Journal articles on the topic 'Galerei͡a "Romanov" (Moscow, Russia)'

The understanding of the basic laws of the political history of Russia will be obviously incomplete without a scientific understanding of the role of the community (agricultural, rural, peasant) in the development of national statehood at each appropriate stage. The unity and continuity of the national history up to and including the Soviet period was ensured by the reproduction of the community in its various concrete historical forms. The way out of the most significant points of bifurcation in the history of Russia is inextricably linked with the communal tradition: the revival of the national statehood both after the overthrow of the Horde yoke, and during the overcoming of the Troubles of the beginning of the XVII century. The article is devoted to the consideration of community tradition as a long-term factor in the history of national statehood. The markers of the civilizational specificity of Russia associated with the community (attitude to private property, neighborly character) are emphasized. The view of the politogenesis of the Eastern Slavs and the statehood of the lands of pre-Mongol Russia as the formation and development of a system of subordinate communities is consistently substantiated. The inclusion of the estate self-government of the tyagly posadsky and volost worlds in the system of state administration of Moscow Russia as a grassroots administration is revealed.

In the decade preceding the establishment of the Romanov dynasty in 1613, Muscovite Russia went through a catastrophic period known as the Time of Troubles which was characterized by political unrest, famine, regicide, social upheaval, and foreign intervention. In the final, darkest years of the Time of Troubles many people doubted that Muscovy, which for a time lacked a ruler or even a central government, would be able to survive as an independent state. It appeared more likely that Catholic Poland would conquer the country or that Sweden would come to dominate it. The English, who had established diplomatic and commercial relations with Muscovy in the 1550s and who watched events there with considerable interest, were horrified by reports that the Poles had captured Moscow, that the Swedes had seized much Russian territory, and that factions of the Muscovite lords were negotiating with their aggressive neighbors for a foreign tsar. This eventually led the English to contemplate acquiring North Russia and the commercially important port of Arkhangel'sk for themselves. As strange as it seems, for a brief period of time King James I actually dreamed of adding part of Muscovy to his “empire.”

The report analyzes the problem of the civilizational evolution of Russia on the basis of the use of a set of ideas of F.A. Tolstoy. Brodel, P. Sorokin, S. Eisenstadt, K. Jaspers, and other specialists. The content of the term “civilization” is discussed. “Civilization” is interpreted by the author as a socio-philosophical category to denote the diversity of cultural and his­torical types of development of economically and politically connected large communities of people and/or their aggregates (communities), subjectively and symbolically integrated into a relatively unified whole through historical and social imagination, cultural mean­ings, values and norms that serve as the cause, purpose and basis for the organization and functioning of these communities. This definition is concretized by revealing the dialectics of the relationship of social, cultural, cognitive and institutional components of “civiliza­tion” using the example of Russia in the historical range from Kievan Rus to the modern Russian Federation. The most important institutional factors in the formation and develop­ment of civilizations, their interaction and expansion over long distances were “universal States” – “kingdoms” and “empires”. Studying the formation and development of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Russian Empire and the USSR, the author comes to the conclusion that historically these political forms had several civilizational embodiments: the “Orthodox civilization” of the Moscow Kingdom (XVI–XVII centuries), the “civiliza­tional pseudo-morphosis” of the Romanov Empire in the XVIII and mid-XIX century, the “hybrid modern civilization” of Russia on the eve of the First World War, and the “Soviet civilization”, which represented an alternative type of modern (industrial and value-seman­tic) development to the West. Modern Russia, of course, inherits it. But it doesnʼt have a meta-ideology that unites peoples, and it doesnʼt have claims, like the United States, to global dominance. Rather, it is a civilizational hybrid, fancifully combining elements of the archaic, Soviet past and Western modernity.

The Volga cities played an important role during the Time of Troubles, but the history of Samara has not been studied enough. There is practically no information about the voivodes and the garrison of Samara from 1602 to 1614. Newly discovered sources allow to correct this gap in historiography. It is known that there were 300 gunmen in Samara and 205 gunmen came to Samara from the destroyed Saratov. Despite the frequent change of power in Moscow, Samara remained loyal to the central authorities, particularly to Tsar Mikhail Romanov elected in 1613. False Dmitry II and his son Ivan (“Vorionok”) from Marina Mnishek, who failed to gain recognition in Moscow, did not receive support in Samara. The consistent identification of the Samara garrison and its commanders with the supreme authority served as a defense against internal unrest. In the face of an external threat, this factor saved Samara from the fate of Saratov and Tsaritsyn that disappeared during the Time of Troubles. Also the courage of the defenders of Samara was supported by the prophecy of Alexy, Metropolitan of Moscow, stated that the enemy would never capture this city. The article shows that in the Time of Troubles, the Samara fortress continued to be a reliable outpost on the southeastern border of Russia. The fortress had to play an important role, first of all, in the fight against internal enemies. After the liberation of Moscow from the invaders and the election of Mikhail Romanov as the Tsar ataman Zarutsky made the last serious attempt to struggle against the new dynasty in the Volga region. Before the government army went on the offensive in 1614, the rebel movement was restrained by the Samara garrison and by its voivode D. P. Pozharsky-Lopata. They also contributed to ensuring ties with the countries of the East, to the restoration of the Volga route, and eventually to the revival of national statehood. After 1614 the Samara authorities returned to “routine” duties to protect trade routes from robbers instead of fighting against the dangerous anti-government movement.

The purpose of the article is to consider the features of the glorification of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God in the architecture of the period of the Grand Ducal Couple Sergei Alexandrovich Romanov and Elizaveta Feodorovna Romanova. The article describes the history of two architec-tural projects to glorify the Moscow shrine – the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God, embodied with the partici-pation of the Moscow Governor-General, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, as well as representatives from their entourage. The significant contribution of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich to the development of the "Russian style" in architecture is mentioned, and individual architects and engineers – to its popularization in the Russian province. The decisive role of the Moscow Governor-General, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, in the creative fate of some architects and engineers is traced. The methodology of studying this topic includes a number of stages and approaches, which may vary depending on the specific task in the study. As a result, the author concludes that the spread of the "Russian style" in the regions of Russia was due to the state patronage and the highest support of this architectural direction.

