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Journal articles on the topic 'Gallol'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 23 September 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Yu, Jinhong, Bohan Cheng, and Hirotaka Ejima. "Effect of molecular weight and polymer composition on gallol-functionalized underwater adhesive." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 8, no. 31 (2020): 6798–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tb00706d.

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A gallol-functionalized polymer showed strong adhesion ability underwater. The effect of molecular weight and gallol content have been optimized resulting in the underwater adhesion strength as high as 4 MPa.

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2

Zhan, Kan, Chaehoon Kim, Kyungmo Sung, Hirotaka Ejima, and Naoko Yoshie. "Tunicate-Inspired Gallol Polymers for Underwater Adhesive: A Comparative Study of Catechol and Gallol." Biomacromolecules 18, no. 9 (August 30, 2017): 2959–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00921.

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3

Das, Manisit, Kalyan Senapati, Sayak Subhra Panda, Prabuddha Bhattacharya, Saibal Jana, Santi M. Mandal, and Amit Basak. "π-Stacking assisted redox active peptide–gallol conjugate: synthesis of a new generation of low-toxicity antimicrobial silver nanoparticles." RSC Advances 6, no. 88 (2016): 85254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra13075e.

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4

Zhang, Jia-Rong, Claudine Trossat-Magnin, Katell Bathany, Luc Negroni, Serge Delrot, and Jean Chaudière. "Oxidative Transformation of Dihydroflavonols and Flavan-3-ols by Anthocyanidin Synthase from Vitis vinifera." Molecules 27, no. 3 (February 3, 2022): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031047.

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Twelve polyphenols from three distinct families (dihydroflavonols, flavan-3-ols, and flavanones) were studied as potential substrates of anthocyanidin synthase from Vitis vinifera (VvANS). Only flavan-3-ols of (2R,3S) configuration having either a catechol or gallol group on ring B are accepted as substrates. Only dihydroflavonols of (2R,3R) configuration are accepted as substrates, but a catechol or gallol group is not mandatory. Flavanones are not substrates of VvANS. HPLC and MS/MS analyses of the enzymatic products showed that the VvANS-catalyzed oxidative transformation of (+)-dihydroflavonols, such as dihydroquercetin, dihydrokaempferol and dihydromyricetin, leads only to the corresponding flavonols. Among the flavan-3-ols recognized as substrates, (+)-gallocatechin was only transformed into delphinidin by VvANS, whereas (+)-catechin was transformed into three products, including two major products that were an ascorbate–cyanidin adduct and a dimer of oxidized catechin, and a minor product that was cyanidin. Data from real-time MS monitoring of the enzymatic transformation of (+)-catechin suggest that its products are all derived from the initial C3-hydroxylation intermediate, i.e., a 3,3-gem-diol, and their most likely formation mechanism is discussed.

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Yang, Ning, Renqiang Yuan, Dan You, Qianli Zhang, Jieran Wang, Hongyun Xuan, and Liqin Ge. "Gallol-based constant underwater coating adhesives for severe aqueous conditions." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 634 (February 2022): 127948. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127948.

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6

Song, Hanbit, Pyung-Gang Lee, Hyun Kim, Uk-Jae Lee, Sang-Hyuk Lee, Joonwon Kim, and Byung-Gee Kim. "Polyphenol-Hydroxylating Tyrosinase Activity under Acidic pH Enables Efficient Synthesis of Plant Catechols and Gallols." Microorganisms 9, no. 9 (September 2, 2021): 1866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091866.

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Tyrosinase is generally known as a melanin-forming enzyme, facilitating monooxygenation of phenols, oxidation of catechols into quinones, and finally generating biological melanin. As a homologous form of tyrosinase in plants, plant polyphenol oxidases perform the same oxidation reactions specifically toward plant polyphenols. Recent studies reported synthetic strategies for large scale preparation of hydroxylated plant polyphenols, using bacterial tyrosinases rather than plant polyphenol oxidase or other monooxygenases, by leveraging its robust monophenolase activity and broad substrate specificity. Herein, we report a novel synthesis of functional plant polyphenols, especially quercetin and myricetin from kaempferol, using screened bacterial tyrosinases. The critical bottleneck of the biocatalysis was identified as instability of the catechol and gallol under neutral and basic conditions. To overcome such instability of the products, the tyrosinase reaction proceeded under acidic conditions. Under mild acidic conditions supplemented with reducing agents, a bacterial tyrosinase from Bacillus megaterium (BmTy) displayed efficient consecutive two-step monophenolase activities producing quercetin and myricetin from kaempferol. Furthermore, the broad substrate specificity of BmTy toward diverse polyphenols enabled us to achieve the first biosynthesis of tricetin and 3′-hydroxyeriodictyol from apigenin and naringenin, respectively. These results suggest that microbial tyrosinase is a useful biocatalyst to prepare plant polyphenolic catechols and gallols with high productivity, which were hardly achieved by using other monooxygenases such as cytochrome P450s.

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7

Ju, Jaewon, Jungwoo Kim, Yeonsun Choi, Subin Jin, Sumin Kim, Donghee Son, and Mikyung Shin. "Punicalagin-Loaded Alginate/Chitosan-Gallol Hydrogels for Efficient Wound Repair and Hemostasis." Polymers 14, no. 16 (August 9, 2022): 3248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14163248.

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For recently devised wound-healing materials, a variety of acute application systems with sustainable therapeutic effects on wound sites have been suggested. For example, hydrogel-type healing agents with porous structures and high drug encapsulation efficiencies have been developed for wound repair. However, challenges remain about the poor mechanical and adhesive properties of hydrogels. Herein, we propose a punicalagin (PC)-containing wound-healing hydrogel in adhesive form that is mechanically stable and has sustainable wound-healing therapeutic efficiency. The APC hydrogel, composed of alginate (ALG), PC, and chitosan–gallol (CHI–G), exhibits significant mechanical and self-healing properties, thus indicating that PC increases cross-linking in ALG/CHI–G as macromolecule. The PC-containing mechanically enhanced hydrogel demonstrates high tissue adhesiveness. Sustainable PC release for 192 h, which indicates high therapeutic effect of the released PC, and great blood compatibility are evaluated based on rapid blood coagulation and minimal hemolysis. The cytocompatibility and wound-healing abilities of the PC-containing APC hydrogel are greater than those of the non-PC hydrogel, as verified by cell compatibility and wound scratch assays. These results indicate that a suitable concentration of PC-containing hydrogel with sustainable moisture condition and PC release may inspire further polyphenol-agent-containing hydrogels as wound-healing agents with structural stability and therapeutic efficiency.

