Relevant bibliographies by topics / Gac

Academic literature on the topic 'Gac'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Gac"

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Kamboj, Nitin, and Mohrana Choudhary. "Impact of solid waste disposal on ground water quality near Gazipur dumping site, Delhi, India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v5i2.322.

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The present study was carried out to study the impact of domestic wastes disposal on ground water quality at Delhi, India. Ground water is one of the major sources of drinking water in arid and semi-arid regions. Ground water quality data and its distributions are important for the purpose of planning and management. The samples of ground water were collected and analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters viz. conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, phosphate,fluoride, sodium and potassium. Among these parameters, TDS were found higher 1400, 1068, 1524, 1656, 840, 1106, 1540, 1330, 1900, 1960, 1914, 2061 mg/l at all the Ga1,Ga2, Ga3, Ga4, Ga5, Ga6, Ga7, Ga8, Ga9, Ga10, Ga11, Ga12, Ga13, Ga14, Ga15, Ga16 sampling sites respectively. TDS were observed beyond the desirable limits of BIS at all the sampling sites. Maximum value of TDS (2061 mg/l) was found at the sampling site Ga12 while the minimum value of TDS (1061 mg/l) was found at the sampling site Ga2. Maximum value of chloride (560 mg/l) wasfound at sampling site Ga4, while the minimum value of chloride (60 mg/l) was found at sampling site Ga5 and rest all other parameters were found within permissible limit. The present study concluded that the chloride and TDS in water samples were above to the desirable limit and below to the permissible limit of BIS and rest all other parameters were within desirable limit.
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van den Broek, Daan, Thomas F. C. Chin-A-Woeng, Guido V. Bloemberg, and Ben J. J. Lugtenberg. "Role of RpoS and MutS in phase variation of Pseudomonas sp. PCL1171." Microbiology 151, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 1403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27777-0.

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Pseudomonas sp. strain PCL1171 undergoes reversible colony phase variation between opaque phase I and translucent phase II colonies, which is dependent on spontaneous mutations in the regulatory genes gacA and gacS. Mutation of the mutS gene and constitutive expression of rpoS increases the frequency at which gac mutants appear 1000- and 10-fold, respectively. Experiments were designed to study the relationship between gacS, rpoS and mutS. These studies showed that (i) a functional gac system is required for the expression of rpoS, (ii) RpoS suppresses the expression of mutS and therefore increases the frequency of gac mutants, and (iii) upon mutation of rpoS and gacS, the expression of mutS is increased. Mutation of gacS abolishes suppression of mutS expression in stationary growth, suggesting that additional gac-dependent factors are involved in this suppression. In conclusion, inefficient mutation repair via MutS, of which the expression is influenced by gacA/S itself and by rpoS in combination with other factors, contributes to the high frequency of mutations accumulating in gacA/S. The role of RpoS in the growth advantage of a gac mutant was analysed, and mutation of rpoS only reduced the length of the lag phase, but did not affect the growth rate, suggesting a role for both RpoS and a reduction of metabolic load in the growth advantage of a gac mutant.
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Zha, Daiming, Li Xu, Houjin Zhang, and Yunjun Yan. "The Two-Component GacS-GacA System ActivateslipATranslation by RsmE but Not RsmA in Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 21 (August 15, 2014): 6627–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02184-14.

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ABSTRACTInPseudomonasspp., the Gac-Rsm signal transduction system is required for the production of lipases. The current model assumes that the system induces lipase gene transcription mediated through the quorum-sensing (QS) system. However, there are no reports of a QS system based uponN-acyl homoserine lactones or the regulation of lipase gene expression inPseudomonas protegens. In this study, we investigated the regulatory mechanism acting onlipAexpression activated by the Gac-Rsm system inP. protegensPf-5 through deletion and overexpression ofgacA, overexpression ofrsmAorrsmE, expression of variouslacZfusions, reverse transcription-PCR analysis, and determination of whole-cell lipase activity. The results demonstrated that the GacS-GacA (GacS/A) system activateslipAexpression at both the transcriptional and the translational levels but that the translational level is the key regulatory pathway. Further results showed that the activation oflipAtranslation by the GacS/A system is mediated through RsmE, which inhibitslipAtranslation by binding to the ACAAGGAUGU sequence overlapping the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence oflipAmRNA to hinder the access of the 30S ribosomal subunit to the SD sequence. Moreover, the GacS/A system promoteslipAtranscription through the mediation of RsmA inhibitinglipAtranscription via an unknown pathway. Besides the transcriptional repression, RsmA mainly activateslipAtranslation by negatively regulatingrsmEtranslation. In summary, inP. protegensPf-5, the Gac-RsmE system mainly and directly activateslipAtranslation and the Gac-RsmA system indirectly enhanceslipAtranscription.
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van den Broek, Daan, Thomas F. C. Chin-A-Woeng, Guido V. Bloemberg, and Ben J. J. Lugtenberg. "Molecular Nature of Spontaneous Modifications in gacS Which Cause Colony Phase Variation in Pseudomonas sp. Strain PCL1171." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 2 (January 15, 2005): 593–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.2.593-600.2005.

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ABSTRACT Pseudomonas sp. strain PCL1171 displays colony phase variation between opaque phase I and translucent phase II colonies, thereby regulating the production of secondary metabolites and exoenzymes. Complementation and sequence analysis of 26 phase II mutants and of 13 wild-type phase II sectors growing out of phase I colonies showed that in all these cases the phase II phenotype is caused by spontaneous mutations in gacA or/and gacS. Mutation of gac reduced both the length of the lag phase and the generation time. Isolation and sequencing of the gacS genes from the phase II bacteria revealed one insertion as well as several random point mutations, deletions, and DNA rearrangements. Most phase II colonies reverted with a high frequency, resulting in wild-type gacA and gacS genes and a phase I phenotype. Some phase II bacteria retained the phase II phenotype but changed genotypically as a result of (re)introduction of mutations in either gacA or gacS. The reversion of gacA or gacS to the wild type was not affected by mutation of recA and recB. We conclude that in Pseudomonas sp. strain PCL1171, mutations in gacA and gacS are the basis for phase variation from phase I to phase II colonies and that, since these mutations are efficiently removed, mutations in gac result in dynamic switches between the “wild-type” population and the subpopulations harboring spontaneous mutations in gacA and or gacS, thereby enabling both populations to be maintained.
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Driscoll, William W., John W. Pepper, Leland S. Pierson, and Elizabeth A. Pierson. "Spontaneous Gac Mutants of Pseudomonas Biological Control Strains: Cheaters or Mutualists?" Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 20 (August 26, 2011): 7227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00679-11.