Abstract Based on documentary material collected from the archives in Astrakhan and Moscow, the present article sheds light on a Khivan embassy to Moscow in 1762 for the coronation of Empress Catherine II. Prior to this diplomatic mission, Khivan diplomats had sought with little success to be granted access to the Romanovs’ court. While this mission was little different from those that preceded it, the political circumstances in Russia within which it took place were significantly distinct; and against this political backdrop, the mission seems to have acquired unexpected significance. Indeed, the visit of the Khivan envoy in 1762 was clearly welcomed by Catherine herself who, lacking any legal claim to the Romanov throne – either by heredity or by designation – was eager to attract as many foreign emissaries to her coronation ceremony as possible. Yet the proposals of the Khivan envoy regarding the current state of trade across the Caspian Sea elicited great interest and were embraced by some factions at court. In this article we recount the story of this embassy and present several documents originally written in eighteenth-century Cyrillic handwriting (skoropis’) which surround this specific diplomatic encounter.

Throughout the 17th century, the Palace economy developed dynamically in the Royal fiefdoms, which by the middle — the second half of the 17th century were characterized by high profitability. The Palace lands provided the Romanov House with everything it needed. The components of the Palace economy included agriculture, fishing grounds, and manufacturing facilities. At the same time, the Royal manufactories were not numerous, the fishing grounds were not in all the sovereign’s fiefdoms, only agriculture dominated everywhere. The relevance of this work lies in studying the historical experience of socio-econo­mic and political development of the Russian state in the 17th century. The purpose of the article is to consider Palace agriculture in Russia in the 17th century. The methodological basis of the study relies on the principles of historicism and scientific objectivity. The author has used the works by russian pre-revolutionary historians V. N. Tatishchev, S. M. Solovyov, and M. Baranovsky, as well as the works of researchers of the soviet and post-soviet periods S. I. Volkov, V. I. Buganov, V. A. Korostelev, and A. V. Topychkanov. The novelty of the research consists in the introduction of new historical sources into scientific circulation. The source database consists of the unpublished office documents from the Armory chamber fund 396, the Palace department fund 1239 of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA, Moscow), as well as from the rare handwritten and old-printed books fund of the Moscow state United art historical, architectural and natural landscape museum-reserve. Among the published sources, we can distinguish a group of office documents. These are census, parish, and expense books of orders of Secret Affairs and the Grand Palace. In addition, the author has used the historical and geographical materials of the 17th — early 18th century from the books of the Discharge Order and the memoirs by the german traveler A. Oleary. The results show the place of Palace agriculture in the economy of the Tsar’s domain in Russia in the 17th century. The author has identified the main directions in the development of agriculture on the territory of the Palace fiefdoms. Having studied the attempt to modernize the Palace agriculture during the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and to use the best european experience, this research highlights the significance of the Secret Affairs Order, which was in charge of many agricultural objects in the second half of the 17th century; their geographical coordinates are indicated. The author reveals the main features of the development of Palace grain farming, horticulture, animal husbandry, poultry farming, and beekeeping. The examples of farming in some Tsar’s villages of the Moscow Region showcase the ways of providing labor for the main objects of agriculture in the Tsar’s domain. The agricultural products from the Royal fiefdoms were intended for the Royal family. To a lesser extent, they were sent for sale on the domestic market. Different Royal fiefdoms specialized in particular fields. Namely, Izmailovo, Chashnikovo, Alekseevskoye, Stepanovskoye, Ekaterininskaya Grove, and Yermolino Palace villages near Moscow supplied rye, oats, wheat, hops, flax, and hemp. Grape, fruit, and mulberry orchards were bred in Chuguev, Astrakhan, Bryansk, and the Moscow Region. Russian and German specialists were involved in their service. The Palace villages Pachino, Alekseevskoe, Stepanovski, Ermolino, situated near Moscow, and the villages Lyskovo and Murashkino near Nizhny Novgorod were the centres of the Palace livestock. Tsar’s apiaryies were in Karpovka, Volnovsky, Kharkiv, Chuguyev, Olesinska, and Hotnichescom counties. Palace agriculture was served using the forced labor of palace peasants and posadsky people, soldiers, archers, while only small amounts of hired labor were involved.

A review of international/inter-regional scientific conferences held by the Institute of General History of the Russian Academy of Sciences in cooperation with the Foundation for the Revival of Traditions of Charity and Charity “St. Elisabethan and St. Sergius Educational Society” (ESPS Foundation) in 2021 is presented. In connection with the momentous historical date — the 300th anniversary of the proclamation of Russia as an empire — scientific conferences were held “Under the Romanovs' sceptre: on the 300th anniversary of the proclamation of Russia as an empire» with thematic blocks: “The Russian Empire: Projection to the West” (Kaliningrad), “The Imperial House of Romanov and the Inclusion of New Lands and Peoples in the Cultural and Civilisational Space of the Russian Empire” (Perm) and “The Russian Empire in Comparison with Other Empires of the East and West” (Kazan). There was also an international scientific and practical conference entitled “Russian Charity. Traditions and Modernity” (Kazan), whose scientific reports focused on the development of charity in Russia in the first half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. More than 300 leading scientists-historians, archivists, representatives of the museum community from Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Perm, Kaliningrad, Voronezh, the Republic of Tatarstan, the Republic of Crimea and the CIS countries took part in the events.

