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Journal articles on the topic 'Gallic acid'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

Zhao, Jianping, Ikhlas A. Khan, and Frank R. Fronczek. "Gallic acid." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 67, no. 2 (January 12, 2011): o316—o317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536811000262.

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2

Wu, Yundong, Kanggen Zhou, Shuyu Dong, Wei Yu, and Huiqing Zhang. "Recovery of gallic acid from gallic acid processing wastewater." Environmental Technology 36, no. 5 (October 3, 2014): 661–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2014.957246.

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3

Jo, Seongin, Young-Sung Jung, Ye-Ryeong Cho, Ji-Won Seo, Won-Chul Lim, Tae-Gyu Nam, Tae-Gyu Lim, and Sanguine Byun. "Oral Administration of Rosa gallica Prevents UVB−Induced Skin Aging through Targeting the c−Raf Signaling Axis." Antioxidants 10, no. 11 (October 22, 2021): 1663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111663.

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Rosa gallica is a widely used Rosa species for medicinal and culinary purposes. Rosa gallica has been reported to display antioxidant, anti−inflammatory, and antibacterial activities. However, the effect of Rosa gallica against skin aging in vivo is unknown and its active components have not been fully understood. Oral administration of Rosa gallica prevented UVB−mediated skin wrinkle formation and loss of collagen/keratin fibers in the dorsal skin of mice. Examination of biomarkers at the molecular level showed that Rosa gallica downregulates UVB−induced COX−2 and MMP−1 expression in the skin. Through a direct comparison of major compounds identified using the UHPLC−MS/MS system, we discovered gallic acid as the primary component contributing to the anti-skin aging effect exhibited by Rosa gallica. Examination of the molecular mechanism revealed that gallic acid can potently and selectively target the c−Raf/MEK/ERK/c−Fos signaling axis. In addition, both gallic acid and MEK inhibitor blocked UVB−induced MMP−1 expression and restored collagen levels in a reconstructed 3D human skin model. Collectively, Rosa gallica could be used as a functional ingredient in the development of nutraceuticals against skin aging.
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4

Okabe, Nobuo, Hasuyo Kyoyama, and Misato Suzuki. "Gallic acid monohydrate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 57, no. 8 (July 27, 2001): o764—o766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536801012041.

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5

Jiang, Ren-Wang, Dong-Sheng Ming, Paul P. H. But, and Thomas C. W. Mak. "Gallic acid monohydrate." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 56, no. 5 (May 15, 2000): 594–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270100001827.

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6

Ow, Yin-Yin, and Ieva Stupans. "Gallic Acid and Gallic Acid Derivatives: Effects on Drug Metabolizing Enzymes." Current Drug Metabolism 4, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389200033489479.

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7

Singh, U. P., B. K. Sarma, D. P. Singh, and Amar Bahadur. "Studies on exudate-depleted sclerotial development in Sclerotium rolfsii and the effect of oxalic acid, sclerotial exudate, and culture filtrate on phenolic acid induction in chickpea (Cicer arietinum)." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 48, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w02-040.

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Exudate depletion from developing sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. in culture caused reduced size and weight of sclerotia. Germination of exudate-depleted sclerotia was delayed on Cyperus rotundus rhizome meal agar medium when compared with that of control sclerotia. The exudate-depleted sclerotia caused infection in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) plants in a glasshouse. Different temperatures and incubation periods had no effect on the germination ability of the exudate-depleted sclerotia. Oxalic acid, sclerotial exudate, and culture filtrate of S. rolfsii induced the synthesis of phenolic acids, including gallic, ferulic, chlorogenic, and cinnamic acids, as well as salicylic acid, in treated chickpea leaves. Gallic acid content was increased in treated leaves compared with the untreated controls. Maximum induction of gallic acid was seen in both leaves treated with oxalic acid followed by exudate and leaves treated with culture filtrate. Cinnamic and salicylic acids were not induced in exudate-treated leaves. Ethyl acetate fractionation indicated that the sclerotial exudates consisted of gallic, oxalic, ferulic, chlorogenic, and cinnamic acids, whereas the culture filtrate consisted of gallic, oxalic, and cinnamic acids along with many other unidentified compounds.Key words: oxalic acid, phenolic acid, salicylic acid, sclerotial exudate, culture filtrate, Sclerotium rolfsii, sclerotial germination.
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8

Iman Tagelsir Abdalla Mohamed, Wasim Khan, Karishma Chester, Abdelwahab Hassan Mohamed, Sayeed Ahmad, and Saad Mohamed Hussien Ayoub. "Simultaneous quantitative estimation of ellagic acid and gallic acid in Sudanese Solanum dubium seed by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC)." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 13, no. 1 (October 30, 2020): 054–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2020.13.1.0311.

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Background: Solanum dubium is a plant believed to have several therapeutic effects including anti-asthmatic properties. The objective of this study was to investigate the quantitative estimation of Gallic acid and Ellagic acid from the seed extract of Sudanese Solanum dubium. Methods: A simple and rapid high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method was developed and validated for quantitative estimation of Gallic acid and Ellagic acid from the seed extract of Sudanese Solanum dubium. Results: Ellagic acid and Gallic acid were quantified by using HPTLC. The seeds were found to contain 1.1% w/w of Ellagic acid and 2.1% w/w of Gallic acid in extract. Gallic acid and Ellagic acid were chromatographed on silica gel 60 F254 TLC plate using Toluene: Ethyl acetate – Methanol – Formic acid (3:3:1:0.4 v/v/v/v) as mobile phase and quantified by densitometric scanning at 280 nm. The method was found to give compact spots for Gallic acid (Rf 0.35) and Ellagic acid (Rf 0.21). The linear regression analysis data for standard Gallic and Ellagic acids spots showed good linear relationship with r2 = 0.988 and 0.994 respectively, in the concentration range 100-3000 ng/spot, accurate (99.23-102.7%), (98.7-100.2%); precise (% RSD ≤ 2); robust (% RSD ≤ 2) and specific. The LOD and LOQ of the method were found as 653 and 396.8ng/spot and 215.5and 130 ng/spot, of Gallic acid and Ellagic acid respectively. Conclusion: The method was validated for precision, recovery and repeatability as per the International Conference on Harmonization Guidelines for Gallic acid and Ellagic acid. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the method is precise, accurate, reproducible and selective for the analysis of Gallic acid and Ellagic acid.
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9

Dong, Fu-Yue, Jie Wu, Hai-Yan Tian, Qing-Mei Ye, and Ren-Wang Jiang. "Gallic acid pyridine monosolvate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 67, no. 11 (October 29, 2011): o3096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536811043868.

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10

Weetal, Howard H. "Enzymatic gallic acid esterification." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27, no. 2 (February 1985): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270203.

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11

Mopon, Marlon L., Jayson S. Garcia, Dexter M. Manguerra, and Cyril John C. Narisma. "Corrosion Behavior of AA 1100 Anodized in Gallic-Sulfuric Acid Solution." Coatings 11, no. 4 (March 31, 2021): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11040405.