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ABSTRACTBacteria rely on a range of extracellular metabolites to suppress competitors, gain access to resources, and exploit plant or animal hosts. The GacS/GacA two-component regulatory system positively controls the expression of many of these beneficial external products in pseudomonad bacteria. Natural populations often contain variants with defective Gac systems that do not produce most external products. These mutants benefit from a decreased metabolic load but do not appear to displace the wild type in nature. How could natural selection maintain the wild type in the presence of a mutant with enhanced growth? One hypothesis is that Gac mutants are “cheaters” that do not contribute to the public good, favored within groups but selected against between groups, as groups containing more mutants lose access to ecologically important external products. An alternative hypothesis is that Gac mutants have a mutualistic interaction with the wild type, so that each variant benefits by the presence of the other. In the biocontrol bacteriumPseudomonas chlororaphisstrain 30-84, Gac mutants do not produce phenazines, which suppress competitor growth and are critical for biofilm formation. Here, we test the predictions of these alternative hypotheses by quantifying interactions between the wild type and the phenazine- and biofilm-deficient Gac mutant within growing biofilms. We find evidence that the wild type and Gac mutants interact mutualistically in the biofilm context, whereas a phenazine-defective structural mutant does not. Our results suggest that the persistence of alternative Gac phenotypes may be due to the stabilizing role of local mutualistic interactions.
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Wang, Ruiping, Shumei Song, Jiangjiang Qin, Yuan Li, Yibo Fan, Deyali Chatterjee, Ghia Tatlonghari, et al. "Abstract 5017: A single-cell atlas of tumor microenvironment defines the continuum of gastric adenocarcinoma tumorigenesis and progression." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 5017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-5017.

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Abstract Gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC), a global health burden, lacks detail understanding of the evolution-driven cellular/molecular programs that lead to GAC tumorigenesis followed by progression/metastases. The definition of the interplay(s) between immune/stromal cells and premalignant/malignant GAC cells could propel us into a new dimension of understanding and therapeutics. Here, we performed a comprehensive single-cell profiling of 68 specimens collected from 43 subjects including non-neoplastic tumor adjacent tissue, precancerous lesions, localized, and metastatic GACs. We profiled a total of 77,392 high-quality cells which revealed 62 unique cell states uncovering varying profiles. We define alterations in TMEs that underscore initiation of tumorigenesis to eventual progression. For instance, we found a striking preponderance of B lineage cells, primarily the IgA+ plasma cells, in TMEs of the precancerous lesions, whereas 3 immunosuppressive myeloid subsets with high expression of genes signature including SPP1, LAIR1, SIRPA, TIM-3, TGFB1, and MARCO dominated in advanced GACs. We observed that fractions of GZMK+ effector CD8 T cells and progenitor exhausted CD8 T cells gradually increased as GACs progressed to advanced stages with highest abundant in metastatic GACs. In addition, our analysis revealed extensive stromal remodeling along the GAC continuum, which may have contributed to enhanced angiogenesis and progressive immune suppressive signaling. Notably, we uncovered 3 unique TME interactomes that are defined by 6 cellular environtypes that provide context-dependent definition and granularity to GAC networks inhabited by 62 TME cell subsets giving GAC to a novel landscape not yet defined. The two distinct environtypes in GAC primaries are validated in three independent large-scale GAC cohorts, giving credence and definition to previously established histopathological variables, genomic/molecular subtypes and clinical outcomes. The analysis of tumor associated stromal cells discovered SDC2 as an exploitable target to pursue. SDC2 was not only abundant in the stroma, but the abundance is validated in 3 independent single-cell GAC cohorts as well as at the protein level using independent approaches. Overexpression of SDC2 formed a gradient from early GAC to metastatic and is prognostic in large-scale GAC cohorts examined. This study provides an atlas of GAC TMEs from tumorigenesis to advanced GAC that could be further developed for novel therapeutics but also serves as a community resource. Citation Format: Ruiping Wang, Shumei Song, Jiangjiang Qin, Yuan Li, Yibo Fan, Deyali Chatterjee, Ghia Tatlonghari, Zhiyuan Xu, Can Hu, Shaowei Mo, Matheus D. Sewastjanow, Ahmed Adel Fouad Abdelhakeem, Zhenning Wang, Xiangdong Cheng, Jaffer A. Ajani, Linghua Wang. A single-cell atlas of tumor microenvironment defines the continuum of gastric adenocarcinoma tumorigenesis and progression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 5017.
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Bastami, Sina, Sina Ghassa, Amin Seyedhakimi, and Saeed Chehreh Chelgani. "Adsorption of Mercury from a Cyanide Leaching Solution Using Various Activation Rates of Granular Activated Carbon: A Laboratory- and Industrial-Scale Study." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 17, 2020): 3287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083287.