The article examines the circumstances and significance of the canonization of St. Cassian of Uchma in 1629. Based on a wide range of sources (the life of St. Cassian in its various copies and editions, as well as the “books of the foundation” of the Assumption Church of the Cassian Monastery, wills of Russian princes and other documents), analyzed by the classical methods of historical science (retrospective, method of historical periodization, historical-genetic, historical-systemic), it was possible to come to the conclusion that in the information about the life and miracles of St. Cassian, the central government drew important ideas necessary to overcome the crisis of statehood and power generated by the Time of Troubles. For the consolidation of the huge country of the central government, it was extremely important to apply to the images of the righteous defenders who discovered their holiness in the regions. After the end of the intervention, it was no less important to emphasize that Russia, in spite of everything, was an integral part of the common European cultural space. The figure of St. Cassian, a “Greco-Roman” saint by origin, whose appearance in Russia is associated with the arrival of Sophia Palaeologina in Moscow (1472), fully reached these important national goals.

The article discusses two options for describing the events of March 14, 1613, in Kostroma, which marked the beginning of the calling of M.F. Romanov to become Tsar Michael of Russia. The first version is based on the “Tale of Avraamy Palitsyn” and speaks of two processions – the embassy of the Assembly of Moscow Land, which set off from the suburb village of Selishche, and Kostroma clergy and citizens, who left the city proper; uniting near the Monastery of St. Hypatius of Gangra; the participants of those processions went to the mother and son the Romanovs. The second version is based on the text of the New Chronicler – Moscow embassy came from the village of Selishche to Kostroma Kremlin and only then, having taken from the Assumption Cathedral the Icon of the Mother of God dedicated to Saint Theodore Stratelates, went to Hypatian Monastery. Arguments are given in favour of the second option, implying the personal interest of Avraamy Palitsyn, cellarer of the St. Sergius Trinity Monastery, in hushing up the role played by the said image of Our Most Holy Lady in begging Miсhael to become the tsar. It is noted that an objective description of the events of March 14, 1613, is of particular topicality as the cathedral of Kostroma Kremlin is being under reconstruction.

The history of European federalism, including associations of union in which the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth participated, has recently become particularly topical. Quite a lot was written about it, in particular the Polish-Lithuanian Union linking the two states over several centuries. Whereas relatively little is known about the history of attempts made in the early modern era to create a power in Central and Eastern Europe based on a union of states that were particularly important in the region at the time. This idea of a union was to unite three states: Poland, Lithuania and Russia, hence the name Triple Union (Pol. unia troista), was first outlined in 1572. It was then renewed at three successive elections until 1587. It was also current during the reign of Sigismund III Vasa, until 1613, when Mikhail Romanov ascended the Moscow throne, starting a new dynasty. With the election of Romanov as Tsar, the project of the Triple Union was abandoned, although Vladislav IV still laid claim to the Moscow throne for a dozen or so years (until 1634), but these claims no longer had any great practical significance and were finally abandoned. Plans for a union advanced by the Polish side often referred to the solutions applied in the earlier acts of union between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This testifies to a strongly developed federalist practice which was characteristic of the Commonwealth, and was at the same time implemented in its own peculiar way. Undoubtedly, the greatest impact on the negotiations was exerted by the Union of Lublin, which at that time was still quite recent. Its provisions, and at the same time the positive effects that is provided for both nations, likely shaped the consciousness of the nobility during the preparation of subsequent diplomatic missions to Moscow. The idea of a Triple Union was undoubtedly one of the boldest political projects of the era. Although it is true, that the concept of the Triple Union remained only in the sphere of projects, it was nevertheless of great importance in the 16th and 17th centuries. However, no dedicated study has yet appeared that would comprehensively present its development, content and significance. This article is an attempt to even partially fill this gap in Polish historiography.

The article discusses methods for restoring the lost meaning of old toponyms. This task can be solved using a systematic approach. The study used methods of permutation and transformation of consonants in the backbone of a toponym, methods of di- and trichotomy of a word, formation of a table of all possible transformants, a method for finding associates for all transformants of a word using the vector model of the Russian language, a method for clustering the found associates, a method for determining the frequency of repetition of associates in the corpus of the Russian language, which allows you to calculate the probabilities of the appearance of various clusters, a method of lexical analysis of Old Church Slavonic languages, including Old Russian and Sanskrit. The use of a set of methods made it possible to restore the lost meaning of the toponym Moscow. It turned out that with a probability of more than 80 % the name of our capital goes back to the name of the commander and spiritual leader of the first half of the 15th century, who had the nicknames Mosokh, Meshekh, Moses Khan (Prince). The army of medieval Russia (Tatar-Mongolia) created by this man defeated Byzantium and subjugated Western Europe. During the Romanov dynasty, Western European scholars-Russophobes deleted the name of the commander from the history of Russia. As a result, the toponym Moscow has lost its original meaning. The article also restored the lost meaning of the two most important toponyms of Eastern Siberia - Lake Baikal and the Angara River. It turned out that the lake got its name from the old Russian exclamation Bai-ka-al = ay, how divine! The name of the Angara River in Old Russian means the mountains of Christ.

The article briefly describes the history of the creation of the New Jerusalem near Moscow as interpreted by the Patriarchal Сleric John Shusherin († about 1689). The author of the article shows that the Account of Birth, Life, and Upbringing of His Holiness Nikon, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia remains to this day an invaluable historical source containing information about all stages of the construction of the Resurrection Cathedral — the "great church" — from the concept and leadership of Nikon in the construction process (1656-1666), to its renewal in 1679 after a break due to the condemnation and exile of the Primate. A significant part of the study is devoted to the analysis of the reasons for the glorification of the Resurrection New Jerusalem Monastery by members of the Romanov family, their involvement in the completion of the construction of the Resurrection Cathedral and its solemn consecration in 1685. В статье кратко излагается история создания подмосковного Нового Иерусалима в интерпретации патриаршего клирика Иоанна Шушерина († ок. 1689). Автор статьи показывает, что «Известие» о Патриархе Никоне остается по сей день бесценным историческим источником, содержащим сведения обо всех этапах возведения Воскресенского собора — «великой церкви» — от замысла и руководства Никоном процессом строительства (1656-1666) до возобновления его в 1679 г. после перерыва, обусловленного осуждением и ссылкой Первосвятителя. Значительная часть исследования посвящена анализу причин прославления Воскресенского Ново-Иерусалимского монастыря членами семьи Романовых, их причастности к завершению сооружения Воскресенского собора и торжественного его освящения в 1685 г.

