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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Gacaca justice

Academic literature on the topic 'Gacaca justice'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 1 June 2024

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Contents

Journal articles
Dissertations / Theses
Books
Book chapters

Journal articles on the topic "Gacaca justice":

1

Rettig, Max. "Gacaca: Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation in Postconflict Rwanda?" African Studies Review 51, no. 3 (December 2008): 25–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/arw.0.0091.

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Abstract:In institutionalizing gacaca, the Rwandan government has launched one of the most ambitious transitional justice projects the world has ever seen. But gacaca is controversial, and its contribution to postconflict reconciliation is unclear. Through public opinion surveys, trial observations, and interviews, this study provides a window into how gacaca has shaped interethnic relations in one Rwandan community. Although gacaca has brought more people to trial than the ICTR, transnational trials, and the ordinary Rwandan courts combined, gacaca exposes—and perhaps deepens—conflict, resentment, and ethnic disunity. Lies, half-truths, and silence have limited gacaca's contribution to truth, justice, and reconciliation.

2

Drumbl, M. A. "Post-Genocide Justice in Rwanda." Journal of International Peacekeeping 22, no. 1-4 (April 8, 2020): 247–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18754112-0220104016.

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The Rwandan genocide triggered a vast number of criminal and quasi-criminal prosecutions. Rwanda therefore constitutes an example of a robust and rapid implementation of criminal accountability for atrocity. Rwanda, moreover, departed from other countries – such as South Africa – by eschewing a truth and reconciliation process as part of a transitional justice process. This chapter unpacks three levels of judicialization that promoted criminal responsibility for atrocity in Rwanda: the ICTR, specialized chambers of national courts, and gacaca proceedings. The ICTR indicted roughly 90 individuals, the national courts convicted in the area of 10,000 defendants (with some proceedings remaining ongoing), while approximately one million individuals proceeded through gacaca. The ICTR and gacaca proceedings have been concluded for several years already. This article summarizes these proceedings, discusses the outcomes and assesses their impact. In addition, this article examines how these three layers of judicialization interfaced with each other.

3

Megwalu, Amaka, and Neophytos Loizides. "Dilemmas of Justice and Reconciliation: Rwandans and the Gacaca Courts." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 18, no. 1 (March 2010): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0954889009000486.

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Following the 1994 genocide, several justice initiatives were implemented in Rwanda, including a tribunal established by the United Nations, Rwanda's national court system and Gacaca, a ‘traditional’ community-run conflict resolution mechanism adapted to prosecute genocide perpetrators. Since their inception in 2001, the Gacaca courts have been praised for their efficiency and for widening participation, but criticised for lack of due process, trained personnel and attention to atrocities committed by the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). To evaluate these criticisms, we present preliminary findings from a survey of 227 Rwandans and analyse their attitudes towards Gacaca in relation to demographic characteristics such as education, residence and loss of relatives during the genocide.

4

O’Reilly, Colin, and Yi Zhang. "Post-genocide justice: The Gacaca courts." Development Policy Review 36, no. 5 (May 17, 2018): 561–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12281.

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Nyseth Brehm, Hollie, Christopher Uggen, and Jean-Damascène Gasanabo. "Genocide, Justice, and Rwanda’s Gacaca Courts." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 30, no. 3 (July 2, 2014): 333–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986214536660.

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Gasanabo, Jean-Damascène, Donatien Nikuze, Hollie Nyseth Brehm, and Hannah Parks. "Rwanda’s Inyangamugayo: Perspectives from Practitioners in the Gacaca Transitional Justice Mechanism." Genocide Studies and Prevention 14, no. 2 (September 2020): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.14.2.1642.

