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1

Friebe, A., V. Vilich, L. Hennig, M. Kluge, and D. Sicker. "Detoxification of Benzoxazolinone Allelochemicals from Wheat byGaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, G. graminis var. graminis, G. graminis var.avenae, and Fusarium culmorum." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 2386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.7.2386-2391.1998.

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ABSTRACT The ability of phytopathogenic fungi to overcome the chemical defense barriers of their host plants is of great importance for fungal pathogenicity. We studied the role of cyclic hydroxamic acids and their related benzoxazolinones in plant interactions with pathogenic fungi. We identified species-dependent differences in the abilities of Gaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici, Gaeumannomyces graminis var.graminis, Gaeumannomyces graminis var.avenae, and Fusarium culmorum to detoxify these allelochemicals of gramineous plants. The G. graminisvar. graminis isolate degraded benzoxazolin-2(3H)-one (BOA) and 6-methoxy-benzoxazolin-2(3H)-one (MBOA) more efficiently than did G. graminis var.tritici and G. graminis var. avenae. F. culmorum degraded BOA but not MBOA.N-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-malonamic acid andN-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-malonamic acid were the primary G. graminis var. graminis andG. graminis var. tritici metabolites of BOA and MBOA, respectively, as well as of the related cyclic hydroxamic acids. 2-Amino-3H-phenoxazin-3-one was identified as an additional G. graminis var. triticimetabolite of BOA. No metabolite accumulation was detected forG. graminis var. avenae and F. culmorum by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The mycelial growth of the pathogenic fungi was inhibited more by BOA and MBOA than by their related fungal metabolites. The tolerance ofGaeumannomyces spp. for benzoxazolinone compounds is correlated with their detoxification ability. The ability ofGaeumannomyces isolates to cause root rot symptoms in wheat (cultivars Rektor and Astron) parallels their potential to degrade wheat allelochemicals to nontoxic compounds.
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2

Mathre, D. E. "Take-all Disease on Wheat, Barley, and Oats." Plant Health Progress 1, no. 1 (January 2000): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2000-0623-01-dg.

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This diagnostic guide is on Take-all Disease on Wheat, Barley, and Oats, by: Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) causes disease in wheat and barley, G. graminis var. avena causes disease in oats, and G. graminis var. graminis causes disease in grasses. Accepted for publication 30 May 2000. Published 23 June 2000.
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3

Fouly, H. M., and H. T. Wilkinson. "Detection of Gaeumannomyces graminis Varieties Using Polymerase Chain Reaction with Variety-Specific Primers." Plant Disease 84, no. 9 (September 2000): 947–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.9.947.

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The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for detection of Gaeumannomyces graminis, the causal agent of take-all disease in wheat, oats, and turfgrass. NS5 and NS6 universal primers amplified the middle region of 18S ribosomal DNA of Gaeumannomyces species and varieties. Primers GGT-RP (5′ TGCAATGGCTTCGTGAA 3′) and GGA-RP (5′ TTTGTGTGTGAC CATAC 3′) were developed by sequence analysis of cloned NS5-NS6 fragments. The primer pair NS5:GGT-RP amplified a single 410-bp fragment from isolates of G. graminis var. tritici, a single 300-bp fragment from isolates of G. graminis var. avenae, and no amplification products from isolates of G. graminis var. graminis or other species of Gaeumannomyces. The primer pair NS5:GGA-RP amplified a single 400-bp fragment from isolates of varieties tritici and avenae. Two sets of primer pairs (NS5:GGT-RP and NS5:GGA-RP) were used in PCR reactions to detect and identify the varieties tritici and avenae either colonizing wheat, oats, or grass roots, or in culture. No amplification products were observed using DNA extracted from plants infected with eight other soilborne fungal pathogens or from uninoculated plants.
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4

Mohammadi, Seddighe, and Leila Ghanbari. "In vitro Antagonistic Mechanisms of Trichoderma spp. and Talaromyces flavus to Control Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici the Causal Agent of Wheat Take-all Disease." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 3, no. 8 (July 29, 2015): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v3i8.629-634.271.

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Wheat take-all disease caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici has recently been detected in different regions of Iran. With respect to biocontrol effect of Trichoderma spp. on many pathogenic fungi, seven isolates of Trichoderma and four isolates of Talaromyces were in vitro evaluated in terms of their biological control against the disease causal agent. In dual culture test the five isolates showed efficient competition for colonization against pathogenic fungus and the highest percentages of inhibition belonging to Talaromyces flavus 60 and Talaromyces flavus 136 were 59.52 and 57.61%, respectively. Microscopic investigations showed that in regions where antagonistic isolates and Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici coincide, hyphal contact, penetration and fragmentation of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici were observed. Investigating the effect of volatile and non-volatile compounds at 10 ml concentration showed that the highest inhibition percentage on mycelium growth of the pathogen caused by T. harzianum (44.76%) and T. longibrachiatum (52.38%) respectively.
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5

Tomaso-Peterson, M., L. E. Trevathan, M. S. Gonzalez, and P. F. Colbaugh. "Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis Isolated from Emerald Zoysiagrass in Texas." Plant Disease 84, no. 10 (October 2000): 1151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.10.1151c.

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Wilkinson and Kane (3) previously reported diseased zoysiagrass infected by Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) Arx & Olivier var. graminis in the spring in Illinois. Emerald zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonicum Steud. × Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr var. tenufolia (Willd. ex Thiele) established by sod in a home lawn for one year in Austin, TX, developed irregular, chlorotic, and, subsequently, necrotic patches 30 cm in diameter and larger in late summer of 1999. Patches were restricted to areas of the lawn receiving full sun. The lawn was fertilized, mowed at 2.5 cm, and watered daily during active growth. A thatch layer in excess of 1.9 cm was present. Tillers within diseased patches were removed easily from stolons. Crowns were rotted and colonized by dark brown septate hyphae (4.5 µm wide) and olivaceous brown lobed hyphopodia (25 × 21 µm). Diseased tillers were desiccated and newly developed leaves were chlorotic. Stolons were also chlorotic and developed water-soaked lesions adjacent to crowns. Diseased roots appeared light brown and brittle with strands of dark brown septate runner hyphae along the surface of the root axis and olivaceous brown growth cessation structures within the cortical tissue. Overall, symptoms were more severe on crowns and nodes than roots. A Gaeumannomyces fungus was isolated from root, sheath, and bud tissues. Taxonomy of the fungus was consistent with the description of G. graminis var. graminis by Walker (1,2). Diseased plants were washed free of soil and other debris and maintained in a moist chamber for 14 days. Perithecia were formed on leaf sheaths. Morphology of perithecia, asci, and ascospores was consistent with Walker's description of perithecia, asci, and ascospores of G. graminis var. graminis (2). Leaf buds and root tissue, colonized by G. graminis var. graminis, were plated directly onto potato-dextrose agar containing streptomycin sulfate and rifampicin (100 ppm, respectively). Colonies of sparse white, slightly aerial mycelium turning olive brown with age and producing lobed hyphopodia, developed from plated plant material. Hyphae at the margin of colonies curled back, characteristic of G. graminis var. graminis. Symptoms reported here are similar to those described by Wilkinson and Kane (3); however, the season and prevailing environmental conditions were different. References: (1) J. Walker. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 58:427, 1972. (2) J. Walker. Mycotaxon 11:1, 1980. (3) H. T. Wilkinson and R. T. Kane. Plant Dis 77:100, 1993.
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6