This article examines how the memory of one of the largest sociopolitical crises in the history of Russia (called the Time of Troubles) modified over 400 years. This process is considered as an example of rethinking the traumatic experience of the past and forming a national-patriotic myth on its basis. Several stages of the evolution of the memory of the Time of Troubles are issued: the XVII century – when the interpretation of these events was mainly religious; the XVIII century – when heroic and patriotic ideas about the time of troubles were formed in accordance with the ideals of classicism; the XIX century – the time of the development of the monarchical myth of the Romanov dynasty coming to power; the XX century – when the peasant war and the struggle against foreign intervention became the main dominant in the understanding of events; Modern Russia and the annual celebration of the National Unity Day – a public holiday established in 2005 in memory of the liberation of Moscow in 1612, the main idea of which is the unification of all peoples on the territory of the Russian Federation. It is noted that for centuries in the cultural memory of Russian society, two layers of ideas about the Time of Troubles coexisted. One of them – negative – was the memory of social upheavals and civil war, the other – positive – the memory of victory and overcoming the Troubles, evoking a sense of national pride and hopes for the future.

В статье рассматривается процесс накопления значительных материальных, финансовых средств представителями старинной российской династии Строгановыми, что позволило им не только давать практически безвозвратные ссуды правительству России в трудные годы Смуты и представителям новой династии Романовых, но и пользуясь расположением монархов, построить ряд зданий в стиле «московского барокко» в первой трети XVIII вв. в свой резиденции в Северном Прикамье в с. Новое Усолье, которые уже три столетия вызывают восхищение у всех жителей и гостей Пермского Прикамья. Анализируется сложная эпоха «бунташного XVII в.» когда формировались мировоззренческие основы стиля барокко с российской спецификой. Нарышкинское или московское барокко определяется как «связующие звено» между архитектурой старой патриархальной Москвы и новым стилем возводимого в новой столице России уже в западноевропейском духе Санкт-Петербурга (петровским барокко). Проводится утверждение, что появление «строгановского барокко» (стиля) хотя и сохраняло основные черты «московского/нарышкинского барокко», прежде всего в стремлении к величию образов и пышности форм, динамичности образов и контрастности, тем не менее заказчики магнаты Строгановы не всегда придерживались «стандартной модели» московского барокко. Это позволяет говорить о самостоятельном архитектурном «строгановском стиле» той эпохи. В грандиозных монументах, одним из которых без всякого сомнения являются Палаты Строгановых в г. Усолье Пермского края, произошло слияние различных родов, видов и жанров искусства. Для «строгановского стиля» характерна, прежде всего, относительная локальность, а в художественном плане представляющие его архитектурные памятники, по сравнению с московскими памятниками («нарышкинского барокко») отличаются более насыщенным декоративным оформлением, где элементы ордера часто имеют более «классический облик», чем на московских памятниках. The paper analyzes how vast material and financial resources accumulated by the ancient Russian dynasty of the Stroganovs, allowed them not only to give practically irrevocable loans to the Russian government in the Time of Troubles and to the new Romanov dynasty, but also, enjoying the monarchs’ favor, to build in the first third of the 18th century a number of buildings in the «Moscow baroque» style in their residence in the New Usolye village (Northern Kama region). These buildings for three centuries have been admired by all residents and guests of the Perm Kama region. The author gives an overview of the complex era of the «rebellious XVII century», when the ideological foundations of the Baroque style with Russian specifics were formed. The Naryshkin or Moscow baroque is identified as the «link» between the architecture of the old patriarchal Moscow and the new style of St. Petersburg being built as the new capital of Russia already in the Western European spirit (Peter's baroque). It is argued that although the «Stroganov baroque» style retained the main features of the «Moscow / Naryshkin baroque», primarily its pursuit of the grandeur of images and splendor of forms, dynamism of images and contrast, nevertheless, the Stroganov magnates did not always adhere to the «standard models» of the Moscow Baroque, which allows us to speak of an independent architectural «Stroganov style» of that era. In the grande monuments, which include the Stroganov Chambers in Usolye, there was a fusion of various art types and genres. The “Stroganov style” is characterized, first of all, by relative locality, and the architectural monuments representing it are distinguished by a more rich decorative design, in comparison with Moscow monuments (“Naryshkin baroque”), while the elements of order there often have a more “classical appearance”, than in Moscow monuments.

Формирование образа прошлого в общественном историческом сознании все-гда тесно связано с государственной политикой. Для России периода правле-ния первых Романовых эта проблема имела особую актуальность в отношении Смутного времени – гражданской войны и внутреннего кризиса, приведшего к воцарению новой династии. К середине XVII в. благодаря памятникам публи-цистики и официальным летописям сформировались общие представления о данных событиях, закрепившиеся впоследствии в историографии. В этой связи вызывает интерес иная, оригинальная трактовка русской Смуты, которая при-надлежит самозванцу Лже-Шуйскому (Тимофею Акиндинову). Он изложил свои взгляды в поэтическом цикле «Декларации Московскому посольству» 1646 г. Одно из его стихотворений, вошедших в данную Декларацию, посвя-щено истории Филарета Романова – якобы главного виновника случившейся в России катастрофы. The formation of the image of the past in the historical consciousness of people is closely connected with state policy. In a traditional authoritarian society, as auto-cratic Russia was under the first Romanovs and as it remained until the death of this dynasty, important attention was paid to the events of the immediate past. By the middle of the 17th century, thanks to the monuments of journalism and chronicles, general ideas about the events of the beginning of the century were formed. Then this tradition was fixed in historiography. This tradition is opposed by the interpre-tation of the Russian Time of Troubles by the impostor False Shuisky (Timofei Akindinov), set forth by him in the poetry cycle “Declaration to the Moscow Em-bassy” of 1646. One of the poems included in the Declaration is dedicated to the history of Filaret Romanov.

