behaviour of lead-free solders with composition Sn-4.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC405), and Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) with conventional Sn-37Pb solders. Corrosion tests were conducted using salt spray tests with 3.5% sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions. The samples were characterized after corrosion tests by using SEM, EDS and XRD. The results showed that the elements present in the solders contributed to galvanic corrosion mechanism that affected the overall corrosion behaviour of the solders.

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Solovjev, Denis, Inna Solovjeva, and Yuri Litovka. "Application of multiset theory for the selection of the single result from alternatives aggregate obtained using different decision methods." MATEC Web of Conferences 224 (2018): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822404004.

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In this article are discussed the main reasons to obtain different results in decision-making by various methods. It is proposed to use the multiset theory for selection a single result from a solution aggregate. In the work is described mathematical decision-making model based on the argument calculating for maximizing the elements multiplicity functions of the arithmetic sum to found multiset solutions. Here are presented decisions compare results, which were made by expert group and according to the approach proposed by the authors on an example of the galvanic coating choice. In this article are represented recommendations for improving the efficiency of the proposed approach for obtaining the unit dimension of the resulting multiset solutions.

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Polder, Rob, and Willy Peelen. "Cathodic protection of reinforcement in concrete – experience and development over 30 years." MATEC Web of Conferences 289 (2019): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928903006.

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This paper presents developments over 30 years in the field of cathodic protection of steel reinforcement in concrete in The Netherlands and elsewhere. From the late 1980s major developments have been: application to large numbers of precast elements corroding due to mixed-in chloride with drilled in titanium anodes and conductive coatings; analysis of working life of systems and components and end-of-life considerations; application to prestressed structures; new anode types including galvanic systems with associated life and design considerations; numerical modelling and preventative applications. Presently, CP has become a fully accepted method of securing safety and serviceability of buildings and infrastructure. Major successes and lessons learned will be presented. Technical and non-technical developments are highlighted and some recent innovative CP systems are discussed.

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41

Cartocci, Giulia, Dario Rossi, Enrica Modica, Anton Giulio Maglione, Ana C. Martinez Levy, Patrizia Cherubino, Paolo Canettieri, et al. "NeuroDante: Poetry Mentally Engages More Experts but Moves More Non-Experts, and for Both the Cerebral Approach Tendency Goes Hand in Hand with the Cerebral Effort." Brain Sciences 11, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11030281.

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Neuroaesthetics, the science studying the biological underpinnings of aesthetic experience, recently extended its area of investigation to literary art; this was the humus where neurocognitive poetics blossomed. Divina Commedia represents one of the most important, famous and studied poems worldwide. Poetry stimuli are characterized by elements (meter and rhyme) promoting the processing fluency, a core aspect of neuroaesthetics theories. In addition, given the evidence of different neurophysiological reactions between experts and non-experts in response to artistic stimuli, the aim of the present study was to investigate, in poetry, a different neurophysiological cognitive and emotional reaction between Literature (L) and Non-Literature (NL) students. A further aim was to investigate whether neurophysiological underpinnings would support explanation of behavioral data. Investigation methods employed: self-report assessments (recognition, appreciation, content recall) and neurophysiological indexes (approach/withdrawal (AW), cerebral effort (CE) and galvanic skin response (GSR)). The main behavioral results, according to fluency theories in aesthetics, suggested in the NL but not in the L group that the appreciation/liking went hand by hand with the self-declared recognition and with the content recall. The main neurophysiological results were: (i) higher galvanic skin response in NL, whilst higher CE values in L; (ii) a positive correlation between AW and CE indexes in both groups. The present results extended previous evidence relative to figurative art also to auditory poetry stimuli, suggesting an emotional attenuation “expertise-specific” showed by experts, but increased cognitive processing in response to the stimuli.

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Lieten, Ruben R., Daniela White, Thomas Parson, and Michael White. "Post-CMP Cleaners for Tungsten Advanced Nodes: 10nm and 7nm." Solid State Phenomena 282 (August 2018): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.282.278.

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Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) is a key process for IC manufacturers. Tungsten (W) is an important material for connecting logic elements and for connecting memory elements, thanks to its excellent planarization, filling, mechanical and electromigration properties. W slurries are developed to remove high amounts of W via an abrasive, in conjunction with an oxidizer. After the polishing process, the planarized surface is contaminated with abrasive particles, organic residue, pad debris and metal cations through covalent or hydrogen-bonding, electrostatic and Van der Waals attractions. Post-CMP cleaning is required to remove all these contaminants while exhibiting low galvanic and chemical corrosion. Formulated cleans are needed to meet all these requirements. The performance of formulated W/TiN post-CMP cleaners for N10 and N7 has been evaluated. The newly developed formulations show a factor 4 reduction in metal surface contamination (from ~2 x 1012atoms/cm2to ~ 5 x 1011atoms/cm2), which is important to prevent dielectric breakdown. Very low particulate and organic residue defectivity was additionally confirmed by different surface characterization techniques: XPS, FTIR, contact angle/surface energy.