Frederick, B. A., T. C. Caesar-Tonthat, M. H. Wheeler, K. B. Sheehan, W. A. Edens, and J. M. Henson. "Isolation and characterisation of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis melanin mutants." Mycological Research 103, no. 1 (January 1999): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756298006959.

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7

Simon, A., and K. Sivasithamparam. "Interactions among Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Trichoderma koningii, and soil bacteria." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34, no. 7 (July 1, 1988): 871–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m88-150.

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Interactions among Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Trichoderma koningii, and soil bacteria were studied in vitro and in soils suppressive and conducive of the saprophytic growth of G. graminis var. tritici. Fifty-four percent of bacteria isolated from the suppressive soil and 10% from the conducive soil were antagonistic to G. graminis var. tritici in vitro. The reduction in the growth of T. koningii in vitro by metabolite(s) produced in pure culture by soil bacteria was 14 and 28% for the bacteria isolated from the suppressive and conducive soil, respectively. Metabolite(s) produced by T. koningii in pure culture inhibited the growth in vitro of 8 and 65% of the bacteria isolated from the suppressive and conducive soils, respectively. All isolates of Trichoderma tested produced metabolite(s) that inhibited growth of G. graminis var. tritici in pure culture. The metabolite(s) produced by one isolate of T. koningii inhibited growth of all isolates of Trichoderma in vitro. Trichoderma koningii suppressed saprophytic growth of G. graminis var. tritici in irradiated conducive soil in the absence but not in the presence of bacteria isolated from the same soil. The results suggest that the suppressive soil may be more suppressive of the saprophytic growth of G. graminis var. tritici and less suppressive of the growth of T. koningii than the conducive soil.
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8

Castellanos-Morales, V., R. Cárdenas-Navarro, J. M. García-Garrido, A. Illana, J. A. Ocampo, S. Steinkellner, and H. Vierheilig. "  Bioprotection against Gaeumannomyces graminis in barley a comparison between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi." Plant, Soil and Environment 58, No. 6 (June 18, 2012): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/622/2011-pse.

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Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici causes take-all disease, the most important root disease of cereal plants. Cereal plants are able to form a symbiotic association with soil-borne arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi which can provide bioprotection against soil-borne fungal pathogens. However, the bioprotective effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi against soil-borne fungal pathogens might vary. In the present study we tested the systemic bioprotective effect of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and Gigaspora rosea against the soil-borne fungal pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in a barley split-root system. Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora rosea colonized the split-root system of barley plants at different levels; however, all arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi clearly reduced the level of root lesions due to the pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis. Our data indicate that some arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi need high root colonization rates to protect plants against fungal pathogens, whereas others act already at low root colonization rates.    
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9

Thomas, S. L., P. Bonello, P. E. Lipps, and M. J. Boehm. "Avenacin Production in Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) and Its Influence on the Host Range of Gaeumannomyces graminis." Plant Disease 90, no. 1 (January 2006): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0033.

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Avenacinase activity has been shown to be a key factor determining the host range of Gaeumannomyces graminis on oats (Avena sativa). G. graminis var. avenae produces avenacinase, which detoxifies the oat root saponin avenacin, enabling it to infect oats. G. graminis var. tritici does not produce avenacinase and is unable to infect oats. G. graminis var. avenae is also reported to incite take-all patch on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera). It is unknown whether creeping bentgrass produces avenacin and if the avenacin-avenacinase interaction influences G. graminis pathogenicity on creeping bentgrass. The root extracts of six creeping bentgrass cultivars were analyzed by fluorimetry, thin-layer chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography for avenacin content. Avenacin was not detected in any creeping bentgrass cultivars, and pathogenicity assays confirmed that both G. graminis var. avenae and G. graminis var. tritici can infect creeping bentgrass and wheat (Triticum aestivum), but only G. graminis var. avenae incited disease on oats. These results are consistent with the root analyses and confirm that avenacinase activity is not required for creeping bentgrass infection by G. graminis.
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10

Kwak, Youn-Sig, Peter A. H. M. Bakker, Debora C. M. Glandorf, Jennifer T. Rice, Timothy C. Paulitz, and David M. Weller. "Diversity, Virulence, and 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol Sensitivity of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici Isolates from Washington State." Phytopathology® 99, no. 5 (May 2009): 472–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-99-5-0472.

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We determined whether isolates of the take-all pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici become less sensitive to 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) during wheat monoculture as a result of exposure to the antibiotic over multiple growing seasons. Isolates of G. graminis var. tritici were baited from roots of native grasses collected from noncropped fields and from roots of wheat from fields with different cropping histories near Lind, Ritzville, Pullman, and Almota, WA. Isolates were characterized by using morphological traits, G. graminis variety-specific polymerase chain reaction and pathogenicity tests. The sensitivity of G. graminis var. tritici isolates to 2,4-DAPG was determined by measuring radial growth of each isolate. The 90% effective dose value was 3.1 to 4.4 μg ml–1 for 2,4-DAPG-sensitive isolates, 4.5 to 6.1 μg ml–1 for moderately sensitive isolates, and 6.2 to 11.1 μg ml–1 for less sensitive isolates. Sensitivity of G. graminis var. tritici isolates to 2,4-DAPG was normally distributed in all fields and was not correlated with geographic origin or cropping history of the field. There was no correlation between virulence on wheat and geographical origin, or virulence and sensitivity to 2,4-DAPG. These results indicate that G. graminis var. tritici does not become less sensitive to 2,4-DAPG during extended wheat monoculture.
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11

Leggett, M. E., K. Sivasithamparam, and M. J. McFarlane. "Effect of nitrogen supply on rhizosphere interactions and take-all disease of wheat." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 37, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m91-007.