Moscow Printing House in the 17th Century: Between the Middle Ages and the Modern Age In Russia, the use of the printing press began in the middle of the 16th century. Book printing in Moscow was interrupted during the Time of Troubles and restored in 1614/1615. In the 17th century, the process developed technically and culturally. Book printing Prikaz was established to manage the Printing House.This paper tries to summarize activities of MPH (Moscow Print House) in the period of 1615–1700 on the basis of the continuous study of documents from the Prikaz’s Archive: the character of the repertoire (analysis covers 632 titles according to Archive instead of the 469 that physically survived and was listed in the A. S. Zernova’ catalogue (№ 30–498)) and its change depending on the internal and external priorities of the state. In this study for the first time there were specified exactly the number of copies in a run, production cost and decreed selling price.Using documents from the Archive and notes written in the books the social and geographical aspects of the proliferation of tens of thousand of new published books were established; these has allowed to prove that in the late 1730s a printed book already had become a real factor in the development of majority of Russian regions, and that be the middle of the century, a common Slavic book market has been formed.For analytical purposes all titles printed in the 17th century are divided into five types according to their primary function, and we examine how these publica­tions were relevant to establishing and strengthening of the Romanov dynasty and the Russian statehood:Canon – the Four Gospels and the Apostle, the first edition of the Bible (Moscow, 1963);Publications of the didactic nature for canonic and non-canonic reading (traditional for script booklore and a new type);Publications for public and private worship, texts of which accompanied every human life, activities of state institutions and government.Research in the Archive allowed us to revise conclusively a scientific concept stating that Moscow Printing House did not print books for educational purposes. The article provides information about numerous, previously unknown 51 edition of “ABC on the sheet” (“Azbuka na listu” – “The First Teachings for Children”, 258,000 copies), 9 editions of the Primer (22,320 copies), 35 editions of the Training Book of Hours (132,000 copies), 35 editions of the Training Hymns (93,600 copies). More than half a million (536,420) copies of all publications for teaching the Faith and letters were printed, that was 52.98% of the total circulation (numbers of copies) of all these years.In the paper we briefly describe the fifth type of publications – reference books. These activities of the Moscow Printing House helped to train the competent and active people who supported Peter’s reforms and transformation of medieval Rus into the Russian Empire of the Modern Age. Drukarnia moskiewska w XVII wieku – od średniowiecza do ery nowożytnej W Rosji zaczęto używać prasy drukarskiej w połowie XVI w. Drukowanie książek w Moskwie zostało przerwane w okresie Smuty i przywrócone w latach 1614/1615. W XVII w. proces druku rozwinął się pod względem technicznym i kulturowym. Założono Prikaz celem zarządzania drukarnią.W artykule podsumowano działalność moskiewskiej drukarni w latach 1615–1700 na podstawie badań dokumentów z archiwum: omówiony został charakter produkcji wydawniczej [analiza obejmuje 632 tytuły, które się ukazały (zgodnie z danymi archiwum), zamiast 498 zachowanych i zarejestrowanych w katalogu A. S. Ziernowej (№ 30–498)] oraz przemiany zależne od wewnętrznych i zewnętrznych priorytetów państwa. W artykule po raz pierwszy określona zostaje liczba egzemplarzy (nakład) książek, koszt ich produkcji i ceny detaliczne ustalone przez państwo.Korzystając z dokumentów z archiwum i not wpisanych do ksiąg, ustalono spo­łeczne i geograficzne aspekty rozpowszechniania dziesiątek tysięcy nowo drukowanych książek; pozwoliło to na dowiedzenie, że w latach 30. XVII w. książka drukowana stała się już realnym czynnikiem rozwoju większości regionów Rosji, a ponadto że w połowie wieku powstał wspólny słowiański rynek książki.Dla celów analizy wszystkie tytuły drukowane w XVII w. zostały podzielone na 5 kategorii według ich prymarnej funkcji. Autorka docieka, w jaki sposób publikacje te przyczyniły się do ustanowienia i wzmocnienia dynastii Romanowów oraz rozwoju rosyjskiej państwowości:kanon – cztery Ewangelie i Apostoł, pierwsze wydanie Biblii (Moskwa, 1963);publikacje o charakterze dydaktycznym do czytań kanonicznych i niekanonicz­nych (tradycyjne i nowego typu);publikacje do publicznego i prywatnego wyznawania wiary, towarzyszące każdemu człowiekowi oraz działalności instytucji państwowych i rządowych.Badania przeprowadzone w archiwum pozwoliły autorce zrewidować w sposób przekonujący dominującą od dawna koncepcję, że drukarnia moskiewska nie drukowała książek dla celów edukacyjnych. Artykuł podaje informacje o licznych, dotąd nieznanych 51 edycjach Azbuka na listu – Pierwszych Nauk dla Dzieci (258 000 egz.), 9 edycjach Elementarza (22 320 egz.), 35 edycjach Księgi Godzin (132 000 egz.), 35 edycjach Hymnów (93 600 egz.). Wydrukowano ponad pół miliona (536 420) egz. wszystkich publikacji do nauczania wiary oraz listów , tj. 52,98% całkowitego nakładu w tych latach.Krótko opisano w artykule piąty typ – książki z księgozbioru podręcznego. Dzięki drukarni moskiewskiej wykształcono kompetentnych i aktywnych zwolenników reform Piotra i transformacji średniowiecznej Rusi w Rosyjskie Imperium epoki nowożytnej.