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Sulfuric acid anodization is one of the common methods used to improve corrosion resistance of aluminum alloys. Organic acids can be added to the sulfuric acid electrolyte in order to improve the properties of the anodized aluminum produced. In this study, the use of gallic acid as an additive to the sulfuric acid anodization of AA1100 was explored. The effect of varying anodization current density and gallic acid concentration on the properties of anodized aluminum samples was observed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear polarization, and scanning electron microscopy. It was observed that the corrosion resistance of samples anodized in gallic-sulfuric acid solution at 10 mA·cm−2 is lower than samples anodized in sulfuric acid. It was also observed that higher anodization current density can lead to lower corrosion resistances for aluminum samples anodized in gallic-sulfuric acid solution. However, samples anodized at 5 mA·cm−2 and at a gallic acid concentration of 5 g·L−1 showed better corrosion performance than the samples anodized in sulfuric acid only. This suggests that the use of low amounts of gallic acid as an additive for sulfuric acid anodization can lead to better corrosion resistances for anodized aluminum.
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12

Dwibedy, P., G. R. Dey, D. B. Naik, K. Kishore, and P. N. Moorthy. "Pulse radiolysis studies on redox reactions of gallic acid: one electron oxidation of gallic acid by gallic acid–OH adduct." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 1, no. 8 (1999): 1915–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a809147a.

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13

Delahaye, P., A. De Bruyn, F. van Damme, and M. Verzele. "Trigallic Acid or Trimeric Gallic Acid." Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges 92, no. 5 (September 1, 2010): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bscb.19830920508.

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14

Rastogi, Subha, Madan M. Pandey, and Ajay K. S. Rawat. "High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Densitometric Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Three Phenolic Acids in Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 91, no. 5 (September 1, 2008): 1169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/91.5.1169.

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Abstract A simple, precise, and rapid high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of 3 phenolic acids, i.e., gallic acid, caffeic acid, and syringic acid, in the dried buds of Syzygium aromaticum, commonly known as clove. HPTLC was performed on silica gel 60F254 plates with tolueneethyl acetateformic acid (8 2 1) mobile phase and densitometric scanning at 280 nm. The method was validated for selectivity, linearity, precision, and repeatability. Instrumental precision coefficient of variation (CV) was 0.88, 0.93, and 0.98% and repeatability of the method (CV) was 0.76, 0.64, and 0.69% for gallic acid, caffeic acid, and syringic acid, respectively. The linear concentration ranges were 4003200 ng/spot with a correlation coefficient of 0.993 for gallic acid, 4403520 ng/spot with a correlation coefficient of 0.994 for caffeic acid, and 4004000 ng/spot with a correlation coefficient of 0.993 for syringic acid. The average recoveries of gallic acid, caffeic acid, and syringic acid were 96.3, 95.7, and 92.4%, respectively. Gallic acid, caffeic acid, and syringic acid were present at levels of 1.58, 0.06, and 0.05% (w/w), respectively, in S. aromaticum. This method is simple, accurate, precise, and economical and can be used for routine quality control.
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15

Wang, Xin-Hong, Chen Cai, and Xue-Mei Li. "Optimal Extraction of Gallic Acid fromSuaeda glaucaBge. Leaves and Enhanced Efficiency by Ionic Liquids." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5217802.

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The ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was initially applied to extract gallic acid fromSuaeda glaucaBge. using 70% ethanol as extraction solvent. Temperature, liquid-solid ratio, and extraction time were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM), obtaining maximum levels of gallic acid (6.30 mg·g−1) at 51°C, 19.52 mL·g−1, and 42.68 min, respectively. The obtained model was statistically significant (p<0.0001). The verification experiments at the optimum conditions yielded gallic acid for 6.21 mg·g−1. Subsequently, under optimal conditions, four ionic liquids were used to extract gallic acid fromSuaeda glaucaBge. The results indicated that the presence of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride allowed increasing the EE of gallic acid up to 8.90 mg·g−1. This might be interpreted in terms of the molecular interaction between ionic liquid and gallic acid. The use of ionic liquids involves a stronger gallic acid extraction capacity than conventional organic volatile solvents. A promising alternative process is proposed for the extraction of gallic acid ofSuaeda glaucaBge.
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16

Zhou, Qiang, Lei Ding, Yunhua Zhu, Meiying Zhong, and Chuchu Yang. "Process Parameters Optimization of Gallic Acid Removal from Water by MIEX Resin Based on Response Surface Methodology." Processes 8, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8030273.

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In this work, the response surface methodology was used to optimize the process parameters of gallic acid adsorption on magnetic ion exchange (MIEX) resin. Based on Box-Behnken Design, a quadratic polynomial model equation including solution pH, gallic acid concentration, MIEX resin dosage and adsorption time was established. The reliability of the established regression equation was tested by variance analysis. Based on the regression equation, the technical parameters for gallic acid adsorption on MIEX resin were optimized and the effects of interaction between variables on the removal of gallic acid were analyzed. The results showed that the established regression equation was reliable and could effectively predict the removal of gallic acid. The optimal technical parameters were determined to be a pH of 9.17, a gallic acid concentration of 8.07 mg/L, a resin dosage of 0.98 mL/L and an adsorption time of 46.43 min. The removal efficiency of gallic acid was 97.93% under the optimal parameters. The interaction between pH and adsorption time had the most significant effect on the removal of gallic acid. The results of this study demonstrated that MIEX resin can remove gallic acid efficiently and relatively quickly under the condition of optimal technical parameters.
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17

Dyah Wulandari, Devyana, Ersalina Nidianti, Ary Andini, Rahmawati Fitri Awalia, and Halimah Prisilia. "Pengaruh Penyimpanan dan Lama Pemanasan Terhadap Kadar Asam Galat pada Kacang Tanah (Arachis hypogaea L.)." KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia 8, no. 2 (August 30, 2022): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/kovalen.2022.v8.i2.15947.

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One of the most prevalent phenolic acids to be found in foods such as fruits, vegetables, and herbal remedies is gallic acid, also known as 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid. The free acids, esters, catechin derivatives, and hydrolyzed tannins are the different ways that these substances are obtained. The specialty of this compound is due to its pharmacological activity as a radical scavenger. The total phenolic content in peanuts varies from 132.5 to 248.8 mg GAE/100 g. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of storage time and heating time of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) on gallic acid levels. Determination of gallic acid using the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method with the column used is an ODS (Octadesil Silica) C18 column and the mobile phase is a mixture of acetonitrile and aquadest (1:3). Peanuts were stored for 1 week, 2 weeks, and 3 weeks at 25°C and fried at 160°C for 2 minutes, 4 minutes, and 6 minutes. The results of this study on the length of storage obtained a P value of 0.000 where the results are smaller than 0.05. This indicates that storage time has a significant effect on gallic acid levels in peanut samples. Gallic acid levels appear to increase from the first week to the fourth week. Based on the results of the research at the time of heating obtained a P value of 0.189 where the results are higher than 0.05. This shows that the length of heating time does not affect on the gallic acid content in the peanut samples. From these results, it was concluded that gallic acid content was affected by storage time, but not by heating time.
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18

Alves da Silva, Francineyde, Wliana Alves Viturino da Silva, Magda Rhayanny Assunção Ferreira, Luiz Alberto Lira Soares, and Fábio Sérgio Barbosa da Silva. "Bark of the Stem of Libidibia Ferrea Associated with Mycorrhizal Fungi: An Alternative to Produce High Levels of Phenolic Acids." Open Microbiology Journal 12, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 412–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285801812010412.