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The effect of NH4NO3 on the expression of take-all in wheat and on the ability of fluorescent pseudomonad bacteria to decrease the growth of the pathogen and the symptoms of the disease was examined in a nitrogen-deficient acidic soil from Western Australia. Application of NH4NO3 increased the fresh weight of shoots, decreased root weight and length, and offset some of the deleterious effects of infection. Inoculation with Gaeumannomyces graminis var. triciti reduced shoot weight and root weight and length at all but the highest level of applied nitrogen. Fluorescent pseudomonads applied to wheat seed (at approximately 108 colony-forming units/seed) reduced seed germination and failed to reduce the severity of take-all expressed as weight or length of shoots or N content. Although the density of black runner hyphae of G. graminis var. triciti was reduced at 40 days and the proportion of root colonized by the pathogen was lower at 28 days with bacterization under severe nitrogen deficiency, no effect of the bacteria was observed if N was added. Key words: Gaeumannomyces graminis var. triciti, fluorescent pseudomonads, wheat, nitrogen.
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12

Thompson, Ian A., Don M. Huber, and Darrell G. Schulze. "Evidence of a Multicopper Oxidase in Mn Oxidation by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici." Phytopathology® 96, no. 2 (February 2006): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-96-0130.

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Manganese (Mn) oxidation by the plant-pathogenic fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici has been correlated with virulence in take-all disease. The mechanism of Mn oxidation has not, however, been investigated adequately. Research on bacteria and other fungi indicates that Mn oxidation is most often the result of the activity of multicopper oxidases. To determine if G. graminis var. tritici oxidizes Mn by similar means, the Mn oxidizing factor (MOF) produced by G. graminis var. tritici was characterized by cultural, spectrophotometric, and cellulose acetate electrophoresis methods. Based on our results, the MOF is an extracellular enzyme with an estimated molecular weight of 50 to 100 kDa. Electrophoresis and spectrophotometry indicate that the MOF is a multicopper oxidase with laccase activity.
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13

Osbourn, A. E., B. R. Clarke, J. M. Dow, and M. J. Daniels. "Partial characterization of avenacinase from Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae." Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 38, no. 4 (April 1991): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0885-5765(05)80121-3.

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14

Elmore, W. C., M. D. Gooch, and C. M. Stiles. "First Report of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis on Seashore Paspalum in the United States." Plant Disease 86, no. 12 (December 2002): 1405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.12.1405b.

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Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis is an ectotrophic, root-infecting fungus found on some warm-season turfgrass species (1). A sample of seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) exhibiting rotted roots and stolons was taken from dying patches of turf in a home lawn in Hernando County, FL, and submitted to the Florida Extension Plant Disease Clinic, Gainesville, in October 2001. The lawn had been established within the previous year. Strongly lobed hyphopodia typical of G. graminis var. graminis (3,4) were present on diseased roots and stolons, and no other fungal plant pathogens were detected in the sample. Diseased roots and stolons with lobed hyphopodia were surface-sterilized and placed on one-quarter-strength potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with rifampicin and streptomycin. One isolate produced structures characteristic of G. graminis var. graminis (3,4), including dark, strongly lobed hyphopodia, and perithecia and ascospores in PDA after incubation. The isolate (PDC 2965) was grown on a sterile ryegrass seed substrate at 25°C for 4 weeks to produce inoculum (2). The isolate was used to inoculate pots of ‘Sea Isle 1’ seashore paspalum grown in sterile soil from sprigs. An inoculum layer, 1 to 2 cm deep, was placed 2 to 4 cm below each sprig and covered with an overlay of sterile soil prior to sprigging (2). Following 4 weeks of plant growth in a greenhouse, dark, necrotic lesions appeared on leaf bases. Very dark lesions developed on roots, and brown runner hyphae and strongly lobed hyphopodia were observed on root and shoot tissues. Selected pieces of symptomatic root and shoot tissue were surface-sterilized and placed on PDA. One week later, dark mycelia and deeply lobed hyphopodia were observed growing from roots and shoots on the PDA. After 1 month, black, flask-shaped perithecia, 156 to 234 μm in body width, developed in cultures. Hyaline, filiform, septate ascospores ranged from 75 to 100 μm (mean = 89 μm; n = 250) long and were approximately 2.5 μm wide. Hyphopodia, perithecia, and ascospores were characteristic of G. graminis var. graminis (3,4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of take-all root rot disease due to G. graminis var. graminis on seashore paspalum in the United States. References: (1) L. E. Datnoff et al. Plant Dis. 81:1127, 1997. (2) M. L. Elliott. Plant Dis. 79:699, 1995. (3) M. L. Elliott and P. J. Landschoot. Plant Dis. 75:238, 1991. (4) P. J. Landschoot. Taxonomy and biology of ectotrophic root-infecting fungi associated with patch diseases of turfgrasses. Pages 41–71 in: Turfgrass Patch Diseases. B. B. Clarke and A. B. Gould, eds. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1997.
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15

Kwak, Youn-Sig, Peter A. H. M. Bakker, Debora C. M. Glandorf, Jennifer T. Rice, Timothy C. Paulitz, and David M. Weller. "Isolation, Characterization, and Sensitivity to 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol of Isolates of Phialophora spp. from Washington Wheat Fields." Phytopathology® 100, no. 5 (May 2010): 404–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-100-5-0404.