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The use of granular activated carbon (GAC) is a typical and sustainable technique for recovering precious metals from a cyanide leaching solution (CLS). The level of GAC activity is a fundamental factor in assessing the rate of precious metal adsorption; thus, it is essential to determine the efficiency of carbon elution for reproducing GACs. Since mercury (Hg) adsorption plays a critical role, economically and environmentally, in GAC efficiency, we conducted various laboratory and industrial experiments to explore the effect of different rates of GAC activation (10%, 35%, 70% and 100%) on Hg adsorption from CLS. Assessments of laboratory test results showed a direct relationship between the Hg adsorption and GAC activity; by increasing the GAC activity from 10% to 100%, the recovery of Hg was increased from 20% to 41%. Kinetic modeling results indicated that the Hg adsorption for all GAC activities followed chemisorption mechanisms. There was good agreement between the laboratory test results and the results of experiments on the industrial scale (that used a continuous circuit). These outcomes indicate that by increasing the frequency of carbon reactivation and using GAC with a high level of activity in the first tank, Hg desorption was meaningfully decreased and recovery was improved (for 10% GAC activity vs. 35% GAC activity, recovery was 40% vs. 90%, respectively).
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Wang, Feifei, Lu Zhang, Liangfu Wei, and Jan Peter van der Hoek. "Removal of Hydrogen Peroxide Residuals and By-Product Bromate from Advanced Oxidation Processes by Granular Activated Carbon." Water 13, no. 18 (September 7, 2021): 2460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13182460.

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During drinking water treatment, advanced oxidation process (AOP) with O3 and H2O2 may result in by-products, residual H2O2 and BrO3−. The water containing H2O2 and BrO3− often flows into subsequent granular activated carbon (GAC) filters. A concentrated H2O2 solution can be used as GAC modification reagent at 60 °C to improve its adsorption ability. However, whether low concentrations of H2O2 residuals from AOP can modify GAC, and the impact of H2O2 residuals on BrO3− removal by the subsequent GAC filter at ambient temperature, is unknown. This study evaluated the modification of GAC surface functional groups by residual H2O2 and its effect on BrO3− removal by GAC. Results showed that both H2O2 and BrO3− were effectively removed by virgin GAC, while pre-loaded and regenerated GACs removed H2O2 but not BrO3− anymore. At the ambient temperature 150 µmol/L H2O2 residuals consumed large amounts of functional groups, which resulted in the decrease of BrO3− removal by virgin GAC in the presence of H2O2 residuals. Redox reactions between BrO3− and surface functional groups played a dominant role in BrO3− removal by GAC, and only a small amount of BrO3− was removed by GAC adsorption. The higher the pH, the less BrO3− removal and the more H2O2 removal was observed.
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Mart�nez-Granero, Francisco, Rafael Rivilla, and Marta Mart�n. "Rhizosphere Selection of Highly Motile Phenotypic Variants of Pseudomonas fluorescens with Enhanced Competitive Colonization Ability." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 5 (May 2006): 3429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.5.3429-3434.2006.

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ABSTRACT Phenotypic variants of Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 showing a translucent and diffuse colony morphology show enhanced colonization of the alfalfa rhizosphere. We have previously shown that in the biocontrol agent P. fluorescens F113, phenotypic variation is mediated by the activity of two site-specific recombinases, Sss and XerD. By overexpressing the genes encoding either of the recombinases, we have now generated a large number of variants (mutants) after selection either by prolonged laboratory cultivation or by rhizosphere passage. All the isolated variants were more motile than the wild-type strain and appear to contain mutations in the gacA and/or gacS gene. By disrupting these genes and complementation analysis, we have observed that the Gac system regulates swimming motility by a repression pathway. Variants isolated after selection by prolonged cultivation formed a single population with a swimming motility that was equal to the motility of gac mutants, being 150% more motile than the wild type. The motility phenotype of these variants was complemented by the cloned gac genes. Variants isolated after rhizosphere selection belonged to two different populations: one identical to the population isolated after prolonged cultivation and the other comprising variants that besides a gac mutation harbored additional mutations conferring higher motility. Our results show that gac mutations are selected both in the stationary phase and during rhizosphere colonization. The enhanced motility phenotype is in turn selected during rhizosphere colonization. Several of these highly motile variants were more competitive than the wild-type strain, displacing it from the root tip within 2 weeks.
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Kim, Taehoon, and Byungryul An. "Effect of Hydrogen Ion Presence in Adsorbent and Solution to Enhance Phosphate Adsorption." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (March 20, 2021): 2777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062777.

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In this paper, the effect of hydrogen ions on the adsorption onto granular activated carbon (GAC) with the inorganic contaminant phosphate, which exists as a form of four species depending on the solution pH, is investigated. Various batch isotherm and kinetic experiments were conducted in an initial pH 4 as an acid, a pH 7 as neutral, and a pH 9 solution as a base for the GAC conditioned with deionized water and hydrochloric acid, referred to as GAC and GACA, respectively. The physical properties, such as the total surface area, pore volume, pore size distribution, and weight of the element, obtained from Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM–EDX) represent no significant differences. However, the hydrochloric acid (HCl) condition results in an alteration of the pH of the point of zero charge from 4.5 to 6.0. The optimized initial pH was determined as being acid for the GAC and as being neutral for the GACA. According to the Langmuir isotherm, the relatively high Qm was obtained as being acid for the GAC and clearly distinguishes the pH effect as being the base for the GACA. An attempt was made to assess the adsorption mechanism using the pseudo-first-order (PFO), the pseudo-second-order (PSO), and the intraparticle diffusion models. The higher R2 for the PSO in the entire pH range indicated that chemisorption was predominant for phosphate adsorption, and the pH did not change the adsorption mechanism. A prolonged Bed Volume (BV) for the GACA demonstrated that the hydrogen ions on the surface of the GAC enhanced phosphate adsorption.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gac"

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Morell, Bonin Tyra. "Prestationsanalys av granulerataktivt kol (GAC) – en jämförelse mellan två etablerade GAC-typer." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-328611.