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Background: The use of microorganisms such as Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) may represent a sustainable biotechnological alternative for the cultivation of medicinal plants to facilitate plant growth, in addition to increasing the production of secondary compounds. These fungi are associated with Libidibia ferrea, a species which produces gallic and ellagic acid, compounds with preventive properties against cancer and diabetes complications. Objective: The objective of this paper was to verify whether the stem bark of L. ferrea concentrates higher amounts of gallic and ellagic acids when inoculated with Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Gigaspora albida and Acaulospora longula. Methods: The extractive methanolic solutions from the barks of L. ferrea were analyzed by RP-HPLC in order to establish the contents of gallic and ellagic acids. Results: The application of fungus Claroideoglumus etunicatum was more efficient at increasing the concentration of gallic acid (18%) and ellagic acid (45.2%) in the stem bark of L. ferrea in comparison to the control. In contrast, plants inoculated with Acaulospora longula benefited only with the increase in the amount of gallic acid if compared with the non-inoculated plants. Conclusion: The mycorrhizal technology may be an alternative to the cultivation of L. ferrea with higher concentrations of both gallic and ellagic acids in the stem bark, providing a promissory strategy to produce high quality herbal materials for the production of herbal medicines.
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19

Pallavi, Runjhun ​., and Shivesh Jha. "Estimation of Gallic Acid in Triphala Using Enzymatic Hydrolysis." Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 21, no. 1 (June 15, 2022): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18579/jopcr/v21i1.ms21.53.

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A well-known Ayurvedic formulation, Triphala has numerous health benefits like appetite stimulation, controls diabetes, reduces cholesterol, relieves stress, alleviates inflammation and treats a variety of bacterial and fungal infections along with digestive problems. The phytoconstituents flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols and many chemical compounds are responsible for its claimed health benefits. One of the very significant compounds is gallic acid, which is reported to possess hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic and antioxidant properties that are beneficial in treatment of several diseases. In the present work using gallic acid as a marker, an attempt has been made to extract gallic acid from tannins present in Triphala by enzymatic hydrolysis and subsequent estimation of total gallic acid content by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). Rhizopus oryzae fungus is cultured for the production of enzyme tannase, which converts tannins into gallic acid. The extracted gallic acid is estimated in the biocatalyzed sample at optimal process parameters by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method. The gallic acid content after treatment with enzyme was found to be doubled 0.296 ± 0.018 mg/ml, Rf value 0.37 at 254nm which was 0.197 ± 0.008 mg/ml and Rf value was 0.37 prior to enzymatic treatment. Gallic acid in Triphala is present in free form as well as the constituent of tannins. There is a remarkable yield of gallic acid from tannins using the enzyme Tannase in the conversion process. Application of such advanced technology increases the gallic acid yield from response surfaces in herbal and ayurvedic products containing gallic acid. The extraction condition of phenolic compounds can be optimised using enzyme hydrolysis. The effective factors including the solid to solvent ratio, enzyme concentration, particle size and extraction time can be optimised. Keywords: Triphala, Gallic acid, Tannin, Rhizopus oryzae, Tannase, HPTLC
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20

Kardaş, Süleyman, Osman Sezer Çınaroğlu, Ejder Saylav Bora, and Oytun Erbaş. "Gallic Acid Protects from Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury." Current Issues in Molecular Biology 46, no. 1 (December 19, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cimb46010001.

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Sepsis, a leading global cause of morbidity and mortality, involves multiple organ dysfunction syndromes driven by free radical-mediated processes. Uncontrolled inflammation in early sepsis stages can lead to acute lung injury (ALI). Activated leukocytes generate reactive oxygen species, contributing to sepsis development. Gallic acid, a phenolic compound, is known for its antimicrobial properties. This study aims to observe gallic acid’s protective and restorative effect on the lungs in an experimental sepsis model. Male Wistar albino rats were subjected to a feces intraperitoneal injection procedure (FIP) to induce sepsis. Four groups were formed: normal control, FIP alone, FIP with saline, and FIP with gallic acid. Gallic acid was administered intraperitoneally at 20 mg/kg/day. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis, and computed tomography assessed lung tissue histopathologically and radiologically. Gallic acid significantly decreased malondialdehyde, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, CRP levels, oxidative stress, and inflammation indicators. Lactic acid levels decreased, suggesting improved tissue oxygenation. Histopathological examinations revealed reduced lung damage in the gallic-acid-treated group. Computed tomography confirmed lower lung density, indicating less severe inflammation. Arterial blood gas analysis demonstrated improved oxygenation in gallic-acid-treated rats. Gallic acid exhibited anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, reducing markers of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. The findings support its potential to protect against ALI during sepsis. Comparable studies underline gallic acid’s anti-inflammatory properties in different tissues. Early administration of gallic acid in sepsis models demonstrated protective effects against ALI, emphasizing its potential as an adjunct therapy to mitigate adverse outcomes. The study proposes gallic acid to reduce mortality rates and decrease the need for mechanical ventilation during sepsis-induced ALI.
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21

Chavan, Anuradha K., and Anilkumar U. Tatiya. "Chromatographic Quantitative Analysis of Diosgenin, Gallic Acid, and Glycyrrhetinic Acid." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Health Care 16, no. 1 (2024): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ajprhc.ajprhc_120_23.

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ABSTRACT Background: Amla, liquorice, and fenugreek have three primary bioactive phytoconstituents: diosgenin, gallic acid, and 18β-glycyrrhetic acid. This work discusses the invention and validation of an high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) approach for the simultaneous detection, in line with ICH criteria, of gallic acid in amla, glycyrrhetinic acid in liquorice, and diosgenin in fenugreek. Materials and Methods: A new simple, exact, sensitive, and validated reversed phase (RP)-HPLC technique was developed for the measurement of diosgenin, gallic acid, 18β-glycyrrhetic acid, and acid in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. Acetonitrile: 0.05% ortho phosphoric acid (OPA) (95:5) for diosgenin in fenugreek extract, a rheodyne manual injector with a 20 μl capacity, and a Phenomenex Luna C18 (2) (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5) chromatographic apparatus were used for the separation. In Amla extract, methanol: 0.05% OPA (70:30) for gallic acid liquorice extract: Methanol: Acetonitrile: 0.05% OPA for 18β-glycyrrhetic acid A solution of ophosphoric acid (OPA) was used to maintain the pH at 3.00. The detection wavelengths utilized were 205 nm for diosgenin, 272 nm for gallic acid, and 250 nm for 18β-glycyrrhetic acid. The flow rate was set at 1.0 mL/min. Results: Even though HPLC is more sensitive for diosgenin analysis, the developed RP-HPLC method should offer a fast, accurate, simple, and inexpensive alternative approach for the quantitative detection of diosgenin, gallic acid, and 18β-glycyrrhetic acid. Conclusion: The process described in this paper produces the same amount of pure diosgenin as other reported methods.
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22

Abdelaziz, Neveen A., Walid F. Elkhatib, Mahmoud M. Sherif, Mohammed A. S. Abourehab, Sara T. Al-Rashood, Wagdy M. Eldehna, Nada M. Mostafa, and Nooran S. Elleboudy. "In Silico Docking, Resistance Modulation and Biofilm Gene Expression in Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii via Cinnamic and Gallic Acids." Antibiotics 11, no. 7 (June 28, 2022): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11070870.