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Kołczyk-Siedlecka, Karolina, Dawid Kutyła, Katarzyna Skibińska, Anna Jędraczka, Justyna Palczewska-Grela, and Piotr Żabiński. "Well-Ordered 3D Printed Cu/Pd-Decorated Catalysts for the Methanol Electrooxidation in Alkaline Solutions." Technologies 9, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies9010006.

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In this article, a method for the synthesis of catalysts for methanol electrooxidation based on additive manufacturing and electroless metal deposition is presented. The research work was divided into two parts. Firstly, coatings were obtained on a flat substrate made of light-hardening resin dedicated to 3D printing. Copper was deposited by catalytic metallization. Then, the deposited Cu coatings were modified by palladium through a galvanic displacement process. The catalytic properties of the obtained coatings were analyzed in a solution of 0.1 M NaOH and 1 M methanol. The influence of the deposition time of copper and palladium on the catalytic properties of the coatings was investigated. Based on these results, the optimal parameters for the deposition were determined. In the second part of the research work, 3D prints with a large specific surface were metallized. The elements were covered with a copper layer and modified by palladium, then chronoamperometric curves were determined. The application of the proposed method could allow for the production of elements with good catalytic properties, complex geometry with a large specific surface area, small volume and low weight.

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Kołczyk-Siedlecka, Karolina, Dawid Kutyła, Katarzyna Skibińska, Anna Jędraczka, Justyna Palczewska-Grela, and Piotr Żabiński. "Well-Ordered 3D Printed Cu/Pd-Decorated Catalysts for the Methanol Electrooxidation in Alkaline Solutions." Technologies 9, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies9010006.

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In this article, a method for the synthesis of catalysts for methanol electrooxidation based on additive manufacturing and electroless metal deposition is presented. The research work was divided into two parts. Firstly, coatings were obtained on a flat substrate made of light-hardening resin dedicated to 3D printing. Copper was deposited by catalytic metallization. Then, the deposited Cu coatings were modified by palladium through a galvanic displacement process. The catalytic properties of the obtained coatings were analyzed in a solution of 0.1 M NaOH and 1 M methanol. The influence of the deposition time of copper and palladium on the catalytic properties of the coatings was investigated. Based on these results, the optimal parameters for the deposition were determined. In the second part of the research work, 3D prints with a large specific surface were metallized. The elements were covered with a copper layer and modified by palladium, then chronoamperometric curves were determined. The application of the proposed method could allow for the production of elements with good catalytic properties, complex geometry with a large specific surface area, small volume and low weight.

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Graver, Brit, Antonius van Helvoort, John Charles Walmsley, and Kemal Nisancioglu. "Surface Segregation of Indium by Heat Treatment of Aluminium." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 673–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.673.

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High temperature heat treatment of aluminium alloys causes surface enrichment of the trace elements in Group IIIA - VA, specifically the low melting point elements Pb, Bi, In and Sn. The phenomenon has practical significance in promoting certain types of localised corrosion, such as galvanic and filiform corrosion, while mitigating other types, such as pitting corrosion of the bare surface. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the surface enrichment and microstructure of indium relative to the available data for Pb. Model binary AlIn alloys, containing 20-1000 ppm of In, were used after heat treatment at various temperatures. In addition to electrochemical investigations, the microstructures were characterised by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FEG SEM) and field emission transmission electron microscopy (FEG TEM). Heat treatment at temperatures as low as 300°C gave significant segregation of In as opposed to 600°C for Pb. As a result of this and yet unresolved oxide film breakdown mechanism on aluminium, In was significantly more effective than Pb in anodically activating aluminium. These results suggest the possibility that significant activation earlier observed on certain commercial alloys as a result of low temperature heat treatment may be due to the trace elements In.

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Pedraza, A. J., M. J. Godbole, P. J. Bremer, R. Avci, B. Drake, and G. G. Geesey. "Stability in Aqueous Media of 316L Stainless Steel Films Deposited on Internal Reflection Elements." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 2 (February 1993): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934048280.

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Thin films of 316L stainless steel were sputter-deposited on cylindrical internal reflection elements (IREs) made of germanium. These films are intended for use in Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy studies on the stability of stainless steel in aqueous media. In these deposits the films tend to peel off the substrate when immersed in water, probably due to galvanic corrosion at the metal/substrate interface. Deposition of a 2-nm-thick layer of chromium oxide on the substrate prior to the deposition of the steel was beneficial on three counts. It provided an electrically insulating layer, it enhanced adhesion, and it solved the steel/germanium incompatibility problem. It was also found that annealing the substrate prior to deposition remarkably enhances the film adhesion and improves the optical properties of the substrate. The microstructure, the topography, and the chemical composition of the films were characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The only significant difference between the austenitic stainless steel target material and the film is that the crystalline structure of the film is body-centered cubic. The optical properties of the system germanium/metallic film/water were studied and calculated with the help of a computer program. The absorbance of the water bands in the IR range was measured in coated Ge-IRE.

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Liu, Chao, Qinglin Li, Tianyi Zhang, Xiaoming Ding, Xiaorong Li, and Xiaogang Li. "Focusing on the relationship between the precipitated phases and the pitting corrosion of ZL101A aluminum alloy." Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 045047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2051-672x/ac4344.