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Vattenverket Görväln i Järfälla planerar ett nytt vattenverk i framtiden, lokaliserat intill nuvarande vattenverk. Idag är den kemiska barriären, granulerat aktivt kol, ur funktion och utvärderas i det här projektet för att effektivisera processen. Den här studien fokuserar på att optimera den kemiska barriären genom att jämföra två sorter av granulerat aktivt kol (GAC). Jämförelsen sker genom analysering av löst organiskt kol (DOC), totalt organiskt kol (TOC), samt absorbans och fluorescens. Vattnet som använts i studien kommer direkt från det sandfiltrerade vattnet i Görvälnverkets reningsprocess. För att testa de olika GAC-sorterna konstruerades en kolonnuppsättning med överflödessystem. Syftet var att jämföra två olika GAC med kortare samt längre uppehållstid och deras absorberingsförmåga med avseende på DOC och TOC. Kolonner med längre kontakttid visade effektivare borttagning av DOC, TOC och fluorescerande ämnen oberoende av GAC-sort. Kolonner med FiltraSorb® 400 uppnår genombrott ungefär 30 % långsammare än Norit® 830 W för samma bäddvolymer. Skillnaden mellan längre kontakttid och kortare kontakttid var inte lika markant som skillnaden mellan GAC-sorterna. FiltraSorb® 400 presterade ungefär 30 % bättre vid borttagning av DOC och TOC jämfört mot Norit® 830 W. Adsorptionskapaciteten för Norit® 830 W försämrades betydligt snabbare än för FiltraSorb® 400. Det innebär att FiltraSorb® 400 behöver bakspolas mindre ofta och regenereras mer sällan än Norit® 830 W. FiltraSorb® 400 är därför den GAC-sort som rekommenderas för Görvälnverkets vatten med avseende på borttagning av DOC. Den här studien kommer att användas som underlag för pilotanläggningen som är stationerad intill kolonnuppställningen. Uppsättningen kommer också att användas för framtida kinetik och spårämnesförsök i vattenverket och på andra vattenverk.
There are multiple steps to be done in the drinking water treatment process. The product must obtain high quality and to do so, it must reach certain requirements. One of the treatment steps in Görväln water treatment plant, Stockholm, is to use granular active carbon (GAC). The GAC function is to filter away taste and odor in addition to acting as a chemical barrier, although the latter does not work properly in the water treatment plant today.The project´s aim is comparing the performance of two types of GAC, Norit® 830 W and FiltraSorb® 400, together with the effect of longer (21 minutes) and shorter (7 minutes) contact time (EBCT). The contact time (EBCT) is the time, in minutes, that a body of water is in contact with the GAC-filter. A longer EBCT, means lower flow, which leads to longer time for the GAC to adsorb contaminants from the water.To evaluate the difference between the GAC-types a column-test was constructed. The test allows a direct comparison to full scale operations. The water used during this study was taken directly after the sand filtration process in Görväln. The water is clear and particles visible to the naked eye are eliminated during the sand filtration. However, the small dissolved organic components (carbon) are hard to remove, which makes the GAC-filter important.The performance of the GAC was evaluated by the removal efficiency of TOC, DOC and evaluation of fluorescence and absorbance capacity. The result indicated a better performance for both GAC using a longer contact time. Best effect of the long contact time was seen during the fluorescence measurement, where calculated indexes and removal of specific compounds were distinguished.The difference between longer, 21 minutes, and shorter, 7 minutes, contact time was not as significant as the difference between the two types of GAC. FiltraSorb® 400 had a significant higher adsorbance capacity for DOC and TOC, 30 % better than Norit® 830 W, at the same bed volume. Norit® 830 W reached breakthrough much faster (~80 %) than FiltraSorb® 400 (~50%) at around 4700 bed volumes.
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Tran, Thao Hoang. "Producing carotenoid-rich powder from Gac fruit." Thesis, View thesis, 2007. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/19013.

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Gac (Momordica Cochinchinensis Spreng or Muricia Cochinchinensis Spreng) is an indigenous fruit of Vietnam, commonly used as a colourant in traditional dishes. Recent studies showed that this fruit had a high carotenoid content, especially lycopene and β-carotene. These carotenoids are currently in high demand as they are natural antioxidants to prevent and treat cancers. Over the last ten years some new products from Gac fruit have been found on the market but the cultivation and consumption of the fruit is still limited. Gac is harvested seasonally and the post harvest processing has not been well developed. To make the best use of the valuable substances in Gac, this project investigated some processing methods to make Gac powder and developed the product quality analyses, potentially applicable to local small-scale manufacture. In order to evaluate the efficiency of the Gac powder process and some of the most important qualities of the Gac powder products, the analytical methods to determine lycopene and β-carotene were developed and validated in this project. The new HPLC-based method included a liquid-liquid extraction, followed by a solid phase extraction before the analysis. Both newly- developed HPLC and SP methods exhibited a high extraction yield, good recovery and reproducibility. Compared with the HPLC, the SP method gives higher mean values and standard deviations, but it is quicker, simpler, less expensive and still reliable for industrial applications due to the use of less toxic solvents. The production of powder from Gac fruit included two main stages: seed removal and aril dehydration. Derived from the same drying operation, the enzymatic-treated Gac powder had a lower carotenoid content compared to the heat-treated powder. The Gac powder produced by the freeze-drying method had the highest carotenoid level and brightest colour. Finally the orange-red Gac powder with high carotenoid content was added to some foods as a colorant and nutrient supplement to illustrate its applications. The colours of foods were significantly improved and the carotenoid contents were increased after processing, indicating a potential market for the Gac powder.
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Tran, Thao Hoang. "Producing carotenoid-rich powder from Gac fruit." View thesis, 2007. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/19013.

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Thesis (M.Sc.(Hons.)) -- University of Western Sydney, 2007.
A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Hons) to the University of Western Sydney, College of Health and Science, Centre for Plant and Food Science. Includes bibliography.
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Janeiro, Hugo. "Redes Internas do GAC. Alterações decorrentes da implementação do SACC." Master's thesis, Academia Militar. Direção de Ensino, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/7546.