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Despite the mounting global burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the generation of new classes of effective antimicrobials still lags far behind. The interplay between multidrug resistance and biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii has drastically narrowed the available therapeutic choices. The use of natural compounds holds promise as an alternate option for restoring the activity of existing antibiotics and attenuating virulence traits through reduced biofilm formation. This study aimed to evaluate the modulatory effect of combining cinnamic and gallic acids at ½MIC with various antibiotics against multidrug-resistant (MDR) A. baumannii clinical isolates as well as study the effect on the expression of the biofilm-associated genes (bap, csuE, ompA) via quantitative, real-time PCR. Combining cinnamic or gallic acid with imipenem, amikacin or doxycycline resulted in significant reduction of resistance (p < 0.05). On the contrary, no effect was recorded when both acids were combined with levofloxacin, and only cinnamic acid had a synergistic effect with colistin. The transcriptomic changes of biofilm-related genes in the presence of gallic acid at ½MIC were compared with untreated control samples. The fold expression values proved that gallic acid substantially down-regulated the respective genes in all five strong biofilm formers. Molecular docking studies of gallic and cinnamic acids on target genes revealed good binding affinities and verified the proposed mechanism of action. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the effect of gallic acid on the expression of bap, csuE and ompA genes in A. baumannii, which may permit its use as an adjunct anti-virulence therapeutic strategy.
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23

Saijo, Ryoyasu. "Biosynthetic Pathways of Gallic Acid." Chagyo Kenkyu Hokoku (Tea Research Journal) 2014, no. 118 (2014): 118_27–118_31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5979/cha.2014.118_27.

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24

Obafemi, Tajudeen O., Bidemi E. Ekundayo, Olusola B. Adewale, Blessing A. Obafemi, Scholastica O. Anadozie, Isaac A. Adu, Amos O. Onasanya, and Stella K. Ekundayo. "Gallic acid and neurodegenerative diseases." Phytomedicine Plus 3, no. 4 (November 2023): 100492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phyplu.2023.100492.

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25

Salehan, Noor Adilah Md, Aishath Naila, Azilah Ajita, and Ahmad Ziad Sulaiman. "Effect of Solid to Water Ratio, Time and Temperature on Aqueous Extraction of Gallic Acid from Labisia pumila var alata of Malaysia." Biological Sciences - PJSIR 63, no. 2 (July 15, 2020): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.biol.sci.63.2.2020.93.99.

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Labisa pumila var alata contains bioactive compounds such as gallic acid that is of use for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. Aqueous extraction is the traditional method that extracts phytochemicals from plant material. The study aimed to find the optimum condition for maximum gallic acid yield from ground L. pumila leaves using aqueous extraction. The results revealed that the maxium gallic acid yield obtained was at 1:10 sample to water ratio for 8 h at 50 °C. The maximum yield of gallic acid obtained was 1.025 mg gallic acid per g dried leaves (mg/g). The identification of gallic acid was done on Liquid Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer Quadrupole Time-of-Flight (LCMS-Q-TOF) by comparison to that of reference standard. The morphological structure of the extract that was obtained at optimum condition showed less denaturation of cell wall which indicates that still some gallic acid could be trapped in the sample matrix and other methods need to be employed to release them.
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Masamba, Kingsley, Yue Li, Hafiz Rizwan Sharif, Jianguo Ma, and Fang Zhong. "Mechanical and Water Barrier Properties of Zein–Corn Starch Composite Films as Affected by Gallic Acid Treatment." International Journal of Food Engineering 12, no. 8 (October 1, 2016): 773–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijfe-2016-0112.

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Abstract The effect of gallic acid treatment on mechanical and water barrier properties in zein and zein–corn starch composite films was investigated. Four concentrations of corn starch (5 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 %) were used in composite films making a final solid concentration of 6 % (w/v) in the film forming solution. One composite film containing 10 % corn starch was also prepared in absence of gallic acid for comparison purpose. Gallic acid treatment improved tensile strength (TS) and water vapor permeability (WVP) while solubility was increased in control zein films. On the other hand, gallic acid treatment significantly (p < 0.05) reduced TS and increased WVP in zein–corn starch composite films. Interestingly, mechanical and water barrier properties of composite films prepared in absence of gallic acid were comparatively better than gallic acid treated composite films. These findings provided useful insights in how each individual hydrocolloid in the composite film was differently affected by gallic acid treatment.
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Wang, Huijun, Mark I. Fowler, David J. Messenger, Jose Juan Ordaz-Ortiz, Xuelan Gu, Songshan Shi, Leon A. Terry, Mark J. Berry, Guoping Lian, and Shunchun Wang. "Inhibition of the intestinal postprandial glucose transport by gallic acid and gallic acid derivatives." Food & Function 12, no. 12 (2021): 5399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1fo01118a.

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Abdou, Ebtsam Mohmmed, and Marwa M. Masoud. "Gallic acid–PAMAM and gallic acid–phospholipid conjugates, physicochemical characterization and in vivo evaluation." Pharmaceutical Development and Technology 23, no. 1 (July 6, 2017): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10837450.2017.1344994.

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Pachauri, Vidhu, and S. J. S. Flora. "Combined Efficacy of Gallic Acid and MiADMSA with Limited Beneficial Effects over MiADMSA against Arsenic-induced Oxidative Stress in Mouse." Biochemistry Insights 8 (January 2015): BCI.S30505. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/bci.s30505.

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Gallic acid is an organic acid known for its antioxidant and anticancer properties. The present study is focused on evaluating the role of gallic acid in providing better therapeutic outcomes against arsenic-induced toxicity. Animals pre-exposed to arsenic were treated with monoisoamyl meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (MiADMSA), a new chelating drug, alone and in combination with gallic acid, consecutively for 10 days. The study suggests that (1) gallic acid in presence of MiADMSA is only moderately beneficial against arsenic, (2) monotherapy with gallic acid is more effective than in combination with MiADMSA after arsenic exposure in reducing oxidative injury, and (3) MiADMSA monotherapy as reported previously provides significant therapeutic efficacy against arsenic. Thus, based on the present results, we conclude that gallic acid is effective against arsenic-induced oxidative stress but provides limited additional beneficial effects when administered in combination with MiADMSA. We still recommend that lower doses of gallic acid be evaluated both individually and in combination with MiADMSA, as it might not exhibit the shortcomings we observed with higher doses in this study.
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Solanki, Urja B., B. P. Chauhan, Y. M. Shukla, and A. A. Sakure. "Phenol Profiling of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) leaves by LC-MS." Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology 27, no. 7 (June 27, 2024): 1150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2024/v27i71074.