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The Gacaca courts have been the subject of much academic work. Yet, few studies have examined the elected individuals who presided over Gacaca court trials, reflecting a broader paucity of research on local practitioners of transitional justice. Accordingly, this study asks two questions: (1) How did the Gacaca court judges, known as Inyangamugayo, perceive their duties to fight impunity and facilitate reconciliation? And (2) What challenges did the Inyangamugayo face as they sought to implement these duties? To address these questions, we interviewed 135 former Inyangamugayo. Our interviews shed light on the Inyangamugayo’s understandings of punishment and accountability, as well as on their perceptions of reconciliation at personal and societal levels. The interviews also illuminate the problems the Inyangamugayo faced while presiding over trials. Taken together, these findings contribute to scholarship on transitional justice pursuits by highlighting the perceptions and experiences of the individuals who implement transitional justice mechanisms.

7

Ingelaere, Bert. "‘Does the truth pass across the fire without burning?’ Locating the short circuit in Rwanda's Gacaca courts." Journal of Modern African Studies 47, no. 4 (November 12, 2009): 507–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x0999005x.

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ABSTRACTThe modernised tradition of the Gacaca courts has become the key mechanism for dealing with the past in Rwanda. The process needs to establish accountability for all acts of genocide and to foster reconciliation. Nevertheless, popular narratives and survey results reveal that a widespread ‘crisis’ accompanied the initial stages of the Gacaca process. We argue that a problematic quest for the truth is short-circuiting reconciliation in post-genocide Rwanda. Truth-telling is the cornerstone of the transitional justice framework due to the design of the Gacaca tribunals. On the basis of twenty months of fieldwork in Rwandan villages, we locate tensions at different levels. The Gacaca system is a distinctively modern phenomenon despite its traditional appearance. The state-sanctioned speaking of the truth according to a prosecutorial logic runs counter to the core values of the customary institution and established societal practices. This friction is further enhanced by the underlying Judeo-Christian model of truth-telling introduced with the Gacaca system in a socio-political environment mediated by a culture of deceit and dominated by a war victor. In such a socio-cultural context, communication serves the interests of the power holders (national and local), and not necessarily the interest of truth-telling and justice.

8

Tangwe, Abraham Tamukum, Gloire Sebuyange Victoire, and Patrick Kofi Benyin. "The Relevance of Home-Grown Solutions: A Comparative Analogy of Gacaca and Abunzi Mediation in Rwanda." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 10, no. 10 (October 27, 2023): 180–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.1010.15674.

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This paper examines the impact of the Gacaca and its contributions to the restoration of justice and reconciliation in Rwanda after the genocide, in relation to the Abunzi committees with the objective of assessing its relevance and why it was disbanded. The rationale is to know how the Gacaca system inspired a series of other home-grown solutions aiming at disputes settlement in a peaceful way, with much emphasis to the Abunzi committees. To attain this, the researchers adopted a qualitative approach using a thematic review through a desk study where a thematic analysis was used to compare and contrast the relevance of Gacaca and Abunzi with content analysis propagated deductively in an iterative manner. The findings indicated that the Gacaca and the Abunzi contributed tremendously to the acquisition of transitional justice in Rwanda as well as eradicating the culture of impunity and dispensing justice to the victims. Moreover, these courts laid the foundation of peace, reconciliation and unity. Perceptively, the Rwandese acknowledged the role of these courts because it exposed what had happened in their local communities and assisted many families to identify their missing family members and relatives thereby enhancing the importance of the sustainability of home-grown solutions. In perspective, this study will create an awareness in establishing a home-grown solution and will act as an addition to the yawning gap of the lack of documents. Members of the Gacaca and the Abunzi should undertake building of their capacity to be schooled in mediation as well as the government should be able to provide resources and trainings to boost their outputs.

9

Reyntjens, Filip. "Le gacaca ou la justice du gazon au Rwanda." Politique africaine 40, no. 1 (1990): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/polaf.1990.5421.

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The gacaca or lawn justice in rwanda. In Rwanda, neighbourhood meetings on the lawn (Gacaca) are the locally-recognized context for resolving legal disputes without legal provisions or state organization. It is a contemporary phenomenon, based on custom, which rests mainly on reconciling proximity disputes rather than reinforcing official jurisdictional authority. In this case, the possibility to choose between several courts improves access to justice and the elaboration of origi¬ nal judicial solutions better able to meet some local jurisdictional needs. Thus, jurisdictional pluralism represents a judicial policy that the African states have put aside too rapidly.