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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as Redes Internas do Grupo de Artilharia de Campanha (GAC), da Brigada de Reação Rápida (BrigRR), e a implementação do Sistema Automático de Comando e Controlo (SACC) nesta unidade. No Exército Português, e para fazer face ao ambiente operacional contemporâneo, foi adquirido o SACC para a Artilharia, pelo que se tornou necessário efetuar uma investigação no sentido de verificar se são necessárias alterações e quais as que devem ser feitas ao nível das Redes Internas do GAC/BrigRR, decorrentes da implementação do SACC. Para a elaboração deste trabalho, começamos por caracterizar o ambiente operacional contemporâneo e as consequentes novas exigências para a Artilharia de Campanha (AC). De seguida, realizou-se o estudo das capacidades e necessidades para a implementação do SACC e seus subsistemas, e explanamos as várias fases da implementação do SACC no GAC/BrigRR, desde a sua aquisição até aos dias de hoje. Realizou-se também o estudo, ao nível das Redes Internas de um GAC, primeiramente da doutrina portuguesa e da doutrina americana, que decidimos expor como referência. Numa segunda fase, foi feita uma pesquisa, que engloba especificamente o GAC/BrigRR, no que diz respeito ao seu Quadro Orgânico doutrinário e à sua situação atual, relativamente aos materiais utilizados no processo de Comando e Controlo (C2) do GAC. Esta pesquisa teve o intuito de explicitar as capacidades de cada material e uma relação entre a quantidade e tipo de materiais previstos em Quadro Orgânico e a quantidade e tipo de materiais que realmente estão à carga do GAC/BrigRR. Este estudo permitiu ainda analisar a configuração e operacionalização das Redes Internas do GAC/BrigRR, de modo a verificar se a sua organização atual necessita de alterações, que permitam cumprir as suas missões, tendo em vista a maximização das capacidades do SACC em prol do GAC/BrigRR. Desta análise concluiu-se que a organização atual das Redes Internas do GAC/BrigRR não permite corresponder às exigências do SACC, tanto ao nível da configuração das redes como também dos materiais utilizados, o que inviabiliza a maximização das potencialidades do sistema no GAC/BrigRR. Apesar das limitações encontradas nas Redes Internas do GAC/BrigRR, a anterior análise possibilitou efetuar o levantamento e posterior análise, de possíveis configurações de redes a adotar pelo GAC/BrigRR.
Abstract This paper aims to analyze the Internal Networks for the Field Artillery Battalion, from the Quick Response Brigade, and the implementation of the Automated System for Command and Control on this unit. In the Portuguese Army, and to cope with the contemporary operatin g environment, was acquired the Automated System for Command and Control for Field Artillery, so it became necessary to make a research to see if changes are needed and what changes should be made at the level of Internal Networks for the Field Artillery Battalion from the Quick Response Brigade, following the implementation of SACC. For the preparation of this work, we first characterize the contemporary operating environment and the resulting new requirements for the Field Artillery. Then follows the study of the capabilities and requirements for implementation of the Automated System for Command and Control and its subsystems, and expounded the various stages of implementation of the Automated System for Command and Control in the Field Artillery Battalion since its acquisition until the present day. We also conducted the study at the level of an Internal Networks for the Field Artillery Battalion, first the Portuguese doctrine and then the American doctrine, that we decided to expose as a reference. In a second phase, a survey was made, which specifically includes the Field Artillery Battalion, in regard to their doctrinal Organic Framework and its current situation, referring to the equipments used in the process Command and Control of the Field Artillery Battalion. This research aimed to explain the capabilities of each equipment and a relationship between its amount and type provided in Table Organic and the quantity and type that are actually available for the Field Artillery Battalion. This study allowed us to analyze the configuration and operation of the Internal Networks for the Field Artillery Battalion, to check if its current organization needs changes, allowing the fulfillment of their missions in order to maximize the capabilities of the Automated System for Command and Control on behalf of the Field Artillery Battalion. This analysis concluded that the current organization of the Internal Networks for the Field Artillery Battalion does not allow to match the requirements of the Automated System for Command and Control, both in terms of the configuration of the networks as well as the materials used, which prevents the maximization of the potential of the system in the Field Artillery Battalion. Despite the limitations found in the Internal Networks for the Field Artillery Battalion, the previous analysis allowed to make the survey and subsequent analysis of possible network configurations to be adopted by the Field Artillery Battalion from the Quick Response Brigade.
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Zheng, Jing. "Application of GAC adsorption in pulp and paper mill effluent treatment." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0019/MQ58522.pdf.

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De, Las Casas Carla. "In-Situ Regeneration of Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Using Fenton's Reagents." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195619.

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Fenton-dependent recovery of carbon initially saturated with one of several chlorinated aliphatic contaminants was studied in batch and continuous-flow reactors. A specialty carbon, URV-MOD 1 (Calgon) was employed to minimize non-productive H2O2 demand - that which does not yield hydroxyl or superoxide radicals.Enhancement of PCE degradation kinetics by ferric iron addition is limited by iron solubility, even at relatively low pH. Quinone addition increased the pseudo-first-order rate constant for PCE loss temporarily. Only copper addition sustainably enhanced the specific rate of PCE loss. For copper-to-iron molar ratios of 0.25 to 5, the pseudo-first-order rate constant for PCE transformation was increased by a factor of 3.5. It is apparent that the effect of copper addition on Fenton-dependent reaction rates is complex, and involves a shift in chemical mechanism, as indicated by the differing slopes in the Arrhenius plot (with and without copper).A mathematical model was developed to evaluate the effect of operational parameters ([Fe(III)]T:[H2O2]o ratio and pH) on degradation kinetics and optimize the PCE degradation process in homogeneous reaction mixtures. The model simulated experimental degradation of the organic target in a homogeneous Fenton-reaction system. The model requires further refinement to simulate Fenton's systems in which ions in solution (such as sulfate and chloride) play significant roles.In continuous-flow reactors, Fenton's reagents were cycled through spent GAC in columns to degrade one of seven chlorinated compounds tested. The contaminant with the weakest adsorption characteristics, methylene chloride, was 99% lost from the carbon surface during a 14-hour regeneration period. At the field site, the GAC was saturated with gases containing TCE and PCE from a soil vapor extraction (SVE) system. In the field, up to 95% of the sorbed TCE was removed from GAC during regeneration periods of 50-60 hours. Recovery of PCE-loaded GAC was significantly slower. Column experiments show that there is minimal loss of carbon adsorption capacity during Fenton treatment and that the rate of GAC regeneration is compound specific. Scoping-level cost estimates indicated that field use of Fenton regeneration is not cost effective without optimization and/or iron surface amendments, except in the case of the most soluble VOCs.
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Rentsch, Stefanie. "Hybrides Erzählen Text-Bild-Kombinationen bei Jean Le Gac und Sophie Calle." Paderborn München Fink, 2008. http://d-nb.info/993984967/04.