“The Empire at the end of the decadent days…” Nicky, Alix, Grigori, and others in journal entries, letters, telegrams, memoirs: Parts I and IIThe first part of the essay is an attempt to identify the primary motivating factors for the February Revolution and, consequently, the Bolshevik coup and the abdication and execution of the last Romanov ruler. In this part, I have discussed a handful of the most often advanced hypotheses of various credibility — from those formulated by historians, historians of ideas, sociologists, and political scientists protracted warfare, rising dissatisfaction of Petrograd “line standers”, incompetence of the political elites, continuing desacralization of the ruler figure, a process set in motion during the reign of Tsar Alexander II, up to those widely considered irrational, shrouded in mysticism or conspiracy-minded the curse of the Ides of March, the unearthing of Lermontov’s prophecy, Rasputin’s last will and testament, and the machinations of “The Grand Orient of Russia’s Peoples” masonic lodge. My attention, however, has been focused primarily on the egodocuments important for the understanding of the empire’s decline and erosion — the journals and correspondence of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna.The second part of the essay focuses primarily on the appearance or its lack of the February and October events in the journals of Russian writers including Bunin, Gippius, Ivnev, Korolenko, Kuzmin, Blok, Chukovsky, Merezhkovsky. All of them rather than only those that suffered the regime’s repressions shared a lack of compassion or empathy for the overthrown monarch, a dislike sometimes turning into outright hatred and hostility of the Bolsheviks, and a proclivity for mourning pre-Revolutionary Russia, a feeling of having witnessed the collapse of a prior, better world. The new definitely not brave — built by peasants clad in military garb, “the pale, tall Barbarians”, and mobs running rampant through post-October streets of Moscow and Petrograd — had a gloomy, hostile face of the “boor”, the “troglodyte”, who had nothing in common with the bucolic, paper characters of Turgenev or Tolstoy, and rather resembled clones of the inhabitants of Bunin’s apocalyptic The Village.In the conclusion, I have discussed the possible reasons behind Vladimir Putin’s decision to abandon the idea of official state celebrations of the centenary of the events of February and October of 1917. „Pимский мир периода упадка…” Ники, Аликс, Григорий и другие в дневниках, письмах, телеграммах, воспоминаниях Первая часть эссе представляет собой попытку назвать главные причины Февральской революции и охарактеризовать некоторые ее последствия: большевистский переворот, отречение от престола и казнь последнего императора из династии Романовых. Я привел несколько чаще других выдвигаемых по этому поводу гипотез с разным уровнем достоверности — начиная с тех сформулированных в публикациях историков, историков идей, социологов, политологов продолжающаяся война, нарастающее недовольство „людей из очередей” в Петрограде, некомпетентность политической элиты, усиливающийся с времен царствования Александра II процесс десакрализации монарха, а заканчивая иррациональными, окутанными мистикой, иногда остающимися в кругу теорий заговора зловещее проклятие мартовских ид, вышедшее из забвения Предсказание Лермонтова, завещание Распутина, козни масонской ложи „Великий Восток Народов России”. Однако свое внимание я сосредоточил прежде всего на эгодокументах необходимых для лучшего понимания процесса эрозии империи — дневниках и переписке Николая II и его супруги Александры Федоровны.Во второй части я писал в основном о при/от/сутствии февральских и октябрьских событий в дневниках русских писателей в том числе Бунина, Гиппиус, Ивнева, Короленко, Кузмина, Блока, Чуковского, Мережковского. Объединило их отсутствие сострадания, эмпатии для свергнутого с престола царя не только у репрессированных режимом, негативное иногда переходящее в ненависть, враждебность отношение к большевикам и всеобщее оплакивание дореволюционной России, чувство потери старого мира. У нового но не дивного — создаваемого крестьянами в военной форме, „варваров роями”, „чернью” на послеоктябрьских улицах Петрограда и Москвы — было угрюмое, недружелюбное лицо „хамов”, „пещерных людей”, которые не имели ничего общего с идиллическими, бумажными персонажами вымышленными Тургеневым или Толстым, а, скорее, были клонами героев, населяющих апокалиптическую Деревню Бунина.Наконец, я упомянул о причинах, по которым Владимир Путин отказался от торжественного празднования сотой годовщины Февраля и Октября.

This article investigates the role played by aristocrats in the exchange of repertoire and musical personnel between Russia and Western Europe in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It discusses the involvement of three significant figures in the political and cultural milieus of the Russian Empire: Count Nikolay Petrovich Sheremetev (1751–1809), Prince Nikolay Borisovich Yusupov (1750–1831) and the Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich Romanov (who ruled as Paul I from 1796 to 1801). The central focus is on Sheremetev, whose correspondence with Marie-François Hivart, a Parisian cellist he met during a grand tour, allows us to reconstruct a clear picture of how French opera was imported and adapted at his estate theatres in the Moscow area. Yusupov and the grand duke likewise established international musical contacts during their European tours of the 1770s and 80s, and exploited them in their private and public theatrical activities in Russia. Yusupov, who was particularly fond of Italian opera, may be regarded as Sheremetev's counterpart in St Petersburg, while Tsarevich Pavel Petrovich channelled the musical contacts he established in Italy to the Russian court and crown theatres. Together, these cases suggest some of the ways in which Russia was entangled in European musical life around 1800, revealing mechanisms of exchange in which grand tours, diplomatic contacts and the personal interests of patrons played a significant part.