10

Corey, A. "Retributive justice: The Gacaca courts in Rwanda." African Affairs 103, no. 410 (January 1, 2004): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adh007.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gacaca justice":

1

Clark, Philip. "Justice without lawyers : the gacaca courts and post-genocide justice and reconciliation in Rwanda." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.425424.

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Kamashazi, Donnah. "Dealing with rape as a human rights violation under Gacaca justice system." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1034.

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"Much work has been done on the 1994 Rwandan genocide both under ICTR and the Rwandan justice system. Among the crimes committed during genocide in Rwanda was the crime of rape. However, considering the rate of mass rape committed, there are few cases of rape prosecuted so far compared to other crimes of the same gravity, and nothing has been said about the causes of the low rate reporting of this crime by the victims. A Gacaca court, which is a traditional justice system, is also involved in prosecuting the crime of genocide and other crimes against humanity. This is a traditional justice system/community system, which is also a tool of reconciliation through revealing information about the crimes committed during genocide. This applies to rape victims who will be required to recount their experiences before the community court. On the other hand, the perpetrator may recount the crime he committed for the sake of sentence commutation. Whichever way, the rape victims will either face Gacaca courts through this procedure or go without accessing justice. Given the small number of individuals who have formally sought legal redress, one can safely assume that most survivors in Rwanda have not come forward, and live with trauma alone, and in silence. This paper has highlighted the gaps in the Rwandan justice system in relation to rape victims. Further still, the researcher has laboured to establish the causes of the low rate of rape cases brought before courts in Rwanda. The impact of the Gacaca justice system in relation to rape reporting has also been discussed. International human rights instruments relating to rights of both the accused and the victim have been considered and where loopholes appear, an alternative legal approach, which may provide security and confidentiatlity for the victims to achieve justice, has been proposed." -- Chapter 1.
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2003.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

3

Molenaar, Arthur. "Gacaca, grassroots justice after genocide the key to reconciliation in Rwanda? /." Leiden : Leiden : African Studies Centre ; University Library Leiden [Host], 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1887/4645.

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Augustin, Nkusi. "A description of Gacaca courts : do they constitute a categroy of retributive or restorative justice?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13511.

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Includes bibliographical references.
This dissertation examined restorative and retributive justice systems in order to clarify and uncover the real nature of Gacaca courts which is a mixture of both with more elements of the retributive system. The dissertation also traces the origin of Gacaca courts through a historical background of Rwanda, a description of the Gacaca courts and their procedures, outlines the principles of restorative and retributive justice and compares each to Gacaca courts, in the process revealing the real nature of Gacaca.

5

Weisbord, Noah. "[The] Law and Ethics in Gacaca: balancing Justice and Healing in post-genocide Rwanda." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=92134.

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Rushing waters pour down the bills like waterfalls and cleave massive ruts into the red clay surface of the road to Gishamvu during the rainy season. In the dry season, the scarred surface hardens, and a layer of dust rises from tires and wind in a murky red mist. The narrow road, eut aggressively up the mountain, is precarious. A bridge over a small stream is littered with broken logs used to patch gaping holes that trap the tires of passing trucks. The bridge barely holds its banks. At a crossroads, up a steep slope, sits a monument to the Virgin Mary. Colorfully dressed women walk slowly up the scorched hill, heavy loads on their heads, sorne with a baby or a small child wrapped tightly against their backs. Men with farm implements kick the dust on their way to Gishamvu.
fr

6

Byamukama, Shivon. "Justice in the aftermath of the 1994 Rwanda genocide : a study of Gacaca courts." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500355.

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This thesis considers the transitional justice process that followed the aftermath of the 1994 Rwanda genocide. Because both the Rwandan Government and the international community through the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda opted for prosecution or alleged perpetrators responsible for the genocide, this thesis primarily considers this prosecution process, its achievements and hardships. The thesis considers prosecution of genocide, an intemational crime in domestic law and in particular, the role played by the Gacaca process.