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8

Zhao, Qiuxia, Shengdong Mu, Xiong Liu, Guirong Qiu, Didier Astruc, and Haibin Gu. "Gallol-Tethered Injectable AuNP Hydrogel with Desirable Self-Healing and Catalytic Properties." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 220, no. 2 (November 9, 2018): 1800427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.201800427.

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9

Wolfel, Alexis, Esteban M. Euti, Matías L. Picchio, Marcelo R. Romero, Victor M. Galván Josa, Marisa Martinelli, Roque J. Minari, and Cecilia I. Alvarez Igarzabal. "Unraveling the gallol-driven assembly mechanism of thermoreversible supramolecular hydrogels inspired by ascidians." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 45 (2020): 7185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py01036g.

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Gallic acid, a small polyphenolic compound with strong hydrogen-bonding ability, is studied as a dynamic crosslinker of poly(vinyl alcohol) for preparing thermosensitive hydrogels. Furthermore, insights about the involved mechanism are shown.

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10

Shin, Mikyung, Jonathan H. Galarraga, Mi Y. Kwon, Haeshin Lee, and Jason A. Burdick. "Gallol-derived ECM-mimetic adhesive bioinks exhibiting temporal shear-thinning and stabilization behavior." Acta Biomaterialia 95 (September 2019): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.10.028.

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11

Choi, Hyunbin, and Kyueui Lee. "Crosslinking Mechanisms of Phenol, Catechol, and Gallol for Synthetic Polyphenols: A Comparative Review." Applied Sciences 12, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 11626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122211626.

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Since the first introduction of a synthetic polyphenol called polydopamine, both it and its derivatives have received significant attention from material scientists owing to their unique functionality. In particular, synthetic polyphenols have been utilized as interfacial engineering tools; many important review papers have been published regarding this topic. However, despite those that have focused on the applicability of synthetic polyphenols, fundamental aspects of crosslinking mechanisms and resultant characteristics have still been overlooked in the community. This review covers the mechanisms for building synthetic polyphenols, which are dependent on the number of hydroxyl groups of each phenolic building block. The inherent physicochemical properties of the developed polyphenolic materials are discussed in depth herein. This review can provide guidelines for selecting appropriate phenolic building blocks when designing relevant polyphenolic biomaterials.

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12

Gwak, Min A., Su Jin Lee, Dongjin Lee, Su A. Park, and Won Ho Park. "Highly gallol-substituted, rapidly self-crosslinkable, and robust chitosan hydrogel for 3D bioprinting." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 227 (February 2023): 493–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.124.

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13

Samanta, Sumanta, Vignesh K. Rangasami, Heela Sarlus, Jay R. K. Samal, Austin D. Evans, Vijay S. Parihar, Oommen P. Varghese, Robert A. Harris, and Oommen P. Oommen. "Interpenetrating gallol functionalized tissue adhesive hyaluronic acid hydrogel polarizes macrophages to an immunosuppressive phenotype." Acta Biomaterialia 142 (April 2022): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2022.01.048.

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14

Hino, Yasushi, and Hirotaka Ejima. "Tissue Adhesive Properties of Functionalized Chitosan: A Comparative Study of Phenol, Catechol and Gallol." Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology 33, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.33.123.

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15

Quan, Gia Co, Morgane Denis, Brian Abeykoon, Jean-Bernard Tommasino, Erwann Jeanneau, Catherine Journet, Thomas Devic, and Alexandra Fateeva. "Supramolecular assemblies of phenolic metalloporphyrins: Structures and electrochemical studies." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 23, no. 01n02 (January 2019): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s108842461950007x.

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The reactivity of two phenolic porphyrins bearing respectively catechol and gallol-derived meso substituents (5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)porphyrin and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)porphyrin) with trivalent metallic ions (Fe, Mn, In) was studied. Six supramolecular compounds were obtained and structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. In each compound, the supramolecular assembly was based on the axial coordination of a phenolate function to the metallic ion lying in the porphyrinic core. A great diversity of supramolecular architectures was accessible through such simple arrangements, and objects ranging from dimers to one-dimensional polymers were isolated. Some of these assemblies were further investigated in solution by mass spectrometry and by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. For the iron-based materials, the redox behavior was studied in solution through cyclic voltammetry experiments in inert conditions and under air.

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16

Zhan, Kan, Hirotaka Ejima, and Naoko Yoshie. "Antioxidant and Adsorption Properties of Bioinspired Phenolic Polymers: A Comparative Study of Catechol and Gallol." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 4, no. 7 (June 23, 2016): 3857–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b00626.

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17

Lee, Su Yeon, Jee Na Lee, Kiramage Chathuranga, Jong Soo Lee, and Won Ho Park. "Tunicate-inspired polyallylamine-based hydrogels for wet adhesion: A comparative study of catechol- and gallol-functionalities." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 601 (November 2021): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.05.101.

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18

Mishra, Avnish Kumar, Jun Ho Hwang, Ju Hong Min, Jiwon Park, and Eunji Lee. "Metal scavenging resin tethered with catechol or gallol binders via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerisation." Polymer 247 (April 2022): 124794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124794.

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19

Liu, Fangfei, Yanru Long, Qiuxia Zhao, Xiong Liu, Guirong Qiu, Li Zhang, Qiangjun Ling, and Haibin Gu. "Gallol-containing homopolymers and block copolymers: ROMP synthesis and gelation properties by metal-coordination and oxidation." Polymer 143 (May 2018): 212–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2018.04.016.

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20

Shin, Mikyung, and Haeshin Lee. "Gallol-Rich Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels: Shear-Thinning, Protein Accumulation against Concentration Gradients, and Degradation-Resistant Properties." Chemistry of Materials 29, no. 19 (October 2, 2017): 8211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b02267.

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21

Rodríguez, Onésimo. "Gallos de pelea: algunas precisiones desde el diálogo con un gallero." Cuadernos de Antropología 24, no. 1 (June 27, 2014): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/cat.v24i1.15016.