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A lab experiment was conducted at the Department of Biotechnology, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, during 2023. The study focused on phenol profiling of 28 genotypes of chilli along with ACCMS 1 (P1) and ACS 18-08 (P2) using LC-MS. Chilli leaf samples were collected three months after transplanting. A total of 20 phenolic acids were used as standards: salicylic acid, gallic acid, hydroquinone, esculin hydrate, pyrocatechol, methylumbelliferone, umbelliferon, quercetin, coumaric acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, syringaldehyde, fraxetin, 4-hydroxy cinnamaldehyde, aminobenzoic acid, catechin hydrate, sinapic acid, and epigallocatechin gallate. Among these, six phenolic acids—ferulic acid, caffeic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, sinapic acid, gallic acid, and quercetin—were detected in measurable quantities in the chilli leaves. The result indicated in present study that in parent ACCMS 1 ferulic acid, caffeic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, sinapic acid and gallic acid (0.0075 ppm, 0.0740 ppm, 0.0119 ppm, 0.0083 ppm and 0.1470, respectively) ppm were found lower as compared to parent ACS 18-08. Only one phenolic acid quercetin was only present in ACCMS 1 and not detected in ACS 18-08.
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Yodkhum, K., S. Wannachaiyasit, and Thawatchai Phaechamud. "Gallic Thermosensitive Gel." Advanced Materials Research 93-94 (January 2010): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.93-94.433.

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Gallic acid (G) is a natural phenolic compound that has potent antioxidant and antityrosinase activities. The solubility of gallic acid in aqueous system is rather poor. The purpose of this research is to develop the thermosensitive gel containing G based on Lutrol® F127 (L) and the antioxidant of prepared gels was determined using modified ABTS.+ method expressed as Vitamin C Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (VCEAC) method. N-methyl pyrrolidone (N) could be used to effectively solubilize G into L aqueous systems. This developed thermosensitive system could convert from solution in the cool place to the firm gel under physiological condition on the skin to delivery an anti-aging agent such as gallic acid. Gallic acid gel prepared from hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC, H) was employed to compare with the developed system. The developed gel containing 25% L, 25% N and 5% G (L25N25G5) showed the good physical appearances. In vitro release study was performed using the membrane-less method. The release of G from L25N25G5 into citrate-phosphate buffer pH 5.5 was faster than that of the gel containing 3% H, 25% N and 5% G (H3N25G5). From rheology study, L25N25G5 exhibited as a Newtonian flow at 4 °C and plastic flow at 28°C and 35 °C whereas H3N25G5 demonstrated as a pseudoplastic flow at all the three temperatures. Additionally, from VCEAC method, L25N25G5 exhibited a good antioxidant activity.
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Abdulshaheed, A. A., M. M. Hanafiah, and S. N. Muslim. "Screening and optimization of a novel gallic acid and tannase production under semi quantitative and quantitative methods." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1167, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1167/1/012046.

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Abstract Tannin acyl hydrolase as the common name of tannase is an inducible extracellular enzyme that causes the hydrolysis of galloyl ester and depside bonds in tannins, yielding gallic acid and glucose. The main objective of this study is to find a novel gallic acid and tannase produced by Acinetobacter Baumannii. A number of optimization steps were followed in order to improve the highest production of gallic acid and tannase. In present study, A. baumannii were isolated from ICU burn. A. baumannii was examined by microscopic examination, morphological and biochemical assay including oxidase and catalase. The following parameters were considered and determined the effect of pH, temperature, incubation period and inoculum volume on gallic acid and tannase production. It was observed that A. baumannii gave the highest yields of gallic acid and tannase using semi-quantitative and quantitative methods. A novel A. baumannii stimulated production of gallic acid and tannase using 0.5% tannic acid in agar medium. The maximum production of gallic acid and tannase by A. baumannii was recorded at pH 5.5, temperature at 37°C, 72h of incubation period and 10% of the inoculum volume. The results concluded that the highest yields of gallic acid (47.54 mg/ml) and tannase (50.12U/mg) were obtained under improved conditions.
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Arsianti, Ade, Chie Aoki Utsubo, Fadilah Fadilah, Anton Bahtiar, Dadan Ramadhan Apriyanto, Surya Dwira, Novia Arinda Pradisty, et al. "SYNTHESIS AND ANTI-HEPATITIS C VIRUS ACTIVITY OF GALLIC ACID DERIVATIVES WITH CHIRAL CENTER." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2017): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i7.18162.

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Objective: In this work, we aim to synthesize gallic acid derivatives with chiral center and to evaluate its anti-hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) activity.Methods: Synthesis of the target derivatives was started from esterification of commercially available boc deprotection (Boc)-L-threonine with allyl bromide, followed by Boc with HCl/EtOAc, amidation, and Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation with (DHQ)2PHAL or (DHQD)2PHAL as a ligand to give desired gallic acid derivatives. The synthesized gallic acid derivatives were then evaluated for anti-HCV activity and cytotoxicity.Results: The target derivatives were successfully synthesized in ranging from 20% to 30% of yield. Anti-HCV activity of the derivatives is greatly improved by the presence of chiral center, hydroxyl group, and monomethoxy group on the aromatic ring, with showed no cytotoxicity. This fact revealed that the chiral center, hydroxyl group, and monomethoxy group on the aromatic ring of gallic acid derivatives are responsible for its anti-HCV activity. Moreover, gallic acid derivative which possesses a chiral center of bottom facial stereochemistry was found to have a stronger anti-HCV activity than gallic acid derivative with chiral center of top facial stereochemistry. Suggesting that, bottom facial stereocenter in gallic acid derivative was more effective for anti-HCV activity than the top facial stereocenter.Conclusion: Gallic acid derivatives with chiral center exhibited a greater antiviral activity against HCV than gallic acid. Thus, the derivatives should be considered as a promising candidate for the treatment of HCV infection.
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Wahyuni, Wulan Tri, Rany Zalvianita, and Rudi Heryanto. "Fabrication of Recycle Screen Printed Carbon Electrode and Its Application for Voltammetric Detection of Gallic Acid." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 22, no. 5 (August 20, 2019): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.22.5.164-172.