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Dark pigmented fungi of the Gaeumannomyces–Phialophora complex were isolated from the roots of wheat grown in fields in eastern Washington State. These fungi were identified as Phialophora spp. on the basis of morphological and genetic characteristics. The isolates produced lobed hyphopodia on wheat coleoptiles, phialides, and hyaline phialospores. Sequence comparison of internal transcribed spacer regions indicated that the Phialophora isolates were clearly separated from other Gaeumannomyces spp. Primers AV1 and AV3 amplified 1.3-kb portions of an avenacinase-like gene in the Phialophora isolates. Phylogenetic trees of the avenacinase-like gene in the Phialophora spp. also clearly separated them from other Gaeumannomyces spp. The Phialophora isolates were moderately virulent on wheat and barley and produced confined black lesions on the roots of wild oat and two oat cultivars. Among isolates tested for their sensitivity to 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG), the 90% effective dose values were 11.9 to 48.2 μg ml–1. A representative Phialophora isolate reduced the severity of take-all on wheat caused by two different isolates of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. To our knowledge, this study provides the first report of an avenacinase-like gene in Phialophora spp. and demonstrated that the fungus is significantly less sensitive to 2,4-DAPG than G. graminis var. tritici.
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16

Maciá-Vicente, Jose G., Hans-Börje Jansson, Kurt Mendgen, and Luis V. Lopez-Llorca. "Colonization of barley roots by endophytic fungi and their reduction of take-all caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 54, no. 8 (August 2008): 600–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w08-047.

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Fungal root endophytes obtained from natural vegetation were tested for antifungal activity in dual culture tests against the root pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. Fifteen isolates, including Acremonium blochii , Acremonium furcatum , Aspergillus fumigatus , Cylindrocarpon sp., Cylindrocarpon destructans , Dactylaria sp., Fusarium equiseti, Phoma herbarum , Phoma leveillei , and a sterile mycelium, selected based on the dual culture test, were inoculated on barley roots in growth tubes under axenic conditions, both in the absence and presence of G. graminis var. tritici. All isolates colonized the rhizosphere and very often the root cortex without causing disease symptoms and without affecting plant growth. Eight isolates significantly reduced the symptoms caused by G. graminis var. tritici, and 6 of them reduced its presence in the roots.
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17

Simon, A., K. Sivasithamparam, and G. C. MacNish. "Biological suppression of the saprophytic growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in soil." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 33, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m87-086.

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The biological suppression of the saprophytic growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in soil in the absence of host roots appeared to be related to suppression of take-all disease of wheat seedlings. When soil collected from a plot which in 1984 and 1985 had grown wheat continuously for 7 and 8 years, respectively, was added at a level of 1% (w/w) to the same soil treated by γ-radiation, saprophytic growth of pigmented hyphae of G. graminis var. tritici on a filter membrane in a soil sandwich was suppressed relative to that occurring in irradiated soil. A soil of the same type from an adjacent area with a history of cereal–pasture alternate rotation did not significantly suppress saprophytic growth of G. graminis var. tritici. Biological suppression of disease of wheat caused by G. graminis var. tritici was tested in a pot bioassay by adding the same two soils, collected in 1985, at a level of 1% (w/w) to fumigated sand infested with oat kernels axenically colonized by the pathogen. Disease severity, measured as the percentage of the seminal root axes with discoloured stele, was reduced by 42 and 6% with the addition of continuous wheat and cereal–pasture rotation soils, respectively, to infested sand, compared with disease severity in unamended, infested sand alone.
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18

Elliott, M. L. "Association of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis with a St. Augustinegrass Root Rot Disease." Plant Disease 77, no. 2 (1993): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-77-0206.

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19

Datnoff, L. E. "Black Sheath Rot Caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis on Rice in Florida." Plant Disease 77, no. 2 (1993): 210D. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-77-0210d.

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20

Kang, Xingxing, Lanhua Wang, Yu Guo, Muhammad Zain ul Arifeen, Xunchao Cai, Yarong Xue, Yuanqin Bu, Gang Wang, and Changhong Liu. "A Comparative Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis of Hexaploid Wheat’s Responses to Colonization by Bacillus velezensis and Gaeumannomyces graminis, Both Separately and Combined." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 32, no. 10 (October 2019): 1336–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-03-19-0066-r.

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Tritrophic interactions involving a biocontrol agent, a pathogen, and a plant have been analyzed predominantly from the perspective of the biocontrol agent. To explore the adaptive strategies of wheat in response to beneficial, pathogenic, and combined microorganisms, we performed the first comprehensive transcriptomic, proteomic, and biochemical analysis in wheat roots after exposure to Bacillus velezensis CC09, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, and their combined colonization, respectively. The transcriptional or translational programming of wheat roots inoculated with beneficial B. velezensis showed mild alterations compared with that of pathogenic G. graminis var. tritici. However, the combination of B. velezensis and G. graminis var. tritici activated a larger transcriptional or translational program than for each single microorganism, although the gene expression pattern was similar to that of individual infection by G. graminis var. tritici, suggesting a prioritization of defense against G. graminis var. tritici infection. Surprisingly, pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity made wheat pretreated with B. velezensis more sensitive to subsequent G. graminis var. tritici infection. Additionally, B. velezensis triggered a salicylic acid (SA)-dependent mode of induced systemic resistance that resembles pathogen-induced systemic acquired resistance. Wheat plants mainly depend on SA-mediated resistance, and not that mediated by jasmonic acid (JA), against the necrotrophic pathogen G. graminis var. tritici. Moreover, SA–JA interactions resulted in antagonistic effects regardless of the type of microorganisms in wheat. Further enhancement of SA-dependent defense responses such as lignification to the combined infection was shown to reduce the level of induced JA-dependent defense against subsequent infection with G. graminis var. tritici. Altogether, our results demonstrate how the hexaploid monocot wheat responds to beneficial or pathogenic microorganisms and prolongs the onset of take-all disease through modulation of cell reprogramming and signaling events.
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Shankar, M., D. I. Kurtböke, and K. Sivasithamparam. "Nutritional and environmental factors affecting growth and antifungal activity of a sterile red fungus against Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-027.

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Growth and antifungal activity of a sterile red fungus against Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (the take-all fungus) in vitro was greatly influenced by nutritional and environmental conditions. The utilization by the sterile red fungus of various carbon and nitrogen sources differed considerably at pH 5.5 and 6.5. Maximum growth of the sterile red fungus occurred when pectin was supplied as the carbon source at both pH levels. As nitrogen sources, NH4H2PO4 supported maximum growth at pH 5.5, whereas Ca(NO3)2 was the best at pH 6.5. Pectin strongly enhanced the antifungal activity of the sterile red fungus towards the take-all fungus as did Ca(NO3)2 supplied as a N source. There was, however, little or no antagonism in the presence of calcium citrate, arabinose, leucine, or arginine. In general, antagonism was optimal at 20 °C and at pH 5.5. Key words: sterile red fungus, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, biological control.
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Conner, R. L., M. D. MacDonald, and E. D. P. Whelan. "Evaluation of take-all resistance in wheat–alien amphiploid and chromosome substitution lines." Genome 30, no. 4 (August 1, 1988): 597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g88-100.