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<p>El siguiente artículo se desprende de una investigación en curso titulada “‘¡Se muere gallo bueno!’ Jóvenes, galleras y gallos de pelea” desarrollada desde la Escuela de Antropología de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Este texto intenta explorar algunas de las realidades vividas por un joven gallero (referidas a las dinámicas relacionadas a la crianza y pelea de gallos) narradas desde su propia oralidad; es decir, la exposición argumentativa de los testimonios se hace desde una perspectiva dialógica que posibilita observar la reflexión y análisis del sujeto de manera extensa.</p>

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22

Lee, Jung Seung, Jung Ho Cho, Soohwan An, Jisoo Shin, Soojeong Choi, Eun Je Jeon, and Seung-Woo Cho. "In Situ Self-Cross-Linkable, Long-Term Stable Hyaluronic Acid Filler by Gallol Autoxidation for Tissue Augmentation and Wrinkle Correction." Chemistry of Materials 31, no. 23 (November 21, 2019): 9614–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b02802.

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23

Simpura, Ilkka, and Vesa Nevalainen. "Symmetric esters by Tischtschenko reaction of aldehydes catalyzed by bi- and tridentate catalysts derived from catechol or gallol, trimethylaluminum and isopropanol." Tetrahedron 57, no. 49 (December 2001): 9867–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4020(01)01004-3.

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24

Samanta, Sumanta, Vignesh K. Rangasami, N. Arul Murugan, Vijay Singh Parihar, Oommen P. Varghese, and Oommen P. Oommen. "An unexpected role of an extra phenolic hydroxyl on the chemical reactivity and bioactivity of catechol or gallol modified hyaluronic acid hydrogels." Polymer Chemistry 12, no. 20 (2021): 2987–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1py00013f.

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Gallic acid-functionalized materials possess superior tissue-adhesive, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties due to the lower pK_a and faster oxidation kinetics, making them superior to dopamine derivatives for biomedical applications.

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25

Savin, Rémy, Christian Blanck, Nour-Ouda Benzaamia, and Fouzia Boulmedais. "Optimization of Nanohybrid Biosensors Based on Electro-Crosslinked Tannic Acid Capped Nanoparticles/Enzyme." Molecules 27, no. 10 (May 21, 2022): 3309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103309.

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Enzymes/Nanoparticles (NPs) bioconjugates are massively used nowadays to develop thin films for optical and electrochemical biosensors. Nevertheless, their full characterization as a thin coating onto electrodes remains little discussed, in particular the influence of NPs size and enzyme/NPs ratio used in the electrodeposition solution. In this study, GOx (160 kDa) and HRP (44 kDa) were used in association with tannic acid capped gold NPs (a series with sizes from 7 to 40 nm) to electrodeposit biosensor coatings, sensitive towards glucose and H2O2, respectively. The electrodeposition process was based on a mussel-inspired electro-crosslinking between gallol moieties of tannic acid (at the surface of NPs) and amine moieties of the enzymes. On one hand, the sensitivity of the GOx/NPs coatings depends strongly on the NP size and the enzyme/NPs molar ratio of the electrodeposition solution. An optimal sensitivity was obtained by electrodeposition of 11 nm NPs at a GOx/NPs molar ratio close to the theoretical value of the enzyme monolayer. On the other hand, a modest influence of the NPs size was found on the sensitivity in the case of the electrodeposited HRP/NPs coatings, reaching a plateau at the HRP/NPs molar ratio close to the value of the theoretical enzyme monolayer. In both cases, the enzyme/NPs molar ratio played a role in the sensitivity. To fully understand the parameters driving the biosensor sensitivity, a comprehensive evaluation of the colloidal state of the bioconjugates is proposed here.

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26

Simpura, Ilkka, and Vesa Nevalainen. "ChemInform Abstract: Symmetric Esters by Tischtschenko Reaction of Aldehydes Catalyzed by Bi- and Tridentate Catalysts Derived from Catechol or Gallol, Trimethylaluminum and Isopropanol." ChemInform 33, no. 15 (May 22, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200215034.

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27

García Rondón, Anolaima Pilar, Jorge Rafael Muñoz Gil, and Gedio Marín Espinoza. "Concentraciones de metales pesados en sangre de gallo (Gallus gallus domesticus), en Cumaná, Venezuela." Revista de Medicina Veterinaria 1, no. 37 (January 1, 2019): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.19052/mv.vol1.iss37.2.

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Las concentraciones de metales pesados en aves están influenciadas por factores como dieta, migración y tiempo de residencia. En el presente estudio se midieron las concentraciones (en μg∙g-1 de peso seco) de los metales pesados cadmio (Cd), níquel (Ni), cobre (Cu), plomo (Pb), cromo (Cr) y zinc (Zn) en sangre de gallo (Gallus gallus domesticus). Para ello se le extrajeron 2 ml de sangre a ocho adultos y siete juveniles, y luego se procesaron con técnicas rutinarias de digestión, vertiendo 0,5 g de sangre en tubos de digestión con 5 ml de una mezcla ácida (180 ml de ácido nítrico y 100 ml de ácido clorhídrico), para lo cual se usó un bloque de calentamiento. Se analizaron en un espectrofotómetro de absorción atómica con flujo de aire-acetileno y corrector de fondo de deuterio. Las concentraciones promedio de metales pesados determinados en la sangre de los gallos adultos y juveniles no mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas, pero se pudo evidenciar que el patrón de las concentraciones se distribuyó de distinta manera en cada grupo. En orden descendente: Zn > Ni > Pb > Cu > Cr > Cd, en adultos; mientras que para los juveniles fue: Zn > Pb > Ni > Cu > Cr > Cd. Las concentraciones promedio para cada uno de los metales pesados analizados obtenidos en sangre de gallo fueron similares o estuvieron por debajo de los límites permisibles a los señalados en estudios realizados en otros países. En general, las concentraciones de los metales pesados obtenidos en los gallos no se consideran alarmantes.

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28

Cheng, Bohan, Kazuhiko Ishihara, and Hirotaka Ejima. "Bio-inspired immobilization of low-fouling phospholipid polymers via a simple dipping process: a comparative study of phenol, catechol and gallol as tethering groups." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 2 (2020): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py00625g.