The opening of the eleventh International Youth Scientific School-Conference "Theory and Numerical Methods for solving Inverse and ill-posed Problems" was held on August 26, 2019 at Novosibirsk State University. The first ten school-conferences, held from 2009 to 2018, showed the relevance and scientific significance of the chosen subject [1,2,3]. Over the past years, researchers, graduate students and undergraduates from Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, as well as from China, the USA, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, the UK, Brazil, Malaysia took part in the school-conferences. For 10 years, representatives of 78 universities, 134 research institutes and more than 20 companies (Total, Baker-Hughes, Schlumberger, Rosneft and others) participated actively at school-conferences. The Conference continued until September 4. The participants were very interested in the reports of academicians S. K. Godunov (Sobolev Institute of Mathematics, Novosibirsk), M. A. Guzev (Institute of Applied Mathematics, Vladivostok), I. A. Taimanov (Sobolev Institute of Mathematics, Novosibirsk), E. E. Tyrtyshnikov (Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Moscow), corresponding members of the RAS V.V. Vasin (Krasovsky Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics, Ekaterinburg), S. I. Kabanikhin, G. A. Mikhailov (Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics, Novosibirsk ), V. G. Romanov (Sobolev Institute of Mathematics, Novosibirsk).

This article studies the interactions of travelling musicians with the Russian court and aristocracy from the 1830s to the 1870s. Drawing on a broad corpus of memoirs, travel reports and personal documents of musicians who visited St Petersburg and Moscow in the course of their careers, it discusses the courtly dimensions of the Italian Opera; the role of the aristocracy and court in the organization of concert life under Nicholas I (r. 1825–1855); the relevant changes and continuities under Alexander II (r. 1855–1881), when concert life would undergo rapid professionalization; and finally, the symbolic dimensions of the rewards offered by the Russian elites. The persistent significance of imperial and noble recognition in this period, it is argued, added considerably to Russia's appeal for foreign musicians. Many visitors developed a positive, reciprocal relation with the Russian regime and its elites, even if the values, hierarchies and traditions of the autocratic regime could be at odds with the social status and sense of independence of successful performers. In musical discourse, reports of musicians’ visits circulated an image of Russia – an urban image of luxury, refinement and high society – that contrasted with the stereotype of wild and barbarous expanses that have so far attracted most attention in music historiography; and their descriptions of the imperial court and family tended to match the image – of imposing authority and benevolence – the Romanov monarchy sought to project.