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A series of field and controlled environment tests of 'Winalta' – Aegilops squarrosa substitutions for the D genome found that only the 6D substitution line was significantly more resistant to take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) than 'Winalta'. Substitutions in 'Winalta' for chromosomes 5D and 6D by homeologous chromosomes from Agropyron elongatum and chromosome 4B for chromosome 4 from Agropyron intermedium had no effect on resistance to take-all. The wheat – Agropyron trichophorum amphiploid 'Agrotana' was also found to be susceptible to take-all. Vernalization increased take-all severity and obscured differences between 'Winalta' – Ae. squarrosa 6D and susceptible lines and cultivars. 'Winalta' – Ae. squarrosa 6D had significantly less disease and a higher plant weight than 'Winalta' at low and moderate inoculum concentrations, but the resistance of 'Winalta' – Ae. squarrosa 6D was not effective at the highest inoculum concentration. There was a strong negative correlation between take-all severity and plant weight.Key words: Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Aegilops squarrosa, Agropyron elongatum, Agropyron intermedium, Triticum aestivum, chromosome substitution, resistance.
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GLENN, O., and C. PARKER. "Growth and infectivity of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in soil." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 20, no. 4 (1988): 575–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(88)90076-4.

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Bithell, Sean L., Alan McKay, Ruth C. Butler, Herdina, Kathy Ophel-Keller, Diana Hartley, and Matthew G. Cromey. "Predicting Take-All Severity in Second-Year Wheat Using Soil DNA Concentrations of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici Determined with qPCR." Plant Disease 96, no. 3 (March 2012): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-11-0445.

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The lack of accurate detection of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici inoculum in soil has hampered efforts to predict the risk of severe take-all for wheat growers. The current study used a molecular method to quantify soil G. graminis var. tritici concentrations in commercial wheat fields in New Zealand and to compare them with the proportion of crops surpassing the thresholds for visible and moderate to severe take-all over three growing seasons. The study evaluated a soil G. graminis var. tritici DNA-based take-all prediction system developed in Australia, with four take-all risk categories. These categories were found to be useful for predicting disease severity in second wheat but did not clearly separate risk between fields in medium- and high-risk categories. A sigmoidal relationship was identified between inoculum concentration and the proportion of fields exceeding the two disease thresholds. A logistic response curve was used to further examine this relationship and evaluate the boundaries between take-all risk categories. G. graminis var. tritici boundaries between medium- and high-risk categories were clustered near or within the upper plateau of the relationship. Alternative G. graminis var. tritici boundaries for a three-category system were identified that provided better separation of take-all risk between categories. This information could improve prediction of the risk of severe take-all.
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Peixoto, Cecília do Nascimento, Giselle Ferreira Ottoni, Valacia Lemes da Silva-Lobo, Marta Cristina Corsi Filippi, and Anne Sitarama Prabhu. "Mal-do-pé do arroz: hospedeiros e resistência varietal a Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis." Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical 44, no. 3 (September 2014): 318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-40632014000300015.

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Diversas gramíneas que ocorrem em lavouras de arroz apresentam sintomas do mal-do-pé, causado por Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis (Ggg), em condições naturais de infecção. Com o objetivo de obter informações sobre hospedeiros e resistência de genótipos de arroz ao mal-do-pé, foi estudada a patogenicidade do isolado Ggg-a 01, coletado de arroz, em sete espécies de capim e oito de cereais, em casa-de-vegetação. Os testes de inoculação mostraram que o isolado de arroz foi patogênico às plantas daninhas de capim arroz (Echinochloa crusgalli), avião (Pennisetum setosum), braquiária (Brachiaria sp.), digitária (Digitaria horizontalis), marmelada (Brachiaria plantaginea), pé-de-galinha (Eleusine indica) e timbete (Cenchrus echinatus) e que essas espécies constituem hospedeiros potenciais do patógeno. Cereais de inverno, como o trigo, aveia, centeio, cevada e triticale, bem como o sorgo, milho e milheto, apresentaram diferentes graus de suscetibilidade ao isolado Ggg-a 01. As diferenças foram significativas, quanto à altura da lesão e à produção de hifopódios e de peritécios nos colmos. Não foram observados peritécios em milheto, sorgo, timbete e milho. A resistência de 58 genótipos de arroz de terras altas ao isolado foi avaliada e os genótipos SCIA16 e SCIA08 apresentaram altura de lesão significativamente menor, sendo considerados resistentes, em relação ao genótipo CNAS10351, altamente suscetível.
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Epstein, Lynn, Sukhwinder Kaur, Tresa Goins, Young H. Kwon, and Joan M. Henson. "Production of Hyphopodia by Wild-Type and Three Transformants of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis." Mycologia 86, no. 1 (January 1994): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3760720.

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Hawerroth, Caroline, Leonardo Araujo, and Fabrício Ávila Rodrigues. "Infection process of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis on the roots and culms of rice." Journal of Phytopathology 165, no. 10 (September 4, 2017): 692–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jph.12608.

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28

Datnoff, L. E., M. L. Elliott, and J. P. Krausz. "Cross Pathogenicity of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis from Bermudagrass, St. Augustinegrass, and Rice in Florida and Texas." Plant Disease 81, no. 10 (October 1997): 1127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.10.1127.