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Chen, Bingran. "Effects of Chemical Properties of Cyanotoxins on Transport through Granular Activated Carbons." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1535374137804276.

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Al-Attas, Omar. "Competitive Adsorption of Iron and Natural Organic Matter in Groundwater Using Granular Activated Carbon." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23349.

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The treatment of potable water in Vars, ON is accomplished by filtering the colored, iron-laden groundwater through granular activated carbon (GAC) filters. When first installed, these filters unexpectedly experienced chromatographic displacements of iron into the produced water which resulted in orange-brown water at consumers’ taps. The treatment plant was later modified by adding potassium permanganate oxidation and a greensand filter prior to the GAC adsorption columns. Consequently, iron was almost completely removed and no longer caused operational problems. The main objective of this dissertation is to study the interactions between natural organic matter (NOM) and iron that caused the observed chromatographic effect. This study was divided into three main stages: a) characterization study on Vars groundwater and its treatment system; b) study of the competitive adsorption of iron with NOM in Vars groundwater; and c) evaluation of the rapid small-scale column test (RSSCT) for predicting the full-scale GAC column breakthroughs. The characterization of Vars groundwater showed that ferrous iron was found to be the dominant iron species, representing 90% of the total iron, and that 15 - 35% of the iron was complexed with NOM. It was hypothesized that the chromatographic displacement of iron from the GAC columns was caused by NOM-iron complexes; however, field mini-column experiments showed this was not the case. Thus, competitive adsorption between iron and NOM was seen as the more likely cause of the chromatographic effect. The adsorption capacity of ferrous iron in Vars raw water was less than that in organic-free water by a factor of 7 due to the competition with NOM over the GAC adsorbing sites. However, the NOM adsorption capacity was not reduced due to the presence of ferrous iron. It was hypothesized that ideal adsorption solution theory (IAST) models, which have been successful in describing competitive adsorption between target organic compounds and NOM, could model the competition between an inorganic compound such as ferrous iron and NOM. The hypothesis was proved to be correct, and the adsorption isotherm of iron in competition with NOM in Vars groundwater was simulated very well by several versions of the IAST model. However, none of the models were capable of simulating the competitive adsorption of NOM and ferrous iron simultaneously. Since the presence of iron did not significantly reduce the adsorption capacity of NOM, a simplified approach of using the single-solute NOM isotherm to represent the competitive NOM isotherm was recommended. The performance of the rapid small-scale column test (RSSCT) was evaluated in order to simulate the iron chromatographic effect observed at Vars’ full-scale GAC column. The RSSCT was not capable of predicting the iron phenomenon and the test proved to be problematic due to the oxidation and precipitation of iron within the small voids between the small-scale column’s GAC particles. The RSSCT, using constant and linear diffusivities, were applied to simulate the NOM adsorption after greensand treatment. Integrating both diffusivities, the tests predicted the onset and slope of the NOM breakthrough up to 10-L water treated/g GAC, which is equivalent to 250 days of operation time for the full-scale column. However, the NOM breakthroughs deviated beyond that point and the RSSCT using constant diffusivity underestimated the column performance greatly. On the other hand, the linear diffusivity RSSCT underestimated the performance to a lesser degree and its NOM breakthrough was quite parallel to the full-scale performance with lower NOM removals of 15%. The higher long-term NOM removal in the full-scale system may be explained by biodegradation, a phenomenon that was not considered by the short duration of RSSCT.
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Godinho, Carlos. "A organização topográfica do GAC face aos novos equipamentos topográficos da Artilharia de Campanha Portuguesa." Master's thesis, Academia Militar. Direção de Ensino, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/7282.

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No âmbito do Estágio de Natureza Profissional do Tirocínio para Oficial Aluno da Arma de Artilharia (TPO), nomeadamente na componente do Trabalho de Investigação Aplicada, escolheu-se como tema de investigação a rganização topográfica do Grupo de Artilharia de Campanha (GAC) face aos novos equipamentos topográficos da Artilharia de Campanha (AC). Tendo em conta a permanente evolução tecnológica e o reequipamento do Exército Português como uma etapa de um ciclo contínuo que visa o acompanhamento dessas transformações e a adaptação às necessidades de um moderno campo de batalha, surge o interesse em saber como está a sua vertente topográfica. È desta forma que abordamos e pretendemos dar a conhecer os novos equipamentos topográficos adquiridos pelo Exército Português. De igual modo, foi nosso objectivo perceber até que ponto houve ou deverá haver alterações na organização topográfica e na execução dos trabalhos topográficos de um GAC. Julgámos ainda ser possível indicar, com base nos relatos dos militares que desempenharam ou exercem funções que implicam o relacionamento directo com os equipamentos, situações úteis para complementar a doutrina topográfica existente na AC. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a aquisição e a utilização destes equipamentos topográficos são enormemente proveitosas para a nossa AC e para as outras Unidades que dos seus trabalhos necessitem. O desempenho da missão topográfica passou a ser mais rápido e oportuno, a informação topográfica passou a ter mais qualidade e quantidade, os novos equipamentos garantem ao GAC uma maior flexibilidade e oportunidade na ocupação das posições e contribuem para a execução de eficácias ao primeiro tiro. Quanto à organização topográfica do GAC, houve uma redução nos efectivos, consequente das menores exigências de pessoal no funcionamento destes equipamentos, perante a qual se tem cumprido a missão topográfica nos exercícios mas não com a máxima potencialização dos meios. É, sobretudo, com base neste factor que apresentamos uma proposta para a organização da “célula” de topografia do Exército Português, a Secção de Topografia.
Abstract The subject of this inquiry is the training and professional period of the apprenticeship for Official student in the Artillery. We will look at the survey structure of a Field Artillery Battalion and report on the new survey instrument of the Field Artillery. We need to take into account the continuing technological evolution and the updating of the equipment of the Portuguese Army as one phase of a continuous cycle. This aims to serve the Army’s needs in the modern battlefield. We intend to give information concerning the new survey equipment, acquired by the Portuguese Army. Our objective also includes an appreciation of any changes in the survey structure which have been made, or will need to be made in the survey operations of a Field Artillery Battalion. We have interviewed military professionals who have had practical experience of the equipment, and were able to provide helpful comments about the Field Artillery Survey equipment and procedures. The results obtained show that the acquisition and the use of these survey instruments are very beneficial to our Field Artillery and to otherunits who need the survey operations. The performance of the survey mission was faster and more efficient. The survey information increased in quality and quantity. The new equipment guarantees flexibility and opportunity to the Field Artillery Battalion and fire is effective from the first shot. As regards the survey structure of a Field Artillery Battalion, there wasa diminution of the effectiveness, because of the smaller demands of equipment operators. Overall, the survey mission in the exercises is satisfactory but with reduced capacity and advantages that could be improved. It is, especially, based on this factor that we present a proposal with the new structure for the survey "cell" of the Portuguese Army, the Survey Section.
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Books on the topic "Gac"