На значительной части территории России зима длится более 4 месяцев. Это приводит к образованию речного и озерного льдов, подземных льдов и наледей различного вида, промерзанию почвогрунтов и так далее. Все эти явления в той или иной степени влияют на сток рек. В условиях потепления климата, особенно в зимний период, стокоформирующая роль этих процессов снижается. Так как она до сих пор не оценена, то вопрос о ее значимости в гидрологическом режиме становится все более актуальным. Цель статьи – выполнить оценку совокупного влияния на подземное питание рек России многих криогенных явлений и процессов, формирующихся и происходящих в руслах рек, на водосборах, болотах и заболоченных территориях, в почво-грунтах, трещиноватых и рыхлых горных породах. В основе методики заложено представление о том, что внутригодовая изменчивость емкостных запасов подземных водоносных горизонтов, питающих большие реки, незначительна. Исходя из этого принято, что разница в питании рек подземными водами в зимнюю и летнюю межень определяет влияние всей совокупности криогенных процессов. Определение разницы между зимним и летним меженным стоком рек выполнено по картам летнего и зимнего минимального 30-ти суточного стока 80% обеспеченности. В результате расчетов установлено, что криогенные явления и процессы контролируют 492 км3/год водных ресурсов России. В том числе: на европейской территории – 23; Урале и Западной Сибири – 36; Средней, Северо-Восточной Сибири и Дальнем Востоке – 433 км3/год. То есть в формировании почти 20% суммарного годового стока рек умеренных и северных широт России с устойчивой зимой значительную роль играет температура воздуха. Происходящее и прогнозируемое повышение зимней температуры воздуха на этих территориях может постепенно привести к ослаблению криогенного регулирования стока и к заметным изменениям в водном режиме. Литература Алексеев В.Р., Фурман М.Ш. Наледи и сток. Новосибирск: Сибирское отделение «Наука», 1976. 118 с. Атлас снежно-ледовых ресурсов мира в 2-х т. Том 2: в 2-х кн. Книга 1, книга 2. / Гл. ред. В.М. Котляков. М.: ГУГК, 1998. 264 с., 270 с. Боревский Б.В., Марков М.Л. Является ли меженный расход рек мерой питания подземных вод или общего подземного стока? // Разведка и охрана недр. 2014. №5. С. 10-16. Вомперский С.Э., Сирин А.А., Цыганова О.П., Валяева Н.А., Майков Д.А. Болота и заболоченные земли России: попытка анализа пространственного распределения и разнообразия // Известия Российской академии наук. Серия географическая. 2005. № 5. С. 39-50. Зотов, Л.В., Фролова Н.Л., Шам С.К. Гравитационные аномалии в 673 бассейнах крупных рек России // Природа. 2016. №5. С. 3-8. Иванова Н.Н., Ларионов Г.А. Динамика протяженности малых рек: факторы и количественные оценки // Причины и механизмы пересыхания малых рек / Под ред. А.П. Дедкова, Г.П. Бутакова. Казань: Изд-во Казанского ун-та, 1996. С. 37-42. Кравченко В.В. Роль наледей в формировании зимнего речного стока и ледяного покрова рек западной части зоны БАМа // Труды Государственного гидрологического института. 1986. Вып. 312. С. 34-84. Кравченко В.В. Особенности взаимодействия поверхностных и подземных вод в малых бассейнах криолитозоны // Ландшафтно-гидрологический анализ территории. Новосибирск: Сибирское отделение «Наука», 1992. С. 88-106. Лавров С.А., Марков М.Л. Оценка влияния атмосферного давления на уровень и сток грунтовых вод // Инженерные изыскания. 2018. Том 12. № 11-12. С. 44-51. DOI: 10.25296/1997-8650-2018-12-11-12-44-51 Марков М.Л., Василенко Н.Г., Гуревич Е.В. Наледи зоны БАМ. Экспедиционные исследования. СПб.: Нестор-история, 2016. 320 с. Марков М.Л. О хаосе и порядке в криогенных явлениях и процессах, формирующих речной сток // Сборник докладов Международной научно-практической конференции памяти выдающегося русского ученого Ю.Б. Виноградова «Третьи Виноградовские Чтения. Грани гидрологии» (г. Санкт-Петербург, 28-31 марта 2018 г.). СПб.: Наукоемкие технологии, 2018. С. 92-97. Марков М.Л., Гуревич Е.В. О влиянии ледяного покрова на подземную составляющую речного стока // Гидросфера. Опасные процессы и явления. 2019. Т. 1. Вып. 4. С. 477-489. DOI: 10.34753/HS.2019.1.4.477 Обязов В.А., Смахтин В.К. Ледовый режим рек Забайкалья в условиях изменяющегося климата // Водные ресурсы. 2014. Т. 41. № 3. С. 227-234. DOI: 10.7868/S0321059614030134 Обязов В.А., Смахтин В.К. Влияние изменений климата на речной сток в зимний период в Забайкалье // Метеорология и гидрология. 2013. №7. С. 95-102. Разумов В.В., Разумова Н.В., Молчанов Э.Н. Подтопление земель в Сибирском регионе России // Геориск. 2015. № 4. С. 22-36. Романов В.В., Ферронский В.И., Вакуловский С.М., Катрич И.Ю., Рослый Е.И. Содержание трития в природных водах СССР в 1979-1980 гг. // Водные ресурсы. 1983. № 3. С. 109-115. Современные ресурсы подземных и поверхностных вод Европейской части России: формирование, распределение, использование / Отв. ред. Р.Г. Джамалов, Н.Л. Фролова. М.: ГЕОС, 2015. 319 с. Соколов Б.Л. Наледи и речной сток. Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1975. 190 с. Соколов Б.Л. Новые результаты экспериментальных исследований литогенной составляющей речного стока // Водные ресурсы. 1996. Т. 23. №3. С. 278-287. Шварцев С.Л. Общая гидрогеология. М.: Недра, 1996. 423 с. Шепелев В.В., Павлова Н.А. Основные составляющие подземного питания рек Якутии // Наука и образование. 2014. №2 (74). С. 117-120. Biskaborn B.K., Smith S.L., Noetzli J., Matthes H., Vieira G., Streletskiy D.A., Schoeneich P., Romanovsky V.E., Lewkowicz A.G., Abramov A., Allard M., Boike J., Cable W.L., Christiansen H.H., Delaloye R., Diekmann B., Drozdov D., Etzelmüller B., Grosse G., Guglielmin M., Ingeman-Nielsen Th., Isaksen K., Ishikawa M., Johansson M., Johannsson H., Joo A., Kaverin D., Kholodov A., Konstantinov P., Kröger T., Lambiel Ch., Lanckman J.-P., Luo D., Malkova G., Meiklejohn I., Moskalenko N., Oliva M., Phillips M., Ramos M., Sannel A.B.K., Sergeev D., Seybold C., Skryabin P., Vasiliev A., Wu Q., Yoshikawa K., Zheleznyak M., Lantuit H. Permafrost is warming at a global scale // Nature Communications. 2019. Vol. 10. Art. 264. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08240-4 Shiklomanov A.I., Lammers R.B., Lettenmaier D.P., Polischuk Yu.M., Savichev O.G., Smith L.C., Chernokulsky A.V. Hydrological Changes: Historical Analysis, Contemporary Status, and Future Projections. In: Groisman P.Ya., Gutman G. Regional Environmental Changes in Siberia and Their Global Consequences. Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London, 2013, pp. 111-154. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4569-8_4 Zotov L.V., Shum C.K., Frolova N.L. Gravity Changes over Russian River Basins from GRACE // Planetary Exploration and Science: Recent Results and Advances / Eds. Jin S., Haghighipour N., Ip W.-H. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Geophysics, 2015. P. 45-59. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45052-9_3 Zhuravin S.A., Markov M.L. Development of studies in small research basins in Russia and the most recent tasks // Proceedings of the Workshop «Status and Perspectives of Hydrology in Small Basins» (Goslar-Hahnenklee, Germany, 30 March–2 April 2009) / Eds. by A. Herrmann, S. Schumann. IAHS Publ. 336. 2010. P. 219-224. In a large part of Russia, winter lasts for more than 4 months. This leads to the formation of river and lake ice, underground ice and ice of various types, freezing of soil, etc. All these phenomena affect the flow of rivers to one degree or another. In a warming climate, especially in winter, the flow-forming role of these processes is reduced. Since it has not yet been evaluated, the question of its significance in the hydrological regime is becoming more and more relevant. The purpose of the article is to assess the cumulative impact of many cryogenic phenomena and processes that form and occur in riverbeds, in catchments, swamps and wetlands, in soils, fractured and loose rocks on the underground nutrition of Russian rivers. The methodology is based on the idea that the intra-annual variability of the reservoir reserves of underground aquifers feeding large rivers is insignificant. Based on this, it is assumed that the difference in the supply of rivers with underground water in the winter and summer periods determines the influence of the entire set of cryogenic processes. The difference between the winter and summer inter-soil flow of rivers was determined using maps of the summer and winter minimum 30-day flow of 80% security. As a result of calculations, it is established that cryogenic phenomena and processes control 492 km3/year of water resources in Russia. Including: in the European territory – 23; the Urals and Western Siberia – 36; Middle, North-Eastern Siberia and the far East – 433 km3/year. In other words, air temperature plays a significant role in the formation of almost 20% of the total annual flow of rivers in Russia's temperate and Northern latitudes with a stable winter. 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