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Isolates of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis were obtained from St. Augustinegrass, bermudagrass, and rice in Florida, and rice and St. Augustinegrass in Texas. In Florida, all seven isolates evaluated were cross pathogenic on each of the three grass hosts. Rice isolate FL-173 caused significantly greater disease of the lower leaf sheath and root disease severity of rice compared with other isolates, whether from rice or both turfgrass species. The rice and both turfgrass isolates generally suppressed heights and shoot and root weights compared with the control. All isolates from either rice or both turfgrass species generally had root disease ratings significantly different from the control for either bermudagrass or St. Augustinegrass. However, rice isolate FL-173 and St. Augustinegrass isolate FL-104 were significantly more aggressive on St. Augustinegrass; whereas the maximum root disease rating of bermudagrass was only associated with bermudagrass isolate FL-19 and St. Augustinegrass isolate FL-104. In Texas, both the rice isolate TX-91-1 and the St. Augustinegrass isolate TX-10466-2 of G. graminis var. graminis were pathogenic on St. Augustinegrass, common bermudagrass, and rice. Both isolates caused similar disease severity on common bermudagrass and St. Augustinegrass, but isolate TX 10466-2 caused less severe disease symptoms on rice than did isolate TX-91-1. Overall, G. graminis var. graminis was most aggressive on the host from which it was originally isolated, such as rice or St. Augustine, but differences in host-plant reactions were not always statistically significant, especially with bermudagrass.
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Barret, Matthieu, Pascale Frey-Klett, Anne-Yvonne Guillerm-Erckelboudt, Morgane Boutin, Gregory Guernec, and Alain Sarniguet. "Effect of Wheat Roots Infected with the Pathogenic Fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici on Gene Expression of the Biocontrol Bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf29Arp." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 22, no. 12 (December 2009): 1611–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-22-12-1611.

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Traits contributing to the competence of biocontrol bacteria to colonize plant roots are often induced in the rhizosphere in response to plant components. These interactions have been studied using the two partners in gnotobiotic systems. However, in nature, beneficial or pathogenic fungi often colonize roots. Influence of these plant–fungus interactions on bacterial behavior remains to be investigated. Here, we have examined the influence of colonization of wheat roots by the take-all fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici on gene expression of the biocontrol bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf29Arp. Bacteria were inoculated onto healthy, early G. graminis var. tritici-colonized and necrotic roots and transcriptomes were compared by shotgun DNA microarray. Pf29Arp decreased disease severity when inoculated before the onset of necrosis. Necrotic roots exerted a broader effect on gene expression compared with early G. graminis var. tritici-colonized and healthy roots. A gene encoding a putative type VI secretion system effector was only induced in necrotic conditions. A common pool of Pf29Arp genes differentially expressed on G. graminis var. tritici-colonized roots was related to carbon metabolism and oxidative stress, with a highest fold-change with necrosis. Overall, the data showed that the association of the pathogenic fungus with the roots strongly altered Pf29Arp adaptation with differences between early and late G. graminis var. tritici infection steps.
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PRABHU, ANNE S., and MARTA C. FILIPPI. "Ocorrência do mal-do-pé causado por Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis, uma nova enfermidade em arroz no Brasil." Fitopatologia Brasileira 27, no. 4 (July 2002): 417–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582002000400016.

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O mal-do-pé em arroz (Oryza sativa) foi constatado em lavouras de terras altas nos municípios de Unaí (MG), Palmeiras (GO), Itaberaí (GO), Humaitá (AM) e em lavouras irrigadas nos Estados de Goiás, Tocantins e Rio Grande de Sul. O agente causal foi identificado como Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis baseado em características morfológicas, culturais e testes de patogenicidade utilizando diferentes isolados brasileiros. O método de inoculação e avaliação da doença em de casa de vegetação foi descrito. Este é o primeiro registro desta enfermidade na cultura do arroz no Brasil.
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Tomaso-Peterson, M., L. E. Trevathan, and M. S. Gonzalez. "Take-All Root Rot of St. Augustinegrass: First Report in Mississippi." Plant Disease 84, no. 8 (August 2000): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.8.921b.

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Take-all root rot has been reported as a destructive disease of St. Augustinegrass home lawns in Florida and Alabama (1). In June 1998 and 1999, St. Augustinegrass home lawns in central Mississippi developed chlorotic, thinning patches ranging from 0.5 to 4.5 m in diameter. By August of each summer, plants within affected patches were necrotic and dead. Roots of affected St. Augustinegrass were necrotic and shorter than those of unaffected plants; nodes on stolons were necrotic, and lesions developed on internodes. Ectotrophic runner hyphae and dark brown, lobed hyphopodia were visible on roots and aboveground plant parts, respectively. Symptomatic tissues collected from St. Augustinegrass home lawns were plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA); the incitant of take-all root rot, Gaeumannomyces graminis(Sacc.) Arx & Olivier var. graminis, was isolated. Verification of G. graminis var. graminis was based on colony morphology and taxonomic identification consistent with the description by Walker (2). G. graminis var. graminis isolated from symptomatic St. Augustinegrass was grown on sterile tall fescue seed and incorporated into sterile sand/peat moss mix. Asymptomatic St. Augustinegrass sprigs were washed, and roots were removed prior to planting in infested and noninfested soil. Plants were cultured in the greenhouse for 60 days. St. Augustinegrass planted into noninfested soil was asymptomatic while plants collected from G. graminis var. graminis-infested soil were symptomatic for take-all root rot. Crowns and roots of affected plants were necrotic; leaves were chlorotic and necrotic. Both runner hyphae and lobed hyphopodia were visible. G. graminis var. graminis was reisolated from symptomatic tissues and confirmed as the incitant of take-all root rot. This is the first report of take-all root rot of St. Augustinegrass in Mississippi. References: (1) M. Elliott. Plant Dis. 77:206, 1993. (2) J. Walker. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 58:427, 1972.
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Wilkinson, H. T. "First Report of Root Rot on Centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides) Caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis." Plant Disease 78 (1994): 1220A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-78-1220a.

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33

Wong, F. P., W. Gelernter, L. Stowell, and N. A. Tisserat. "First Report of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis on Kikuyugrass (Pennisetum clandestinum) in the United States." Plant Disease 87, no. 5 (May 2003): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.5.600a.