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29

Liu, Fangfei, Xiong Liu, Wentao Liu, and Haibin Gu. "ROMP synthesis of gallol-containing polymer hydrogels for in situ fabrication of AuNPs and AgNPs composites as recyclable catalysts for the degradation of 4-nitrophenol." Polymer 219 (March 2021): 123539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123539.

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30

Sogunle, O. M., O. S. Labinjo, J. A. Olanite, and A. A. Adebowani. "Rendimiento del crecimiento y perfil de la sangre de gallos jóvenes por la administración del champiñón ostra (Ostreatus pleurotus) en agua y alimento." Archivos de Zootecnia 68, no. 261 (January 15, 2019): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/az.v68i261.3935.

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Este estudio investigó el rendimiento del crecimiento y el perfil sanguíneo de 240 gallos jóvenes expuestos a diferentes niveles de champiñón ostra (Pleurotus ostreatus Jacq ex fr.) en agua y piensos durante 12 semanas. Las aves fueron criadas durante 3 semanas y posteriormente subdivididas en ocho grupos de tratamiento siguiendo un diseño experimental factorial de 2 x 4 consistente en 2 vías de administración (agua y piensos) cada una a 4 niveles de inclusión (0, 5, 10 y 15 ml/litro de agua y 0 , 500, 750 y 1000 ppm, respectivamente). Cada tratamiento contenía 30 aves con tres repeticiones de 10 aves cada una. Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos a un diseño completamente aleatorio. Las aves en 1000 ppm y 15 ml de niveles de inclusión de champiñones ostra en pienso y agua, respectivamente, tuvieron el mayor peso final (P < 0.05) y aumento de peso, y las mejores proporciones de conversión de alimento de 3,16 y 3,19, respectivamente. El PCV, HB, RBC, la proteína total y la globulina de los gallos jóvenes resultaron los más altos (P < 0.05) en la inclusión champiñón de ostra en 10 ml en un litro de agua. El colesterol total, los triglicéridos, el LDL y el VLDL fueron los más bajos (P < 0.05) en los gallos jóvenes a la inclusión de 1000 ppm de champiñón ostra en la alimentación. Los gallos jóvenes, tras la inclusión de 15 ml y 750 ppm de champiñón ostra en agua y en alimentación, respectivamente registraron el HDL más alto (49,50 mg/dL). Se concluyó que la administración de champiñones ostra en agua y piensos a 15 ml/litro y 750 ppm, respectivamente, podría adoptarse en la producción de pollos de gallo para mejorar el rendimiento del crecimiento y el perfil sanguíneo.

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Namngam, Chaianun, Praphan Pinsirodom, and Supakorn Boonyuen. "Fractionation, antioxidant and inhibitory activity of Thai mango seed kernel extracts." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 36, No. 1 (February 28, 2018): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/225/2017-cjfs.

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Mango seed kernel extracts (MSKE) from Kaew and Choke-Anan mango cultivars were fractionated using Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Antioxidant activity and the inhibitory effects on tyrosinase, 5-lipoxygenase, hyaluronidase and α-glucosidase of MSKE fractions were evaluated. The key components of polyphenol, found in the most active fraction, were identified using LC-ESI-MS. Three major isolates were obtained from both cultivars of the MSKE with the absorbance being higher for Choke-Anan than Kaew. Fraction 3 of MSKE from both cultivars showed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher antioxidant activity and 5-lipoxygenase, hyaluronidase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with Choke-Anan more effective than Kaew. Six different polyphenols were found in fraction 3 of both cultivars. These were tri-o-galloyl-glucoside, tetra-o-galloyl-glucoside, maclurin tri-o-galloyl-glucoside, penta-o-galloyl-glucoside, hexa-o-galloyl-glucoside, and hepta-o-galloyl-glucoside. In the MSKE from Choke-Anan, hexa-o-galloyl-glucoside, and tetra-o-galloyl-glucoside were the two major components, whereas in the MSKE from Kaew tetra-o-galloyl-glucoside was the only major component. The results indicate that MSKE is a suitable by-product that could be utilised for adding value to the mango processing industry and could represent a valuable input into functional foods and pharmaceutical production.

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Pechetty, Ramya, and Lalita Nemani. "Additional Heart Sounds—Part 1 (Third and Fourth Heart Sounds)." Indian Journal of Cardiovascular Disease in Women WINCARS 5, no. 02 (June 2020): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1713828.

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AbstractS3 is a low-pitched sound (25–50Hz) which is heard in early diastole, following the second heart sound. The following synonyms are used for it: ventricular gallop, early diastolic gallop, protodiastolic gallop, and ventricular early filling sound. The term “gallop” was first used in 1847 by Jean Baptiste Bouillaud to describe the cadence of the three heart sounds occurring in rapid succession. The best description of a third heart sound was provided by Pierre Carl Potain who described an added sound which, in addition to the two normal sounds, is heard like a bruit completing the triple rhythm of the heart (bruit de gallop). The following synonyms are used for the fourth heart sound (S4): atrial gallop and presystolic gallop. S4 is a low-pitched sound (20–30 Hz) heard in presystole, i.e., shortly before the first heart sound. This produces a rhythm classically compared with the cadence of the word “Tennessee.” One can also use the phrase “A-stiff-wall” to help with the cadence (a S4, stiff S1, wall S2) of the S4 sound.

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Mastandrea, Stefano, and John M. Kennedy. "Gericault’s Fake-Gallop Horse Judged Speedy but Unrealistic." Art and Perception 6, no. 2-3 (October 17, 2018): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134913-20181094.

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In two experiments, we tested pictures of horse gaits—alt (standing), walk, trot, gallop, and a fake gallop, a pose shown in a well-known Gericault painting. The pose was portrayed frequently in the nineteenth century, its features hotly debated. Fake gallop has legs extended fore and rear, close to parallel to the ground. Experiment 1 sampled real artworks depicting horses and Experiment 2 used silhouettes of horses. In both, reports of amount of movement increased from alt to fake gallop. In Experiment 1 similar results were obtained from novices and equestrians (‘experts’ familiar with horses). The extreme leg extension in fake gallop may suggest high speed, as Arnheim suggested. However, true gallop includes legs curled close together under the body—a ‘running pony’ pose—so both extremes of extension may suggest high speed. In Experiment 2, novices judged fake gallop unrealistic despite giving high movement scores. We suggest its depiction may be metaphoric, meaning a deliberately false item has relevant features of a referent. For the artworks, the amount of movement reported correlated positively but quite modestly with aesthetic appreciation, but for the silhouettes, the correlation was reversed. We suggest expression can be positive for many horse poses.