7

Butera, Gerald. "Rwanda Gacaca traditional courts : an alternative solution for post-genocide justice and national reconciliation /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Mar%5FButera.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Stabilization and Reconstruction)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2005.
Thesis Advisor(s): Douglas Porch, Nancy Roberts. Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-69) Also available online.

8

Hategekimina, Sylvère. "La justice pénale restaurative : essai de sa mise en oeuvre dans les juridictions Gacaca au Rwanda." Nantes, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NANT4014.

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Pour juger, il faut délimiter un espace sensible, consacrer un temps pour débattre sereinement, arrêter une règle du jeu, convenir d'un objectif, instituer les acteurs, témoigner, argumenter, prouver, écouter, dialoguer, négocier, réconcilier, concilier et décider. Telles sont les fonctions essentielles de la justice pénale restaurative. En effet, au lendemain du génocide, tous les ingrédients nécessaires à l'implosion totale du pays étaient réunis. Il a fallu beaucoup de volonté politique pour recréer les conditions humaines minimales d'une vie en commun. L'absence de toute référence juridique fait que le pays doit gérer le contentieux du génocide par « essai-erreur ». Comme toute entreprise qui pose ses premiers jalons, la mise en place des juridictions Gacaca et leur fonctionnement restent problématiques. Il est évident que rendre justice après un génocide est une nécessité vitale pour la société parce que celle-ci a besoin de rétablir un nouvel ordre moral. L'application de la justice pénale restaurative doit être l'élément unificateur des Rwandais. Ainsi donc la justice doit être rendue aux survivants du génocide qui ont un droit inaliénable à la réparation pour les souffrances endurées, pour les pertes subies. Elle est aussi nécessaire pour les auteurs du génocide parce qu'ils ont besoin de prendre conscience de l'ampleur des actes qu'ils ont commis. Cependant, il convient de souligner que les difficultés liées à cette fonction de juger les crimes contre l'humanité et de génocide au sein des juridictions Gacaca ne doivent pas remettre en cause l'obligation de réconcilier les rwandais et de reconstruire une vie commune
The main missions of restorative justice are to establish common rules, dedicate time for a peacefull debate, adopt a common target, name all the particpants, give them the opportunity to testify, to present their evidence or their argument listen and talk to each other, to negociate reconcile and to deliver a verdict under well defined boundaries. It took strong political will to avoid what was inevitable after the genocide, the complete implosion of the country, and to bring back basic rules for life in common. The penal sytem was unprepared for these unprecedented events and had to put its decision into test or sometimes made mistakes. Gacaca jurisdictions are in their early stage and the the way they work is not beyond criticism or difficulties. It's obvious that justice must be delivered after a genocide because a new moral order has to be established back into Society. Law enforcement and to be law abiding citizens are two goals that must be shared by all Rwandans. Therefore, the survivors of this genocide are entitled to some kind of reparation for the loss, all the sufferings endured. The genocidaires also have to face up to all the consequences of their crimes, to be shown the full extend of these crimes. This overwhelming task of judging the genocide and theses crimes against humanity should not deter Gacaca jurisdictions from their duty to reconcile and to give all Rwandans, genocidaires and survivorsalike, the will and desire to live again together

9

Umutesi, Viviane. "Les juridictions GACACA au Rwanda et les garanties du procès équitable." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28943/28943.pdf.

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Litanga, Patrick B. "Indigenous Legal Traditions in Transitional Justice Processes: Examining the Gacaca in Rwanda and the Bashingantahe in Burundi." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1331746081.

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Books on the topic "Gacaca justice":

1

(Organization), African Rights, ed. Gacaca justice: A shared responsibility. Kigali, Rwanda: African Rights, 2003.

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(Organization), African Rights. Gacaca justice: A shared responsibility. Kigali, Rwanda: African Rights, 2003.