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Kikuyugrass (Pennisetum clandestinum) is a warm-season grass and invasive weed in the landscape, but can be used for golf course fairways in southern California. In 1999, a decline of kikuyugrass was observed on golf courses in southern California beginning in late summer or early autumn. Symptoms included sunken, bleached patches of turf with individual plants having chlorotic foliage and reduced vigor. Roots and stolons were often covered with dark, ectotrophic fungi, and lobed hyphopodia were visible on the stolons. On colonized roots, the cortex was rotted, and the stele showed evidence of colonization by the fungus. In March 2002, a sample of kikuyugrass exhibiting decline symptoms was obtained from a golf course fairway in Los Angeles, CA. Sections of roots and stolons were surface sterilized for 60 s in a 0.3% sodium hypochlorite solution and placed on acidified water agar. Emerging colonies were transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA). Isolates were characteristic of Gaeumannomyces spp. (2) with dark hyphae and curled colony edges. The rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of two isolates (HCC-5 and -6) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using universal fungal rDNA primers ITS 4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′) and ITS 5 (5′-GGAAGTAAAAGTCG TAACAAGG-3′) (3). PCR products were sequenced and exhibited 99% sequence identity to G. graminis var. graminis (GenBank Accession No. 87685). These isolates were grown separately on autoclaved sand and cornmeal media (1) for 21 days at 25°C. Styrofoam cups were partially filled with autoclaved medium-coarse sand, and 10 g of inoculum was spread evenly in a layer on top. This layer was covered by an additional centimeter of autoclaved sand and 5 g of kikuyugrass seed (cv. ‘AZ-1’). Both isolates were tested separately using six replicate cups per isolate. Controls were prepared using only a 10 g layer of autoclaved sand and cornmeal. Cups were misted at 1 h intervals on a greenhouse bench maintained at 25°C. Seeds germinated and emerged after ≈10 days. In cups inoculated with isolate HCC-5 or -6, dark mycelia were evident on the coleoptiles of the emerging plants. Plants were removed and washed 21 days after planting. Inoculated plants were chlorotic and had reduced root and foliar growth compared to the controls. Coleoptiles, hypocotyls, and roots were covered with dark, ectotrophic fungi with lobed hyphopodia present on the hypocotyls. In colonized roots, cortical tissue was rotted with extensive colonization of the epidermis and penetration of the fungus into the root cortex. Sections of infected root tissue were surface disinfested, placed on acidified water agar, and the resulting colonies transferred to PDA. Isolates exhibited the same colony morphology and characteristics as those previously identified as G. graminis var. graminis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this fungus as a pathogen of kikuyugrass. References: (1) M. J. C. Asher. Ann. Appl. Biol. 70:215, 1972. (2) P. C. Cunningham. Isolation and culture. Pages 103–123 in: Biology and Control of Take All. M. J. C. Asher and P. J. Shipton, eds. Academic Press, London, 1981. (3) T. J. White et al. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. Pages 315–322 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al. eds. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.
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Grose, M. J. "Nitrogen form and growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in soil." Mycological Research 93, no. 1 (July 1989): 112–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(89)80147-9.

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BRISBANE, P. G., and A. D. ROVIRA. "Mechanisms of inhibition of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici by fluorescent pseudomonads." Plant Pathology 37, no. 1 (March 1988): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1988.tb02201.x.

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36

Simon, A., A. D. Rovira, and R. C. Foster. "Inocula of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. Tritici for field and glasshouse studies." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 19, no. 4 (January 1987): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(87)90024-1.

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37

PENROSE, L. D. J. "Disease in wheat genotypes naturally infected with Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici." Annals of Applied Biology 118, no. 3 (June 1991): 513–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1991.tb05341.x.

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38

Thornton, Christopher R., Frances M. Dewey, and Christopher A. Gilligan. "Production and Characterization of a Monoclonal Antibody Raised Against Surface Antigens from Mycelium of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici: Evidence for an Extracellular Polyphenol Oxidase." Phytopathology® 87, no. 1 (January 1997): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1997.87.1.123.

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A murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) of immunoglobulin class M (IgM) was raised against surface antigens from Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, recognized isolates of G. graminis var. tritici, G. graminis var. avenae and G. graminis var. graminis. Characterization of the antigen by heat and protease treatments showed that the epitope recognized by the MAb was a protein. Antigen production was detected only in live mycelia. Immunofluorescence studies showed that the antigen was associated with both the broad melanized macrohyphae and hyaline mycelia of G. graminis var. tritici. Secretion of antigen into an aqueous minimal medium was promoted only by exposure of live mycelia to certain phenolic substrates, including monophenols ortho-, para-, and meta-cresol; 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (gallic acid); and phenolic amino acid L-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) alanine (L-DOPA). Antigen secretion was not promoted by 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) alanine (L-tyrosine). The MAb reacted strongly with purified enzyme laccase (polyphenol oxidase, EC 1.10.3.2) but did not recognize purified tyrosinase (monophenol oxidase, EC 1.14.18.1). Moreover, chemicals that bind to copper and inhibit copper-containing enzymes such as laccase completely inhibited antigen secretion in response to L-DOPA. The MAb was tested for specificity against a wide range of fungi, common yeast species, and gram positive and negative bacteria. It did not recognize antigens from a broad range of unrelated fungi, including Gliocladium roseum, Fusarium sp., Phoma exigua, Phialophora fastigiata, Penicillium crustosum, Pythium ultimum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizoctonia carotae, R. oryzae, R. tuliparum, and Trichoderma viride, nor did it recognize surface antigens from yeasts or bacteria. The MAb cross-reacted with antigens from Botrytis spp., Chaetomium globosum, R. cerealis, and R. solani. However, secretion of antigen by R. solani and R. cerealis was not promoted by L-DOPA, and secretion by C. globosum in response to the phenolic amino acid was significantly less compared to G. graminis var. tritici.
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Xu, Wen, Lingling Xu, Xiaoxu Deng, Paul H. Goodwin, Mingcong Xia, Jie Zhang, Qi Wang, et al. "Biological Control of Take-All and Growth Promotion in Wheat by Pseudomonas chlororaphis YB-10." Pathogens 10, no. 7 (July 17, 2021): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070903.

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Wheat is a worldwide staple food crop, and take-all caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici can lead to a tremendous decrease in wheat yield and quality. In this study, strain YB-10 was isolated from wheat rhizospheric soil and identified as Pseudomonas chlororaphis by morphology and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Pseudomonas chlororaphis YB-10 had extracellular protease and cellulase activities and strongly inhibited the mycelium growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in dual cultures. Up to 87% efficacy of Pseudomonas chlororaphis YB-10 in controlling the take-all of seedlings was observed in pot experiments when wheat seed was coated with the bacterium. Pseudomonas chlororaphis YB-10 was also positive for indole acetic acid (IAA) and siderophore production, and coating wheat seed with the bacterium significantly promoted the growth of seedlings at 107 and 108 CFU/mL. Furthermore, treatment with Pseudomonas chlororaphis YB-10 increased activities of the wheat defense-related enzymes POD, SOD, CAT, PAL and PPO in seedlings, indicating induced resistance against pathogens. Overall, Pseudomonas chlororaphis YB-10 is a promising new seed-coating agent to both promote wheat growth and suppress take-all.
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Bateman, G. L., E. Ward, and J. F. Antoniw. "Identification of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and G. graminis var. avenae using a DNA probe and non-molecular methods." Mycological Research 96, no. 9 (September 1992): 737–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80442-5.