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Abstract The pitting corrosion behavior of ZL101A aluminum alloy in simulated marine environment was investigated for guiding the composition design. The Volta potential of the precipitated phases was mainly characterized via the in situ SKPFM technique. The obtained results indicated that the precipitated phases of ZL101A were composed of Al–Si phase, Si–Mg–Fe phase and Si-rich/Al-poor phase, accelerating the formation of corrosion pits during immersion test. Both Al–Si phase and Si–Mg–Fe phase accelerated the corrosion process through the self-dissolution and the galvanic effect, respectively, which can be contributed to the high corrosion sensitivity of the two phases. Si-rich/Al-poor phase presented high corrosion resistance, which should be related to the deficiency of impure elements such as Mg and Fe.

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Gutiérrez Pérez, Victor Hugo, Alejandro Cruz Ramírez, Seydy Lizbeth Olvera Vázquez, Eduardo Colin García, Ricardo Gerardo Sánchez Alvarado, Miguel Fernando Delgado Pamanes, and Jorge Enrique Rivera Salinas. "Study of the effects of vanadium and molybdenum on the microstructure of ductile iron (DI) and austempered ductile iron (ADI) and their corrosion resistance." Acta Universitaria 32 (January 26, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15174/au.2022.3196.

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Ductile iron (DI) can acquire various properties with the addition of alloying elements and through heat treatment. In this work, the effects of vanadium and molybdenum on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of DI and austempered ductile iron (ADI) were studied. Corrosion resistance was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization techniques in 0.5 M H2SO4, 0.5 M NaCl, and 05 M NaOH as electrolyte. The ADI alloyed with vanadium presented anupper ausferritic microstructure consisting of broad ferrite needles, while the combination of vanadium and molybdenum allows obtaining a fine microstructure composed of ausferrite and thin needles of ferrite; this microstructure improves the corrosion resistance in NaCI and NaOH. The DI’s showed corrosion due to the galvanic pair between the graphite nodule and the ferrite; however, a high amount of carbide increases the corrosion resistance in H2SO4.

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49

Bamdadian, Zhaleh, Nilgoon Pasdar, Abdolhamid Alhavaz, Shahram Ghasemi, and Ali Bijani. "Comparative Evaluation of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Different Brands of Primary Molar Stainless-Steel Crowns: An In Vitro Study." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 23 (December 10, 2019): 4120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.861.

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BACKGROUND: There is some cases of perforation and undesirable properties of some primary molars stainless steel crowns. AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the physical and mechanical properties of different commercial brands of these crowns. METHODS: In an in vitro study, a total of 10 stainless steel tooth crowns of the second primary mandibular molars size 6 of 4 different commercial brands (a total of 280 crowns) were evaluated. These crowns were included KTR Pre-trimmed and Crimped Nichro Stainless Steel Primary Molar Crowns (KTR, China); 3M Stainless Steel Primary Molar Crowns (ESPE, St paul; USA); NuSmile SSC Pre-contoured (Inc, Houstone, TX; USA) and Kids crown (Shinghung, Seoul; Korea). Corrosion and galvanic corrosion, wear, microhardness, compressive strength, fatigue strength of crowns and weight percent of elements were investigated. RESULTS: The highest rate of microhardness, compressive and Fatigue strength of the crowns were made by Nu Smile > 3M > Kids Crown > KTR respectively. The highest rate of corrosion potential in corrosion and Galvanic corrosion tests was in KTR > Kids crowns > 3M > Nu smile respectively. The order of crown wear was KTR > Kids Crown > 3M > Nu Smile respectively. The highest amount of nickel element was found in the Nu Smile crown and the highest amount of chrome in the 3M crown with a significant difference with others (p < 0.001). The KTR and Kids crowns lacked molybdenum. CONCLUSION: The results showed that Nu Smile crown has better physical and mechanical properties than other evaluated crowns in this study.

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Karschunke, K., and M. Jekel. "Arsenic removal by iron hydroxides, produced by enhanced corrosion of iron." Water Supply 2, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0069.

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Results of lab-scale experiments for arsenic removal from drinking water are presented. Arsenate(V)-ions were adsorbed on ferric hydroxides which were formed in-situ by corrosion of elemental iron in oxygenated water. Natural corrosion of fine iron wool was suitable to remove effectively high but realistic arsenic concentrations of 500 μg/L from drinking water. As the corrosion rate decreased significantly in time, two different methods to enhance the corrosion were tested and evaluated: galvanic corrosion using iron-copper contact elements and the application of an external voltage. The iron-copper contact elements showed promising results (a high and stable corrosion rate) but were bearing the risk of copper release when the contact broke down. The application of voltage led to an enhanced release of iron-ions but was coupled with a cathodic formation of hydrogen from water. The generation of hydrogen is a very undesirable effect for any practical application. Irrespective of the mode of corrosion, a post-treatment step (sand filtration) was required to remove the arsenic loaded rust particles from the effluent. In the final effluent, drinking water quality was reached by all the methods.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Galvanic elements'

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