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Gallic acid is phenolic compound found in tea and act as antiradical agent. This compound is electrochemically active and could be detected using voltammetric technique. This study aims to obtain recycle screen printed carbon electrode (rSPCE) and applied it for voltammetric detection of gallic acid. rSPCE was prepared by modification of used SPCE working electrode using a mixture of graphite:polystyrene at ratio of 95:5, 90:10, and 85:15 (w/w). Graphite:polystyrene was suspended in chloroform and deposited on SPCE by drop casting method. Phosphate buffer 0.1 M at pH of 2.5, 3.5, and 7 were used as electrolyte solution in voltammetric detection of gallic acid. The optimum condition of gallic acid detection was obtained when phosphate buffer 0,1 M at pH of 2.5 and rSPCE in composition of graphite:polystyrene (95:5) used as electrolyte and working electrode, respectively. Gallic acid has 2 oxidation peaks at potential of 0.26 V and 0.63 V vs Ag/AgCl, respectively. At concentration of 1 – 5 mM, gallic acid and oxidation currents provide linear regression with the coefficient determination of 0.9947 and 0.9864, consecutively for peak number 1 and 2. Measurement of gallic acid at rSPCE 95:5 shows good precision with %RSD < 5%. rSPCE was successfully applied for voltammetric detection of gallic acid in standard solution with accuracy > 96%, however further development is needed before its application for gallic acid measurement in real sample such as tea extract.
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Arshad, Rida, Ayesha Mohyuddin, Shagufta Saeed, and Abrar Ul Hassan. "Optimized production of tannase and gallic acid from fruit seeds by solid state fermentation." Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 18, no. 5 (May 25, 2021): 911–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v18i5.1.

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Purpose: To investigate the possibility for gallic acid production from different tannin-rich fruit seeds using Aspergillus oryzae via solid-state fermentation. Methods: Fruit seeds of apple, guava, tamarind, black plum and watermelon were analyzed to estimate the synthesis of an enzyme tannase and its product gallic acid. Various physicochemical parameters were optimized to increase the gallic acid yield. Gallic acid was extracted by Soxhlet apparatus and identified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It was quantitatively determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: Amongst the various substrates tested, black plum seeds gave the highest activity of 34.40 U/g for tannase and 16.66 mg/g for gallic acid under optimized physicochemical conditions, i.e., 1:3 substrate: moisture ratio, 30 °C, 96 h incubation period and pH 5.5. Addition of carbon source had a negative effect on production while ammonium sulphate (0.2 %) as nitrogen source increased the yield of both products. The gallic acid produced was 98.5 % pure, compared to the standard. Conclusion: Production of tannase and gallic acid via solid-state fermentation conditions has been optimized in vitro. The optimized conditions can be utilized on a commercial scale for economically viable production of gallic acid.
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Tanaka, Yuji, Hideru Obinata, Akimitsu Konishi, Noriyuki Yamagiwa, and Makoto Tsuneoka. "Production of ROS by Gallic Acid Activates KDM2A to Reduce rRNA Transcription." Cells 9, no. 10 (October 10, 2020): 2266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9102266.

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Metformin, which is suggested to have anti-cancer effects, activates KDM2A to reduce rRNA transcription and proliferation of cancer cells. Thus, the specific activation of KDM2A may be applicable to the treatment of cancers. In this study, we screened a food-additive compound library to identify compounds that control cell proliferation. We found that gallic acid activated KDM2A to reduce rRNA transcription and cell proliferation in breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Gallic acid accelerated ROS production and activated AMPK. When ROS production or AMPK activity was inhibited, gallic acid did not activate KDM2A. These results suggest that both ROS production and AMPK activation are required for activation of KDM2A by gallic acid. Gallic acid did not reduce the succinate level, which was required for KDM2A activation by metformin. Metformin did not elevate ROS production. These results suggest that the activation of KDM2A by gallic acid includes mechanisms distinct from those by metformin. Therefore, signals from multiple intracellular conditions converge in KDM2A to control rRNA transcription. Gallic acid did not induce KDM2A-dependent anti-proliferation activity in non-tumorigenic MCF10A cells. These results suggest that the mechanism of KDM2A activation by gallic acid may be applicable to the treatment of breast cancers.
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Liu, Ning, Gui Zhen Fang, and Shuang Su. "Synthesis and the Characterizations of Structure and Function of Gallic Acid Microcrystalline Cellulose Ester." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 2059–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.2059.

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In order to solve the toxicity problem of gallic acid and its esters as food antioxidant,using the advantages of microcrystalline cellulose security and not to be absorbed by the body, a new type of polymeric anti-oxidants was exploited. Gallic acid microcrystalline cellulose ester was prepared by indirect esterification method ,which gallic acid and microcrystalline cellulose were used as raw materials. The structures of reaction materials and products were characterized and its oxidation resistance, stability, acute toxicology were studied by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy .The results showed that: gallic acid microcrystalline cellulose ester was successfully synthesized ; its ability to remove all kinds of free radicals was higher than or approximate equal to gallic acid; suitable for room temperature storage, high temperature sterilization, ultraviolet sterilizer, pH3.0~9.0,under these conditions it was stability;it was non-toxic substance, the safety was higher than gallic acid and gallic acid propyl. This study established the technical foundation for the further development of a new type of functional macromolecular compound which could be used for antioxidation.
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Chang, Wei-Tang, Shih-Chien Huang, Hsin-Lin Cheng, Shiuan-Chih Chen, and Chin-Lin Hsu. "Rutin and Gallic Acid Regulates Mitochondrial Functions via the SIRT1 Pathway in C2C12 Myotubes." Antioxidants 10, no. 2 (February 13, 2021): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10020286.

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Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles, balancing synthesis and degradation in response to increases in mitochondrial turnover (i.e., biogenesis, fusion, fission, and mitophagy) and function. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of polyphenols in the regulation of mitochondrial functions and dynamics in C2C12 myotubes and their molecular mechanisms. Our results indicate that gallic acid and rutin are the most potential polyphenol compounds in response to 15 phenolic acids and 5 flavonoids. Gallic acid and rutin were associated with a significantly greater mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome b and COX-II), mitochondrial enzymatic activities (including citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase), and intracellular ATP levels in C2C12 myotubes. Moreover, gallic acid and rutin significantly increased the gene expressions of mitochondrial turnover in C2C12 myotubes. Our findings indicated that gallic acid and rutin may have a beneficial effect on mitochondrial dynamics via regulation of the SIRT1-associated pathway in C2C12 myotubes.
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Pinho, Eva, Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira, Lillian Barros, Ana Maria Carvalho, Graça Soares, and Mariana Henriques. "Antibacterial Potential of Northeastern Portugal Wild Plant Extracts and Respective Phenolic Compounds." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/814590.

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The present work aims to assess the antibacterial potential of phenolic extracts, recovered from plants obtained on the North East of Portugal, and of their phenolic compounds (ellagic, caffeic, and gallic acids, quercetin, kaempferol, and rutin), against bacteria commonly found on skin infections. The disk diffusion and the susceptibility assays were used to identify the most active extracts and phenolic compounds. The effect of selected phenolic compounds on animal cells was assessed by determination of cellular metabolic activity. Gallic acid had a higher activity, against gram-positive (S. epidermidisandS. aureus) and gram-negative bacteria (K. pneumoniae) at lower concentrations, than the other compounds. The caffeic acid, also, showed good antibacterial activity against the 3 bacteria used. The gallic acid was effective against the 3 bacteria without causing harm to the animal cells. Gallic and caffeic acid showed a promising applicability as antibacterial agents for the treatment of infected wounds.
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Kumar, Sandhya, and Satish Pai. "Characterisation of Phenolics to comprehend ‘Gunantaradhana (Qualitative transformation)’ of Madhu (Honey) with special reference to Gallic and Tannic acid components." JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 9, no. 2 (2023): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/jrtm.2023/172145.