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Eastwood, RF, JF Kollmorgen, and M. Hannah. "Triticum tauschii: reaction to the take-all fungus (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici)." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 4 (1993): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9930745.

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Reactions of 398 accessions of Triticum tawchii to the take-all fungus [Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt] were assessed. Nineteen accessions were selected for more detailed studies. T. tauschii accessions were identified that had less tissue blackening and more remaining green tissue when challenged by the fungus than the susceptible T. aestivum cv. Condor. However, tissue blackening in the T. tauschii accessions was much greater than that in Avena sativa cv. New Zealand Cape. Synthetic allohexaploid wheats produced from different Triticum turgidum var. durum (genome AABB) accessions and accessions of T. tauschii (genome DD) which had low tissue blackening or high remaining green tissue had more tissue blackening and less remaining green tissue than the T. tauschii parents. The potential of this material for breeding take-all resistant wheats together with experimental methods to minimize the possible confounding effects of seed weight, seed source and genetic effects are discussed.
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Elliott, M. L. "Survival, growth and pathogenicity of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis with different methods of long-term storage." Mycologia 97, no. 4 (July 1, 2005): 901–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3852/mycologia.97.4.901.

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Elliott, M. L. "Survival, growth and pathogenicity of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis with different methods of long-term storage." Mycologia 97, no. 4 (September 2005): 901–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832781.

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44

Martyniuk, Stefan, and Marian Jurzysta. "Antifungal (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) activity of various glycosides of medicagenic acid." Acta Agrobotanica 58, no. 2 (2012): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2005.034.

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Different concentrations of medicagenic acid and five glycosides of this acid isolated from alfalfa (<i>Medicago sativa</i>) were added to agar medium (corn meal agar, CMA) inoculated with cultures of <i>Gaeumannomyces graminis</i> var. <i>tritici</i> (Ggt). After 7 days of incubation at 25<sup>o</sup>C colony radius was measured and % of inhibition calculated in relation to the control medium (CMA enriched with the solvent of the tested compounds). Within the tested concentrations, only 3-O-<i>β</i> -D -glucopiranoside medicagenate (monoglucoside) significantly reduced the growth of Ggt on CMA medium. This compound at 0.05 mM concentration completely inhibited the development of the fungus and the effect was shown to be fungi-toxic.
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Wildermuth, G. B., A. D. Rovira, and J. H. Warcup. "Mechanism and site of suppression of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in soil." Transactions of the British Mycological Society 84, no. 1 (January 1985): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(85)80213-8.

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46

Simon, A., and K. Sivasithamparam. "Crop rotation and biological suppression of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in soil." Transactions of the British Mycological Society 91, no. 2 (January 1988): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(88)80216-x.

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47

Prade, K., and G. Trolldenier. "Incidence of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and K deficiency increase rhizospheric denitrification." Plant and Soil 124, no. 1 (May 1990): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00010942.

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48

Litvintseva, Anastasia P., and Joan M. Henson. "Cloning, Characterization, and Transcription of Three Laccase Genes from Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, the Take-All Fungus." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 3 (March 2002): 1305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.3.1305-1311.2002.

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ABSTRACT Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, a filamentous ascomycete, is an important root pathogen of cereals that causes take-all disease and results in severe crop losses worldwide. Previously we identified a polyphenol oxidase (laccase) secreted by the fungus when induced with copper. Here we report cloning and partial characterization of three laccase genes (LAC1, LAC2, and LAC3) from G. graminis var. tritici. Predicted polypeptides encoded by these genes had 38 to 42% amino acid sequence identity and had conserved copper-binding sites characteristic of laccases. The sequence of the LAC2 predicted polypeptide matched the N-terminal sequence of the secreted laccase that we purified in earlier studies. We also characterized expression patterns of these genes by reverse transcription-PCR. LAC1 was transcribed constitutively, and transcription of LAC2 was Cu inducible. All three genes were transcribed in planta; however, transcription of LAC3 was observed only in planta or in the presence of host (wheat) plant homogenate.
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49

Simon, A., and K. Sivasithamparam. "The soil environment and the suppression of saprophytic growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34, no. 7 (July 1, 1988): 865–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m88-149.

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The effect of the soil environment on the transferable suppression of the saprophytic growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (pathogen suppression) was studied in a field soil acidified to pH 4.3 by annual treatment with ammonium sulphate for 9 years and in the same soil further amended with a single application of lime (pH 5.4). Pathogen suppression and the activity of Trichoderma spp. were greater when (i) the unlimed (pathogen-suppressive) soil was added at a rate of 1% (w/w) to the same soil treated with γ-radiation than when added at the same rate to the irradiated limed soil; (ii) the limed (pathogen-conducive) soil was added at 1% (w/w) to the irradiated unlimed soil than when added at the same rate to the irradiated limed soil. Pathogen suppression and the activity of Trichoderma spp. were increased in both soils with the addition of an antibacterial agent. The saprophytic growth of G. graminis var. tritici was reduced in the unsterile pathogen-suppressive but not in the pathogen-conducive soil, following the addition of inoculum of T. koningii. It is proposed that both the abiotic and biotic environments of soil can influence the expression of transferable pathogen suppression which, in the soils tested, is related to the activity of Trichoderma spp.
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50

Bienkowski, D., E. E. Hicks, and M. Braithwaite. "Wheat takeall lessons learned during a search for effective biological control." New Zealand Plant Protection 68 (January 8, 2015): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2015.68.5836.

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Takeall (causal agent Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici) is one of the most important soilborne diseases of wheat Greenhouse screening of microorganisms for disease suppression was conducted using a targeted approach that focused on the fungal genus Trichoderma In spite of indications of disease suppression in preliminary assays effective biocontrol was not observed in subsequent tests Explanations for this apparent loss of disease suppression could include insufficient numbers of potential biocontrol agents screened during the selection process or the issue of falsepositive (type 1 error) results
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