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Urwego rw'Igihugu Rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca. Gahunda y'iburanisha mu Nkiko Gacaca. Kigali: Repubulika y'u Rwanda, Urwego rw'Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca, 2005.

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Rwanda. Ministère de la justice et des relations institutionnelles., Johns Hopkins University. Population Communication Services., Academy for Educational Development, and PCS Projects, eds. Inkiko gacaca: Ubutabera bwunga. Kigali: Ministère de la justice et des relations institutionnelles en collaboration avec JHU/AED/Population Communication Services, 2001.

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ASF--Belgium, ed. Monitoring des juridictions Gacaca. [Kigali]: Avocats sans frontières, 2006.

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Nkundiye, Edouard. Itorero n'inkiko gacaca. Kigali: Alliance évangelique au Rwanda, 2003.

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Gacaca, Urwego rw'Igihugu Rushinzwe Inkiko. Icyegeranyo cy'itegeko ngenga no 16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/06/2004 rigena imiterere, ububasha n'imikorere by'Inkiko Gacaca zishinzwe gukurikirana no gucira imanza abakoze ibyaha bya jenoside n'ibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakozwe hagati y'itariki ya mbere ukwakira 1990 n'iya 31 Ukuboza 1994 n'andi mategeko ngenga yagiye arihindura kandi aryuzuza kugeza ubu. Kigali: Urwego rw'Igihugu Rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca, 2008.

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Urwego rw'Igihugu Rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca. Gahunda yo gukusanya amakuru akenewe mu Nkiko Gacaca. Kigali: Repubulika y'u Rwanda, Urwego rw'Igihugu Rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca, 2004.

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ASF--Belgium, ed. Observation des juridictions gacaca: Ex-province de [name of province]. [Kigali]: Avocats sans frontières, 2008.

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Bornkamm, Paul Christoph. Rwanda's Gacaca courts: Between retribution and reparation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Gacaca justice":

1

Sullo, Pietro. "Gacaca Jurisdictions in Practice." In Beyond Genocide: Transitional Justice and Gacaca Courts in Rwanda, 187–221. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-240-8_7.

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Sullo, Pietro. "Gacaca Courts Under Human Rights Scrutiny." In Beyond Genocide: Transitional Justice and Gacaca Courts in Rwanda, 159–85. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-240-8_6.

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Sullo, Pietro. "National Responses to the Rwandan Genocide: Gacaca Courts." In Beyond Genocide: Transitional Justice and Gacaca Courts in Rwanda, 125–57. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-240-8_5.

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Sullo, Pietro. "Post-Genocide Justice in Rwanda: Ordinary Courts." In Beyond Genocide: Transitional Justice and Gacaca Courts in Rwanda, 101–23. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-240-8_4.

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Sullo, Pietro. "A Framework for Post-Genocide Rwanda: Legal Imperatives Concerning Transitional Justice." In Beyond Genocide: Transitional Justice and Gacaca Courts in Rwanda, 65–100. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-240-8_3.

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Sullo, Pietro. "Introduction." In Beyond Genocide: Transitional Justice and Gacaca Courts in Rwanda, 1–25. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-240-8_1.

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Sullo, Pietro. "The Crime of Genocide and Its Contextual Features in Rwanda." In Beyond Genocide: Transitional Justice and Gacaca Courts in Rwanda, 27–63. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-240-8_2.

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Sullo, Pietro. "The Reconciliation Process in Rwanda." In Beyond Genocide: Transitional Justice and Gacaca Courts in Rwanda, 223–83. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-240-8_8.

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Sullo, Pietro. "Conclusion." In Beyond Genocide: Transitional Justice and Gacaca Courts in Rwanda, 285–91. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-240-8_9.

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Odubajo, Tola. "Africa’s Transitionssal Justice System in a Changing Global Order: The “Allure” of Rwanda’s Gacaca Transitional Justice System." In The Palgrave Handbook of Africa and the Changing Global Order, 825–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77481-3_40.

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