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Background: Madhu (honey) has been used as a remedy for diseases such as Prameha (diabetes). Medoroga (dyslipidaemia) and Sthoulya (obesity) are rooted in the principle of "Yogavahitva” or synergism. Kaiyadeva Nighantu speculates on honey's potential after Samskara or processing to obtain specific outcomes. Differences in activities of Madhu mixed and processed with Triphala Kashaya are attributed to polyphenols, among which, Tannic and Gallic acids are significant. Objective: The present study is aimed at identifying Phenolic components in Madhu in the form of Samyoga and Samskara with Triphala Kashaya and quantification of Gallic and Tannic acid through LC-MS/MS. Materials and Methods: Honey was procured from its natural habitat and stored for 1 year. Four samples were prepared and subjected to total phenolic estimation using UV Spectrophotometry and characterisation and quantification through LC-MS/MS. Results: Total phenolic content was BDL in unprocessed Madhu. Triphala Kashaya got 52% higher Tannic acid than Gallic acid content. Gallic acid was reduced by 32% and Tannic acid by 73% in sample 3 (mixing with unprocessed honey) as compared to Triphala Kashaya. In Samskarita Madhu (processed with Triphala Kashaya), Gallic acid was increased by 33.14% and Tannic acid by 19% as compared to Samyoga (sample 3). Conclusion: Triphala Kashaya contains a higher concentration of Tannic acid but it is greatly reduced in Triphala Kashaya Mishra Madhu. However, the concentration of Gallic acid is less affected. Tannic acid has an affinity towards sugar molecules thus reducing its concentration due to the formation of transient bonds. The majority of compounds in the samples remain unidentified, which may contribute to the diverse pharmacological activities.
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Liu, Hai Xing, Qing Liu, Xun Chen Zhang, Lin Tong Wang, Yan Fu Huan, Kai Qi Ye, and Hui Juan Yue. "Capillary Zone Electrophoresis for the Determination of Gallic Acid in Jianmin Throat Tablet." Advanced Materials Research 850-851 (December 2013): 1156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.850-851.1156.

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In this work, the new capillary zone electrophoresis method is used for the determination of the content of gallic acid in jianmin throat tablet. Under the 20 mmol/L borate (pH=9.44), valid separation of gallic acid is obtained in jianmin throat tablet and the content of gallic acid is 0.7096 mg/g (RSD=5.4%) (n=5). The average recovery of gallic acid is 112.4% (RSD=8.4%)(n=4). The method is simple and rapid.
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González, Miguel A., David Pérez-Guaita, Lee S. Agudelo-Goméz, Verónica Tangarife-Castaño, Bibiana Zapata, and Liliana Betancur-Galvis. "Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Combretastatin A-4 and Three Combretastatin-Based Hybrids." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 8 (August 2012): 1934578X1200700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700822.

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The syntheses of combretastatin A-4 from gallic acid and of three combretastatin-based hybrids are described. Starting from commercial gallic acid, the phosphonium salt (3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylphosphonium bromide) is synthesized and coupled, through a Wittig reaction, with several aldehydes, including methoxymethyl-protected isovanillin, the aldehyde γ-bicyclohomofarnesal having a labdane skeleton, 3-(3-pyridyl) propanal, and furfural. The biological properties of the cis-coupled compounds as cytotoxic, antiviral and antifungal agents are also reported. In addition, pyrogallol, gallic and 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acids have been studied biologically.
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Dewi, Ni Kadek Diah Parwati, Kadek Dinda Suryadewi, Diah Mawarni Fitriari, Kadek Lia Andini, and Ni Putu Linda Laksmiani. "Molecular docking of gallic acid as anti-photoaging in silico." Pharmacy Reports 1, no. 2 (December 4, 2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51511/pr.18.

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Skin aging caused by excessive exposure to ultraviolet is known as photoaging. The mechanism underlying skin photoaging relates to collagen degradation in the extracellular matrix (ECM) by overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases-1 (MMP-1). Gallic acid is a phenolic antioxidant found in many types of plants and can be used as an anti-photoaging agent due to its antioxidant activity. This study aims to determine the potential effect of gallic acid as an anti-photoaging against MMP-1 using in silico molecular docking. The stages included gallic acid structure optimization using the HyperChem 8, preparation of protein target MMP-1 (PDB ID: 966C) using the Chimera1.10.1, validation the molecular docking protocol, and docking gallic acid on MMP-1 with the Autodock 1.5.6. The results showed that gallic acid had an affinity for MMP-1 with a binding energy of -6.0 kcal/mol. There are similar amino acid residues in hydrogen bonds between the native ligand RS2 with MMP-1 and gallic acid with MMP-1, namely ALA 182, LEU 181, and HIS 218. The results suggest that gallic acid has the potential as the anti-photoaging agent through the inhibition of the MMP-1 enzyme.
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Budi, Sulistyaning, Annisa Fitri Nurlaila, Icaq Dwi Prasetyo, Indah Nur Rahmadhani, Javier Sebastian, and Iqmal Tahir. "Molecular Docking of Gallic Acid and Its Derivatives as the Potential nNOS Inhibitors." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 25, no. 6 (May 17, 2022): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.25.6.197-204.

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The global prevalence of anxiety and depression rates have increased by 25% due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Depression can occur due to an increase in NO produced by the nNOS enzyme. Gallic acid and its derivatives can be obtained from nature and have various biological activities. This study aimed to determine the potential of gallic acid and its derivatives as nNOS inhibitors using the molecular docking method with parameters of binding energy values, RMSD values, and specific binding to amino acid residues. The results showed that gallic acid, 4-O-methyl gallic acid, and epigallocatechin gallate had bond energies of −1.87; −2.36; and −0.12 kcal/mol, respectively. Compared to the standard ligand, which had binding energy of −2.84 kcal/mol, gallic acid 4-O-(6-galloyl glucoside) had binding energy of −4.12 kcal/mol. Based on these results, gallic acid 4-O-(6-galloyl glucoside) can potentially inhibit nNOS.
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M.K. Al-Shafi, Sabah, Mohamed J.Al-Azzaw, and Methal A. Ali. "The Inhibitory Effect of Gallic Acid on Human Serum Cholinesterase." Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512) 18, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31351/vol18iss1pp33-37.

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The dried fruit peel of pomegranate in Punicaceae family was fractionated chromatographically on Sephadex-LH-20 column .Gallic acid (trihydroxybenzoic acid) and its related galloyl esters such as gallotannin(i.e. β-penta-O-galloyl–D-glucose) were obtained homogenously. Different concentrations of gallic acid and gallotannin were used to determine their inhibitory effect on human serum cholinesterase. The enzyme activity was measured according to the method reported by the WHO .The inhibitory effect of these compounds on the activity of human serum cholinesterase have been studied in vitro .The inhibitory effect was remarkably clear with increasing concentration of gallic acid .Whereas galloyl ester showed no inhibitory effect. The inhibition with gallic acid indicates a noncompetitive pattern. Therefore, we can not recommended gallic acid and its related compounds , as preservative substances in food industry or in pharmacological preparations since they might have some side effect on certain biological systems.. Key words: Gallic acid , gallotannin , Human Serum Cholinesterase .
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Chang, Shih-Sheng, Viola S. Y. Lee, Yu-Lun Tseng, Kuan-Cheng Chang, Kuen-Bao Chen, Yuh-Lien Chen, and Chi-Yuan Li. "Gallic Acid Attenuates Platelet Activation and Platelet-Leukocyte Aggregation: Involving Pathways of Akt and GSK3β." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/683872.