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Lima, Tony, and Norma Schroder. "Ernest Gallo, 1909–2007: A Life in Wine." Journal of Wine Economics 2, no. 2 (2007): 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1931436100000377.

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Everyone knows the name Ernest Gallo. With his brother Julio they started the E&J Gallo Winery in Modesto, California in 1932. In 70 years the winery grew to be the largest in the world. Some evidence of the scale of the Gallo Winery's operations can be found in the interview itself.“We will crush this year [1971] somewhere around 650,000 tons of grapes. We will produce only somewhere in the area of 50,000 tons” (Gallo, 1995, p.31).A ton of grapes produces about 150 gallons of wine (Gallo, 1995). In 1971 the Gallo winery produced about 105,000,000 gallons of wine. That's a large operation by any standard.This paper is based on an interview with Ernest Gallo conducted during the period 1969–1971 by the Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

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Machida, Shota, Saki Mukai, Rina Kono, Megumi Funato, Hiroaki Saito, and Taketo Uchiyama. "Synthesis and Comparative Structure–Activity Study of Carbohydrate-Based Phenolic Compounds as α-Glucosidase Inhibitors and Antioxidants." Molecules 24, no. 23 (November 27, 2019): 4340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24234340.

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Twenty-one natural and unnatural phenolic compounds containing a carbohydrate moiety were synthesized and their structure–activity relationship (SAR) was evaluated for α-glucosidase inhibition and antioxidative activity. Varying the position of the galloyl unit on the 1,5-anhydro-d-glucitol (1,5-AG) core resulted in changes in the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and notably, particularly strong activity was demonstrated when the galloyl unit was present at the C-2 position. Furthermore, increasing the number of the galloyl units significantly affected the α-glucosidase inhibition, and 2,3,4,6-tetra-galloyl-1,5-AG (54) and 2,3,4,6-tetra-galloyl-d-glucopyranose (61) exhibited excellent activities, which were more than 13-fold higher than the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of acertannin (37). Moreover, a comparative structure-activity study suggested that a hemiacetal hydroxyl functionality in the carbohydrate core and a biaryl bond of the 4,6-O-hexahydroxydiphenoyl (HHDP) group, which are components of ellagitannins including tellimagrandin I, are not necessary for the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Lastly, the antioxidant activity increased proportionally with the number of galloyl units.

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Liyono, Arie. "PENGARUH BRAND IMAGE, ELECTRONIC WORD OF MOUTH (E-WOM) DAN HARGA TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN PRODUK AIR MINUM GALON CRYSTALLINE PADA PT. PANCARAN KASIH ABADI." Jurnal Ekonomi Manajemen dan Bisnis 3, no. 1 (June 14, 2022): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32815/jubis.v3i1.1089.

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This study aims to determine the effect of: 1) brand image, 2) electronic word of mouth (e-WOM), and 3) price on purchasing decisions of Crystalline gallon drinking water products at PT. Pancaran Kasih Abadi. This research is a quantitative descriptive research by conducting a survey to reveal the influence of research variables. This research was conducted at PT. Pancaran Kasih Abadi Yogyakarta as the sole and official distributor of Crystalline gallon drinking water along with its agents, sub agents and retailers. Respondents in this study were 106 consumers of Crystalline drinking water. The data obtained were then processed by multiple regression analysis with the help of SPSS version 25. The results showed: 1) brand image has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions of Crystalline gallon drinking water, 2) e-WOM has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions of Crystalline gallon drinking water, 3) price has no significant effect on purchasing of Crystalline gallon drinking water, 4) brand image, e-WOM and price simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions of Crystalline gallon drinking water.

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Henderi, Henderi, Ageng Setiani Rafika, and Rani Putri Merliasari. "ALAT PEMANTAU AIR GALON DAN PENGISI GELAS OTOMATIS BERBASIS ESP8266." Journal CERITA 6, no. 1 (February 5, 2020): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33050/cerita.v6i1.891.

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Drinking water is very important for the human body, humans will lose concentration and even feel dizzy when lacking water. At the North Serpong District Office there are several locations for drinking gallons of water, but when someone wants to drink but the gallon water runs out the person must tell the officer about it, so the clerk will refill the gallon. When you want to drink you have to hold the glass and open the tap manually to fill the glass and then close it when it's full. This research was conducted using the SDLC method and Black Box testing. This study discusses about designing a gallon water monitor and automatic glass filler with Wemos D1 that uses the ESP8266 chip as a microcontroller, load cell as a detector for the weight of the remaining gallon water and the weight of glass, ultrasonic sensors to measure the distance of glass and servo motor to move the water tap lever . The rest of the gallon water can be monitored through the internet using a smartphone, notifications are sent when the remaining 2 liters of gallon water and the glass can be filled automatically as much as 250ml.

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Tsakiris, Stylianos, and Kleopatra H. Schulpis. "The Effect of Galactose Metabolic Disorders on Rat Brain Acetylcholinesterase Activity." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 55, no. 9-10 (October 1, 2000): 852–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2000-9-1032.

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Abstract To evaluate whether in classical galactosemia galactose (Gal), galactose-1-phosphate (Gal-1-P) and galactitol (Galtol) affect brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, various concentrations (1-16 mм) of these compounds were preincubated with brain homogenates of suckling rats as well as with pure eel Electroforus electricus AChE at 37 °C for 1 h. Initially, Galtol (up to 2.0 mм) increased (25%) AChE activity which decreased, thereafter, reaching the control value in high Galtol concentrations. Gal-1-P decreased gradually the enzyme activity reaching a plateau (38%), when incubated with 8-16 mM. However, when the usually found 2 mм of Galtol and 2 mм of Gal-1-P. concentrations in galactosemia were added in the incubation mixture simultaneously, brain AChE was stimulated (16%). Galtol or Gal-1-P modulated brain AChE as well as enzyme activity of E.electricus in the same way. Gal, Glucose (Glu) and glucose-1-phosphate (Glu-1-P) had no effect on AChE activity. It is suggested that Galtol as well as Gal-1-P can affect acetylcholine degradation acting directly on AChE molecule. Consequently the direct action of these substances on the enzyme might explain the brain cholinergic dysfunction in untreated galactosemia patients.