1

Jean, Le Gac, and Musée Léon Dierx, eds. Jean Le Gac par Le Gac Jean. Paris: Cercle d'Art, 1992.

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Graese, Sandra L. GAC filter-adsorbers. Denver, Colo: American Water Works Association, 1987.

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Dagbert, Anne. Jean Le Gac. Paris: Fall, 1998.

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Bossi, Lorena Fabrizia. GAC: Pensamiento, prácticas, acciones. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires]: Tinta Limón Ediciones, 2009.

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Gac, Jean Le. L'atelier de Jean Le Gac. Paris: Thalia, 2010.

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Olivier, Laurent. Jean Le Gac: L'effraction douce. Paris: La Pionnière, 2009.

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Gac, Jean Le. Jean le Gac & Robert Bonaccorsi. [S.l.]: Éditions Pérégrines/Le temps qu'il fait, 2006.

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Olivier, Laurent. Jean Le Gac: L'effraction douce. Paris: La Pionnière, 2009.

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Aruba. Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. GAC-97: Geografische adressen classificatie. Oranjestad, Aruba: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, 1997.

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Wagneur, Jean-Didier. Une œuvre de Jean Le Gac. Marseille, France: Muntaner, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Gac"

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Tran, Xuan T., and Sophie E. Parks. "Improving Cultivation of Gac Fruit." In Gac Fruit, 1–14. GB: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247329.0001.

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Ta, Ngoc T. M., Tuyen C. Kha, and Minh H. Nguyen. "Microencapsulation of Gac Aril Oil." In Gac Fruit, 123–42. GB: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247329.0007.

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Ersṃan, Sevcan, and Judith Müller-Maatsch. "Carotenoids in Gac Fruit Aril – Structure and Bioaccessibility." In Gac Fruit, 25–39. GB: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247329.0003.

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Phan-Tai, Huan, Tuyen C. Kha, and Minh H. Nguyen. "Advance Extraction Techniques for Gac Aril Oil." In Gac Fruit, 81–101. GB: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247329.0005.

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Le, Van-Anh. "Processing Technology of Gac Seeds." In Gac Fruit, 156–77. GB: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247329.0009.

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Pham, Tai Huu. "The Market for Gac Target Products." In Gac Fruit, 178–86. GB: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247329.0010.

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Mai, Huynh Cang. "Membrane Filtration Technology and Its Application in Gac ( Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Oil Concentration." In Gac Fruit, 102–22. GB: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247329.0006.

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Kha, Tuyen C., and Minh H. Nguyen. "Gac Aril Processing Technology." In Gac Fruit, 40–80. GB: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247329.0004.

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Van Chuyen, Hoang. "Processing Technology of Gac Pulp and Peel." In Gac Fruit, 143–55. GB: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247329.0008.

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Nguyen, Dao, and Tien Huynh. "Diversity in Nutrition and Bioactivity of Gac Fruit." In Gac Fruit, 15–24. GB: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247329.0002.

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Conference papers on the topic "Gac"

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Haas, Steffen, and Mathias Fischer. "GAC." In SAC 2018: Symposium on Applied Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3167132.3167239.

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Awdeh, Hussein, Adelle Abdallah, Youssef Zaki, Gilles Bernard, and Mohammad Hajjar. "A Gold Multipurpose Arabic Corpus (GAC)." In 2021 International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Energy Technologies (ICECET). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icecet52533.2021.9698621.

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Guo, Yanqing, Meiqing Wang, and Choi-Hong Lai. "An Improved GAC Model Combining with GNGVF." In 2011 Tenth International Symposium on Distributed Computing and Applications to Business, Engineering and Science (DCABES). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dcabes.2011.23.

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Soyjaudah, K. M. S., I. Jahmeerbacus, C. Bhurtun, and M. K. Oolun. "Hybrid BFSK/MPSK modulation employing GAC codes." In 1999 IEEE Africon. 5th Africon Conference in Africa. IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.1999.820768.

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Jianjun Yun, Ping Li, and Yumei Wen. "Contour segmentation using an improved GAC model." In 2011 International Conference on Multimedia Technology (ICMT). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmt.2011.6001795.

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Lin, Yang, and Luo Tong. "Level Set Image Segmentation of CV-GAC Model." In 2018 13th International Conference on Computer Science & Education (ICCSE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccse.2018.8468713.

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Jing, Shen, Wu Muqing, Bai Yong, and Zhao Min. "An improved GAC routing algorithm based on SDN." In 2017 3rd IEEE International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/compcomm.2017.8322535.