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Platelet activation and its interaction with leukocytes play an important role in atherothrombosis. Cardiovascular diseases resulted from atherothrombosis remain the major causes of death worldwide. Gallic acid, a major constituent of red wine and tea, has been believed to have properties of cardiovascular protection, which is likely to be related to its antioxidant effects. Nonetheless, there were few and inconsistent data regarding the effects of gallic acid on platelet function. Therefore, we designed thisin vitrostudy to determine whether gallic acid could inhibit platelet activation and the possible mechanisms. From our results, gallic acid could concentration-dependently inhibit platelet aggregation, P-selectin expression, and platelet-leukocyte aggregation. Gallic acid prevented the elevation of intracellular calcium and attenuated phosphorylation of PKCα/p38 MAPK and Akt/GSK3βon platelets stimulated by the stimulants ADP or U46619. This is the first mechanistic explanation for the inhibitory effects on platelets from gallic acid.
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Junaidi, Eka, and Yunita Arian Sani Anwar. "GALLIC ACID PRODUCTION FROM WASTE LOCAL FRUIT IN LOMBOK ISLAND ENZYMATICALLY." ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia 13, no. 2 (September 1, 2017): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.13.2.5118.262-273.

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<p>Tannase is industrially important enzyme used in the production of gallic acid. Gallic acid possesses wide range of biological activities such as`antioxidant, antibacterial, and antivirus. This work aims to produce gallic acid from local fruit rind in Lombok enzimatically. The tested rind local fruit were juwet (<em>Syzygium cumini</em>), kepundung (<em>Baccaurea racemosa</em> Muell.Arg) and mangosteen (<em>Garcinia mangostana</em>). The result showed that tannase activity of 57.827 U/mg. Gallic acid concentration has increased with increase in amount of tannase and reaction time. Optimal gallic acid concentration was obtained at 1 % (v/v) tannase and 60 minutes of reaction time for kepundung rind. However, juwet and mangosteen rind produced optimal gallic acid at 1.2 % (v/v) tannase with the same of reaction time.</p>
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48

Xiang, Wei, Colin Sng, Yi-Hui Lam, Ze-Hui Kok, Yeh-Ching Linn, Soek-Ying Neo, Yin-Yin Siew, Deepika Singh, Hwee-Ling Koh, and Charles Chuah. "Gallic Acid Enhances the Efficacy of BCR::ABL1 Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia through Inhibition of Mitochondrial Respiration and Modulation of Oncogenic Signaling Pathways." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 14 (July 21, 2024): 7958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147958.

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While BCR::ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors have transformed the treatment paradigm for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), disease progression and treatment resistance due to BCR::ABL1-dependent and BCR::ABL1-independent mechanisms remain a therapeutic challenge. Natural compounds derived from plants have significantly contributed to cancer pharmacotherapy. This study investigated the efficacy of an active component of Leea indica, a local medicinal plant, in CML. Using high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry, a chemical constituent from L. indica extract was isolated and identified as gallic acid. Commercially obtained gallic acid was used as a chemical standard. Gallic acid from L. indica inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in CML cell lines, as did the chemical standard. Furthermore, gallic acid induced apoptosis and decreased the colony formation of primary CML CD34+ cells. The combination of isolated gallic acid or its chemical standard with BCR::ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors resulted in a significantly greater inhibition of colony formation and cell growth compared to a single drug alone. Mechanistically, CML cells treated with gallic acid exhibited the disruption of multiple oncogenic pathways including ERK/MAPK, FLT3 and JAK/STAT, as well as impaired mitochondrial respiration. Rescue studies showed that gallic acid is significantly less effective in inducing apoptosis in mitochondrial respiration-deficient ρ0 cells compared to wildtype cells, suggesting that the action of gallic acid is largely through the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. Our findings highlight the therapeutic potential of L. indica in CML and suggest that gallic acid may be a promising lead chemical constituent for further development for CML treatment.
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49

Zannini, Melissa, Alice Cattivelli, Lorenzo Nissen, Angela Conte, Andrea Gianotti, and Davide Tagliazucchi. "Identification, Bioaccessibility, and Antioxidant Properties of Phenolic Compounds in Carob Syrup." Foods 13, no. 14 (July 11, 2024): 2196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13142196.

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Carob syrup is a brown, thick syrup produced from carob pulp that can be directly consumed or used as a sweetener, which also finds applications in folk medicinal practices. In this work, the quali–quantitative phenolic profile of five different carob syrups was elucidated before and after in vitro gastro–intestinal digestion. Moreover, the anti-oxidant properties of undigested and digested carob syrups were investigated. A total of 75 phenolic compounds were identified in undigested carob syrups. The most important phenolic compound in all the samples was gallic acid, the concentration of which ranged between 54.28 and 117.73 mg/100 g. Additional compounds belonging to the classes of hydroxybenzoic acids (in particular glycosylated gallic acid derivatives), hydroxycinnamic acids, and flavonoids (especially flavonols) were also identified. During in vitro gastric digestion, gallic acid mono- and di-hexosides were diglycosylated, releasing gallic acid, which was further degraded in ellagic acid through oxidative polymerization in the intestinal phase of the digestion. Ellagic acid was the major compound detected after in vitro gastro–intestinal digestion of carob syrups. With few exceptions, the anti-oxidant properties of carob syrup were preserved even after digestion. Carob syrup can be considered an important source of phenolic compounds with demonstrated positive effects on human health.
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50

Gryszczyńska, Agnieszka, Bogna Opala, Zdzisław Łowicki, Anna Krajewska-Patan, Waldemar Buchwald, Bogusław Czerny, Sebastian Mielcarek, Dariusz Boroń, Anna Bogacz, and Przemysław M. Mrozikiewicz. "Determination of chlorogenic and gallic acids by UPLC-MS/MS." Herba Polonica 59, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hepo-2013-0001.

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Summary The aim of our study were qualitative and quantitative analyses of two polyphenolic acids: chlorogenic and gallic acids. These compounds were determined in two species of Rhodiola: R. kirilowii and R. rosea. After collecting plants, aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts were prepared. In order to identify analysed polyphenolic compounds ultra performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS, Waters) was used. Gallic acid is commonly found in the roots of these plants. Aqueous extract in both species is a rich source of gallic acid. The UPLC-MS/MS studies allow to use this analytical method for determination of polyphenolic acids accordance with the requirements of ICH. Chromatographic method developed by our team is more precise then previously published.
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