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Park, Kwan Hee, Kyu Hyeong Yoon, Jun Yin, Thi Tam Le, Hye Sin Ahn, Seong Hye Yoon, and Min Won Lee. "Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Galloyl Derivatives and Antidiabetic Activities ofAcer ginnala." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6945912.

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Chromatographic isolation of the 80% MeOH extract ofAcer ginnala(AG) yielded seven galloyl derivatives: gallic acid (1), ginnalin B (2), acertannin (3), maplexin D (4), maplexin E (5), quercetin-3-O-(2′′-galloyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (6), and kaempferol-3-O-(2′′-galloyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (7). This is the first study to report the isolation of compounds4and5from AG. Galloyl derivatives3–7exhibited potent radical scavenging activities, with5and7showing particularly strong inhibitory activities against nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharides- (LPS-) stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, oral administration of AG extract (500 mg/kg b.w.) improved symptoms of hyperglycemia and blunted the increases in serum GOT/GPT levels in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. These results suggest that galloyl derivatives (1–7) are antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents and that AG extract has potential as a functional material or novel herbal medicine for treating diabetes mellitus.

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40

Broglio-Micheletti, Sônia Maria Forti, Josean Leite Pereira-Barros, Adriano Jorge Nunes dos Santos, Lucyo Wagner Torres de Carvalho, Luiz Henrique Torres de Carvalho, and Carlos José Tavares de Oliveira. "Efeito do número de adultos de Trichogramma galloi Zucchi, 1988 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) liberados em semanas sucessivas, para o controle de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 31, no. 1 (February 2007): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542007000100008.

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Neste trabalho, estudou-se o efeito do número de adultos de Trichogramma galloi Zucchi, 1988 liberados em semanas sucessivas, para o controle de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794). O experimento foi conduzido em março de 2003, com a cultivar SP 79-1011, de quatro meses de idade. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. Foram demarcadas quatro subáreas de 400 m² cada (20 m x 20 m), eqüidistantes 20 m. Cada parcela foi infestada artificialmente uma vez por semana com 20 casais de D. saccharalis (dois casais por gaiola, correspondendo a dez repetições por tratamento). Cada repetição correspondeu aos diferentes pontos de infestação. Repetiu-se esse procedimento por três semanas consecutivas, obtendo-se as posturas. Liberou-se T. galloi nas primeiras 24 horas após a infestação, no centro de cada uma das subáreas, nas seguintes quantidades (tratamentos): a- ausência de liberação (testemunha); b- 4.000 adultos (100.000 T. galloi/ha); c- 8.000 adultos (200.000 T. galloi/ha) e 10.000 adultos (250.000 T. galloi/ha). Com este trabalho ficou evidenciado que as liberações realizadas em áreas infestadas com ovos de D. saccharalis, em três semanas consecutivas, proporcionaram níveis elevados de parasitismoe que as melhores taxas de liberação de T. galloi para o controle de D. saccharalis, ficaram entre 150.000 e 175.000 parasitóides/ha.

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41

Ogata, Misaki, Yoshinori Saito, Yosuke Matsuo, Hajime Maeda, and Takashi Tanaka. "Triterpene Galloyl Esters from Edible Acorn of Castanopsis Cuspidata." Natural Product Communications 11, no. 2 (February 2016): 1934578X1601100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1601100211.

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Polyphenols of edible acorns of Castanopsis cuspidata were examined and two triterpene galloyl esters were isolated. Based on two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic evidence the structures were determined to be 3,24-di- O-galloyl-2α,3β-23,24-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid (1) and 3,24-di- O-galloyl-2α,3β-23,24-tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (2). The triterpene hexahydroxydiphenoyl esters, which had been found in the leaves, were not detected in the acoms.

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42

Schmidt, Stephan W., Klaus Denzel, Gerhard Schilling, and Georg G. Gross. "Enzymatic Synthesis of 1,6-Digalloylglucose from β-Glucogallin by β-Glucogallin: β-Glucogallin 6-O-Galloyltransferase from Oak Leaves." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 42, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1987): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1987-1-215.

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Abstract Cell-free extracts from oak (Quercus robur) leaves catalyze the transfer of the galloyl-moiety of β-glucogallin (1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose) specifically to the 6-position of the same compound, yielding 1,6-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose, an intermediate of gallotannin biosynthesis, β- Glucogallin thus functions as both donor and acceptor molecule in this reaction. The partial purification and some general properties of this new acyltransferase are reported.

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43

Valente, Ellen Carine Neves, Sônia Maria Forti Broglio, Eliana Maria dos Passos, and André Suêldo Tavares de Lima. "Desempenho de Trichogramma galloi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) sobre ovos de Diatraea spp. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 51, no. 4 (April 2016): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2016000400001.

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Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de Trichogramma galloi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) sobre ovos de Diatraea flavipennella e D. saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), assim como as características biológicas do parasitoide em ambos os hospedeiros, e elaborar a tabela de vida de fertilidade. Para isso, foram realizados testes com e sem chance de escolha e bioensaios para avaliar as características biológicas do parasitoide em ambos os hospedeiros. A tabela de vida de fertilidade foi elaborada por meio do parasitismo diário das fêmeas de T. galloi sobre os hospedeiros. Os resultados da percentagem de parasitismo em testes com chance de escolha mostraram uma melhor aceitação por parte de T. galloi quanto a ovos de D. flavipennella. Com relação aos parâmetros biológicos do parasitoide em ambas as espécies, não houve diferença significativa. Resultados da tabela de vida de fertilidade evidenciam que D. flavipennella e D. saccharalis permitem aumento populacional para T. galloi. O parasitoide T. galloi apresenta desempenho satisfatório em ambos os hospedeiros, sendo um potencial agente de controle para essas espécies.

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44

Viana, P. C. R., M. C. Caldas-Bussiere, R. S. Q. S. Marins, L. S. Menna-Barreto, and L. J. Cury. "Effect of exercise on occurrence of diurnal rhythms of plasma ions and metabolites in Thoroughbred racehorses." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 59, no. 4 (August 2007): 857–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352007000400006.