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Li, Zhiwei, Steven G. Buchberger, Robert M. Clark, and Y. Jeffrey Yang. "Calibration of GAC Model in Drinking Water Treatment." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41173(414)359.

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Qiang Wang. "The improvement of GAC model for image segmentation." In 2013 IEEE 4th International Conference on Software Engineering and Service Science (ICSESS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsess.2013.6615480.

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Xiaohui Feng, Qianhua He, and Weining Wang. "An improved GAC model for lip contour detection." In 2008 9th International Conference on Signal Processing (ICSP 2008). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icosp.2008.4697349.

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Reports on the topic "Gac"

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Tarpley, Danielle, and David Perkey. Impacts of Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) on erosion behavior of muddy sediment. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44841.

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Recent policy changes regarding the placement of dredged material have encouraged the USACE to increase its beneficial use (BU) of the sediments dredged from the nation’s navigation channels. A good portion of this material is fine grained (<63 μm), which traditionally has limited use in BU applications, in part due to its dispersive nature. A need exists to evaluate the potential of stabilizing and using fine-grained sediment (FGS) in BU projects. Previous studies have shown the addition of granular sand to FGS reduces the mobility of the bed. The potential of using Granular Activated Carbon (GAC), an amendment commonly used in environmental capping involving FGS, as a similar bed stabilizing material was explored in this study. A series of laboratory erosion tests using Sedflume were performed on FGS-GAC mixtures that ranged from 5% to 20% GAC by mass. Results suggested that GAC content ≤10% had no influence on the stability of the bed while GAC content ≥15% appeared to reduce both critical shear stress (τcr) and erosion rate (n). However, when compared to control cores, those without GAC, clear evidence of bed stabilization of FGS from the addition of GAC was not observed.
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Roy, P. Fish Toxicity Non-Hazardous Waste GAC Data. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1336983.

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Morley, M. C., and G. E. Jr Speitel. Biodegradation of high explosives on granular activated carbon [GAC]: Enhanced desorption of high explosives from GAC -- Batch studies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/329496.

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Schuberth, Moritz. Une approche des groupes armés communautaires en Afrique subsaharienne : Enseignements tirés et mesures de la réussite. RESOLVE Network, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/cbags.fr.2020.4.

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L’augmentation de la prévalence des groupes armés communautaires ou GAC (community-based armed groups ou CBAGs) en Afrique subsaharienne fait craindre qu’ils posent un défi croissant aux gouvernements et aux citoyens de la région. Ce document cartographie la manière dont les différents acteurs intervenants (communautés, gouvernements, organisations de la société civile, agences humanitaires et de développement et fournisseurs de sécurité) ont abordé les défis posés par les GAC et comment mesurer au mieux le succès de ces interventions. La cartographie des approches, l’analyse des enseignements tirés et l’identification des facteurs de réussite contribueront à une compréhension empirique plus approfondie des forces et des lacunes des réponses actuelles aux GAC, ce qui alimentera l’élaboration de pratiques et de politiques plus efficaces et appropriées.
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Matfess, Hilary. Pourvoyeuses de légitimité : Les femmes dans les groupes armés communautaires. RESOLVE Network, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/cbags.fr.2021.3.

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Analysant la relation que les femmes entretiennent avec ces groupes armés, ce rapport conclut qu’elles participent aux violences et opérations clandestines et apportent un soutien logistique aux GAC, dont elles légitiment les activités auprès de la population civile. Bien que nombre des récits sur le lien entre femmes et conflits soulignent le rôle de la conscription et de la coercition dans leur intégration aux groupes armés, elles apportent également un soutien aux GAC afin de promouvoir leurs propres intérêts économiques, sociaux ou privés.
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Van Metre, Lauren. D’auto-défenseurs à justiciers: Un cadre typologique pour les groupes armés communautaires. RESOLVE Network, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/cbags.fr.2020.2.

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Étant donné la présence et la diversité influentes et croissantes des groupes armés communautaires (GAC) dans les États touchés par un conflit, il est essentiel de développer des cadres analytiques et des typologies pour soutenir les acteurs internationaux, étatiques et communautaires interagissant avec les groupes armés en tant qu’acteurs politiques et sécuritaires. Les deux questions clés sont : 1) comment les GAC peuvent être engagés, gérés ou transformés pour jouer un rôle constructif dans les communautés locales dans les États faibles, fragiles ou touchés par un conflit ; et 2) comment leurs opérations peuvent exacerber la fragilité et la violence en s’attaquant par exemple aux communautés ou en s’alignant sur d’autres groupes armés non étatiques. Alors que l’attention se tourne de plus en plus sur la fragilité et la prédation de l’État en tant que causes profondes de la violence intrastate et de l’émergence de l’extrémisme violent, il est essentiel d’inclure les GAC dans toute analyse des réseaux politiques et sécuritaires informels qui sont dominants dans les États fragiles en l’absence d’institutions publiques formelles.
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John Deldebbio, T. L. Watson, and J. B. Heintzelman. Long-Term Performance of Sulfer-Impregnated Granulated Activated Carbon (GAC) for Mercury Removal from NWCF Off-Gas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/911828.

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Sharpe, D. R. Bedrock erosional features and landforms, Cantley, Quebec: GAC-MAC field trip, May 28, 2011. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/300689.

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Benovska, Mirka, Jeff Cook, Veronica Groshko, Bob Heine, and Connie Hohman. Treatment of Industrial Process Effluents & Contaminated Groundwater Using the Biological Granular Activated Carbon-Fluidized Bed Reactor (GAC-FBR) Process. Volume I. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada348453.

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Benovska, Mirka, Jeff Cook, Veronica Groshko, Bob Heine, and Connie Hohman. Treatment of Industrial Process Effluents & Contaminated Groundwater Using the Biological Granular Activated Carbon-Fluidized Bed Reactor (GAC-FBR) Process. Volume II. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada348454.

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