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Records of plasma calcium (Ca++), phosphorus (Pi), potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-), magnesium (Mg++), iron (Fe++), glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and total protein levels were measured to determine the effects of exercise on occurrence of diurnal rhythms in Throughbred racehorses (n=7) under physical training. Physical activities consisted of gallop on the track and walking. Blood samples were collected from jugular vein every 4h over a 48h period. Plasma Ca++, K+, Mg++ and Na+ levels were obtained by flame photometry; and, Pi, Cl-, Fe++, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and total protein levels were measured by colorimetric tests using visible UV spectrophotometry. The data were analyzed using a 24h period to each exercise performed. Diurnal rhythm of Pi was observed when walking was the physical activity performed, and its acrophase occurred at the light period. Plasma triclycerides showed significant diurnal rhythms, with their acrophases occurring at the dark period, even when walking or gallop were performed. High intensity exercise (gallop) decreased triglycerides amplitude. No significant diurnal rhythms of other variables were found. Gallop, as physical activity, masked phosphorus diurnal rhythm. However, physical training did not influence triglycerides diurnal rhythm occurrence. High intensity exercise (gallop) just declined triglycerides amplitude.

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45

Munk, R., S. Møller, and A. Lindner. "Effects of training with different interval exercises on horses used for show jumping." Comparative Exercise Physiology 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep12016.

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Studies examining the effect of conditioning programs to improve the fitness of horses used in show jumping (Show Jumpers) are not available. Therefore, the effects of conditioning with 3 different interval type exercises were examined on 20 Show Jumpers divided into 3 groups matched by age and jumping performance level. Horses participated in 2 conditioning periods (CP) each of 6 weeks separated by 6 weeks without interval exercise. Training during a CP was the same for all horses but for one specific interval type exercise bout every 5th day. The specific interval exercise bouts were termed Gallop (n=13), Sprint (n=14) and Jump (n=13) and consisted of 4 times 90 s sessions each: Gallop were runs at the heart rate producing a blood lactate concentration (LA) of 4 mmol/l, Sprint were accelerations on the long-sides and decelerations in the short-sides of an arena, and Jump consisted of jumping obstacles of increasing height. Horses were submitted to 3 different standardised exercise tests (SET) before and after each CP: SETv4 (v4 is the speed at which a blood LA of 4 mmol/l is determined), SETjump (16 one jump obstacles in an elliptical course) and SETcourse (11 obstacles at the level of individually adjusted maximal degrees of difficulty). SETv4 showed that the v4 increased more in the Gallop (n=7) and Jump groups (n=7) than in the Sprint group (n=6). These results are based on fewer horses than the others because weather conditions did not allow for running this SET after the second period of conditioning. SETjump showed that blood LA and the level of fatigue estimated by the rider decreased after all interval type exercise bouts. A subjective fatigue score used by the rider in SETcourse improved regardless of the conditioning type of the horses, while their jumping technique improved with Gallop and Jump interval exercise only. Also the blood LA after SETcourse was lower after conditioning with Gallop and Jump interval exercise and the jumping technique improved according to an experienced independent observer in horses conditioned with Gallop, remained the same with Jump and decreased with Sprint interval exercise. In conclusion, all interval type exercise bouts examined improved parameters of fitness, but Gallop and Jump interval exercise improved more parameters than Sprint interval exercise bouts (v4, blood LA and fatigue level assessed by the rider after Gallop and Jump interval exercise; blood LA and fatigue level assessed by the rider after Sprint exercise), and Gallop as well as Jump interval exercise bouts improved the jumping technique too (as assessed by the rider and the independent observer for Gallop, and by the rider only after Jump interval exercise).

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46

Antigo, Marina de Rezende, Eduardo Mitio Shimbori, Daniele Fabiana Glaeser, Harley Nonato De Oliveira, and Gerado Andrade Carvalho. "Herbicidas e Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas Utilizados na Cana-de-Açúcar e sua Ação sobre Adultos de Trichogramma galloi Zucchi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)." EntomoBrasilis 9, no. 1 (April 29, 2016): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v9i1.556.

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Resumo. Durante o manejo da cultura da cana-de-açúcar são utilizados diversos produtos fitossanitários que podem afetar o desempenho de parasitoides, inimigos naturais da broca-da-cana, Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) e consequentemente, o controle biológico da mesma. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar em laboratório o efeito de herbicidas e reguladores de crescimento de plantas utilizados na cultura da cana-de-açúcar, sobre a sobrevivência, e parasitismo de adultos do parasitoide de ovos Trichogramma galloi Zucchi, assim como sobre a emergência do parasitoide (F1). Os produtos testados foram: Clomazone, Diuron + Hexazinone (herbicidas); Sulfometuron-methyl e Trinexapac-ethyl (reguladores de crescimento de plantas) nas maiores doses recomendadas à cultura. Ovos de D. saccharalis foram imersos durante 5 segundos em uma das caldas químicas e, após secos por 1 hora, oferecidos às fêmeas de T. galloi, totalizando 20 repetições. Avaliou-se a mortalidade e o número de ovos parasitados pela geração F0, assim como, a emergência da geração F1 de T. galloi, sendo os produtos classificados quanto à toxicidade, conforme percentual de redução da sobrevivência, parasitismo e emergência do parasitoide. Em relação à sobrevivência de T. galloi, número de ovos parasitados pela F0 e a emergência da F1, Clomazone e Trinexapac-ethyl foram classificados como levemente prejudicais. Diuron + Hexazinone e Sulfometuron-methyl foram inócuos em todos os parâmetros avaliados, com exceção do parasitismo, onde Diuron + Hexazinone foi classificado como levemente prejudicial. Conclui-se que, Clomazone, Diuron + Hexazinone, Trinexapac-ethyl e Sulfometuron-methyl são inócuos ou levemente prejudiciais a sobrevivência e parasitismo (F0) de adultos de T. galloi, e a emergência (F1) desse parasitoide, em laboratório.Herbicides and Plant Growth Regulators Used in SUGARCANE and their Action on Adult Trichogramma galloi Zucchi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Abstract. During crop sugarcane management, several used pesticides can affect the performance of parasitoids, natural enemies of sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharallis (Fabricius) and consequently the biological control ofit. Thus, the objective was to evaluate in laboratory the effect of herbicides and plant growth regulators used in the sugarcane crops on survival and parasitism in adults of the eggs parasitoids, Trichogramma galloi Zucchi. The products tested were the herbicides Clomazone and Diuron + Hexazinone, and the plant regulators Sulfometuron-methyl and Trinexapac-ethyl, all in the higher recommended dosages for sugarcane. The eggs of D. saccharalis were immersed during 5 seconds in chemical solutions and, after dry for 1 hour, offered to T. galloi females with 20 repetitions. We evaluated the mortality and number of eggs parasitized by the F0 generation of T. galloi, as well as the emergence of the F1. The products were classified by their toxicity, according to the percentage of reduction in the survival, parasitism and emergence of the parasitoid. In relation to the survival of adult T. galloi, the number of eggs parasitized by F0 as well as the percentage of F1 emergence, clomazone and trinexapac-ethyl were classified as slightly harmful. Diuron+hexazinone and sulfometuron-methyl were harmless in all parameters, except for parasitism, where diuron+hexazinone was classified as slightly harmful. We conclude that clomazone, diuron+hexazinone, trinexapac-ethyl and sulfometuron-methyl, are harmless or slightly harmful the survival and parasitism (F0) of T. galloi adults and emergence (F1) of this parasitoid in the laboratory.

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47

Knight, Patricia R., D. Joseph Eakes, Kenneth M. Tilt, and Charles H. Gilliam. "INFLUENCE OF CONTAINER SIZE AND TRANSPLANT SEQUENCE ON ROOT DEVELOPMENT OF TWO ILEX SPECIES." HortScience 27, no. 11 (November 1992): 1166a—1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.11.1166a.

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Stem cuttings of Ilex cornuta `Burfordii Nana' and Ilex × `Nellie R. Stevens', were direct stuck into cell pack, rose pot, quart pot, and trade gallon containers on March 4, 1991. Ten weeks and again at twenty weeks after sticking, rooted liners from cell pack, rose pot, and quart pot containers were transplanted into trade gallon containers. Thirty weeks after sticking, Nellie R. Stevens holly had a greater total root dry weight compared to Dwarf Burford holly. There were no differences in total root dry weight for any transplant treatment, but root distribution was influenced. Cell pack and rose pot liners transplanted twenty weeks after sticking showed a reduction in root growth in the root sector between the radius of a quart pot and a trade gallon pot. Shoot growth was also reduced for cell pack and rose pot liners that were transplanted into trade gallon containers twenty weeks after sticking.

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48

Mauluddin, Yusuf, and Moch Tegar Ramadhan. "Analisis Beban Angkat dan Postur Kerja dalam Pengangkutan Gallon Air 19 Kg di PT Medina." Jurnal Kalibrasi 18, no. 1 (October 31, 2020): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33364/kalibrasi/v.18-1.728.

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Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mencari metode kerja yang sesuai dan beban angkat dalam proses pengangkutan gallon air 19 kg yang dilakukan di PT medina. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode Nordic body map, RULA dan RWL. Perhitungan dimulai mewawancarai pekerja,kemudian menganalisis beban angkat yang diterima pekerja. Berdasarkan penelitian pendahuluan dengan metode Nordic body map RULA digunakan untuk menganalisis aktivitas dan menganalsis beban angkat yang diterima pekerja adalah sakit bahu kiri,bahu kanan ,pinggang ,pinggul , metode nnrapid upper limb assessment RULA digunakan untuk menganalisis pengangkutan tersebut. Metode RWL digunakan menunjukan bahwa pengangkutan gallon air 19kg .hasil menunjukan bahwa bahwa gallon air 19 kg resiko tinggi yakni pada aktivitas penyimpanan ke mobil dengan nilai RWL 4,41 maka pada aktivitas ini menimbulkan cidera tinggi ,rekomendasi pada penelitian ini adalah perbaikan metode kerja yang memiliki resiko paling tinggi serta beban maksimal.kemudian perencanaan alat bant untuk menaikan gallon ke atas mobil untuk mengurangi resiko cidera.

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49

Chakraborti, Sajal, Jaganmay Sarkar, Rajabrata Bhuyan, and Tapati Chakraborti. "Role of catechins on ET-1-induced stimulation of PLD and NADPH oxidase activities in pulmonary smooth muscle cells: determination of the probable mechanism by molecular docking studies." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 96, no. 4 (August 2018): 417–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/bcb-2017-0179.

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The treatment of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells with ET-1 stimulates the activity of PLD and NADPH oxidase, but this stimulation is inhibited by pretreatment with bosentan (ET-1 receptor antagonist), FIPI (PLD inhibitor), apocynin (NADPH oxidase inhibitor), and EGCG and ECG (catechins having a galloyl group), but not EGC and EC (catechins devoid of a galloyl group). Herein, using molecular docking analyses based on our biochemical studies, we determined the probable mechanism by which the catechins containing a galloyl group inhibit the stimulation of PLD activity induced by ET-1. The ET-1-induced stimulation of PLD activity was inhibited by SecinH3 (inhibitor of cytohesin). Arf6 and cytohesin-1 are associated in the cell membrane, which is not inhibited by the catechins during ET-1 treatment of the cells. However, EGCG and ECG inhibited the binding of GTPγS with Arf6, even in the presence of cytohesin-1. The molecular docking analyses revealed that the catechins containing a galloyl group (EGCG and ECG) with cytohesin-1–Arf6GDP, but not the catechins without a galloyl group (EGC and EC), prevent GDP–GTP exchange in Arf6, which seems to be an important mechanism for inhibiting the activation of PLD induced by ET-1, and subsequently increases the activity of NADPH oxidase.

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50

Virtanen, Valtteri, and Maarit Karonen. "Partition Coefficients (logP) of Hydrolysable Tannins." Molecules 25, no. 16 (August 13, 2020): 3691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163691.

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The partition coefficients (logP) between n-octanol and water of 47 purified and characterized hydrolysable tannins were measured with the shake flask method utilizing UPLC and HPLC with UV detection. Results show that galloyl glucoses and gallotannins are clearly more hydrophobic than ellagitannins but the differences in hydrophobicity within ellagitannins are more varied than within galloyl glucoses or gallotannins. Most notable structural features that were found to influence the hydrophobicity of ellagitannins were the number of free galloyl groups, acyclic versus cyclic polyol, substitution of the anomeric position of glucose and 4C1 versus 1C4 conformation of the glucopyranose core.

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